Textual variants in the Primary Chronicle

Differences in Primary Chronicle manuscripts

Textual variants in the Primary Chronicle manuscripts arise when a copyist makes deliberate or inadvertent alterations to the text that is being reproduced. Textual criticism (or textology) of the Primary Chronicle or Tale of Bygone Years (Old East Slavic: Повѣсть времѧньныхъ лѣтъ, romanized: Pověstĭ vremęnĭnyxŭ lětŭ,[a] commonly abbreviated PVL[1]) has included study of its textual variants.

## Legend[edit]

Genealogical scheme of the main Rus' chronicles (Shakhmatov, Lur'e, Likhachev)[2][3]

Frequently used sigla (scribal symbols and abbreviations) of Primary Chronicle manuscripts and editions include:

Six main manuscripts[4][5][6] English name  | Lat  | Abr  | Cyr  | Slavic names

|
|
|
|

Academic Chronicle | A[6] | Aka[7] | А[4] | Russian: Академическая летопись, romanized: Akademicheskaya letopis'
Ukrainian: Академічний літопис, romanized: Akademichnyj litópys
Hypatian Codex | H[6] | Ipa[7]
Ipat[8] | И[4] | Russian: Ипатьевская летопись, romanized: Ipat'evskaya letopis'
Ukrainian: Іпатіївський літопис, romanized: Ipátijivśkyj litópys
Khlebnikov Codex
Xlebnikov Codex[6] | Kh[9]
X[6] | Xle[7] | Х[4] | Russian: Хлебниковский список, romanized: Hlebnikovskij spisok
Ukrainian: Хлєбниковський список, romanized: Khljebnykovśkyj spysok
Laurentian Codex | L[6] | Lav[10][7] | Л[4] | Russian: Лаврентьевский список, romanized: Lavrent'evskij spisok
Ukrainian: Лаврентіївський список, romanized: Lavrentijivśkyj spysok
Radziwiłł Chronicle | R[6] | Rad[7] | Р[4] | Russian: Радзивилловская летопись, romanized: Radzivillovskaya letopis'
Ukrainian: Радзивіллівський літопис, romanized: Radzyvíllivśkyj litópys
Trinity Chronicle[4] | TL[10] | Tro[7] | Т[4] | Russian: Троицкая летопись, romanized: Troitskaya letopis'
Ukrainian: Троїцький літопис, romanized: Trojitśkyj litópys
Novgorod First Chronicle manuscripts  English name  | Lat  | Abr  | Cyr  | Slavic names

|
|
|
|

Novgorod First Chronicle | NPL[11]
N1L  | Novg. I[12]
НIЛ  | НПЛ[13]
Н1Л  | Russian: Новгородская первая летопись, romanized: Novgoródskaya pérvaya létopisʹ
Ukrainian: Новгородський перший літопис, romanized: Novhorodśkyj pershyj litópys
Synod Scroll
Older Redaction[13] |  |  | НПЛст[13] | Russian: Синодальный список, romanized: Sinodálʹnyy spispok[10]
Russian: Старший извод, romanized: Starshij izvod
Novgorod First Chronicle of
the Younger Redaction | NPLml  |  | НПЛмл[13] | Russian: Новгородская первая летопись Младшего Извода, romanized: Novgoródskaya pérvaya létopis' Mladshego Izvoda
Commission Scroll[14] | K[14] | Kom[14] | К[13] | Kommissionyi[14]
Academy Scroll[14] | Ak[14] | NAca[14] | НАк[13] | Akademichenskyi[14]
Tolstoi Scroll[14] | T[14] | Tol[7]
Tols[14] | Тол[15] | Tolstovoi[14]

Critical editions

* Complete Collection of Russian Chronicles: PSRL
* Aleksey Shakhmatov: Šax[7]
* A. F. Bychkov 1872:[9] Byč[7]
* Dmitry Likhachev: Lix[7]
* Donald Ostrowski et al. Paradosis (2003,[4] digitised 2014[7]): α[7]
* L. Müller (2001) critical modern German translation[4]

## List[edit]

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Note: Unlike the chapters and verses of the Bible used in biblical studies, textual criticism of the Primary Chronicle (PVL) employs notation by page and line.[b] For example, a notation such as "3.2" refers to the "third (3rd) page, second (2nd) line".

### 0[edit]

Opening line of the PVL according to the Laurentian Codex (Lav) of 1377

0.1

Се повѣсти времѧньных лѣт.[17], Se pověstĭ vremęnĭnyx lět, 'These are the tales of bygone years.' – Lav Tro Byč Šax Lix[17][18]
повесть временных лѣтъ черноризца феѡдось|ева[17], pověstĭ vremennyx lětŭ čĭrnorizĭtsa Feodosieva, 'Tale of bygone years by the monk of Theodosius' – Rad Aka Ipa α[17][18]
Пѡвѣсти врѣменных лѣт. нестера черноризца.| федѡосїева [17], pověstĭ vremennyx lět. nestera čĭrnorizĭtsa Fedōsïeva, 'Tale of bygone years by the nestera[c] monk of Theodosius' – Xle[17][18]
Временникъ, еже есть нарицается лЂтописание, Vremennyky, ezhe esty narictaetsya lЂtopisanie, 'Bygone years, which is the name of the chronicle' – Novgorod First Chronicle Younger Redaction[19]

0.2

манастыря печерьскаго,[20], manastyrja pečerĭskago,, 'from the Monastery of Pechersk (the Caves),' – Rad Aka Ipa Xle α[20]
omitted – Lav Tro Byč Šax Lix[20]

0.2–3

ѿкуду есть пошла рускаꙗ земѧ. кто въ киевѣ нача первѣе кнѧ<жит>, 'regarding the origin of the land of Rus', the first princes of Kiev' – Lav[21]
князеи и земля Руския, knyazej i zemlya Ruskiya, 'about the Rus' princes and land.' – Novgorod First Chronicle Younger Redaction[19]

0.3

киевѣ нача[18][21], Kievě nača, 'of Kiev began' – Lav[22][21] Byč Šax Lix[21]
и како избра богъ страну нашу на послЂднЂе время, и грады почаша бывати по мЂстом, преже Новгородчкая Б волость и потом Кыевская, и о поставлении Киева, како во В имя назвася В Кыевъ., 'and how God chose our country for the last time, and the cities began to be in their places, first in the Novgorodian volost and then the Kyevan, and of the rise of Kiev, which was called by the name of Kyevû.' – Novgorod First Chronicle Younger Redaction[19]
omitted – all other manuscripts,[22] α[21]

### 1[edit]

1.1

се начнемъ повѣсть сию., se načnemŭ pověstĭ siju., 'let us begin this story.' – Lav Tro Aka Ipa Byč Lix α[23]
Се начнемъ повѣсть сїю., Se načnemŭ pověstĭ sīju., 'Let us begin this story.' – Xle[23]
се начнме повѣсть сию., Se načnme pověstĭ siju., 'Let us [begin] this story.' – Rad[23]
Се начьнѣмъ повѣсть сию., Se načĭněmŭ pověstĭ siju., 'Let us begin this story.' – Šax[23]

1.2

трие сынове ноеви, trie synove noevi, 'the three sons of Noah' – Tro Byč Lix[24]
.г҃.е сн҃ве ноеви, .g҃.e sn҃ve noevi, 'the 3 s[o]ns of Noah' – Rad Aka α[24]
бо .г҃.е сн҃ве ноеви, bo .g҃.e sn҃ve noevi, 'for the 3 s[o]ns of Noah' – Ipa[24]
оубо трїе с҃нове ноеви, ubo trīe sn҃ve Noevi, 'for the three sons of Noah' – Xle[24]
убо трие сынове Ноеви, ubo trie synove Noevi, 'for the three sons of Noah' – Šax[24]
первие с<нве> ноеви, pervie s<ive> noevi, '(the) first s[ons] of Noah' – Lav[24]

1.3

See also: Shem, Ham and Japheth

симъ. хамъ. афетъ., simŭ. xamŭ. afetŭ., 'Simŭ, Xamŭ, Afetŭ.' – Lav Tro Ipa Byč Šax Lix α[25]
сми. хма. афет, smi. xma. afet., 'Smi, Xma, Afet.' – Aka Rad (афетъ) Xle (и афет)[25]

1.9

елмаисъ. инди. равиꙗ. на всѧ., elmaisŭ, indi, rabija na vsja, 'Elmais, Indi[a], all of [A]rabia.' – Lav[26]
елмаисъ инди аравия силная колия комагини финикия вся, elmaisŭ indi arabija silnaja kolija finikija vsja, 'Elmais Indi[a] Arabia the Strong Kolija Komagini all of Phinicia.' – Tro[26]
елоумаисъ. инди. равиꙗ силнаа. коулїи. колгини. фикиа всѧ:-, elymaisŭ, indi, rabija silnaa, kulīi, kolgini, fikia vsja, 'Elymais, Indi[a], [A]rabia the Stron[g], Kulīi, Kolgini, all of Phicia.' – Rad Aka (3 ї/и variations)[26]
елумаисъ. индиѧ. aравиа силнаꙗ. кулии. колгини. финикиꙗ всѧ, elymaisŭ, indija, arabija silnaja, kulii, kolgini, finikija vsja, 'Elymais, India, Arabia the Strong, Kulii, Kolgini, all of Phinicia.' – Ipa[26]
елоумаись. индиѧ аравїа силнаа. коулии. комагины. финикїа всѧ., elymaisŭ, indija arabīa silnaa, kulii, komaginy, finikīa vsja, 'Elymais, India Arabia the Stron[g], Kulii, Komaginy, all of Phinicīa.' – Xle[26]

### 3[edit]

3.8

илурикъ, ilurikŭ, 'Illyricum' – Rad Aka Ipa Xle Šax α[27][28]
илюрикъ, iljurikŭ, 'Illyricum' – Lav Byč Lix[27][28]
люрикъ, ljurikŭ, 'Illyricum' – Tro[27][28]
Ἰλλυρίς, Illyrís, 'of Illyria' – George Hamartolos[28]

See also Generations of Noah

3.8–3.9

Ἰλλυρίς, ἡ Λυχνίτις, Ἀδριανή, Illyrís, he Lychnítis, Adriané, 'of Illyria, Lychnitis, Adriane' – George Hamartolos[29]
Илурикъ, Словѣне, Лухития, Анъдриакия, Ilurikŭ, Slověne, Luxnitija, Anŭdriakija, 'Illyricum, the Slavs, Lychnitia, Andriakia' – α[30][29]

### 4[edit]

4.12

<св>еи. оурма<не> русь. агнѧне галичане, <sv>ei. urma<ne> rusĭ. agnjane galichane, '<Sw]edes, Urma<ne> Rus', Agnjane, Galichane' – Lav[31]
свѣе урмане готе русь ангняне галичане, svěi urmane gote rusĭ angnjane galichane, 'Swedes Urmane Gote Rus' Angnjane Galichane' – Tro [31]
всеи оурмане галичанѣ, vsei urmane galichaně, 'all Urmane Galichane' – Rad [31]
свеи. оурмане. галичане., svei. urmane. galichane, 'Swedes, Urmane, Galichane' – Aka [31]
свеи. оурмане. готѣ. русь. аглѧнѣ. галичанѣ., svei. urmane. gotě. rusĭ. agljaně. galichaně, 'Swedes, Urmane, Gote, Rus', Agljane, Galichane.' – Ipa[31]
свеи, оурмане. гте роуc а<глѧ>не, галичане., svei, urmane. gte rus a<glja>ne, galichane, 'Swedes, Urmane. G[o]te Rus A[glja]ne, Galichane.' – Xle[31]

The Urmane are usually interpreted as "Normans"[32] or "Norsemen";[33] Gote as either "Goths" or "Gotlanders";[32][33] A(n)gnjane or Agljane as "Angles[33]" / "English";[32] and Galichane as either "Galicians" (and thus translated as "Spaniards",[32] see Galicia (Spain)), "Gauls" or "Welsh".[33]

4.13

волохове, voloxove, 'Vlachs[33] or Italians[32]' – Tro Ipa Xle Šax α[34]
<волъ>хва, <volŭ>xva, 'Vlachs or Italians' – Lav Byč Lix[34]
omitted – Rad Aka[34]

It is unclear what Volokhove (or Volŭkhva) means. Cross & Sherbowitz-Wetzor (1930, 1953) translated it as "Italians"[32] (compare modern Polish Włochy "Italy" or "Italians"); but in 6.6 he rendered Волохомъ/Волхомъ/Волотомъ[35] as Vlakhs.[36] Lunt (1995) described the Volokhs as 'people speaking Latin or a Romance language.'[35] Thuis (2015) translated both as "Vlachs", adding 'This is possibly a Celto-Romance people.'[33]

4.13

римляне, rimljane, 'Romans' – Tro Byč Šax Lix α; (римлѧне) Lav Xle; (римлѧнѣ) Ipa[34]
omitted – Rad Aka[34]

### 5[edit]

5.22

племени афетова. нар ци еже суть словѣне., plemeni afetova, nar tsi ezhe sutĭ slověne., 'the line of Afet, the Nartsi who are Slovenes.' – Lav Byč Lix[37]
племениж афетова нарицаеми иновѣрци еже соуть словене, plemenizh afetova naritsaemi inověrtsi ezhe sutĭ slovene., 'the line of Afet, called the Inovertsi, who are Slovenes.' – Rad[37]
племени же а҃фетова. нарицаемии норци еже сѹть словѣне., plemeni zhe ahfetova, naritsaemii nortsi ezhe sutĭ slověne., 'the line of Ahfet, called the Nortsi, who are Slovenes.' – Aka[37]
племени же афетова. нарѣ<ц>аемѣи норци. иже сѹть словенѣ., plemeni zhe afetova, narě<ts>aeměi nortsi, izhe sutĭ sloveně., 'the line of Afet, called the Nortsi, who are Slovenes.' – Ipa[37]

The N- ethnonym is unclear. Cross & Sherbowitz-Wetzor (1930, 1953) rendered them as the Noricians, who are identical to the Slavs.[32] Lunt (1995), noting that Lav and Rad 'have independent corruptions', translated Ipa/Xle/Aka as (those) called Norci, who are Slavs. He commented: 'These clauses do not fit together easily. (...) This rather odd sentence seems, then, to imply that the Norci are a sub-tribe of Slavs.'[38] Thuis (2015) wrote the Noriks, who are Slavs, adding 'The inhabitants of the Roman province of Noricum along the Danube. Possibly, this is a reference to the purported Urheimat of the Slavic people.'[33]

5.23–25 See also Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin § Second phase (900–902)

### 6[edit]

6.6–8 See also Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin § Second phase (900–902)

### 7[edit]

See also: Route from the Varangians to the Greeks § History

### 8[edit]

7.21–9.4 Journey of Andrew the Apostle along the Dnieper from Korsun via the future site of Kyiv towards the future site of Veliky Novgorod.

See also: Christianization of Kievan Rus' § Apostolic legends, and Andrew the Apostle § Ukraine and Russia

### 9–10[edit]

9.5–10.30

Further information: Kyi, Shchek and Khoryv § Text of the Primary Chronicle

9.5–21 The legendary founding of Kiev (Kyiv)

9.17

киевъ[39], kievŭ, 'Kiev' – Lav Tro Rad Ipa Byč Lix[39]
кыевь[39], kyevŭ, 'Kyev' – Aka Xle Šax α[39]

9.26–10.30 The acts of Kyi, and the death of the four siblings.

### 12[edit]

See also: Dulebes § History

### 16[edit]

16.21–17.3 See also Kyi dynasty.

### 17[edit]

17.4–24 Prediction of Khazar downfall.

17.25–29 See also Primary Chronicle § Opening date error.

### 19–20[edit]

This section is an excerpt from Calling of the Varangians § Texts.[edit]

Act  | Novgorod First Chronicle (NPL)  | Laurentian Codex (Lav)  | Hypatian Codex (Ipa, Ipat)  | Radziwiłł Chronicle (Rad)

|
|
|
|

| Church Slavonic  | Modern English  | Church Slavonic  | Modern English  | Church Slavonic  | Modern English  | Church Slavonic  | Modern English
Revolt
19:14–16[40] | В лѣто 6362 (854) (...) И въсташа словенѣ и кривици и меря и чюдь на варягы, и изгнаша я за море; и начаша владѣти сами собѣ и городы ставити.[41] | In the year 6362 (854) (...) And the Slovenes and Krivitsi and Merya and Chud rose against the Varangians and expelled them beyond the sea; and they began to rule themselves and set up cities.  | Въ лето 6369. Изъгнаша варяги за море, и не даша имъ дани, и почаша сами в собе володети.[42] | 6368–6370 (860–862). The tributaries of the Varangians drove them back beyond the sea and, refusing them further tribute, set out to govern themselves.[43] | В лѣто [6370 (862)] И изгнаша Варѧгы за море, и не даша имъ дани. Н почаша сами в собѣ володѣти.[44][41] | In the year [6370 (862)] And they expelled the Varangians across the sea, and gave them no tribute, and they themselves became masters.  | В лѣт. ҂ѕ҃.т҃.о҃. Бы[г]ша варѧгы за морь[ꙗ] и не да им дани. и почаша сами в собѣ володѣти.[40] | In the year 6370, [they] exiled the Varangians beyond the sea and gave them no tribute. And they themselves became masters of their own affairs.
Conflict
19:16–18[45] | И въсташа сами на ся воеватъ, и бысть межи ими рать велика и усобица, и въсташа град на град, и не бѣше в нихъ правды.[41] | And they arose to fight with themselves, and there was great strife and discord between them, and they rose up city upon city, and there was no righteousness among them.  | И не бе в нихъ пра вды, и въста родъ на родъ, быша в них усобице, и во евати почаша сами на ся.[42] | There was no law among them, but tribe rose against tribe. Discord thus ensued among them, and they began to war one against another.[43] | и не бѣ в нихъ правды, и въста родъ на род, и быша оусобицѣ в них, и воєвати сами на сѧ почаша.[44][41] | And they had no righteousness, and clan stood up against clan, and they were plagued by strife within them, and they began to fight against each other.  | и не бѣ в них правды. и восташа род на род. и быша в них оусобици. воевати по <...>[45] | And there was no righteousness among them. And they rose up clan against clan. And there were wars among them <...>.
Agreement
19:18–20[46] | И рѣша к себѣ: «князя поищемъ, иже бы владѣлъ нами и рядилъ ны по праву».[41] | And they resolved to themselves: "Let us look for a prince who would rule over us and reward us according to our rights."  | Реша сами в себе: «По ищемъ собе князя, иже бы володелъ нами и су дилъ по праву».[42] | They said to themselves, "Let us seek a prince who may rule over us and judge us according to the Law."[43] | И ркоша: «поищемъ сами в собѣ кнѧзѧ, иже бы володѣлъ нами и рѧдилъ по рѧду, по праву».[44][41] | And they said: "Let us look for a prince for ourselves, who would command us and rule according to order, according to the law".  | <...> зѧ. иже бы <в...> рѧдилъ по правоу[46] | <...>ce, who would <r...> according to the law".
Journey &
ethnonym
19:20–24[47] | Идоша за море к варягомъ[41] | They went over the sea to the Varangians  | Идоша за море къ варягомъ, к руси. Сице бо ся зваху тьи варязи суть, яко се друзии зо вутся свие, друзии же урмане, анъгляне, друзи и гъте, тако и си.[42] | They accordingly went overseas to the Varangian Rus': these particular Varangians were known as Rus', just as some are called Swedes, and others Normans, English, and Gotlanders, for they were thus named.[43] | идоша за море к Варѧгом. к Руси; сіце бо звахуть ты Варѧгы Русь, ӕко се друзии зовутсѧ Свеє, друзии же Оурмани, Аньглѧне, инѣи и Готе, тако и си.[44][41] | They went across the sea to the Varangians, to the Rus'; for this reason thou shalt call the Varangians the Rus', as the others are called Svej [Swedes], and the others Ourmany [Normans?], Anĭgliane [Angles], and still others Gote [Goths/Gotlanders?], so they are.  | и идоша за море к варѧго<м> к ру<с> сице бо тїи звахоус варѧзи роус ꙗко се дроузии зовоутьс свие дроузииж оуръмѧни. инъглѧне. дроузии и готе. тако и си[47] | And they went across the sea to the Varangian[s], to the Ru[s]; for these Varangians were called Rous, as others are called Svye (Swedes), and others Ourŭmiany [Normans?], Ynŭgliane [Angles], and others Gote [Goths/Gotlanders?], so they are.
Invitation
19:24–20:3[48] | и ркоша: «земля наша велика и обилна, а наряда у нас нѣту; да поидѣте к намъ княжить и владѣть нами».[41] | and said: "Our land is great and plenty, but we have no order; so come to us to reign and rule us".  | Реша русь, чюдь, словени, и кри вичи, вся: «Земля наша велика и обилна, а наря да в ней нетъ. Да поидете княжитъ и володети на ми».[42] | The Chuds, the Slavs, the Krivichians, and the Ves' then said to the people of Rus', "Our land is great and rich, but there is no order in it. Come to rule and reign over us."[43] | Ркоша Русь, Чюдь, Словенѣ, Кривичи, и всѧ: «Землѧ наша велика и ѡбилна а нарѧда въ неи нѣтъ. да поидете кнѧжит̑ и володѣть нами».[44][41] | The Rus', Chud, Slovenes and Krivichi said: "Our land is great and rich, but there is no order in it. So go reign and rule over us and judge."  | рѣша роуси. чюд. и словене. и кривичи. и вси. землѧ наша велика и ѡбилна. а нарѧда в неи нѣтъ. да поидѣте оу нас кн҃жити. и володѣти:-[48] |
Arrival
20:3–11[49] | Изъбрашася 3 брата с роды своими, и пояша со собою дружину многу и предивну, и приидоша к Новугороду. И сѣде старѣишии в Новѣгородѣ, бѣ имя ему Рюрикъ; а другыи сѣде на Бѣлѣозерѣ, Синеусъ; а третеи въ Изборьскѣ, имя ему Труворъ. И от тѣх варягъ, находникъ тѣхъ, прозвашася Русь, и от тѣх словет Руская земля; и суть новгородстии людие до днешняго дни от рода варяжьска.[41] | Three brothers took off with their clans, and they brought a great and foremost army with them, and came to Novѣgorodѣ. And the eldest sits in Novѣgorodѣ, his name is Ryurikû; the second sits on Bѣlѣozesѣ [Bele-Ozero, "White Lake"], Syneusû; and the third sits in Izbor'skѣ, his name is Truvorû. And from those Varangians, the finders of those things, were nicknamed Rus', and from those things came the Rus' land; and the people of Novgorod are from the Varangians until this day.  | И изъбрашася 3 братья с роды своими, по яша по собе всю русь, и придоша: старейший Рю рикъ, а другий - Синеусъ на Беле-озере, а третий Изборьсте Труворъ. От техъ прозвася Руская зе мля, новугородьци, ти суть людье ноугородьци от рода варяжьска. Преже бо беша словени.[42] | They thus selected three brothers, with their kinsfolk, who took with them all the Rus' and migrated. The oldest, Rurik, located himself in Novgorod; the second, Sineus, at Beloozero; and the third, Truvor, in Izborsk. On account of these Varangians, the district of Novgorod became known as the land of Rus'. The present inhabitants of Novgorod are descended from the Varangian race, but aforetime they were Slavs.[43] | и изъбрашасѧ триє брата с роды своими, и поӕша по собѣ всю Русь и придоша къ Словѣномъ пѣрвѣє, и срубиша город̑ Ладогу. и сѣде старѣишии в Ладозѣ Рюрикъ, а другии Синєоусъ на Бѣлѣѡзерѣ, а третѣи Труворъ въ Изборьсцѣ. и ѿ тѣхъ Варѧгъ прозвасѧ Рускаӕ землѧ.[44][41] | And having chosen three brothers from their people, they took with them all the Russes and came first to the Slavs (Slovenes), and they built the city of Ladoga. Rurik [Ryurikû], the eldest, settled in Ladoga [Ladozѣ], Sineus [Syneousû], the second, at Beloozero [Bѣlѣoozerѣ, "White Lake"], and Truvor [Truvorû], the third, in Izborsk [Izborǐstsѣ]. From these Varangians the land of Rus' received its name.[50] | И избрашас .г҃. е братѧ. з роды своими. и поꙗша собѣ всю роу. и приидоша к словеном первое. и сроубиша город ладогоу. и сѣде в ладозѣ стареи рюрикъ. а дрѹгии с<и>де оу нас на белѣѡзере. а третии трѹворъ въ изборьскѹ. и ѡ тѣх вѧрѧгъ. прозвасѧ роускаа землѧ новгород тїи сѹт люде новгородци ѿ род варежска преж бо бѣ[49] |
Deaths
20:11–19[51] | По двою же лѣту умрѣ Синеусъ и брат его Труворъ, и прия власть единъ Рюрикъ, обою брату власть, и нача владѣти единъ.[41] | Two years later Syneusû and his brother Truvorû died, and only Ryurikû took power, the authority of both his brothers, and he began to reign alone.  | По дву же лету Синеусъ умре и братъ его Труворъ. И прия власть Рюрикъ, и раздая мужемъ свои мъ грады: овому Полотескъ, овому Ростовъ, дру гому Белоозеро. И по темъ городомъ суть находни ци варязи; перьвии насельници в Новегороде словене, Полотьски кривичи, в Ростове меря, в Беле-озере весь, в Муроме мурома. И теми всеми обладаше Рюрикъ.[42] | After two years, Sineus and his brother Truvor died, and Rurik assumed the sole authority. He assigned cities to his followers, Polotsk to one, Rostov to another, and to another Beloozero. In these cities there are thus Varangian colonists, but the first settlers were, in Novgorod, Slavs; in Polotsk, Krivichians; at Beloozero, Ves', in Rostov, Merians; and in Murom, Muromians. Rurik had dominion over all these districts.[43] | По дъвою же лѣту оумре Синеоусъ и братъ єго Труворъ, и приӕ Рюрикъ власть всю ѡдинъ. и пришед' къ Ильмєрю и сруби город' надъ Волховом', и прозваша и Новъгород' и сѣде ту кнѧжа', и раздаӕ мужемъ своимъ волости, и городы рубити, ѡвому Полътескъ, ѡвому Ростовъ, другому Бѣлоѡзеро. И по тѣмь городомъ суть находницѣ Варѧзи; пѣрвии наслѣдници в Новѣгородѣ Словенѣ, и в Пол̑о̑тьскѣ Кривичи, Ростовѣ Мерѧне, Бѣлѣѡзерѣ Весь, Муромѣ Мурома. И тѣми всѣми ѡбладаше Рюрикъ.[44][41] | After two years Sineus [Syneousû] died, as well as his brother Truvor [Truvorû], and Rurik [Ryurikû] assumed the sole authority. He then came to Lake Il'men' and founded on the Volkhov a city, which they named Novûgorod', and he settled there as prince, assigning cities[50] and towns to his men, Polûteskû to the one, Rostovû to the other, and Bѣlo-oozero to another. And Varangians were the finders of these towns; the original descendants in Novѣgorodѣ were Slovenѣ, and in Polôtĭskѣ were Krivichi, Rostovѣ Meriane, Bѣlѣоozerѣ Ves', Muromѣ Muroma. And Ryurikû possessed all these things.  | дници соуть варѧзи. а первии насельници в новѣгород словени. в полоцкѹ кривичи. в ростове мерѧне. в белѣѡзере вес. в муромѣ мурома. и тѣми всѣми ѡбладаше рюрикъ.[51] |
(Next) | (Text continues with a story about Igor and Oleg's campaign against Kiev, modern Kyiv).[41] | (Text continues with a story about the reign of Askold and Dir in Kiev, modern Kyiv).[41] | (Text continues with a story about the reign of Askold and Dir in Kiev, modern Kyiv).[41] |

### 23[edit]

Main article: Askold and Dir § Primary Chronicle and Novgorod First Chronicle

### 25[edit]

25.10–21 See also Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin § Second phase (900–902)

### 26[edit]

26.21

ко ѡлго|[ви] гл҃ѧ[52], ko Ōlgo[vi] glę, 'Oleg[53]' – Lav[52][53]
ко лвови гл҃ѧ[52], ko Lvovi glę, 'Leo[53]' – Rad,[52][53] Aka,[52][53]
къ лвови гл҃ѧ[52], kŭ Lvovi glę, 'Leo[53]' – Ipa,[52][53] Xle,[52][53]

### 29–32[edit]

See also: Rusʹ–Byzantine Treaty (907)

### 32–37[edit]

See also: Rusʹ–Byzantine Treaty (911) § Linguistics

### 41[edit]

41.13 reference to Acts 19:13–14.[54]

### 46–53[edit]

See also: Rusʹ–Byzantine Treaty (945)

### 55–60.8[edit]

Olga's revenge on the Derevlians. See also Olga of Kiev § Drevlian Uprising.

### 60–62[edit]

60.25–62.25 Olga's visit to Tsargrad (Constantinople), and conversion to Byzantine Christianity. See also Olga of Kiev § Conversion.

60.26

бѣ тогда ц҃рь имѧнемь цѣмьскии., 'There was then a tsarĭ named Tsěmĭskii.' – Lav[55][56]
и бѣ тогда ц҃рь костѧнтинъ с҃нъ леѡновъ., 'And there was then a tsarĭ Kostyantinŭ son of Leōnovŭ.' – Rad[55][56]
и бѣ тогда ц҃рь костѧнтинь с҃нъ леѡновь., 'And there was then a tsarĭ Kostyantinĭ son of Leōnovĭ.' – Aka[55][56]
и бѣ тогда црсь костѧнтинъ. с҃нъ леѡнтовъ., 'And there was then a tsrsĭ Kostyantinŭ, son of Leōntovŭ.' – Ipa[55][56]
и бѣ тогда ц҃рь костѧнтин. с҃нь леоновь., 'And there was then a tsarĭ Kostyantin, son of Leonovĭ.' – Xle[55][56]
и бѣ тогда цесарь именемь чемьскыи они, 'And there was then a tsesarĭ named Chemĭskȳi they' – Kom[55]
и бѣ тогда цесарь именемь чемьскии, 'And there was then a tsesarĭ named Chemĭskii' – NAk Tol[55][56]

Ostrowski (2007): 'Since the emperor at the time was not Tsimiskes but Constantine, the reading Костянтинъ сынъ Леоновъ might be considered a correction of the primary but historically incorrect reading.'[56]

62.14–18 biblical quotation Proverbs 1:20–22

Премудрость на исходищихъ поеть ся, на путьхъ же дьрзновение водить. На краихъ же забральныхъ проповѣдаеть ся, въ вратѣхъ же градьныхъ дьрзающи глаголеть. Елико бо лѣтъ незълобивии дьржать ся по правьду, 'Wisdom is celebrated in places of concourse, she lifteth up her voice in the streets; she crieth at the entrance to the walls, at the gates of cities she uttereth speech. For as many years as the just cleave to wisdom, they shall not be ashamed.[57][58]' – α[59]
עַד־מָתַ֣י ׀ פְּתָיִם֮ תְּֽאֵהֲב֫וּ פֶ֥תִי וְלֵצִ֗ים לָ֭צֹון חָמְד֣וּ לָהֶ֑ם וּ֝כְסִילִ֗ים יִשְׂנְאוּ־דָֽעַת׃ בְּרֹ֥אשׁ הֹמִיֹּ֗ות תִּ֫קְרָ֥א בְּפִתְחֵ֖י שְׁעָרִ֥ים בָּעִ֗יר אֲמָרֶ֥יהָ תֹאמֵֽר׃ חָ֭כְמֹות בַּח֣וּץ תָּרֹ֑נָּה בָּ֝רְחֹבֹ֗ות תִּתֵּ֥ן קֹולָֽהּ׃, 'Out in the open wisdom calls aloud, she raises her voice in the public square; at noisy street corners she cries out, at the city gate she makes her speech: “How long will you who are simple love your simple ways? How long will mockers delight in mockery and fools hate knowledge?"[60]' – Proverbs 1:20–22 NIV[60]

62.21–22 biblical quotation Proverbs 13:19

Желание благовѣрьныхъ наслажаеть душю, 'The accomplished desire of the faithful is sweet to the soul.[57]' – α[61]
תַּאֲוָ֣ה נִ֭הְיָה תֶעֱרַ֣ב לְנָ֑פֶשׁ וְתֹועֲבַ֥ת כְּ֝סִילִ֗ים ס֣וּר מֵרָֽע׃, 'A longing fulfilled is sweet to the soul, but fools detest turning from evil.[62]' – Proverbs 13:19 NIV[62] (KVJ: 'The desire accomplished is sweet to the soul: but it is abomination to fools to depart from evil.')[63]

62.22–23 biblical quotation Proverbs 2:2[64]

62.23–24 biblical quotation Proverbs 8:17[64]

62.24–25 biblical quotation John 6:37[64]

### 63[edit]

63.8–9 biblical quotation 1 Corinthians 1:18[64]

Невѣрьнымъ бо вѣра хрьстияньска уродьство есть, 'For to the infidels, the Christian faith is foolishness.[57]' – α[65]
Ὁ λόγος γὰρ ὁ τοῦ σταυροῦ τοῖς μὲν ἀπολλυμένοις μωρία ἐστίν, 'For the message of the cross is foolishness to those who are perishing.[66]' – 1 Corinthians 1:18 NIV[66]

63.9–11 biblical quotation Psalm 82:5[64]

Не съмыслиша бо, ни разумѣша въ тьмѣ ходящии, и не вѣдять славы Господьня., 'They do not comprehend it, because they walk in darkness and do not see the glory of God.[57]' – α[67]
לֹ֤א יָֽדְע֨וּ ׀ וְלֹ֥א יָבִ֗ינוּ בַּחֲשֵׁכָ֥ה יִתְהַלָּ֑כוּ יִ֝מֹּ֗וטוּ כָּל־מֹ֥וסְדֵי אָֽרֶץ׃, 'The 'gods' know nothing, they understand nothing. They walk about in darkness; all the foundations of the earth are shaken.[68]' – Psalm 82:5 NIV[68]

63.13–19 biblical quotation Proverbs 1:24–31[69] (or 1:25–30[70])

63.29–64.1 biblical quotation Exodus 21:17[57] (MT; LXX: Exodus 21:16). See also Textual variants in the Book of Exodus § Exodus 21.

Аще къто отьца или матере не послушаеть, съмьртию да умреть., Ashche kŭto otĭtsa ili matere ne poslushaetĭ, sŭmĭrtiyu da umretĭ., 'Whosoever heedeth not his father or his mother shall suffer death.[57][71]' – α[72]
וּמְקַלֵּ֥ל אָבִ֛יו וְאִמֹּ֖ו מֹ֥ות יוּמָֽת׃ ס, ū-mə-qal-lêl ’ā-ḇîw wə-’im-mōw mō-wṯ yū-māṯ. s, 'And he who curses his father or his mother surely shall be put to death.' – Exodus 21:17 NIV[73]

Compare Deuteronomy 21:18–21.[71]

### 65–67[edit]

65.14–18 Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria (first part)

65.19–67.20 Siege of Kiev (968)

### 69–73[edit]

69–73 Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria (second part)

### 75–76[edit]

See also: Rogneda of Polotsk § Texts

### 79[edit]

See also: Slavic paganism § Slavic sources

### 82–83[edit]

See also: Theodore the Varangian and his son John § Text in the Primary Chronicle

### 84–121[edit]

Further information: Conversion of Volodimer § According to the Primary Chronicle

84.18

бохъмичѣ[74], boxŭmichě, 'of Mohammedan[75] (Islamic)' – Lav[74]

111.23–24 (NPL 152.10–11)

на браченье., na brachenĭe, 'in(to) marriage' – Lav Byč Lix[76][56]
на ѡброучание:-, na ōbrouchanie:-, 'in(to) betrothal' – Rad[76][56]
на ѡбрѹченїе., na ōbruchenīe., 'in(to) betrothal' – Aka[76][56]
на ѡбручение., na ōbruchenie., 'in(to) betrothal' – Ipa[76][56]
на оброученїе., na obrouchenīe., 'in(to) betrothal' – Xle[76][56]
на брачение, na brachenie, 'in(to) marriage' – Kom Tol Šax[76][56]
на обручение., na obruchenie., 'in(to) betrothal' – α[76][56]

Ostrowski (2007): 'Here the expected reading is 'marriage' (брачение) since Volodimir had already been 'betrothed' (обручение) to Anna earlier in the narrative.'[56] Müller (2006) and Gippius (2002) argued that 'marriage' (брачение) was the primary reading, and that 'betrothal' (обручение) had to have been a later corruption in the protograph of Ipa and Kle, which had also contaminated Rad and Aka.[77] Ostrowski countered that 'one may ask why the scribe of [Rad/Aka] would adopt a contextually incorrect reading from the contaminating source to replace a contextually correct reading in his direct source.'[77] Following the lectio difficilior potior principle, Ostrowski asserted 'betrothed' (обручение) as the original text.[76][56]

### 122–125[edit]

Volodimer' I defeated the Pechenegs on the river Trubizh, and alleged founded Belgorod (Bilhorod Kyivskyi) and Pereyaslavl' (Pereiaslav).

### 132–134[edit]

Killing of Boris and aftermath. See also Boris and Gleb.

### 135–141[edit]

Killing of Gleb and aftermath. See also Boris and Gleb.

135.1

акъ | хулу имуще[78], akû xulu imuše, 'as though they have blasphemy[53]' – Lav[78][53]
аки хвалоу имѹще[78], aki xvalou imuše, 'as though they have praise[53]' – Rad,[78][53] Aka[78][53]
аки хвалу имуще[78], aki xvalu imuše, 'as though they have praise[53]' – Ipa[78][53]
акы хвалоу имѧще[78], aky xvalou imęše, 'as though they have praise[53]' – Xle[78][53]

### 142–144[edit]

See also: Bolesław I's intervention in the Kievan succession crisis

### 147–149[edit]

See also: Battle of Listven

### 151[edit]

151.19

городъ, gorodŭ[79][80], 'citadel[81]' – Lav Ipa Xle (горѡд) Byč Lix[79][80]
градъ, gradŭ[79][80], 'citadel[81]' – Rad Aka (град) Šax α[79][80]

151.20

кыи, kyi[82], 'at Kyiv[81]' – Lav[82]
кыевъ, kyevŭ[79][82], 'at Kyev[81]' – Ipa Xle Byč[79][82]
omitted – Rad Aka Šax Lix α[79][80]

151.21

црк҃вь | ст҃ыꙗ. соѳьꙗ митрополью.[83], 'the metropolitan Church of St. Sophia[81]' – Lav Aka[83][81]
црк҃вь ст҃ыа софиа. и митрополью.[83], 'the church of St. Sophia. And (the) metropolitan [church].[81]' – Rad[83][81]
црк҃вь. ст҃ыꙗ | софьꙗ. премудрость б҃ию | митрополью.[83], 'the metropolitan Church of St. Sophia of divine wisdom[81]' – Ipa[83][81]
цр҃ковъ премѫдрѡс бж҃їю ст҃ыи соѳеи, митрополїю[83], 'the church of divine wisdom Saint Sophei, the metropolitan (one)[81]' – Xle[83][81]

### 152[edit]

152.20

симонъ[84][53], Simonŭ, 'Simon[53]' – Lav[84][53]
соломонъ[84][53], Solomonŭ, 'Solomon[53]' – Aka,[84][53] Ipa,[84][53] Rad (соломнъ),[84][53] Xle (солѡмонъ)[84][53] Byč,[84] Šax,[84] Lix,[84] α[84]

### 161[edit]

The so-called Testament of Yaroslav the Wise.

161.18

переꙗславль. а вѧчеславу, pereyaslavl'. A vęcheslavu, '...Pereyaslavl'. To Vyacheslav...' – Lav Ipa Xle[85]
Переяславль, а Вячеславу, Pereyaslavl', a Vyacheslavu, '...Pereyaslavl', to Vyacheslav...' – Šax α[85]
переꙗславль. а вечславѹ, pereyaslavl'. A vechslavu, '...Pereyaslavl'. To Vechslav...' – Rad[85]
переꙗславль. [а игорю воломеръ] а вечславѹ, pereyaslavl'. [a igoryu volomerŭ] a vechslavu, '...Pereyaslavl'. [To Igor Volomerŭ] to Vechslav...' – Aka[85]
переꙗславль а игореви володимирь а вꙗчеславу, pereyaslavl' a igorevi volodimirĭ a vyacheslavu, '...Pereyaslavl' to Igorevi Volodimirĭ to Vyacheslav...' – Kom[85]
переꙗславль а игореви володимиръ а вꙗчеву, pereyaslavl' a igorevi volodimirŭ a vyacheslavu, '...Pereyaslavl' to Igorevi Volodimirŭ to Vyachev...' – NAk Tol[85]
Переяславль, а Игорю Володимеръ, а Вячеславу, Pereyaslavl', a Igoryu Volodimerŭ, a Vyacheslavu, '...Pereyaslavl', to Igor Volodimerŭ, to Vyacheslav...' – Byč Lix[85]

It is not clear why 'to Igor[evi] Volo[di]merŭ' is found in relatively late copies, but not in the earliest copies. It could represent a harmonisation effort with 162.12–13 and 162.21–22, where all witnesses attest that 'Igor' [settled] in Volodimerŭ', and that when Vyacheslav died in Smolensk shortly thereafter, 'Igor' settled in Smolinĭskě, moving over from Volodimerŭ'.[86] The Igor' in question is probably Igor Yaroslavich, who reportedly died sub anno 1060[87][88] (162.28[89]). Cross & Sherbowitz-Wetzor (1953) and Thuis (2015) both included the city as Vladimir in their translations, footnoting it as "Vladimir-Volÿnsk" and "city in Volhynia" respectively (ergo, modern Volodymyr, Volyn Oblast), without further explanation.[90][88]

### 167–173[edit]

See also: Kiev uprising of 1068

### 216–217[edit]

215.27–218.5 Eulogy of Vsevolod Yaroslavich I of Kiev. Accession of Sviatopolk Iziaslavich II of Kiev (with prominent role for Vladimir II Monomakh).

### 218–225[edit]

218.6–226.3 Cuman (Polovtsi) invasion of Rus' (1093). See also Siege of Torchesk and Battle of the Stuhna River.

218.20–21

имѣю отрокъ своих· ѱ҃· иже могу|ть про[ти]ву имъ стати·[91], iměju otrokŭ svoix· ps· iže mogu tĭ pro[ti]vu imŭ stati·, 'I have about 700 of my men who can stand against them.[92]' – Lav,[91][92] Bychkov,[92] Karski,[92] Likhachev[92]
имѣю ѿрокъ своих· ѿ иже могѹ|ть имъ противоу стать.[91], iměju ō͡trokŭ svoix· ō iže mogu tĭ imŭ protivou statĭ., 'I have about 800 of my men who can stand against them.[92]' – Rad[91][92]
имѣꙗ ѡтрокъ своих| ·ѿ· иже могѹть имь противѹ стати·[91], iměja ōtrokŭ svoix ·ō· iže mogutĭ imŭ protivu stati., 'I have about 800 of my men who can stand against them.[92]' – Aka[91][92]
имѣю ѡтро|къ своихъ· ·и҃·сот· иже мо|гуть [имъ] противу имъ ста|ти·[91], iměju ōtrokŭ svoixŭ· ·i·sot· iže mogutĭ [imŭ] protivu sta ti, 'I have about 8 hundred of my men who can stand against them[92]' – Ipa[91][92]
имѣю | отрѡк своих. ѡсмь сот. иже могоут противоу им сттаи.[91], iměju otrōk svoix. vos[e]mŭ sot. iže mogout protivou im sttai., 'I have about eight hundred of my men who can stand against them[92]' – Xle[91][92]

### 226–255[edit]

226.3–255 Chernigov war of succession (1093–1097). See also Oleg I of Chernigov#Chernigov war of succession.

#### 235[edit]

235.20

меѳоди папа римскыи·[93][53], Methodi papa Rimskyi·, 'Methodius the Pope of Rome[53]' – Lav[93][53]
мефодїи патариискы·̏и·[93][53], Methodïi Patariiskyi, 'Methodius of Patara[53]' – Aka[93][53]
меѳдии патариискыи[93], Methdii Patariiskyi, 'Methdius of Patara[53]' – Rad[93]

### 256–257[edit]

256–257.13.

See also: Council of Liubech

### 257–263[edit]

257.13–263.17 The blinding of Vasilko Rostislavich.

### 263–273[edit]

263.17–273.16 Internecine war in Rus' 1097–1100.

### 273–274[edit]

273.16–274.22 Council of Uvetichi (c. 1100).

### 275–276[edit]

1101–1102. Dynastic challenges to Sviatopolk II Iziaslavich of Kiev by Yaroslav Yaropolkich of Brest (?) and Mstislav Volodimerovich of Novgorod. Peace with Polovtsi.

### 277–279[edit]

1103 campaign against the Polovtsi (Cumans) by Sviatopolk II Iziaslavich of Kiev and Vladimir II Monomakh.

### 280[edit]

1104: various dynastic events, siege of Minsk, signs in sky.

### 281[edit]

1105–1107: various dynastic events, Semigallians defeat Vseslavichi.

### 282[edit]

1107: Polovtsi raid by Boniak. Peace treaty.

### 283[edit]

1107–1109: Sviatopolk II Iziaslavich of Kiev orders construction of various church buildings.

### 284–285[edit]

1109–1110: Rus' campaign against Polovtsi. Signs in sky at Kyiv Pechersk Lavra, including lightning, pillars of fire and cloud, and an angelic apparation.

### 286.1–7[edit]

286.1–7 Only in Lav, Rad and Aka: colophon of Sylvester of Kiev (1116).

### 286.7a–7pp[edit]

286.7a–7pp Only in Ipa and Xle: Primary Chronicle continuation of the Hypatian Codex and Khlebnikov Codex (1110–1117).

## See also[edit]

* Rus' chronicle § List of Rus' chronicles
* Textual criticism of the Primary Chronicle
* Textual variants in the Hebrew Bible
* Textual variants in the New Testament

## Notes[edit]

1. ^ Belarusian: Аповесць мінулых часоў, romanized: Apoviesć minulych časoŭ; Russian: Повесть временных лет, romanized: Povest' vremennykh let; Ukrainian: Повість минулих літ, romanized: Povist' mynulykh lit
2. ^ "Examples are quoted here as they appear in the Laurentian manuscript and are taken from the 1950 Academy of Sciences edition of the Povest' vremennyx let. Numbers in parentheses indicate the location (page and line number) of each example in Volume I of the Academy of Sciences edition."[16]
3. ^ Some readers have taken the word нестера to refer to Nestor the Chronicler, but Ostrowski (1981) pointed out: 'The word нестера was added in [the Khlebnikov Codex], and thus cannot be used as evidence for the name of the compiler of the PVL.'[18]

## References[edit]

1. ^ Lunt 1988, p. 251.
2. ^ Yakov Lurie, The history of Russia in the chronicle and perception of the New time// Old Rus' and New Russia: (favorites). SPb. : Dmitry Bulanin (publishing house), 1997.
3. ^ The dictionary of scribes and booklore of Old Rus' / Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushkin House ; ed. Dmitry Likhachev. L. : Nauka, 1987—2017.
4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Gippius 2014, p. 342.
5. ^ Ostrowski 1981, pp. 11–12.
6. ^ a b c d e f g Lunt 1994, p. 10.
7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, e-PVL.
8. ^ Dimnik 2004, p. 257.
9. ^ a b Ostrowski 1981, p. 12.
10. ^ a b c Dimnik 2004, p. 256.
11. ^ Ostrowski 2018, p. 32. sfn error: no target: CITEREFOstrowski2018 (help)
12. ^ Ostrowski 2007, p. 269.
13. ^ a b c d e f Ostrowski 2007, p. 305.
14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Ostrowski 2003, p. xxi.
15. ^ Ostrowski 2007, p. 306.
16. ^ Frink, O. (1964). "Negation and Case Selection in the Laurentian Primary Chronicle". The Slavic and East European Journal. 8 (3). American Association of Teachers of Slavic and East European Languages: 302–307. doi:10.2307/304221. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
17. ^ a b c d e f Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 0.1.
18. ^ a b c d e Ostrowski 1981, p. 28.
19. ^ a b c Izbornyk 2001.
20. ^ a b c Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 0.2.
21. ^ a b c d e Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 0.3.
22. ^ a b Ostrowski 1981, pp. 28–29.
23. ^ a b c d Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 1.1.
24. ^ a b c d e f Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 1.2.
25. ^ a b Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 1.3.
26. ^ a b c d e Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 1.9.
27. ^ a b c Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 3.8.
28. ^ a b c d Lunt 1995, p. 336.
29. ^ a b Lunt 1995, pp. 337–338.
30. ^ Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 3.8–9.
31. ^ a b c d e f Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 4.12.
32. ^ a b c d e f g Cross & Sherbowitz-Wetzor 2013, p. 1.
33. ^ a b c d e f g Thuis 2015, p. 8.
34. ^ a b c d e Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 4.13.
35. ^ a b Lunt 1995, p. 341.
36. ^ Cross & Sherbowitz-Wetzor 2013, p. 2.
37. ^ a b c d Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 5.22.
38. ^ Lunt 1995, p. 337.
39. ^ a b c d Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 9.17.
40. ^ a b Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 19, 14–16.
41. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Gorsky 2012, pp. 6–23.
42. ^ a b c d e f g Laurentian Codex л. 7 - л. 7 об.
43. ^ a b c d e f g Cross & Sherbowitz-Wetzor 2013, p. 6–7.
44. ^ a b c d e f g PSRL, II, 3rd. ed., col. 15
45. ^ a b Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 19, 16–18.
46. ^ a b Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 19, 18–20.
47. ^ a b Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 19, 20–24.
48. ^ a b Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 19, 24 – 20, 3.
49. ^ a b Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 20, 3–11.
50. ^ a b Cross & Sherbowitz-Wetzor 1953, p. 233.
51. ^ a b Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 20, 11–19.
52. ^ a b c d e f g h Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 26.1.
53. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag Lunt 1994, p. 22.
54. ^ Thuis 2015, p. 34.
55. ^ a b c d e f g Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 60.26.
56. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Ostrowski 2007, p. 275.
57. ^ a b c d e f Cross & Sherbowitz-Wetzor 1953, p. 83.
58. ^ Thuis 2015, p. 51.
59. ^ Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 62.14–18.
60. ^ a b "Proverbs 1 NIV". biblehub.com. 2011. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
61. ^ Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 62.21–22.
62. ^ a b "Proverbs 13 NIV". biblehub.com. 2011. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
63. ^ "Proverbs 13 KJV". biblehub.com. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
64. ^ a b c d e Thuis 2015, pp. 50–51.
65. ^ Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 63.8–9.
66. ^ a b "1 Corinthians 1:18 text analysis". biblehub.com. 2011. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
67. ^ Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 63.9–11.
68. ^ a b "Psalm 82 NIV". biblehub.com. 2011. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
69. ^ Cross & Sherbowitz-Wetzor 1953, p. 84.
70. ^ Thuis 2015, pp. 51–52.
71. ^ a b Thuis 2015, p. 52.
72. ^ Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 63.29–64.1.
73. ^ "Exodus 21:17 Hebrew Text Analysis". biblehub.com. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
74. ^ a b Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 84.18.
75. ^ Cross & Sherbowitz-Wetzor 1953, p. 96.
76. ^ a b c d e f g h Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 111.23–24.
77. ^ a b Ostrowski 2007, p. 276.
78. ^ a b c d e f g h i Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 135.1.
79. ^ a b c d e f g Lunt 1988, p. 253.
80. ^ a b c d e Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 151.19.
81. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Lunt 1988, p. 254.
82. ^ a b c d Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 151.20.
83. ^ a b c d e f g h Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 151.21.
84. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 152.20.
85. ^ a b c d e f g Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 161.18.
86. ^ Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 162.12–13; 162.21–22.
87. ^ Cross & Sherbowitz-Wetzor 1953, p. 142.
88. ^ a b Thuis 2015, p. 128.
89. ^ Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 162.28.
90. ^ Cross & Sherbowitz-Wetzor 1953, pp. 142, 263.
91. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 218.20–21.
92. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Ostrowski 1981, p. 19.
93. ^ a b c d e f Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014, 235.20.

## Bibliography[edit]

### Primary sources[edit]

* Complete Collection of Russian Chronicles (PSRL). Saint Petersburg: Typography of Edward Prats.
* Лѣтопись По Ипатьевскому Списку [The Chronicle according to the Hypatian Codex]. Complete Collection of Russian Chronicles (PSRL). Volume 2. 3rd Edition. Col. 15. Saint Petersburg: Typography of Edward Prats. 1908.
* Cross, Samuel Hazzard; Sherbowitz-Wetzor, Olgerd P. (1953) [1930]. The Russian Primary Chronicle, Laurentian Text. Translated and edited by Samuel Hazzard Cross and Olgerd P. Sherbowitz-Wetzor (PDF). Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Mediaeval Academy of America. p. 325. Retrieved 26 January 2023.
* Cross, Samuel Hazzard; Sherbowitz-Wetzor, Olgerd P. (2013) [1953]. SLA 218. Ukrainian Literature and Culture. Excerpts from The Rus' Primary Chronicle (Povest vremennykh let, PVL) (PDF). Toronto: Electronic Library of Ukrainian Literature, University of Toronto. p. 16\. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 May 2014. Retrieved 26 January 2023.
* Gorsky, A. A. (2012). "Приглашение Рюрика на княжение в памятниках древнерусского начального летописания" [Rurik's invitation to reign in the records of the old Rus' Primary Chronicle]. Исторический вестник (Historical Messenger) (in Russian). 1 (1). Runivers: 6–23. Retrieved 5 May 2023. (web text)
* Ostrowski, Donald, ed. (2003). The Povest' vremennykh let: An Interlinear Collation and Paradosis. 3 volumes (in Russian and English). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Archived from the original on 9 March 2005. Retrieved 23 March 2002. (assoc. ed. David J. Birnbaum (Harvard Library of Early Ukrainian Literature, vol. 10, parts 1–3)) – This 2003 Ostrowski et al. edition includes an interlinear collation including the five main manuscript witnesses, the Trinity Chronicle (as far as can reliably reconstructed), three manuscripts of the Novgorod First Chronicle, as well as a new paradosis ("a proposed best reading").
* Ostrowski, Donald; Birnbaum, David J. (7 December 2014). "Rus' primary chronicle critical edition – Interlinear line-level collation". pvl.obdurodon.org (in Church Slavic). Retrieved 5 May 2023. (digitised and improved online version of Ostrowski et al. 2003).
* Izbornyk (2001). "Новгородская Первая Летопись Младшего Извода" [Novgorod First Chronicle of the Younger Edition]. Izbornyk (in Church Slavic). Retrieved 15 May 2023. – digitised version of the mid-15th-century Archaeographic Commission's edition (or "Younger Edition") of the Novgorod First Chronicle (Komissionnyy NPL)
* Thuis, Hans (2015). Nestorkroniek. De oudste geschiedenis van het Kievse Rijk [Nestor Chronicle: the oldest history of the Kievan Realm] (in Dutch). Nijmegen: Uitgeverij Vantilt. p. 304\. ISBN 9789460042287.

### Literature[edit]

* Dimnik, Martin (January 2004). "The Title "Grand Prince" in Kievan Rus'". Mediaeval Studies. 66: 253–312. doi:10.1484/J.MS.2.306512. Retrieved 27 February 2023.
* Gippius, Alexey A. (2014). "Reconstructing the original of the Povesť vremennyx let: a contribution to the debate". Russian Linguistics. 38 (3). Springer: 341–366. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
* Katchanovski, Ivan; Kohut, Zenon E.; Nesebio, Bohdan Y.; Yurkevich, Myroslav (2013). Historical Dictionary of Ukraine. Lanham, Maryland; Toronto; Plymouth: Scarecrow Press. p. 992\. ISBN 9780810878471. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
* Lunt, Horace G. (Summer 1988). "On Interpreting the Russian Primary Chronicle: The Year 1037". The Slavic and East European Journal. 32 (2): 251–264. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
* Lunt, Horace G. (June 1994). "Lexical Variation in the Copies of the Rus' "Primary Chronicle": Some Methodological Problems". Ukrainian Philology and Linguistics. 18 (1–2). Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute: 10–28. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
* Lunt, Horace G. (1995). "What the Rus' Primary Chronicle Tells Us about the Origin of the Slavs and of Slavic Writing". Harvard Ukrainian Studies. 19. Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute: 335–357. ISSN 0363-5570. JSTOR 41037009.
* Ostrowski, Donald (March 1981). "Textual Criticism and the Povest' vremennykh let: Some Theoretical Considerations". Harvard Ukrainian Studies. 5 (1). Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute: 11–31. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
* Ostrowski, Donald (2007). "The Načal'Nyj Svod Theory and the Povest Vremennyx Let". Russian Linguistics. 31 (3). Springer: 269–308. ISSN 0304-3487. JSTOR 40221289. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
* Plokhy, Serhii (2006). The Origins of the Slavic Nations: Premodern Identities in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 378\. ISBN 978-0-521-86403-9.

### Further reading[edit]

* Isoaho, Mari (2018). "Shakhmatov's Legacy and the Chronicles of Kievan Rus'". Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History. 19 (3). Slavica Publishers: 637–648. doi:10.1353/kri.2018.0033. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
* Inés García de la Puente, "Beyond the Sea: On the Use of за море in the Primary Chronicle". Ruthenica. 16. 28–36. 2022.

*[c.]: circa