Th-stopping

Pronouncing "th" as "t" or "d"

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History and description of

English pronunciation
Historical stages

* Old English
* Middle English

General development

* In Old English
* In Scots

Development of vowels

* A
* Close back
* Close front
* Diphthongs
* Great Vowel Shift
* Open back
* Pre-L
* Pre-R

Development of consonants

* Single consonants
* Clusters

Variable features

* Cot–caught merger
* Drawl
* Flapping
* H-dropping
* L-vocalization
* NG
* R
* Rhoticity
* T-glottalization
* TH
* WH

Related topics

* History of English
* Spelling

* v
* t
* e

This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

Th-stopping is the realization of the dental fricatives [θ, ð] as stops--either dental or alveolar--which occurs in several dialects of English. In some accents, such as of Indian English and middle- or upper-class Irish English, they are realized as the dental stops [t̪, d̪] and as such do not merge with the alveolar stops /t, d/; thus, for example, tin ([tʰɪn] in Ireland and [ʈɪn] in India) is not a homophone of thin [t̪ʰɪn].[1] In other accents, such as varieties of Caribbean English, Nigerian English, Liberian English, and older, rural, or working-class Irish English, such pairs are indeed merged.[1] Variation between both dental and alveolar forms exists in much of the working-class English speech of North America and sometimes southern England. It is also common for babies and toddlers, who are still learning to talk and/or haven't fully grown their front teeth capable of producing the th sound.[citation needed] Th-stopping occurred in all continental Germanic languages, resulting in cognates such as German die for "the" and Bruder for "brother".

## New York City English

[edit]

For the working class of New York City and its surrounding region, the fricatives /θ/ and /ð/ are often pronounced as affricatives or stops, rather than as fricatives. Usually they remain dental, so that the oppositions /t-θ/ and [d-ð] are not lost. Thus thanks may be pronounced [θæŋks], [tθæŋks], or [t̪æŋks] in decreasing order of occurrence;[citation needed] all are distinct from tanks [tʰæŋks]. The [t̪] variant has a weakish articulation. The /t-θ/ opposition may be lost, exceptionally in the environment of a following /r/ (making three homophonous with tree), and in the case of the word with, (so that with a may rhyme with the non-rhotic pronunciation of bitter-bidder; with you may be [wɪtʃu], following the same yod-coalescence rule as hit you. These pronunciations are all stigmatized.[citation needed]

The [d-ð] opposition seems to be lost more readily, though not as readily as the "Brooklynese" stereotype might lead one to believe. As in many other places, initial [ð] is subject to assimilation or deletion in a range of environments in relatively informal and/or popular speech, e.g. who's there [huz (z)ɛə]; as in many other places, it is also subject to stopping there /dɛə/. This option extends to one or two words in which the /ð/ is not initial, e.g. other, which can thus become a homonym of utter-udder. But it would not be usual for southern to be pronounced identically with sudden or breathe with breed.[citation needed]

## African-American Vernacular English

[edit]

In African-American Vernacular English, in the words with and nothing, [t] may occur corresponding to standard [θ], with the [t] itself being succeeded by the t-glottalization rule: thus [wɪʔ] for with and [ˈnʌʔɪn] for nothing.[2]: 83 Th-stopping is also reported for some other non-initial [θ]s, apparently particularly when preceded by a nasal and followed by a plosive, as keep your mouth closed.[2]: 90 In initial position, [θ] occurs in AAVE just as in standard accents: thin is [θɪn], without the stopping of West Indian accents.[3] Stopping of initial [ð], however, is frequent, making then pronounced as [d̪ɪ̃n] or sometimes homophonous with den.

## Frequency in other accents

[edit]

Th-stopping is also commonly heard, specifically from speakers of working-class origins, in the American English dialects of the Inland North (for example, in Milwaukee, Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, and Buffalo), the Upper Midwest (for example, in the especially Fennoscandian-descended locals of Minnesota's Iron Range and Michigan's Upper Peninsula), and the Mid-Atlantic region (for example, in Philadelphia and Baltimore).[4] It is also heard in a minority of speakers of England's Estuary dialect (for example, in London), but only in the case of word-initial /ð/.[5] Many speakers of Philippine English and some speakers of other variants in Asia also have th-stopping.

The dialect of Sheffield in England is sometimes referred to as "dee-dar" because of the th-stopping to change initial /ð/ to /d/. However, a 1997 study in Sheffield found this was then largely confined to older males.[6]

In certain international radiotelecommunications such as the NATO phonetic alphabet, the digit code words three and thousand are pronounced [tʰɹiː] and [ˈtʰaʊz(ə)nd] to avoid mispronouncing them as [sɹiː] and [ˈsaʊz(ə)nd].[7][8]

## Homophonous pairs

[edit]

/t, d/ | /θ, ð/ | IPA  | Notes

|
|
|

ate | eighth | ˈeɪt | Some accents pronounce ate as /ɛt/
Bart | bath | ˈbɑːt | Non-rhotic accents with trap–bath split.
bat | bath | ˈbæt | Without trap–bath split.
bayed | bathe | ˈbeɪd
bet | Beth | ˈbɛt
bladder | blather | ˈblædə(ɹ)
blight | Blythe | ˈblaɪt
blitter | blither | ˈblɪɾə(ɹ) | With intervocalic alveolar flapping.
boat | both | ˈboʊt
body | bothy | ˈbɒɾi | Without lot–cloth split and with intervocalic alveolar flapping.
boot | booth | ˈbuːt
breed | breathe | ˈbɹiːd
Brett | breath | ˈbɹɛt
brought | broth | ˈbrɔːt | With lot–cloth split. Also /ˈbrɒt/ in some accents.
cedar | seether | ˈsiːdə(ɹ)
cent | synth | ˈsɪnt | With pin–pen merger.
cite | scythe | ˈsaɪt
clot | cloth | ˈklɒt | Without cot–caught merger.
coot | couth | ˈkuːt
D; dee | the | ˈdiː | The before vowels and silent H.
D; dee | thee | ˈdiː
Dan | than | ˈdæn
dare | their | ˈdeə(ɹ)
dare | there | ˈdeə(ɹ)
dare | they're | ˈdeə(ɹ)
Darude | the rude | dəˈruːd
day | they | ˈdeɪ
debt | death | ˈdɛt
Dee | the | ˈdiː | The before vowels and silent H.
Dee | thee | ˈdiː
den | then | ˈdɛn
dense | thence | ˈdɛns
dents | thence | ˈdɛn(t)s
dhow | thou | ˈdaʊ
die | thy | ˈdaɪ
dine | thine | ˈdaɪn
dirt | dearth | ˈdɜː(ɹ)t | with fern–fir–fur merger.
dis | this | ˈdɪs
doe | though | ˈdoʊ
does | those | ˈdoʊz
dough | though | ˈdoʊ
dow | thou | ˈdaʊ
dow | though | ˈdoʊ
drought | drouth | ˈdɹaʊt
dye | thy | ˈdaɪ
eater | either | ˈiːɾə(ɹ) | With intervocalic alveolar flapping.
eater | ether | ˈiːtə(ɹ) | With intervocalic alveolar flapping.
eight | eighth | ˈeɪt
Ent | nth | ˈɛnt
fate | faith | ˈfeɪt
fetter | feather | ˈfɛɾə(ɹ) | With intervocalic alveolar flapping.
fit | fifth | ˈfɪt | Some accents pronounce fifth as /ˈfɪft/.
fodder | father | ˈfɑːdə(ɹ) | With father–bother merger.
fort | forth | ˈfɔː(ɹ)t
fort | fourth | ˈfɔː(ɹ)t
fraught | froth | ˈfɹɔːt | With lot–cloth split.
frot | froth | ˈfɹɒt | Without lot–cloth split.
got | goth, Goth | ˈɡɒt
groat | growth | ˈɡɹoʊt
hart | hearth | ˈhɑː(ɹ)t
hat | hath | ˈhæt
header | heather | ˈhɛdə(ɹ)
heart | hearth | ˈhɑː(ɹ)t
heat | heath | ˈhiːt
hitter | hither | ˈhɪɾə(ɹ) | With intervocalic alveolar flapping.
hurt | earth | ˈɜː(ɹ)t | With H-dropping and fern–fir–fur merger.
Ida | either | ˈaɪdə | Non-rhotic accents.
knead | neath | ˈniːd
kneader | neither | ˈniːdə(ɹ)
kneed | neath | ˈniːd
ladder | lather | ˈlædə(ɹ)
lade | lathe | ˈleɪd
laid | lathe | ˈleɪd
latter | lather | ˈlæɾə(ɹ) | With intervocalic alveolar flapping.
letter | leather | ˈlɛɾə(ɹ)
lied | lithe | ˈlaɪd
load | loathe | ˈloʊd
lode | loathe | ˈloʊd
loud | Louth | ˈlaʊd
martyr | Martha | ˈmɑːtə | Non-rhotic accents.
mat | math | ˈmæt
matte | math | ˈmæt
mead | Meath | ˈmiːd
meat | Meath | ˈmiːt
meet | Meath | ˈmiːt
met | meth | ˈmɛt
mete | Meath | ˈmiːt
mitt | myth | ˈmɪt
motte | moth | ˈmɑt
mutter | mother | ˈmʌɾə(ɹ) | With intervocalic alveolar flapping.
naught | north | ˈnɔːt | Non-rhotic accents.
neater | neither | ˈniːɾə(ɹ) | With intervocalic alveolar flapping.
Some accents pronounce neither as /ˈnaɪtə(ɹ)/.
neat | neath | ˈniːt
need | neath | ˈniːd
oat | oath | ˈoʊt
oats | oaths | ˈoʊts
odes | oaths | ˈoʊdz
pads | paths | ˈpædz | Without trap–bath split.
paid | pathe | ˈpeɪd
part | path | ˈpɑːt | Non-rhotic accents with trap–bath split.
parts | paths | ˈpɑːts
pat | path | ˈpæt | Without trap–bath split.
pats | paths | ˈpæts
pit | pith | ˈpɪt
pity | pithy | ˈpɪti
rat | wrath | ˈɹæt | Without trap–bath split.
rate | wraith | ˈɹeɪt
read | wreathe | ˈɹiːd
reads | wreathes | ˈɹiːdz
reads | wreaths | ˈɹiːdz
reed | wreathe | ˈɹiːd
reeds | wreathes | ˈɹiːdz
reeds | wreaths | ˈɹiːdz
ride | writhe | ˈɹaɪd
rot | Roth | ˈɹɒt | Without lot–cloth split.
root | ruth, Ruth | ˈɹuːt | With yod-dropping.
Some accents pronounce root as /ˈɹʊt/.
route | ruth, Ruth | ˈɹuːt | With yod-dropping.
Some accents pronounce route as /ˈɹaʊt/.
scent | synth | ˈsɪnt | With pen–pin merger.
seed | seethe | ˈsiːd
seeder | seether | ˈsiːdə(ɹ)
sent | synth | ˈsɪnt | With pen–pin merger.
set | saith | ˈsɛt
set | Seth | ˈsɛt
she'd | sheathe | ˈʃiːd
sheet | sheath | ˈʃiːt
side | scythe | ˈsaɪd
sight | scythe | ˈsaɪt
sit | Sith | ˈsɪt
site | scythe | ˈsaɪt
smit | smith | ˈsmɪt
smite | Smyth | ˈsmaɪt
spilt | spilth | ˈspɪlt
soot | sooth | ˈsuːt | Some accents pronounce soot as /ˈsʊt/.
sudden | southern | ˈsʌdən | Non-rhotic accents.
sued | soothe | ˈsuːd | With yod-dropping.
suede | swathe | ˈsweɪd | Some accents pronounce swathe as /ˈswɒd/.
suit | sooth | ˈsuːt | With yod-dropping.
swat | swath | ˈswɒt | Without lot–cloth split.
swayed | swathe | ˈsweɪd | Some accents pronounce swathe as /ˈswɒd/.
tank | thank | ˈtæŋk
tater | theta | ˈteɪtə | Non-rhotic accents.
Some accents pronounce theta as /ˈtiːtə/.
taught | thought | ˈtɔːt
team | theme | ˈtiːm
teary | theory | ˈtɪəɹi
teat | teeth | ˈtiːt
teed | teethe | ˈtiːd
teeter | theta | ˈtiːtə | Non-rhotic accents.
Some accents pronounce theta as /ˈteɪtə/.
tent | tenth | ˈtɛnt
Thai | thigh | ˈtaɪ
tic | thick | ˈtɪk
tick | thick | ˈtɪk
ticket | thicket | ˈtɪkət
tide | tithe | ˈtaɪd
tie | thigh | ˈtaɪ
tied | tithe | ˈtaɪd
tin | thin | ˈtɪn
tinker | thinker | ˈtɪnkə(ɹ)
toot | tooth | ˈtuːt
tor | thaw | ˈtɔː | Non-rhotic accents.
tor | Thor | ˈtɔː(ɹ)
tore | thaw | ˈtɔː | Non-rhotic accents with horse–hoarse merger.
tore | Thor | ˈtɔː(ɹ) | With horse–hoarse merger.
torn | thorn | ˈtɔː(ɹ)n | With horse–hoarse merger.
tort | thought | ˈtɔː(ɹ)t | Non-rhotic accents.
tote | Thoth | ˈtoʊt
trash | thrash | ˈtɹæʃ
trawl | thrall | ˈtɹɔːl
tread | thread | ˈtɹɛd
tree | three | ˈtɹiː
trill | thrill | ˈtɹɪl
true | threw | ˈtɹuː, ˈtɹɪu
true | through | ˈtɹuː | With yod-dropping.
trust | thrust | ˈtɹʌst
tum | thumb | ˈtʌm
tump | thump | ˈtʌmp
turd | third | ˈtɜː(ɹ)d | With fern–fir–fur merger.
udder | other | ˈʌdə(ɹ)
utter | other | ˈʌɾə(ɹ) | With intervocalic alveolar flapping.
Utes | youths | ˈjuːts
welt | wealth | ˈwɛlt
wetter | weather | ˈwɛɾə(ɹ) | With intervocalic alveolar flapping.
wit | width | ˈwɪt
wit | with | ˈwɪt
wordy | worthy | ˈwɜː(ɹ)di, ˈwʌɹdi
wort | worth | ˈwɜː(ɹ)t, ˈwʌɹt | Some accents pronounce wort as /ˈwɔː(ɹ)t/.
wrought | Roth | ˈɹɔːt | With lot–cloth split.
wrought | wroth | ˈɹɔːt | With lot–cloth split.

## See also

[edit]

* List of Th-stopping homophones
* Th-fronting
* Definite article reduction

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b Wells, J.C. (1989). The British Isles. Accents of English. Vol. 2\. Cambridge: University Press. pp. 565–66, 635. ISBN 9780521285407.
2. ^ a b Wolfram, Walter A. (September 1970). "A Sociolinguistic Description of Detroit Negro Speech". Language. 46 (3): 764. doi:10.2307/412325. ISSN 0097-8507. JSTOR 412325.
3. ^ Wolfram 1969, p. 130, does however mention the use of 'a lenis [t]' as a rare variant.
4. ^ van den Doel, Rias (2006). How Friendly Are the Natives? An Evaluation of Native-Speaker Judgements of Foreign-Accented British and American English (PDF). Landelijke onderzoekschool taalwetenschap (Netherlands Graduate School of Linguistics). p. 268.
5. ^ van den Doel 2006, p. 251.
6. ^ Stoddart, Jana; Upton, Clive; Widdowson, J.D.A. (1999), "Sheffield dialect in the 1990s: revisiting the concept of NORMs", Urban Voices, London: Arnold, pp. 76, 79
7. ^ "IMO Standard Marine Communication Phrases (SMCP)" (PDF). Rijeka: International Maritime Organization. 4 April 2000. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 February 2019.
8. ^ Annex 10 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation: Aeronautical Telecommunications; Volume II Communication Procedures including those with PANS status (7th ed.). International Civil Aviation Organization. July 2016. p. §5.2.1.3, Figure 5–1. Archived from the original on 11 July 2022.

* v
* t
* e

History of English

* Proto-Indo-European
* Proto-Germanic
* Proto-West-Germanic
* Anglo-Frisian languages
* Old English
* Kentish
* Mercian
* Northumbrian
* West Saxon
* Anglo-Norman language
* Middle English
* Early Modern English
* Modern English

Phonological history

| Vowels|

* A
* Changes before historic /l/
* Changes before historic /r/
* Close back vowels
* Close front vowels
* Diphthongs
* Great Vowel Shift
* Open back vowels
* Trisyllabic laxing

|

Consonants|

* Clusters
* Flapping
* H-dropping
* L-vocalization
* Ng
* Rhoticity
* T-glottalization
* Th
* fronting
* stopping
* Wh

* v
* t
* e

International Phonetic Alphabet (chart)

IPA topics

| IPA|

* International Phonetic Association
* History of the alphabet
* Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA)
* Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS)
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|

Special topics|

* Cursive forms
* Case variants
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Encodings|

* ASCII encodings
* SAMPA
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* Kirshenbaum
* TIPA
* Phonetic symbols in Unicode
* IPA number
* IPA Braille

Consonants

Pulmonic consonants |  | Place →  | Labial | Coronal | Dorsal | Laryngeal

|
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|
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Manner ↓  | Bi­labial | Labio­dental | Linguo­labial | Dental | Alveolar | Post­alveolar | Retro­flex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyn­geal/epi­glottal | Glottal
Nasal | m̥ | m | ɱ̊ | ɱ |  | n̼ |  |  | n̥ | n |  |  | ɳ̊ | ɳ | ɲ̊ | ɲ | ŋ̊ | ŋ | ɴ̥ | ɴ |  |  |  |
Plosive | p | b | p̪ | b̪ | t̼ | d̼ |  |  | t | d |  |  | ʈ | ɖ | c | ɟ | k | ɡ | q | ɢ | ʡ |  | ʔ |
Sibilant affricate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ts | dz | t̠ʃ | d̠ʒ | tʂ | dʐ | tɕ | dʑ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-sibilant affricate  | pɸ | bβ | p̪f | b̪v |  |  | t̪θ | d̪ð | tɹ̝̊ | dɹ̝ | t̠ɹ̠̊˔ | d̠ɹ̠˔ |  |  | cç | ɟʝ | kx | ɡɣ | qχ | ɢʁ | ʡʜ | ʡʢ | ʔh |
Sibilant fricative |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | s | z | ʃ | ʒ | ʂ | ʐ | ɕ | ʑ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-sibilant fricative  | ɸ | β | f | v | θ̼ | ð̼ | θ | ð | θ̠ | ð̠ | ɹ̠̊˔ | ɹ̠˔ | ɻ̊˔ | ɻ˔ | ç | ʝ | x | ɣ | χ | ʁ | ħ | ʕ | h | ɦ
Approximant |  |  |  | ʋ |  |  |  |  |  | ɹ |  |  |  | ɻ |  | j |  | ɰ |  |  |  |  |  | ʔ̞
Tap/flap |  | ⱱ̟ |  | ⱱ |  | ɾ̼ |  |  | ɾ̥ | ɾ |  |  | ɽ̊ | ɽ |  |  |  |  |  | ɢ̆ |  | ʡ̆ |  |
Trill | ʙ̥ | ʙ |  |  |  |  |  |  | r̥ | r |  |  | ɽ̊r̥ | ɽr |  |  |  |  | ʀ̥ | ʀ | ʜ | ʢ |  |
Lateral affricate  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | tɬ | dɮ |  |  | tꞎ | d𝼅 | c𝼆 | ɟʎ̝ | k𝼄 | ɡʟ̝ |  |  |  |  |  |
Lateral fricative  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ɬ | ɮ |  |  | ꞎ | 𝼅 | 𝼆 | ʎ̝ | 𝼄 | ʟ̝ |  |  |  |  |  |
Lateral approximant  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | l |  |  |  | ɭ |  | ʎ |  | ʟ |  | ʟ̠ |  |  |  |
Lateral tap/flap  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ɺ̥ | ɺ |  |  | 𝼈̥ | 𝼈 |  | ʎ̆ |  | ʟ̆ |  |  |  |  |  |

* IPA help
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Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to the left are voiceless. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Non-pulmonic consonants |  | BL | LD | D | A | PA | RF | P | V | U | EG

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|

Ejective | Stop | pʼ |  |  | tʼ |  | ʈʼ | cʼ | kʼ | qʼ | ʡʼ
Affricate |  | p̪fʼ | t̪θʼ | tsʼ | t̠ʃʼ | tʂʼ | tɕʼ | kxʼ | qχʼ |
Fricative | ɸʼ | fʼ | θʼ | sʼ | ʃʼ | ʂʼ | ɕʼ | xʼ | χʼ |
Lateral affricate  |  |  |  | tɬʼ |  |  | c𝼆ʼ | k𝼄ʼ | q𝼄ʼ |
Lateral fricative  |  |  |  | ɬʼ |  |  |  |  |  |
Click
(top: velar;
bottom: uvular)  | Tenuis | kʘ
qʘ |  | kǀ
qǀ | kǃ
qǃ |  | k𝼊
q𝼊 | kǂ
qǂ |  |  |
Voiced | ɡʘ
ɢʘ |  | ɡǀ
ɢǀ | ɡǃ
ɢǃ |  | ɡ𝼊
ɢ𝼊 | ɡǂ
ɢǂ |  |  |
Nasal | ŋʘ
ɴʘ |  | ŋǀ
ɴǀ | ŋǃ
ɴǃ |  | ŋ𝼊
ɴ𝼊 | ŋǂ
ɴǂ | ʞ
|  |
Tenuis lateral |  |  |  | kǁ
qǁ |  |  |  |  |  |
Voiced lateral  |  |  |  | ɡǁ
ɢǁ |  |  |  |  |  |
Nasal lateral  |  |  |  | ŋǁ
ɴǁ |  |  |  |  |  |
Implosive | Voiced  | ɓ |  |  | ɗ |  | ᶑ | ʄ | ɠ | ʛ |
Voiceless | ɓ̥ |  |  | ɗ̥ |  | ᶑ̊ | ʄ̊ | ɠ̊ | ʛ̥ |

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* template

Co-articulated consonants

Nasal

n͡m

Labial–alveolar

ɳ͡m

Labial–retroflex

ŋ͡m

Labial–velar

Plosive

t͡p

d͡b

Labial–alveolar

ʈ͡p

ɖ͡b

Labial–retroflex

k͡p

ɡ͡b

Labial–velar

q͡ʡ

Uvular–epiglottal

q͡p

Labial–uvular

Fricative/approximant

Labialized palatal

Labialized velar

Sj-sound (variable)

Lateral approximant

Velarized alveolar

Implosive

ɠ̊͜ɓ̥

ɠ͡ɓ

Labial–velar

Ejective

t͡pʼ

Labial–alveolar

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Other|

* Nasal labial–velar approximant [w̃]
* Nasal palatal approximant [j̃]
* Voiceless bidental fricative [h̪͆]
* Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop [t̪ʙ̥]
* Voiceless nasal glottal approximant [h̃]
* Voiceless upper-pharyngeal plosive [ʡ̟]
* Voiced upper-pharyngeal plosive [ʡ̟̬]
* Bilabial percussive [ʬ]
* Bidental percussive [ʭ]
* Sublaminal lower-alveolar percussive [¡]

Vowels

|  |  | Front | Central | Back

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|
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Close |

Near-close |

|  |

Close-mid |

Mid |

Open-mid |

Near-open |

Open |

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Legend: unrounded • rounded
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template
*[BL]: Bilabial
*[LD]: Labiodental
*[D]: Dental
*[A]: Alveolar
*[PA]: Postalveolar
*[RF]: Retroflex
*[P]: Palatal
*[V]: Velar
*[U]: Uvular
*[EG]: Epiglottal