The Cossacks (novel)

1863 novel by Leo Tolstoy

For the Cossack peoples of Eastern Europe, see Cossacks.

The Cossacks

Portrait of a Cossack by Alexander Litovchenko

Author| Leo Tolstoy
Original title| Казаки (Kozaky)
Translator| Eugene Schuyler (1878), Peter Constantine (2004)
Language| Russian
Genre| Fiction
Publisher| The Russian Messenger

Publication date

| 1863
Publication place| Russia

Published in English

| 1878 (Scribner's)
Pages| 161 p. (Paperback)
ISBN| 0-679-64291-9

English Wikisource has original text related to this article:

The Cossacks

The Cossacks: A Caucasus Tale of 1852 (Russian: Казаки [Kazaki]) is a novel by Leo Tolstoy, published in 1863 in the popular literary magazine The Russian Messenger. It was originally called Young Manhood.[1] Both Ivan Turgenev and the Nobel Prize-winning Russian writer Ivan Bunin gave the work great praise, with Turgenev calling it his favourite work by Tolstoy.[2] Tolstoy began work on the story in August 1853.[3] In August 1857, after having re-read the Iliad, he vowed to completely rewrite The Cossacks.[4] In February 1862, after having lost badly at cards, he finished the novel to help pay his debts.[5] The novel was published in 1863, the same year his first child was born.[2]

## Synopsis

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The Cossacks is believed to be somewhat autobiographical, partially based on Tolstoy's experiences in the Caucasus during the last stages of the Caucasian War.[6] Tolstoy had a wild time in his youth, engaging in sex with numerous women, heavy drinking, and excessive gambling; many argue Tolstoy used his own past as inspiration for the protagonist Olenin.

Disenchanted with his privileged life in Russian society, nobleman Dmitry Andreich Olenin joins the army as a cadet, in the hopes of escaping the superficiality of his daily life. On a quest to find "completeness," he naively hopes to find serenity among the "simple" people of the Caucasus. In an attempt to immerse himself in the local culture, he befriends an old man. They drink wine, curse, and hunt pheasant and boar in the Cossack tradition, and Olenin even begins to dress in the manner of a Cossack. He forgets himself and falls in love with the young Maryanka, in spite of her fiancé Lukashka. While living as a Cossack, he learns lessons about his own inner life, moral philosophy, and the nature of reality. He also understands the intricacies of human psychology and nature.

## Plot summary

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Set in 1852, the young idealist Dmitry Andreich Olenin leaves Moscow, hoping to start a new life in the Caucasus. In the stanitsa, he slowly becomes enamored of the surroundings and despises his previous existence. He befriends the old Cossack Eroshka, who goes hunting with him and finds him a good fellow because of his propensity to drinking. During this time, young Cossack Luka kills a Chechen who is trying to come across the river towards the village to scout the Cossacks and in this way gains much respect. Olenin falls in love with the maid Maryanka, who is to be wed to Luka later in the story. He tries to stop this emotion and eventually convinces himself that he loves both Luka and Maryanka for their simplicity and decides that happiness can only come to a man who constantly gives to others with no thought of self-gratification.

He first gives an extra horse to Luka, who accepts the present yet doesn't trust Olenin on his motives. As time goes on, however, though he gains the respect of the local villagers, another Russian named Beletsky, who is still attached to the ways of Moscow, comes and partially corrupts Olenin's ideals and convinces him through his actions to attempt to win Maryanka's love. Olenin approaches her several times and Luka hears about this from a Cossack, and thus does not invite Olenin to the betrothal party. Olenin spends the night with Eroshka but soon decides that he will not give up on the girl and attempts to win her heart again. He eventually, in a moment of passion, asks her to marry him, which she says she will answer soon.

Luka, however, is severely wounded when he and a group of Cossacks go to confront a group of Chechens who are trying to attack the village, including the brother of the man he killed earlier. Though the Chechens lose after the Cossacks take a cart to block their bullets, the brother of the slain Chechen manages to shoot Luka in the belly when he is close by. As Luka seems to be dying and is being cared for by village people, Olenin approaches Maryanka to ask her to marry him; she angrily refuses. He realizes that "his first impression of this woman's inaccessibility had been perfectly correct." He asks his company commander to leave and join the staff. He says goodbye to Eroshka, who is the only villager who sees him off. Eroshka is emotional towards Olenin but after Olenin takes off and looks back, he sees that Eroshka has apparently already forgotten about him and has gotten back to normal life.

## Reception

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John Hagen stated in 1969 that The Cossacks is considered Tolstoy's first masterpiece.[7]

The novel was included into the 2013 list 100 Books for Schoolchildren recommended by the Ministry of Education and Science (Russia).[8]

## Film adaptations

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Two film adaptations of the book have been made: a 1928 silent film produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and directed by George W. Hill and Clarence Brown; and another version made in 1961 by Soviet filmmaker Vasili Pronin, which premiered at the annual Cannes Film Festival.

## Music adaptation

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In 2020, the novel was adapted by the Tunisian composer Omar Aloulou into an electronic concept album entitled Olénine.

## See also

[edit]

* Leo Tolstoy bibliography

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Orwin (2002), 71
2. ^ a b Orwin (2002), 29
3. ^ Orwin (2002), 21
4. ^ Orwin (2002), 24
5. ^ Orwin (2002), 27
6. ^ Orwin (2002), 69
7. ^ Hagan, John (1969). "Ambivalence in Tolstoy's "The Cossacks"". Novel: A Forum on Fiction. 3 (1): 28–47\. doi:10.2307/1345000. ISSN 0029-5132. JSTOR 1345000.
8. ^ О ПЕРЕЧНЕ «100 КНИГ» ПО ИСТОРИИ, КУЛЬТУРЕ И ЛИТЕРАТУРЕ НАРОДОВ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ[usurped]

## Sources

[edit]

* Orwin, Donna Tussing, ed. (2002). The Cambridge Companion to Tolstoy. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-79271-4. `{{cite book}}`: `|first=` has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

## External links

[edit]

* English Text
* The Cossacks, at RevoltLib.com
* The Cossacks, at Marxists.org
* The Cossacks, at TheAnarchistLibrary.org
* The Cossacks at Internet Archive
* English Audio
* The Cossacks public domain audiobook at LibriVox

* v
* t
* e

Leo Tolstoy

* Bibliography

Novels|

* Childhood (1852)
* Boyhood (1854)
* Youth (1856)
* The Cossacks (1863)
* War and Peace (1869)
* Anna Karenina (1878)
* Resurrection (1899)
* Hadji Murat (1912)

Novellas|

* A Landowner's Morning (1856)
* Two Hussars (1856)
* Family Happiness (1859)
* Polikúshka (1860)
* The Death of Ivan Ilyich (1886)
* Walk in the Light While There is Light (1888)
* The Kreutzer Sonata (1889)
* The Devil (1889)
* Master and Man (1895)
* Father Sergius (1898)
* The Forged Coupon (1904)

Short stories|

* "The Raid" (1852)
* "The Cutting of the Forest" (1855)
* "Sevastopol Sketches" (1855)
* "Recollections of a Billiard-marker" (1855)
* "The Snowstorm" (1856)
* "Lucerne" (1857)
* "Albert" (1858)
* "Three Deaths" (1859)
* "The Porcelain Doll" (1863)
* "God Sees the Truth, But Waits" (1872)
* "The Prisoner of the Caucasus" (1872)
* "The Bear Hunt" (1872)
* "What Men Live By" (1881)
* "Diary of a Lunatic" (1884)
* "Quench the Spark" (1885)
* "An Old Acquaintance" (1885)
* "Where Love Is, God Is" (1885)
* "Ivan the Fool" (1885)
* "Evil Allures, But Good Endures" (1885)
* "Wisdom of Children" (1885)
* "The Three Hermits" (1886)
* "Promoting a Devil" (1886)
* "How Much Land Does a Man Need?" (1886)
* "The Grain" (1886)
* "Repentance" (1886)
* "Croesus and Fate" (1886)
* "Kholstomer" (1886)
* "The Two Brothers and the Gold" (1886)
* "A Lost Opportunity" (1889)
* "A Dialogue Among Clever People" (1892)
* "The Coffee-House of Surat" (1893)
* "The Young Tsar" (1894)
* "Too Dear!" (1897)
* "Work, Death, and Sickness" (1903)
* "Three Questions" (1903)
* "Alyosha the Pot" (1905)
* "After the Ball" (1911)

Plays|

* The Power of Darkness (1886)
* The First Distiller (1886)
* The Light Shines in the Darkness (1890)
* The Fruits of Enlightenment (1891)
* The Living Corpse (1900)
* The Cause of It All (1910)

Non-fiction|

* A History of Yesterday (1851)
* Confession (1882)
* The Gospel in Brief (1883)
* What I Believe (1884)
* What Is to Be Done? (1886)
* "The First Step" (1891 essay)
* The Kingdom of God Is Within You (1894)
* What Is Art? (1897)
* "A Letter to a Hindu" (1908)
* The Inevitable Revolution (1909)
* A Calendar of Wisdom (1910)

Unfinished|

* The Decembrists (1884)
* "Posthumous Notes of the Hermit Fëdor Kuzmich" (1905)

Family|

* Sophia (wife)
* Alexandra (daughter)
* Ilya (son)
* Lev Lvovich (son)
* Tatyana (daughter)
* Tatiana Tolstoy-Paus (granddaughter)

Life and legacy|

* Yasnaya Polyana
* Tolstoyan movement
* Christian anarchism
* Departure of a Grand Old Man (1912 film)
* Lev Tolstoy and the Russia of Nicholas II (1928 documentary)
* Lev Tolstoy (1984 film)
* The Last Station (1990 novel, 2009 film)
* Story of One Appointment (2018 film)
* A Couple (2022 film)

Honors|

* Tolstoy Farm
* Tolstoj quadrangle
* crater

Related|

* The Triumph of the Farmer or Industry and Parasitism (1888)
* Vladimir Chertkov
* Aylmer and Louise Maude
* Translators of Tolstoy
* Tolstoy scholars

* Category

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