The Feast of Venus (Rubens)

Painting by Peter Paul Rubens

The Feast of Venus

Artist| Peter Paul Rubens
Year| 1635-1636
Type| Oil on canvas
Dimensions| 217 cm × 350 cm (85 in × 140 in)
Location| Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna

The Feast of Venus is an oil on canvas painting by Flemish painter Peter Paul Rubens, created in 1635–1636, now in the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna. It is a fanciful depiction of the Roman festival Veneralia celebrated in honor of Venus Verticordia.

## Influences

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Rubens. The Worship of Venus (after Titian). c. 1630s. Nationalmuseum, Stockholm.

### Titian and Philostratus

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Rubens thought highly of Titian and made a copy of the Venetian master's The Worship of Venus which remained in Rubens' private collection until his death.[1] Titian's work, in turn, was based on the Imagines of the sophist Philostratus of Lemnos. The Imagines consisted of a series of descriptions of ancient paintings presumably decorating a third-century villa near Naples.[2] In the description entitled Cupids (Erotes), Philostratus portrays a "swarm" of cupids in a fragrant garden gathering apples, kissing the apples and throwing them back and forth, engaging in archery using themselves as targets since the arrows are arrows of love, wrestling, and chasing a hare (a symbol of fertility). While the cupids are cavorting, nymphs are attending to a statue of Venus that is garnished with a silver mirror, gilded sandals, and golden brooches.[3] Both Titian and Rubens in his copy depict most of this activity in great detail.

### Ovid

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The fourth book (April)[4] of Ovid's Fasti also served as inspiration for Rubens' The Feast of Venus.[2][5] A portion of the poem describes a women's festival held on April 1 to honor both Venus Verticordia and Fortuna Virilis. Per Ovid, the festival includes the washing and decoration of a statue of Venus, ritual bathing under boughs of myrtle, and offerings of incense to Fortuna Virilis so that the goddess may hide physical blemishes from the eyes of men.[4] The work, not always corroborated by other sources, portrays a somewhat conflicted account of the festival that blurs distinctions between class and the rite's purpose.[6] Primarily, the cult was intended to turn a woman's heart from lust (libidine) to chastity (pudicitia)[7] so that she may retain her "beauty, virtue and good repute."[4] However, in addition to brides and mothers, Ovid includes "you who must not wear the headbands and long robes".[4] This is a euphemistic reference to prostitutes (meretrices) who were not allowed to wear the hairstyle and clothes of a respectable matron. Instead, they wore a short tunic and toga. Prostitutes were not being asked to embrace chastity, so their participation must have served other purposes.[8]

## Composition

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Detail of dancing nymphs and satyrs. The nymph on the far left was modeled by Rubens' wife Helena.

Rubens combined key elements of Imagines and Fasti along with details of his own invention to create a spirited allegory of conjugal bliss where "voluptuous sensuality is joined and enhanced by the propriety of marriage."[9]

A statue of Venus Verticordia in a pudica pose is the focal point of the work. She is surrounded by attendants who, in turn, are encircled by dancing and cavorting cupids, satyrs, nymphs, and maenads. Rubens includes all three of Ovid's classes of women in his work. The well-clothed matrons are shown performing rites. One washes the statue while the other, in an attitude of prayer, offers incense from a flaming tripod to Fortuna Virilis. The sea of dancing cupids has momentarily parted to allow two eager brides bearing dolls as offerings to rush to the goddess. The prostitutes are also present. Naked except for fluttering draperies, they stand at the foot of Venus. One clutches a comb while holding up a mirror so that the goddess can view herself.[2][10] The temple of Venus is shown in the background behind a grotto in which a stream of water cascades into an overflowing basin. Rubens does not depict any of the celebrants ritually bathing as described by Ovid, but the basin in the grotto alludes to that practice.[10]

Rubens, like Titian, filled his canvas with a swarm of frisky cupids. Rubens applied his own distinct details to the amoretti, however. Some of them are depicted as females without wings. Art historian Philipp Fehl has postulated the amorous couple in the right foreground accompanied by two pairs of doves represents Cupid and Psyche, highlighting how marriage enriches love.[9] Another winged cupid lowers a wreath of roses over the head of Venus in accordance with Ovid: "Now she’s given fresh flowers, and new-sprung roses."[4][11] The remainder of the cupids who are not dancing are collecting the apples of Venus as described by Philostratus as well as sheaves of wheat and clusters of grapes. The wheat and grapes are attributes of Ceres and Bacchus respectively and the gods they represent are shown as seated statues over the grotto. This detail adds to the lustful nature of Rubens' portrayal since a well-known adage immortalized in a play by Terence states: sine Cerere et Baccho friget Venus (without food and wine, love grows cold).[11][12]

The frolicking nymphs and satyrs in front of the grotto are a bacchanalian representation of pure erotic desire. Rubens used his young wife Helena Fourment as the model for the nymph on the far left. She is being held aloft by a leering satyr as she lewdly clutches his horns and stares out of the canvas with a knowing look.[13]

## Notes

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1. ^ Fehl 1972, p. 159.
2. ^ a b c Rosenthal 2005, p. 94.
3. ^ Philostratus the Elder, Philostratus the Younger & Callistratus 1931, pp. 21–29.
4. ^ a b c d e Ovid.
5. ^ Fehl 1972, p. 160.
6. ^ Pasco-Pranger 2006, p. 147.
7. ^ Pasco-Pranger 2006, p. 145.
8. ^ Pasco-Pranger 2006, p. 149.
9. ^ a b Fehl 1972, p. 162.
10. ^ a b Fehl 1972, pp. 160–161.
11. ^ a b Fehl 1972, p. 161.
12. ^ Rosenthal 2005, p. 95.
13. ^ Chapman 2017, pp. 461–462.

## References

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* Chapman, H. Perry (2017). "Rubens, Rembrandt, and the Spousal Model/Muse". In Melion, Walter; Woodall, Joanna; Zell, Michael (eds.). Ut pictura amor: The Reflexive Imagery of Love in Artistic Theory and Practice, 1500-1700. Leiden: Brill. pp. 439–482. ISBN 978-9004346468.
* Fehl, Philipp (March 1972). "Rubens's 'Feast of Venus Verticordia'". The Burlington Magazine. Vol. 114, no. 828\. pp. 159–162.
* Ovid. "Fasti, Book IV". Poetry in Translation. Translated by Kline, A. S. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
* Pasco-Pranger, Molly (2006). Founding the Year: Ovid's Fasti and the Poetics of the Roman Calendar. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9047409590.
* Philostratus the Elder; Philostratus the Younger; Callistratus (1931). Philostratus the Elder, Imagines. Philostratus the Younger, Imagines. Callistratus, Descriptions. Translated by Fairbanks, Arthur. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674992822.
* Rosenthal, Lisa (2005). Gender, Politics, and Allegory in the Art of Rubens. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521842441.

## External links

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Feast of Venus by Peter Paul Rubens.

* The Feast of Venus at Google Arts & Culture.
* Imagines 1.6 (Cupids). Fairbanks translation at the Theoi Classical Texts Library.

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Peter Paul Rubens

Paintings
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* The Descent from the Cross (Siegen; 1600–1602)
* Leda and the Swan (1601, 1602)
* The Deposition (1602)
* Self-Portrait in a Circle of Friends from Mantua (1602–1605)
* Equestrian Portrait of the Duke of Lerma (1603)
* Portrait of a Young Woman (1603)
* Hercules and Omphale (1603)
* Heraclitus and Democritus (1603)
* Virgin and Child (c. 1604)
* The Fall of Phaeton (c. 1604/1605)
* The Baptism of Christ (1604–1605)
* The Gonzaga Family in Adoration of the Holy Trinity (1604–1605)
* Transfiguration (1604–1605)
* The Circumcision (1605)
* Portrait of Marchesa Brigida Spinola-Doria (1606)
* Portrait of Maria di Antonio Serra (1606)
* Portrait of a Noblewoman with an Attendant (1606)
* Portrait of Giovanni Carlo Doria on Horseback (1606)
* Madonna della Vallicella (1606–1608)
* Susanna and the Elders (1607)
* The Head of Saint John the Baptist Presented to Salome (c. 1609)
* Adoration of the Magi (Madrid; 1609 and 1628–29)
* Samson and Delilah (1609–1610)
* Honeysuckle Bower (1609–1610)
* Coronation of the Virgin (1609–1611)
* Juno and Argus (1610)
* Raising of the Cross (1610–1611)
* Conversion of Saint Paul (London; 1610–1612)
* Massacre of the Innocents (c. 1611)
* Venus Frigida (1611)
* Prometheus Bound (1611–1612)
* The Four Philosophers (1611–1612)
* Antwerp Resurrection (1611–1612)
* Visitation (c. 1611–1615)
* Roman Charity (1612)
* Ecce Homo (1612)
* Descent from the Cross (Antwerp; 1612–1614)
* Saint Teresa of Ávila's Vision of the Holy Spirit (Rotterdam; 1612–1614)
* Saint Teresa of Ávila's Vision of the Holy Spirit (Cambridge; c. 1614)
* The Tribute Money (1612–1614)
* The Defeat of Sennacherib (1612–1614)
* The Four Continents (1610s)
* Christ Giving the Keys to Saint Peter (1612–1614)
* Portrait of a Commander (1613)
* The Crowning of the Virtuous Hero (1613–1614)
* The Incredulity of Saint Thomas (1613–1615)
* The Death of Adonis (1614)
* Venus and Adonis (1614)
* St Sebastian (c. 1614)
* The Virgin Mary and Saint Francis Saving the World from Christ's Anger (c. 1614)
* Madonna della Cesta (1615)
* Ixion, King of the Lapiths, Deceived by Juno, Who He Wished to Seduce (1615)
* Daniel in the Lions' Den (1615)
* Bacchanalia (c. 1615)
* A Statue of Ceres (c. 1615)
* The Hippopotamus and Crocodile Hunt (1615–1616)
* The Tiger Hunt (1615–1616)
* Theodosius and Saint Ambrose (1615–1616)
* The Wild Boar Hunt (1615–1617)
* Florence Resurrection (1616)
* The Virgin and Child Surrounded by the Holy Innocents (1616)
* Erichthonius Discovered by the Daughters of Cecrops (c. 1616)
* The Wolf and Fox Hunt (c. 1616)
* The Lion and Leopard Hunt (c. 1616)
* Romulus and Remus (1615–1616)
* Miracles of St. Francis Xavier (1616–1617)
* Saint Stephen Triptych (1616–1617)
* Two Women with a Candle (1616–1617)
* Descent from the Cross (Lille; 1616–1617)
* The Meeting Between Abraham and Melchizedek (1616–1617)
* Christ and the Penitent Sinners (1617)
* Mars and Rhea Silvia (1617)
* The Garden of Eden with the Fall of Man (1617)
* The Great Last Judgement (1617)
* A Bearded Man (c. 1617–18)
* Adoration of the Magi (Lyon; 1617–1618)
* The Five Senses (1617–1618)
* Two Satyrs (1618)
* Medusa (1618)
* The Rape of the Daughters of Leucippus (c. 1618)
* Christ Triumphant over Sin and Death (c. 1618)
* The Prodigal Son (1618)
* The Union of Earth and Water (c. 1618)
* Tigress with Her Cubs (attributed; 1618)
* Mucius Scaevola before Lars Porsenna (c. 1618–1620)
* Feast in the House of Simon the Pharisee (1618–1620)
* The Wild Boar Hunt (1618–1620)
* St Mary Magdalene in Ecstasy (1619–1620)
* The Small Last Judgement (1619)
* Conversion of Saint Paul (1620s)
* The Fall of the Damned (c. 1620)
* Landscape with Philemon and Baucis (c. 1620)
* Portrait of a Young Man in Armor (c. 1620)
* Saint George and the Dragon (c. 1620)
* Perseus Freeing Andromeda (1620)
* Saints Dominic and Francis Saving the World from Christ's Anger (1620)
* The Rape of Orithyia by Boreas (1620)
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* Isabella Brant (c. 1621)
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* The History of Constantine (1622–1625)
* Self-Portrait (1623)
* The Conversion of Saint Bavo (1623–1624)
* Diana and Her Nymphs Leaving for the Hunt (1623–1624)
* Adoration of the Magi (Antwerp; 1624)
* The Reconciliation of Esau and Jacob (1624)
* Christ Appointing Saint Roch as Patron Saint of Plague Victims (1623–1626)
* Portrait of Infante Isabella Clara Eugenia (1625)
* Portrait of George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham (c. 1625)
* Assumption of the Virgin (Antwerp; 1625–1626)
* Angelica and the Hermit (c. 1626–1628)
* Henry IV at the Battle of Ivry (1627)
* The Triumphal Entry of Henry IV into Paris (1627)
* The Annunciation (1627–1628)
* The Fall of Man (1628–1629)
* The Rape of Europa (1628–1629)
* Minerva Protecting Peace from Mars (1629–1630)
* Cimon and Pero (1630)
* Saint Francis Receiving the Stigmata (c. 1630)
* The Crowning of Saint Catherine (1631)
* The Ildefonso Altarpiece (1630–1631)
* Last Supper (1630–1631)
* Odysseus on the Island of the Phaecians (1630–1635)
* The Finding of Erichthonius (1632–1634)
* The Rainbow Landscape (Saint Petersburg; 1632–1635)
* The Garden of Love (c. 1633)
* Adoration of the Magi (Cambridge; 1634)
* Bathsheba at the Fountain (c. 1635)
* The Dance of the Villagers (1635)
* Helena Fourment with Her Son Frans (1635)
* Venus and Adonis (New York; 1635)
* The Triumph of the Church (1635)
* The Feast of Venus (1635–1636)
* Deucalion and Pyrrha (1636–1637)
* The Feast of Herod (1635–1638)
* The Village Fête (1635–1638)
* Mercury and Argus (1635–1638)
* Hercules's Dog Discovers Purple Dye (c. 1636)
* Helena Fourment with Children (1636)
* A View of Het Steen in the Early Morning (1636)
* Saturn (1636)
* The Rainbow Landscape (London; 1636)
* Pallas and Arachne (1636–1637)
* Het Pelsken (1636–1638)
* Assumption of the Virgin (Vienna; c. 1637)
* The Birth of the Milky Way (c. 1637)
* Consequences of War (c. 1638)
* Hercules in the Garden of the Hesperides / Deianira Listens to Fame (1638)
* The Three Graces (Madrid; 1636–1638)
* The Rape of Ganymede (1636–1638)
* Diana and Callisto (1637–1638)
* Helena Fourment with a Carriage (1638)
* Self-Portrait (Vienna; 1638–1639)
* Bacchus (1638–1640)
* The Rape of the Sabine Women (1639–1640)
* The Peasants Returning From The Fields (1640)
* The Rainbow Landscape (Munich; 1640)
* Judgment of Paris (various)

Tapestries|

* The History of Constantine (1622–1640) (with Pietro da Cortona)

Books|

* Palazzi di Genova (1622)

Museums|

* Rubenshuis

People|

* Rubens family
* Isabella Brant (first wife)
* Helena Fourment (second wife)
* Nicolaas Rubens, Lord of Rameyen (son)
* Albert Rubens (son)
* Jan Rubens (father)
* Maria Pypelinckx (mother)
* Philip Rubens (brother)
* Tobias Verhaecht (teacher)
* Adam van Noort (teacher)
* Otto van Veen (teacher)
* Nicolaas Rockox (friend)

Related|

* Poussinists and Rubenists
* Rubens (1977 film)
* Rubenesque
* Rubens' Europe (exhibition)

* v
* t
* e

Cupid and Psyche

Characters|

* Cupid/Eros
* Erotes
* Psyche

Opera|

* Psyche (1675, Locke)
* Psyché (1678, Lully)
* Les fêtes de Paphos (1751, Cassanéa de Mondonville)
* Amor und Psyche (1800, Abeille)

Sculpture|

* Marlborough gem (c. 1st century AD)
* Cupid and Psyche (1st or 2nd century copy)
* Psyche Revived by Cupid's Kiss (1787, Canova)
* Cupid and Psyche (1807, Thorvaldsen)

Paintings|

* Feast of the Gods
* Bacchus, Venus and Cupid (16th century, Fiorentino)
* The Feast of Venus (1636, Rubens)
* Cupid and Psyche (1640, van Dyck)
* Landscape with Psyche Outside the Palace of Cupid (1664, Lorrain)
* Psyche Showing Her Sisters Her Gifts from Cupid (1753, Fragonard)
* Cupid Crowned by Psyche (1790, Greuze)
* Psyche Abandoned (1795, David)
* Cupid and Psyche (1798, Gérard)
* Love and Psyche (1817, David)
* Psyche Looking at Love (1885, Rodin)
* L'Amour et Psyché, enfants (1890, Bouguereau)
* The Bath of Psyche (1890, Leighton)

Stage|

* Psyché (1671 play)

Poetry|

* Ode to Psyche (1819)
* Eros and Psyche (1885)

Novels|

* The Golden Ass (1650)
* The Robber Bridegroom (1942)
* Till We Have Faces (1956)

Music|

* "Sex 'n' Money" (2006)

Story within a story|

* The Visitors
* Old Woman Telling the Tale of Psyche

Related|

* Metamorphoses (play)
* The Widow from Valencia
* The Green Serpent

Authority control databases |

* RKD ID

|

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