The Five Senses (series)

Painting series by Brueghel and Rubens

This article is about the paintings by Brueghel and Rubens. For other uses, see Five senses (disambiguation).

Sight, 1617 Hearing, 1617-18 Smell, 1617-18 Taste, 1618 Touch, 1618

The Five Senses is a set of allegorical paintings created at Antwerp in 1617-1618 by Jan Brueghel the Elder and Peter Paul Rubens, with Brueghel being responsible for the settings and Rubens for the figures. They are now in the Prado Museum in Madrid. They are all painted in oils on wood panel, approximately 65 by 110 centimetres (2 ft 2 in × 3 ft 7 in) in dimensions.

The series constitutes one of the best known and most successful collaborations by Brueghel and Rubens, who were close friends.[1][2] The allegorical representation of the five senses as female figures had begun in the previous century, the earliest known examples being the Lady and the Unicorn series of tapestries, which date to around 1500,[3] but Brueghel was the first to illustrate the theme using assemblages of works of art, musical instruments, scientific instruments, and military equipment, accompanied by flowers, game, and fish.[1] His approach was widely copied in later Flemish painting.[2]

## Description

[edit]

Rubens painted the allegorical female figures, accompanied by a putto or a winged Cupid in Sight, Hearing, Smell, and Touch, and by a satyr in Taste. Brueghel created the sumptuous settings, which evoke the splendour of the court of Albert VII, Archduke of Austria, and his wife Isabella, governors of the Spanish Netherlands, to which the two artists were attached.[1] (The eroticism of the figures' near-nudity has been related to ecstasy in luxury.[4])

Thus, in Sight the female figure is contemplating a painting of Christ restoring the sight of a blind man, in a cabinet of curiosities full of pictures, antique busts, objets d'art, and scientific instruments. The figure in Hearing is playing the lute amongst a collection of musical instruments and clocks. In Smell, she sits among flowers in a garden, with a perfume distillery visible on the left. In Taste, seated at a table groaning with food fit for a banquet, she is eating an oyster and a satyr is filling her glass. In Touch, she embraces a putto in a superbly equipped armoury where there are also medical instruments, pain being an aspect of touch.[5] The majority of the details relate to the theme: for example, in Sight the paintings which can be seen range through almost every genre, and include St Cecilia, the patroness of eyesight, and the inclusion of both real and painted garlands of flowers alludes to the contemporary debate about the relative status of art and nature.[6]

It has been suggested that Albert and Isabella commissioned the set, since many details refer to them: three of the paintings show their palaces in the background, and Sight depicts a double portrait of the couple and a portrait of Albert on horseback, as well as a double-headed Habsburg eagle on the chandelier.[7] In Hearing, the music is a madrigal dedicated to the couple.[4]

## History

[edit]

Wolfgang Wilhelm, Count Palatine of Neuburg, is the first known owner of the series of paintings; he presented them in 1634 to the Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand of Austria, who had just become governor of the Spanish Netherlands following the deaths of Albert and Isabella. Ferdinand in turn offered them through the Duke of Medina de las Torres to his brother King Philip IV of Spain, who hung them in the reading room at the Royal Alcazar of Madrid.[7] They were subsequently housed in other royal palaces in Madrid and became part of the founding collection of the Prado in 1819.[2]

## See also

[edit]

* The Five Senses (pair of paintings), executed in the same period by Brueghel and 11 others

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c Ariane van Suchtelen, "8. Jan Brueghel the Elder and Peter Paul Rubens, Allegory of Taste, in: Anne T. Woollett, Ariane van Suchtelen, et al., Rubens & Brueghel: A Working Friendship, Exhibition catalogue, Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum, 2006, ISBN 9780892368471, pp. 90-99, p. 90.
2. ^ a b c Sight, Online gallery, Prado Museum, retrieved 9 September 2014.
3. ^ Carl Nordenfalk, "The Five Senses in Late Medieval and Renaissance Art", Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 48 (1985) 1-22, p. 7.
4. ^ a b Emil Krén and Daniel Marx, The Sense of Hearing, Web Gallery, retrieved 11 September 2014.
5. ^ Van Suchtelen, pp. 90, 94, 97.
6. ^ Van Suchtelen, p. 96.
7. ^ a b Van Suchtelen, p. 94.

## External links

[edit]

* Sight, PD 1394, Hearing, PD 1395, Smell, PD 1396, Taste, PD 1397, Touch, PD 1398, at the Prado Museum online gallery

* v
* t
* e

Peter Paul Rubens

Paintings
and drawings|

* The Descent from the Cross (Siegen; 1600–1602)
* Leda and the Swan (1601, 1602)
* The Deposition (1602)
* Self-Portrait in a Circle of Friends from Mantua (1602–1605)
* Equestrian Portrait of the Duke of Lerma (1603)
* Portrait of a Young Woman (1603)
* Hercules and Omphale (1603)
* Heraclitus and Democritus (1603)
* Virgin and Child (c. 1604)
* The Fall of Phaeton (c. 1604/1605)
* The Baptism of Christ (1604–1605)
* The Gonzaga Family in Adoration of the Holy Trinity (1604–1605)
* Transfiguration (1604–1605)
* The Circumcision (1605)
* Portrait of Marchesa Brigida Spinola-Doria (1606)
* Portrait of Maria di Antonio Serra (1606)
* Portrait of a Noblewoman with an Attendant (1606)
* Portrait of Giovanni Carlo Doria on Horseback (1606)
* Saint Gregory with Saints (1606-07)
* Madonna della Vallicella (1606–1608)
* Susanna and the Elders (1607)
* The Head of Saint John the Baptist Presented to Salome (c. 1609)
* Adoration of the Magi (Madrid; 1609 and 1628–29)
* Samson and Delilah (1609–1610)
* Honeysuckle Bower (1609–1610)
* Coronation of the Virgin (1609–1611)
* Juno and Argus (1610)
* Raising of the Cross (1610–1611)
* Conversion of Saint Paul (London; 1610–1612)
* Massacre of the Innocents (c. 1611)
* Venus Frigida (1611)
* Prometheus Bound (1611–1612)
* The Four Philosophers (1611–1612)
* Antwerp Resurrection (1611–1612)
* Visitation (c. 1611–1615)
* Roman Charity (1612)
* Ecce Homo (1612)
* Descent from the Cross (Antwerp; 1612–1614)
* Saint Teresa of Ávila's Vision of the Holy Spirit (Rotterdam; 1612–1614)
* Saint Teresa of Ávila's Vision of the Holy Spirit (Cambridge; c. 1614)
* The Tribute Money (1612–1614)
* The Defeat of Sennacherib (1612–1614)
* The Four Continents (1610s)
* Christ Giving the Keys to Saint Peter (1612–1614)
* Portrait of a Commander (1613)
* The Crowning of the Virtuous Hero (1613–1614)
* The Incredulity of Saint Thomas (1613–1615)
* The Death of Adonis (1614)
* Venus and Adonis (1614)
* Saint Sebastian (c. 1614)
* The Virgin Mary and Saint Francis Saving the World from Christ's Anger (c. 1614)
* Madonna della Cesta (1615)
* Ixion, King of the Lapiths, Deceived by Juno, Who He Wished to Seduce (1615)
* Daniel in the Lions' Den (1615)
* Bacchanalia (c. 1615)
* A Statue of Ceres (c. 1615)
* The Hippopotamus and Crocodile Hunt (1615–1616)
* The Tiger Hunt (1615–1616)
* Theodosius and Saint Ambrose (1615–1616)
* The Wild Boar Hunt (1615–1617)
* Florence Resurrection (1616)
* The Virgin and Child Surrounded by the Holy Innocents (1616)
* Erichthonius Discovered by the Daughters of Cecrops (c. 1616)
* The Wolf and Fox Hunt (c. 1616)
* The Lion and Leopard Hunt (c. 1616)
* Romulus and Remus (1615–1616)
* Miracles of St. Francis Xavier (1616–1617)
* Saint Stephen Triptych (1616–1617)
* Two Women with a Candle (1616–1617)
* Descent from the Cross (Lille; 1616–1617)
* The Meeting Between Abraham and Melchizedek (1616–1617)
* Christ and the Penitent Sinners (1617)
* Mars and Rhea Silvia (1617)
* The Garden of Eden with the Fall of Man (1617)
* The Great Last Judgement (1617)
* A Bearded Man (c. 1617–18)
* Adoration of the Magi (Lyon; 1617–1618)
* The Five Senses (1617–1618)
* Two Satyrs (1618)
* Medusa (1618)
* The Rape of the Daughters of Leucippus (c. 1618)
* Christ Triumphant over Sin and Death (c. 1618)
* The Prodigal Son (1618)
* The Union of Earth and Water (c. 1618)
* Tigress with Her Cubs (attributed; 1618)
* Mucius Scaevola before Lars Porsenna (c. 1618–1620)
* Feast in the House of Simon the Pharisee (1618–1620)
* The Wild Boar Hunt (1618–1620)
* St Mary Magdalene in Ecstasy (1619–1620)
* The Small Last Judgement (1619)
* Conversion of Saint Paul (1620s)
* The Fall of the Damned (c. 1620)
* Landscape with Philemon and Baucis (c. 1620)
* Portrait of a Young Man in Armor (c. 1620)
* Saint George and the Dragon (c. 1620)
* Perseus Freeing Andromeda (1620)
* Saints Dominic and Francis Saving the World from Christ's Anger (1620)
* The Rape of Orithyia by Boreas (1620)
* Christ on the Cross (1620)
* The Three Graces (Florence; 1620–1623)
* Isabella Brant (c. 1621)
* The Lion Hunt (1621)
* Marie de' Medici cycle (1621–1630)
* Portrait of Susanna Lunden (1622)
* Perseus and Andromeda (c. 1622)
* The History of Constantine (1622–1625)
* Self-Portrait (1623)
* The Conversion of Saint Bavo (1623–1624)
* Diana and Her Nymphs Leaving for the Hunt (1623–1624)
* Adoration of the Magi (Antwerp; 1624)
* The Reconciliation of Esau and Jacob (1624)
* Christ Appointing Saint Roch as Patron Saint of Plague Victims (1623–1626)
* Portrait of Infante Isabella Clara Eugenia (1625)
* Portrait of George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham (c. 1625)
* Assumption of the Virgin (Antwerp; 1625–1626)
* Angelica and the Hermit (c. 1626–1628)
* Henry IV at the Battle of Ivry (1627)
* The Triumphal Entry of Henry IV into Paris (1627)
* The Annunciation (1627–1628)
* The Fall of Man (1628–1629)
* The Rape of Europa (1628–1629)
* Henry IV Seizing the Opportunity to Conclude Peace (c.1628)
* Minerva Protecting Peace from Mars (1629–1630)
* Cimon and Pero (1630)
* Saint Francis Receiving the Stigmata (c. 1630)
* Achilles Defeating Hector (c.1630)
* Thetis Receiving the Arms of Achilles from Vulcan (c.1630)
* The Crowning of Saint Catherine (1631)
* The Ildefonso Altarpiece (1630–1631)
* Last Supper (1630–1631)
* Odysseus on the Island of the Phaecians (1630–1635)
* The Finding of Erichthonius (1632–1634)
* The Rainbow Landscape (Saint Petersburg; 1632–1635)
* The Garden of Love (c. 1633)
* Adoration of the Magi (Cambridge; 1634)
* Bathsheba at the Fountain (c. 1635)
* The Dance of the Villagers (1635)
* Helena Fourment with Her Son Frans (1635)
* Venus and Adonis (New York; 1635)
* The Triumph of the Church (1635)
* The Feast of Venus (1635–1636)
* Deucalion and Pyrrha (1636–1637)
* The Feast of Herod (1635–1638)
* The Village Fête (1635–1638)
* Mercury and Argus (1635–1638)
* Hercules's Dog Discovers Purple Dye (c. 1636)
* Helena Fourment with Children (1636)
* A View of Het Steen in the Early Morning (1636)
* Saturn (1636)
* The Rainbow Landscape (London; 1636)
* Pallas and Arachne (1636–1637)
* Het Pelsken (1636–1638)
* Assumption of the Virgin (Vienna; c. 1637)
* The Birth of the Milky Way (c. 1637)
* Consequences of War (c. 1638)
* Hercules in the Garden of the Hesperides / Deianira Listens to Fame (1638)
* The Three Graces (Madrid; 1636–1638)
* The Rape of Ganymede (1636–1638)
* Diana and Callisto (1637–1638)
* Helena Fourment with a Carriage (1638)
* Self-Portrait (Vienna; 1638–1639)
* Bacchus (1638–1640)
* The Rape of the Sabine Women (1639–1640)
* The Peasants Returning From The Fields (1640)
* The Rainbow Landscape (Munich; 1640)
* Judgment of Paris (various)

Tapestries|

* The History of Constantine (1622–1640) (with Pietro da Cortona)

Books|

* Palazzi di Genova (1622)

Museums|

* Rubenshuis

People|

* Rubens family
* Isabella Brant (first wife)
* Helena Fourment (second wife)
* Nicolaas Rubens, Lord of Rameyen (son)
* Albert Rubens (son)
* Jan Rubens (father)
* Maria Pypelinckx (mother)
* Philip Rubens (brother)
* Tobias Verhaecht (teacher)
* Adam van Noort (teacher)
* Otto van Veen (teacher)
* Nicolaas Rockox (friend)

Related|

* Poussinists and Rubenists
* Rubens (1977 film)
* Rubenesque
* Rubens' Europe (exhibition)

* v
* t
* e

Jan Brueghel the Elder

Paintings|

* The Sermon on the Sea of Galilee (1597)
* Allegory of the Earth (c. 1610)
* The Garden of Eden with the Fall of Man (c. 1615)
* The Five Senses (1617-1618 series)
* The Five Senses (1617-1618 pair)
* Flowers in a Vase (c. 1620)
* The Archdukes Albert and Isabella Visiting a Collector's Cabinet (c. 1621-1623)

Collaborations with
Joos de Momper|

* Excursion in the Countryside of Infanta Isabel Clara Eugenia
* The Infanta Isabel Clara Eugenia in the Mariemont Park
* Summer Landscape with Harvesters
* Mountain Landscape with Pilgrims in a Grotto Chapel
* Flemish Market and Washing Place
* A Farm
* Landscape with Skaters
* Landscape
* Life in the Countryside

Brueghel family|

* Jan Brueghel the Younger (son)
* Ambrosius Brueghel (son)
* Anna Brueghel (daughter)
* Pieter Bruegel the Elder (father)
* Pieter Brueghel the Younger (brother)
* Pieter Coecke van Aelst (grandfather)
* Mayken Verhulst (grandmother)

* v
* t
* e

Museo del Prado

Buildings

* Villanueva building
* Casón del Buen Retiro
* Hall of Realms
* Cloister of Saint Jerome

Paintings

| Spanish|

* Esquivel: José de Espronceda
* Gisbert: Execution of Torrijos and his Companions on the Beach at Málaga
* Goya: Allegory of Industry – Asmodea – Atropos – Blind Man's Bluff – Boys Playing Soldiers – Charles IV of Spain and His Family – Los caprichos – Christ Crucified – The Clothed Maja – The Colossus – The Countess of Chinchon – Los disparates – The Dog – The Drunk Mason – The Duchess of Alba and la Beata – Fight with Cudgels – Josefa Bayeu – Judith and Holofernes – La Leocadia – Man Mocked by Two Women – La novillada – Portrait of the Marchioness of Santa Cruz – Men Reading – The Milkmaid of Bordeaux – The Naked Maja – The Parasol – A Pilgrimage to San Isidro – Pilgrimage to the Fountain of San Isidro – Saturn Devouring His Son – The Second of May 1808 – Self-Portrait at 69 years – Summer – The Third of May 1808 – Two Old Men – Two Old Ones Eating Soup – The Victorious Hannibal Seeing Italy from the Alps for the First Time – Witches' Flight – Witches' Sabbath (The Great He-Goat)
* El Greco: The Nobleman with his Hand on his Chest – Adoration of the Shepherds – Doña María de Aragón Altarpiece – Annunciation – Christ Carrying the Cross – The Fable – The Flight into Egypt – Holy Face of Jesus – Holy Trinity – Julián Romero and Saint Julian – Portrait of a Doctor – Portrait of a Gentleman – Portrait of a Young Nobleman – Portrait of an Elderly Man – Portrait of an Unknown Gentleman – Portrait of Jerónimo de Cevallos – Portrait of Rodrigo Vázquez de Arce – Saint Andrew and Saint Francis – Saint Anthony of Padua – Saint Bernardino of Siena [1] – Saint James the Great – Saint John the Evangelist – Saint Paul – Saint Sebastian – Saint Thomas the Apostle – Holy Trinity – The Saviour – Virgin Mary
* Luna: The Death of Cleopatra
* Maíno: Adoration of the Magi – Portrait of a Gentleman – The Recovery of Bahía de Todos los Santos
* Murillo: Adoration of the Shepherds (1650) – Aranjuez Immaculate Conception – The Christ Child and the Infant John the Baptist with a Shell – Christ on the Cross (1675, 1677) – The Conversion of Saint Paul – The Good Shepherd – The Holy Family with a Little Bird – The Immaculate Conception of El Escorial – The Immaculate Conception of Los Venerables – The Martyrdom of Saint Andrew – Our Lady of the Rosary – The Patrician's Dream – Rebecca and Eleazar
* Pradilla: Doña Joanna the Mad
* Ribera: Jacob's Dream – Democritus – Isaac and Jacob – Ixion – Tityos – The Martyrdom of Saint Philip – The Blind Sculptor
* Sánchez Gallque: The Mulattos of Esmeraldas [2]
* Velázquez: Las Meninas – The Triumph of Bacchus – Las Hilanderas – The Surrender of Breda – Mars Resting – Equestrian Portrait of Philip IV – Equestrian Portrait of Elisabeth of France – Equestrian Portrait of Prince Balthasar Charles – Equestrian Portrait of Philip III – Equestrian Portrait of Margarita of Austria – Equestrian Portrait of the Count-Duke of Olivares – Adoration of the Magi – Apollo in the Forge of Vulcan – Christ Crucified – Coronation of the Virgin – View of the Garden of the Villa Medici – Prince Balthasar Charles as a Hunter – Portrait of the Infante Don Carlos – Doña Antonia de Ipeñarrieta y Galdós and Her Son Don Luis – The Jester Barbarroja – The Jester Calabacillas – The Jester Don Diego de Acedo – The Jester Don John of Austria – Portrait of Francisco Lezcano – Infanta Margarita Teresa in a Pink Dress – Portrait of Maria Anna – Portrait of Juan Martínez Montañés – The Nun Jerónima de la Fuente – Portrait of Pablo de Valladolid – Portrait of Philip IV in Armour – Portrait of Mariana of Austria – Portrait of Sebastián de Morra
* Zurbarán: Agnus Dei – The Death of Hercules – The Defence of Cádiz Against the English – Hercules and the Hydra – Hercules Separates Mounts Calpe and Abylla – Hercules Fighting the Nemean Lion – Saint Elizabeth of Portugal – Saint Luke Painting the Crucifixion – Saint Peter Nolasco's Vision of Saint Peter the Apostle – Still Life with Pots – The Vision of Saint Peter Nolasco

|

Dutch,
Flemish,
German|

* Anonymous: The Fountain of Life
* Baldung: The Ages and Death
* Bosch: The Garden of Earthly Delights – Adoration of the Magi – Cutting the Stone – The Haywain Triptych – Head of a Halberdier – The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things – The Temptation of St Anthony
* Bouts: Triptych with Scenes from the Life of the Virgin
* Bruegel the Elder: The Triumph of Death – The Wine of Saint Martin's Day – Excursion in the Countryside of Infanta Isabel Clara Eugenia – Life in the Countryside – The Infanta Isabel Clara Eugenia in the Mariemont Park (with de Momper) – Landscape (with de Momper) – The Five Senses (with Rubens)
* Campin: Marriage of the Virgin – Werl Triptych
* de Crayer: Caritas Romana (1625)
* David: Rest on the Flight into Egypt
* Dürer: Adam and Eve – Self-Portrait
* van Dyck: Self-portrait with Sir Endymion Porter – The Betrayal of Christ – The Brazen Serpent – Diana and a Nymph Surprised by a Satyr – Saint Rosalia – The Crowning with Thorns
* van Hemessen: The Surgeon
* Francken the Younger: The Sciences and the Arts
* Jordaens: Apollo as Victor over Pan – Meleager and Atalanta – The Painter's Family
* Memling: Adoration of the Magi
* Mengs: Portrait of José Nicolás de Azara
* de Momper: Landscape with Sea and Mountains – A Farm – Flemish Market and Washing Place – Landscape with Skaters – The Infanta Isabel Clara Eugenia in the Mariemont Park (with Brueghel the Elder) – Landscape (with Brueghel the Elder)
* Patinir: Landscape with Charon Crossing the Styx
* Rembrandt: Judith at the Banquet of Holofernes
* Rubens: The Judgement of Paris (1638) – The Three Graces – Adoration of the Magi – The Dance of the Villagers – Diana and Callisto – Equestrian Portrait of the Duke of Lerma – The Fall of Man – The Garden of Love – The Birth of the Milky Way – The Rape of Europa – The Rape of Ganymede – Saint George and the Dragon – Saturn – The Triumph of the Church – Deucalion and Pyrrha – The Five Senses (with Brueghel the Elder)
* Stom: The Incredulity of Saint Thomas
* Strobel: Feast of Herod with the Beheading of St John the Baptist
* Teniers the Younger: Archduke Leopold Wilhelm in his Painting Gallery in Brussels (1651)
* Verhaecht: Alpine Landscape
* van der Weyden: The Descent from the Cross – Durán Madonna

Italian|

* Fra Angelico: Annunciation
* Anguissola: Portrait of Elisabeth of Valois – Portrait of Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia [3] – Portrait of Giovanni Battista Caselli
* Barocci: Nativity
* Bellini: Madonna and Child with Saint Mary Magdalene and Saint Ursula
* Botticelli: The Story of Nastagio Degli Onesti, part one
* Caravaggio: David and Goliath
* Carracci: Assumption of the Virgin – Mural Paintings from the Herrera Chapel – Venus, Adonis and Cupid
* Correggio: Noli me tangere – Madonna and Child with the Infant John the Baptist
* A. Gentileschi: The Birth of Saint John the Baptist
* O. Gentileschi: The Finding of Moses (1633)
* Leonardo: Mona Lisa (by his studio)
* Lotto: Portrait of Marsilio Cassotti and His Bride Faustina
* Mantegna: Death of the Virgin
* Parmigianino: Holy Family with Angels – Portrait of Camilla Gonzaga and Her Three Sons – Portrait of Pier Maria Rossi di San Secondo – Saint Barbara
* Raphael: Portrait of a Cardinal – Christ Falling on the Way to Calvary – Madonna of the Rose – Visitation – La Perla (with Romano)
* Romano: Holy Family under an Oak Tree
* Andrea del Sarto: Sacrifice of Isaac
* Tintoretto: Christ Washing the Disciples' Feet – Joseph and Potiphar's Wife – Judith and Holofernes (by his studio) – The Washing of the Feet
* Tiepolo: The Immaculate Conception
* Titian: The Bacchanal of the Andrians – Equestrian Portrait of Charles V – The Fall of Man – Alfonso d'Avalos Addressing his Troops – Danaë Receiving the Golden Rain (1565) – The Entombment – La Gloria – Virgin and Child Between Saints Anthony of Padua and Roch – Mater Dolorosa with Clasped Hands – Philip II in Armour – Portrait of Charles V with a Dog – Portrait of Federico II Gonzaga – Portrait of Isabella of Portugal – Sisyphus – Tityus – Religion saved by Spain – Salome \- Self-Portrait (1567) – Saint Margaret and the Dragon – Venus and Adonis (1554) – Venus and Musician (1550, 1555) – The Virgin and Child with Saint George and Saint Dorothy – The Worship of Venus
* Veronese: Venus and Adonis – Christ Among the Doctors – The Finding of Moses

French|

* Anonymous: Agony in the Garden
* Baudry: The Pearl and the Wave
* van Loo: The Family of Philip V (1743)
* Lorrain: Landscape with St Paula of Rome Embarking at Ostia – The Ford – Landscape with St María de Cervelló – Landscape with the Burial of St Serapia – Landscape with the Finding of Moses – Landscape with the Temptation of St Anthony – Landscape with Tobias and Raphael
* Poussin: Parnassus – Landscape with Three Figures – Saint Cecilia
* Ranc: The Family of Philip V (1723) – Portrait of Ferdinand VI as a Boy
* Watteau: Marriage Contract and Country Dancing
* Vouet: Time Defeated by Love, Beauty and Hope

Other|

* British paintings

Sculptures

| Rome|

* The Apotheosis of Claudius
* Castor and Pollux

|

* [1] On display at El Greco Museum in Toledo
* [2] On display at Museo de América in Madrid
* [3] On display at the Spanish Embassy in Paris

* Category

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