The Guess Who

Canadian rock band

For other uses, see Guess Who (disambiguation).

Not to be confused with The Who.

The Guess Who

The Guess Who in 1970. From left to right: Kurt Winter, Garry Peterson, Greg Leskiw, Burton Cummings, and Jim Kale

Background information
Also known as|

*     * Al & The Silvertones (1958–1962)
* Chad Allan & The Reflections (1962–1963)
* Chad Allan & The Expressions (1963-1965)
* Guess Who? (1965–1966)
* The Guess Who? (1966–1969)

Origin| Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
Genres|

* Hard rock
* psychedelic rock
* blues rock
* garage rock

Years active|

* 1958–1975
* 1979
* 1983
* 1999
* 2000–2003

Labels|

* Nimbus 9
* RCA Victor

Spinoff of|

* Al & The Silvertones
* Chad Allan & The Reflections
* Chad Allan & The Expressions

Past members|

* Jim Kale
* Randy Bachman
* Garry Peterson
* Chad Allan
* Bob Ashley
* Burton Cummings
* Bruce Decker
* Kurt Winter
* Greg Leskiw
* Donnie McDougall
* Bill Wallace
* Domenic Troiano

See also List of The Guess Who members
Website| theguesswho.com

The Guess Who was a Canadian rock band formed in Winnipeg, Manitoba in 1965. The band found their greatest success in the late 1960s and early 1970s, under the leadership of singer/keyboardist Burton Cummings and guitarist Randy Bachman, with hit songs including "American Woman", "These Eyes", and "No Time".

During their most successful period, The Guess Who released eleven studio albums, all of which reached the charts in Canada and the United States. Their 1970 album American Woman reached no. 1 in Canada and no. 9 in the United States, while five other albums reached the top ten in Canada. The Guess Who charted fourteen Top 40 singles in the United States and more than thirty in Canada.[1] The band was the first Canadian rock band to have widespread success in the United States and, unlike several other Canadian acts of the time, did not move to the US to achieve fame, become American citizens, or downplay their Canadian identity.[2]

The Guess Who officially broke up in 1975, with a major reunion tour in the early 2000s. A separate band organized by former bassist Jim Kale also toured and recorded under The Guess Who name for several decades,[3] often performing without any original band members on stage.[4] After a long legal dispute, Bachman and Cummings regained control of the Guess Who name in a 2024 settlement.[5]

## History

[edit]

### Predecessor groups (1958–1965)

[edit]

In 1958, Winnipeg singer/guitarist Chad Allan formed a local rock band called Al and the Silvertones.[6][7] After several lineup changes, the band stabilized in 1962 under the name Chad Allan and the Reflections, which included Allan and keyboardist Bob Ashley, plus future Guess Who mainstays Randy Bachman on guitar, Jim Kale on bass, and Garry Peterson on drums.[7]

Chad Allan and the Reflections released their first single, "Tribute To Buddy Holly", on Canadian-American Records in 1962.[8][9] They then signed with Quality Records and released several singles in 1963–64, which gained some regional notice around Winnipeg but made little impact in the rest of Canada. One single was credited, perhaps mistakenly, to Bob Ashley and the Reflections.[10]

In 1965, the group changed their name to Chad Allan and the Expressions after an American group called The Reflections released the hit single "(Just Like) Romeo and Juliet".[11] Chad Allan and the Expressions released the garage rock album Shakin' All Over in January 1965.[12] That album's single, "Shakin' All Over", earlier recorded by Johnny Kidd & the Pirates, was the band's first major hit, reaching no. 1 in Canada, no. 22 in the United States, and no. 27 in Australia.[13][14] Their Canadian label, Quality Records, disguised the single by crediting it to Guess Who?, as a publicity stunt to generate speculation that it was by a more famous British Invasion band working incognito.[13][14]

After Quality Records revealed the band to be Chad Allan and the Expressions, disc jockeys continued to announce the group as Guess Who?, effectively forcing the band to accept the new name.[14] They released their second album, Hey Ho (What You Do to Me!) in late 1965; it was credited to Chad Allan and the Expressions with "Guess Who?" displayed prominently on the cover.[14]

### Early years (1965–1968)

[edit]

Keyboardist Bob Ashley left the band in January 1966 because of the rigors of touring.[14] He was replaced by 18-year-old Burton Cummings (formerly of Winnipeg group the Deverons) who also took on lead vocal duties in conjunction with Chad Allan on the band's first album, released under the band name The Guess Who? (The question mark would be dropped later.) Just a few months later, Allan departed; he returned to college and then became a media personality with the CBC.[15] This left Cummings as the sole lead singer.[16] After Allan's departure in 1966, guitarist Bruce Decker, a former bandmate of Cummings in the Deverons, joined for a few months.[17]

The Guess Who released its first album, It's Time, with Cummings on vocals and keyboards, Bachman on guitar, Kale on bass, and Peterson on drums,[14] in the summer of 1966.[18] Decker, despite being pictured on the cover of the album, did not participate in the recording. Conversely, some contributions by Allan (recorded before he left the group) can be heard on the album,[citation needed] though he is not credited or pictured on the album cover. Many of the songs were written by Randy Bachman.

The Guess Who continued to release singles that were moderately successful in Canada, and "His Girl" entered the UK charts in 1967.[19][20] The band travelled to the United Kingdom to promote the single, but this was a financial mistake as the song quickly dropped off the charts. They were unable to book shows or obtain work visas while in the UK, and returned to Canada heavily in debt.[citation needed] Later in 1967, The Guess Who were hired as the house band for the CBC Radio show The Swingers,[21] and as the house band for the CBC Television program Let's Go, which was hosted by their former bandmate Chad Allan.[22] They initially performed hit singles by other artists, but the CBC producers encouraged them to develop more of their own music as well. This gave The Guess Who greater exposure in Canada and financial stability for the next two years.[23]

After seeing The Guess Who on Let's Go, record producer/sales executive Jack Richardson contacted the band about participating in an advertising project for Coca-Cola.[22] This project became a split album titled A Wild Pair with Ottawa band the Staccatos (themselves soon to renamed Five Man Electrical Band). The album could only be purchased by mail order from Coca-Cola.[22] Richardson served as The Guess Who's producer until the band's breakup in 1975,[24] and they were managed during that entire period by Don Hunter.[25]

### "American Woman" era (1968–1970)

[edit]

Richardson signed the Guess Who to his Nimbus 9 label and production company, and personally financed the recording of a new album in late 1968. The band was also signed to RCA for distribution outside of Canada. The Guess Who transitioned to a more mature pop-rock sound with soul and jazz influences.[26] Their second studio album, Wheatfield Soul, was released in early 1969 and achieved success in both Canada and the United States.[27] The single "These Eyes" reached the top ten in the United States[28] and became a gold record with sales of more than one million copies.[29] The follow-up album Canned Wheat was released in September 1969,[30] and featured the double-sided hit singles "Laughing" and "Undun".[17][31]

For their third studio album, the band adopted more hard rock influences. American Woman was released in January 1970 and became a Billboard Top 10 hit.[32][33] It was their first album to top the Canadian albums chart, and their first to reach the top ten on the American Billboard album chart.[34] The title track, written by Bachman and Cummings (though all four original members are credited),[35] reached No. 1 in both countries[36][37][38] and was also a substantial hit in the United Kingdom. This made The Guess Who the first Canadian band to achieve a chart-topping single in the United States during the Billboard Hot 100 era. (Canadian doo-wop group The Crew Cuts had a number one single in 1954, before that chart was instituted.)[39] "No Time" and "No Sugar Tonight/New Mother Nature" also reached high on the singles charts in both Canada and the United States.[33]

### Continued success (1970–1974)

[edit]

While American Woman became a success in the early months of 1970, Bachman recorded an all-instrumental solo album titled Axe with Peterson on drums.[14][40] The Guess Who began recording a follow-up to American Woman, completing seven tracks. (The tracks were withheld and not released until 1976 under the title The Way They Were.)[41] Bachman then took a break from touring with The Guess Who due to illness, with American guitarist Bobby Sabellico filling in temporarily. Bachman played a final show with the band and then exited the band in May 1970; his relations with Cummings had deteriorated and his recent conversion to Mormonism caused dissatisfaction with the band's rock 'n' roll lifestyle.[17] Bachman later formed the successful hard rock band Bachman-Turner Overdrive.[42] Indicating a move into more intricate arrangements and vocal harmonies, while shooting for album rock radio,[43] the Guess Who replaced Bachman with two guitarists from the Winnipeg rock scene: Kurt Winter from the band Brother,[44] and Greg Leskiw from the band Wild Rice.[17] Winter brought some songs from his previous band and became one of the Guess Who's primary songwriters.[44] Leskiw occasionally contributed lead vocals. On July 17, 1970, the band was invited to perform at the White House for US President Richard Nixon's family and guests, but they were asked not to play "American Woman" due to its apparent criticism of the United States.[31] However, in 2020, songwriter Burton Cummings admitted the song isn't a criticism of America. Additionally, he said the White House never asked them to drop the song. That whole urban legend was created by the group's manager as a publicity stunt.[45]

The expanded lineup quickly recorded the album Share the Land, which was released in late 1970 and became another substantial hit in both Canada and the United States.[43] Songs from the albums Wheatfield Soul through Share the Land were compiled for the album The Best of The Guess Who, which became another successful release in both countries in 1971.[46]

The band's commercial fortunes and chart performance then declined in the United States, perhaps due to an inability to be taken seriously by the fans of album rock radio,[47] though they remained very successful in their native Canada. They released the albums So Long, Bannatyne in mid-1971,[48] and Rockin' in early 1972.[49] Both albums displayed more progressive and experimental elements. Shortly after the release of Rockin', Leskiw suddenly left the band in the middle of a US tour.[50][17] Leskiw was replaced on short notice by guitarist/singer Donnie McDougall, a veteran of the Winnipeg rock scene who had most recently played with the Vancouver-based Mother Tucker's Yellow Duck.[14] With McDougall on board, the band recorded the album Live at the Paramount at the Paramount Theatre in Seattle in May 1972; it was released in August[51] and included some songs that had not appeared on previous studio albums.[52]

Just two months after McDougall joined The Guess Who in 1972, founding bassist Jim Kale was dismissed from the band; he then joined Vancouver band Scrubbaloe Caine who released one album and achieved some Canadian hit singles in the mid-1970s.[53] Kale subsequently formed and played with the Jim Kale Band, followed by the Ripple Brothers,[54] before falling on hard times later in the decade.[55] The Guess Who replaced Kale with Bill Wallace, who had played with Kurt Winter in their early Winnipeg band Brother.[17] This lineup released the albums Artificial Paradise in early 1973,[47] #10 in late 1973 (the title of which represented their number of original albums up to that point),[56] and Road Food in early 1974.[57] Road Food included the single "Clap for the Wolfman", which was a hit in both Canada and the United States, and the band's first top ten American single since 1970.[58] The novelty song was a tribute to disc jockey Wolfman Jack, who lent his voice to the recording.[57]

### Breakup of The Guess Who (1974–1975)

[edit]

For undisclosed reasons, guitarists Winter and McDougall were dismissed from the band in June 1974.[44] They were replaced by a single guitarist, Domenic Troiano, who had founded the successful Canadian band Bush[59] and had also served briefly with James Gang.[60] Having grown up in Toronto, Troiano was the first member of The Guess Who not to hail from Winnipeg. He had also collaborated with an earlier version of The Guess Who on an aborted movie soundtrack in 1970 and had played on Bachman's album Axe that year.[61] The lineup of Cummings, Troiano, Wallace, and Peterson released the albums Flavours in late 1974[61] and Power in the Music in mid-1975.[62] Due to Troiano's songwriting influence, these albums moved toward jazz rock; Cummings was unhappy with the stylistic change and the group broke up and disbanded in October 1975.[14]

### The Guess Who members after 1975 breakup

[edit]

Following his departure from The Guess Who in 1970, Bachman went on to form Bachman-Turner Overdrive, which has continued into the 2020s.[63] Cummings embarked on a lengthy solo career.[64] Meanwhile, other original members drifted into relative obscurity.

In 1976, Peterson linked up with Toronto singer and ex-Domenic Troiano associate Roy Kenner and American guitarist Bobby Sabellico in an R&B band, Delphia, which went unsigned and left no recordings.[65] Peterson then worked as a night clerk in his father-in-law's hotel[66] and an insurance salesman to make ends meet before eventually making his way back to music. He played drums in the backup band accompanying Cummings from 1979 through 1983,[67] followed by Bachman's reunited BTO from 1984 through 1986.

After being kicked out of The Guess Who in 1972, Kale joined Vancouver band Scrubbaloe Caine until 1974. He subsequently formed the Jim Kale Band followed by the Ripple Brothers.

Troiano resumed his solo career, releasing three more solo albums by 1979 before forming a band called Black Market.[68] Bill Wallace joined several local musicians, including Greg Leskiw, to form Crowcuss.[69] Kurt Winter eventually retired from the music industry and died in 1997 at age 51.[70]

Bruce Decker died on 24 August 1986. Decker, who was born in Winnipeg on 25 August 1946, died in a vehicular accident one day short of his 40th birthday.[71]

### Classic lineup reunions

[edit]

Members of the classic-era Guess Who reunited a number of times over the years, the first being when Cummings, Bachman, Peterson, and late-classic-era bassist Wallace reformed for a CBC television special in November 1979.[72] This was followed by a short tour of notable Canadian cultural venues in 1983,[73] resulting in the live album Together Again! (known as The Best of The Guess Who – Live! in the United States).[74] In May 1997, with their hometown of Winnipeg facing severe floods, Cummings and Bachman reunited for a fundraiser for disaster relief, organized by Canadian actor Tom Jackson.[75] At the request of the Premier of Manitoba, Cummings, Bachman, Kale, and Peterson appeared together at the closing ceremonies of the Pan American Games at Winnipeg Stadium on August 8, 1999.[76] This inspired plans for a reunion tour, though Kale dropped out. Another lineup featuring classic-era members Cummings, Bachman, Peterson, McDougall, and Wallace engaged in a lengthy reunion tour from 2000 to 2003, including playing the halftime show at the 2000 Grey Cup.[77] On July 30, 2003, this lineup performed before an estimated audience of 450,000 at the Molson Canadian Rocks for Toronto SARS benefit concert. The show was the largest outdoor ticketed event in Canadian history.[78] Since 2003, Bachman and Cummings have collaborated occasionally under the name Bachman-Cummings.[79]

### Dispute over "The Guess Who" name

[edit]

A separate band, also called The Guess Who, was formed by former bassist Jim Kale in 1978. Kale, who was fired from the band in 1972, asked Cummings for permission to use the Guess Who name for a single reunion concert,[80][81] but Kale went beyond the scope of Cummings’ initial permission and hired other musicians to perform as the new The Guess Who.[4] In 1987, Kale discovered that the name The Guess Who had never been trademarked, and filed registration applications with the United States trademark office for the band name The Guess Who,[82] unbeknownst to the other original members. Kale used his newly registered mark to start a new band in the United States, hiring a variety of musicians whom he called "The Guess Who."[80][81] Kale temporarily retired on several occasions, leaving no original members in the band. From 2006 to 2024, the U.S. trademark for live performances using the name "The Guess Who" was owned by a partnership between Kale and drummer Garry Peterson.[83] After his final retirement, Kale continued to hire musicians with no historic connection to the band,[4] whom he allowed to use the name as a Guess Who nostalgia band. Albums from Kale's version of The Guess Who were not released through a major label and did not chart. Drummer Garry Peterson sometimes appeared in Kale's Guess Who lineup, though the band also performed as a cover band without any original members present.[84][85]

Both Cummings and Bachman were highly critical of Kale/Peterson's version of the Guess Who, calling it "the fake Guess Who", or "Kale's Klones" and calling the band's concerts "fake bullshit shows."[82] Kale himself referred to his own potential iteration of the group as "a band of trained monkeys."[85] The dispute was compared to John Fogerty's dispute with his former bandmates over the use of the name Creedence Clearwater Revisited.[4] Bachman and Cummings have toured and recorded together under the name "Bachman-Cummings".[86][87]

Early in 2023, Bachman and Cummings sent multiple cease-and-desist letters to the Peterson-led nostalgia band, accusing them of misleading the public.[85] In October 2023, after having received no response to the letters, Bachman and Cummings launched a "false advertising" lawsuit against Kale and Peterson, claiming that the band has used the Guess Who name, photos of Bachman and Cummings, and original recordings, "to give the false impression that Plaintiffs are performing as part of the cover band."[85] Bachman and Cummings sought $20 million in damages.[85] A hearing pertaining to the lawsuit and Kale and Peterson's counterclaims was scheduled for January 2024.[88] In April 2024, a federal judge denied Kale and Peterson's motion to dismiss the Bachman and Cummings suit.[89]

In April 2024, Cummings arranged to have legal permission pulled for any public performance of any Guess Who material Cummings had written or co-written. This legal gambit left both the performer and the owner of the performance venue liable for damages if any Cummings-authored Guess Who songs were performed for an audience. Following this action, the cover band was unable to perform most of the group's biggest hits, including "These Eyes", "American Woman", "No Time", and "Share The Land", and many others. The group's concerts were immediately cancelled and the website for Peterson's Guess Who band was shut down in July 2024.[89][90]

In September 2024, Bachman and Cummings announced that they had gained control of the Guess Who name in an out-of-court settlement.[5]

## Honours

[edit]

The band's star on Canada's Walk of Fame. Signatures, from top left clockwise: Garry Peterson, Burton Cummings, Bill Wallace, Randy Bachman, and Donnie McDougall.

The Guess Who's original members, Cummings, Bachman, Kale and Peterson, were inducted into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame in 1987.[91] In 2001, the original members of The Guess Who received honorary doctorates from Brandon University in Brandon, Manitoba. For Cummings, this was a special honour because he had not graduated from high school.[92] That same year, the group was inducted into Canada's Walk of Fame.[93][94] The signatures of then-current band members Bachman, Cummings, McDougall, Peterson, and Wallace are engraved into the commemorative stone. In 2002, the then-current remaining performing original members, Bachman, Cummings, McDougall, Peterson, and Wallace received the Governor General's Performing Arts Award for Lifetime Artistic Achievement for their contributions to popular music in Canada.[95] In 2018, a number of master tapes of the band's recordings, possibly including unreleased material, were donated to the St. Vital Museum in Winnipeg.[96]

## Members

[edit]

Main article: List of The Guess Who members

Former members

* Chad Allan – vocals, rhythm guitar (1962–1966)
* Randy Bachman \- lead guitar, backing vocals (1962-1970, 1979, 1983, 1999, 2000-2003)
* Bob Ashley – keyboards, backing vocals (1962–1965)
* Jim Kale – bass, backing vocals (1962–1972, 1983, 1999, 2000)
* Garry Peterson – drums, percussion, backing vocals (1962–1975, 1979, 1983, 1999, 2000–2003)
* Bruce Decker – rhythm guitar (1966)
* Burton Cummings \- lead vocals, keyboards, rhythm guitar, flute, harmonica (1966-1975, 1979, 1983, 1999, 2000-2003)
* Kurt Winter – lead guitar, backing vocals (1970–1974)
* Greg Leskiw – rhythm guitar, vocals (1970–1972)
* Donnie McDougall – rhythm guitar, vocals (1972–1974)
* Bill Wallace – bass, vocals (1972–1975, 1979, 2000–2003)
* Domenic Troiano – lead and rhythm guitars, backing vocals (1974–1975)

## Discography

[edit]

Main article: The Guess Who discography

* It's Time (1966) (as The Guess Who?)
* A Wild Pair (with The Staccatos) (1968) (as The Guess Who?)
* Wheatfield Soul (1969)
* Canned Wheat (1969)
* American Woman (1970)
* Share the Land (1970)
* So Long, Bannatyne (1971)
* Rockin' (1972)
* Live at the Paramount (1972)
* Artificial Paradise (1973)
* #10 (1973)
* Road Food (1974)
* Flavours (1974)
* Power in the Music (1975)
* Together Again (1984)
* Running Back Thru Canada (2002)

## Filmography

[edit]

* 1983: Together Again (live concert with interviews)
* 2002: Running Back Thru Canada (live with bonus tracks)
* 2003: Molson Canadian Rocks for Toronto (two tracks only).
* 2004: Running Back Thru Canada DVD

## See also

[edit]

* Canadian rock
* List of bands from Canada

## References

[edit]

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## Further reading

[edit]

* 1995: American Woman: The Story of The Guess Who by John Einarson; Quarry Press, Ontario, Canada
* 2020: Wheatfield Empire: The Listeners Guide to The Guess Who by Robert Lawson; Friesen Press, Ontario Canada

## External links

[edit]

* Official website
* The Guess Who discography at Discogs
* The Guess Who at IMDb
* Article at canadianbands.com Archived March 14, 2022, at the Wayback Machine

Preceded by

|  Grey Cup Halftime Show
2000  | Succeeded by

Sass Jordan and Michel Pagliaro

|
|

* v
* t
* e

The Guess Who

* Randy Bachman
* Burton Cummings

* Chad Allan
* Bob Ashley
* Bruce Decker
* Jim Kale
* Greg Leskiw
* Donnie McDougall
* Garry Peterson
* Domenic Troiano
* Bill Wallace
* Kurt Winter

Studio albums|

* Shakin' All Over
* Hey Ho (What You Do to Me!)
* It's Time
* Wheatfield Soul
* Canned Wheat
* American Woman
* Share the Land
* So Long, Bannatyne
* Rockin'
* Artificial Paradise
* #10
* Road Food
* Flavours
* Power in the Music
* The Way They Were

Live albums|

* Live at the Paramount

Compilations|

* The Best of The Guess Who
* Wild One
* The Best of The Guess Who Volume II
* Anthology

Singles|

* "Shakin' All Over"
* "Tossin' and Turnin'"
* "Hey Ho, What You Do to Me"
* "Hurting Each Other"
* "Believe Me"
* "Clock on the Wall"
* "His Girl"
* "These Eyes"
* "Laughing"
* "Undun"
* "No Time"
* "American Woman"
* "No Sugar Tonight/New Mother Nature"
* "Hand Me Down World"
* "Share the Land"
* "Hang On to Your Life"
* "Albert Flasher"
* "Rain Dance"
* "Sour Suite"
* "Heartbroken Bopper"
* "Guns, Guns, Guns"
* "Runnin' Back to Saskatoon"
* "Follow Your Daughter Home"
* "Glamour Boy"
* "Star Baby"
* "Clap for the Wolfman"
* "Dancin' Fool"

Related articles|

* Discography
* Jack Richardson

* v
* t
* e

Canadian Music Hall of Fame

1978-1990|

* Guy Lombardo (1978)
* Oscar Peterson (1978)
* Hank Snow (1979)
* Paul Anka (1980)
* Joni Mitchell (1981)
* Neil Young (1982)
* Glenn Gould (1983)
* The Crew-Cuts (1984)
* The Diamonds (1984)
* The Four Lads (1984)
* Wilf Carter (1985)
* Gordon Lightfoot (1986)
* The Guess Who (1987)
* No inductee (1988)
* The Band (1989)
* Maureen Forrester (1990)

1990-2000|

* Leonard Cohen (1991)
* Ian & Sylvia (1992)
* Anne Murray (1993)
* Rush (1994)
* ~~Buffy Sainte-Marie~~ (1995)
* David Clayton-Thomas (1996)
* Denny Doherty (1996)
* John Kay (1996)
* Domenic Troiano (1996)
* Zal Yanovsky (1996)
* Gil Evans (1997)
* Lenny Breau (1997)
* Maynard Ferguson (1997)
* Moe Koffman (1997)
* Rob McConnell (1997)
* David Foster (1998)
* Luc Plamondon (1999)
* Bruce Fairbairn (2000)

2001-2010|

* Bruce Cockburn (2001)
* Daniel Lanois (2002)
* Tom Cochrane (2003)
* Bob Ezrin (2004)
* The Tragically Hip (2005)
* Bryan Adams (2006)
* Bob Rock (2007)
* Triumph (2008)
* Loverboy (2009)
* April Wine (2010)

2011-2020|

* Shania Twain (2011)
* Blue Rodeo (2012)
* k.d. lang (2013)
* Bachman–Turner Overdrive (2014)
* Alanis Morissette (2015)
* Burton Cummings (2016)
* Sarah McLachlan (2017)
* Barenaked Ladies (2018)
* Steven Page (2018)
* Corey Hart (2019)
* Andy Kim (2019)
* Bobby Curtola (2019)
* Chilliwack (2019)
* Cowboy Junkies (2019)
* No inductee (2020)

2021-2030|

* Jann Arden (2021)
* Deborah Cox (2022)
* Nickelback (2023)
* Terri Clark (2023)
* Trooper (2023)
* Oliver Jones (2023)
* Diane Dufresne (2023)
* Maestro Fresh Wes (2024)

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF

National|

* United States
* France
* BnF data
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Artists|

* MusicBrainz

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