The Holocaust in Belarus

Part of a series on

The Holocaust

Jews on selection ramp at Auschwitz, May 1944

Responsibility

|  Nazi Germany

People

* Major perpetrators
* Adolf Hitler
* Heinrich Himmler
* Joseph Goebbels
* Heinrich Müller
* Reinhard Heydrich
* Adolf Eichmann
* Odilo Globocnik
* Theodor Eicke
* Richard Glücks
* Ernst Kaltenbrunner
* Rudolf Höss
* Christian Wirth

Organizations

* Nazi Party
* Gestapo
* Schutzstaffel (SS)
* Totenkopfverbände (SS-TV)
* Einsatzgruppen
* Sturmabteilung (SA)
* Verfügungstruppe (SS-VT)
* Wehrmacht
* Trawniki men

Collaborators during World War II

Nazi ideologues

Early policies

* Racial policy
* Nazi eugenics
* Nuremberg Laws
* Haavara Agreement
* Madagascar Plan
* Forced euthanasia

Victims

* Jews
* Romani people (Gypsies)
* Poles
* Soviet POWs
* Slavs in Eastern Europe
* Homosexuals
* People with disabilities

Ghettos

* Będzin
* Białystok
* Budapest
* Kaunas
* Kraków
* Łódź
* Lublin
* Lwów
* Minsk
* Riga
* Sosnowiec
* Warsaw
* Vilnius

* * *

Jewish ghettos in
German-occupied Poland

* List of selected ghettos

Camps

|  Nazi extermination camps

* Auschwitz II-Birkenau
* Belzec
* Chełmno
* Jasenovac
* Majdanek
* Sajmište
* Sobibor
* Treblinka

Nazi concentration camps

* Auschwitz I
* Bergen-Belsen
* Bogdanovka
* Buchenwald
* Dachau
* Mittelbau-Dora
* Gonars (Italy)
* Gross-Rosen
* Gusen
* Herzogenbusch
* Janowska
* Kaiserwald
* Mauthausen
* Neuengamme
* Rab
* Ravensbrück
* Sachsenhausen
* Salaspils
* Stutthof
* Transnistria (Romania)
* Theresienstadt
* Uckermark
* Warsaw

Transit and collection camps

Belgium

* Breendonk
* Mechelen

France

* Gurs
* Drancy

Italy

* Bolzano

Netherlands

* Amersfoort
* Westerbork

Slovakia

* Sereď

Divisions

* SS-Totenkopfverbände
* Concentration Camps Inspectorate
* Politische Abteilung
* Sanitätswesen

Extermination methods

* Gas van
* Gas chamber
* Extermination through labour
* Einsatzgruppen
* Human medical experimentation

Atrocities

|  Pogroms

* Kristallnacht
* Bucharest
* Dorohoi
* Iași
* Izieu
* Szczuczyn
* Jedwabne
* Plungė
* Radziłów pogrom
* Kaunas
* Lviv (Lvov)
* Marseille
* Tykocin
* Vel' d'Hiv
* Wąsosz

Einsatzgruppen

* Babi Yar
* Bydgoszcz
* Częstochowa
* Kamianets-Podilskyi
* Ninth Fort
* Odessa
* Piaśnica
* Ponary
* Rumbula
* Erntefest

"Final Solution"

* Wannsee Conference
* Mogilev Conference
* Operation "Reinhard"
* Holocaust trains
* Extermination camps

End of World War II

* Wola massacre
* Death marches

Resistance

* Auschwitz Protocols
* Vrba–Wetzler report
* Czesław Mordowicz
* Jerzy Tabeau
* Rudolf Vrba
* Alfréd Wetzler
* Bricha
* Jewish partisans
* Sonderkommando photographs
* Witold Pilecki
* Resistance movement in Auschwitz
* Military Organization Union
* Witold's Report

Ghetto uprisings

* Warsaw
* Białystok
* Łachwa
* Częstochowa

International response

Joint Declaration by Members of
the United Nations

* Auschwitz bombing debate
* MS St. Louis
* Nuremberg trials
* Denazification

Aftermath

* Bricha
* Displaced persons
* Survivors
* Central Committee of the Liberated Jews

Reparations Agreement between
Israel and the Federal Republic of Germany

Lists

* Holocaust survivors

Deportations of French Jews
to death camps

* Survivors of Sobibor
* Timeline of Treblinka extermination camp
* Victims of Nazism
* Rescue of Jews
* Memorials and museums

Resources

* Bibliography
* Bibliography of Nazi Germany

The Destruction of the
European Jews

* Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos

Functionalism versus
intentionalism

Remembrance

* Days of remembrance
* Memorials and museums
* Righteous Among the Nations

* v
* t
* e

The Holocaust saw the systematic extermination of Jews living in Byelorussia during its occupation by Nazi Germany in World War II. Before the construction of the Extermination Camps in Poland, the Holocaust was to be carried out in Belarus and the Baltic states using large gassing installations and transport by boats on the waterways rather than by trains. Although the Extermination Camps were eventually established in occupied Poland it is estimated that roughly 800,000 Belarusian Jews (or about 90% of the Jewish population of Belarus) were murdered.[1] However, other estimates place the number of Jews killed between 500,000 and 550,000 (about 80% of the Belarusian Jewish population).[2]

## Background

[edit]

Nazi German rule in Belarus began in the summer of 1941 during Operation Barbarossa (the invasion of the Soviet Union).[3][4] Minsk was bombed and taken over by the Wehrmacht on 28 June 1941.[5] In Hitler's view, Operation Barbarossa was a war against "Jewish Bolshevism", a Nazi conspiracy theory.[6] On 3 July 1941, during the first "selection" in Minsk, 2,000 Jewish members of the intelligentsia were marched to a forest and massacred.[5] The atrocities committed beyond the German-Soviet frontier were summarized by Einsatzgruppen for both sides of the prewar border between BSSR and Poland.[7] The Nazis made Minsk the administrative centre of Generalbezirk Weißruthenien in the Reichskomissariat Ostland. As of 15 July 1941, all Jews were ordered to wear a yellow badge on their outer garments under penalty of death, and on 20 July 1941, the creation of the Minsk Ghetto was pronounced.[5] Within two years, it became the largest ghetto in the German-occupied Soviet Union,[8] with over 100,000 Jews.[5]

Jewish prisoners of the Minsk Ghetto clearing snow at the station, February 1942

The southern part of modern-day Belarus was annexed into the newly formed Reichskommissariat Ukraine on 17 July 1941 including the easternmost Gomel Region of the Russian SFSR, and several others.[9] They became part of the Schitomir Generalbezirk centred around Zhytomyr. The Germans determined the identities of the Jews either through registration or by issuing decrees. Jews were separated from the general population and confined to makeshift ghettos. Because the Soviet leadership fled from Minsk without ordering evacuation, most Jewish inhabitants were captured.[9][10] There were 100,000 prisoners held in the Minsk Ghetto, with 25,000 at Bobruisk, 20,000 at Vitebsk, 12,000 at Mogilev, 10,000 each at Gomel and Slutsk, and 8,000 at Borisov and Polotsk.[11] In the Gomel Region alone, twenty ghettos were established in which no less than 21,000 people were imprisoned.[9]

Holocaust in Reichskommissariat Ostland, which included Belarus

In November 1941, the Nazis rounded up 12,000 Jews in the Minsk Ghetto to make room for the 25,000 foreign Jews slated for expulsion from Germany, Austria and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia.[5] On the morning of 7 November 1941, the first group of prisoners was formed into columns and ordered to march and sing revolutionary songs. People were forced to smile at the cameras. Once beyond Minsk, 6,624 Jews were taken by lorries to the nearby village of Tuchinka (Tuchinki) and shot by members of Einsatzgruppe A.[12] The next group of over 5,000 Jews followed them to Tuchinka on 20 November 1941.[13]

## Holocaust by bullets

[edit]

Further information: Holocaust § Mass shootings

Resulting of the Soviet 1939 annexation of Polish territory comprising the Soviet Western Belorussia,[14] the Jewish population of BSSR nearly tripled.[1] In June 1941, at the beginning of Operation Barbarossa, there were 670,000 Jews in recently annexed Western Belorussia and 405,000 Jews in the Eastern part of present-day Belarus.[1] The territories of Western Belorussia in 1941 and modern-day Western Belarus are not the same since the Soviet annexation of Polish territory of 1939 included less land than the annexation of 1945. On 8 July 1941, Reinhard Heydrich, head of the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA), gave the order for all male Jews in the occupied territory – between the ages of 15 and 45 – to be shot on sight as Soviet partisans. By August, the victims targeted in the shootings included women, children, and the elderly.[15] The German Order Police battalions as well as the Einsatzgruppen carried out the first wave of murders.[16]

In the Holocaust by bullets, no less than 800,000 Jews perished in the territory of modern-day Belarus.[1] Most of them were shot by Einsatzgruppen, Sicherheitsdienst (SD), and Order Police battalions aided by Schutzmannschaften.[1] Notably, when the bulk of the Jewish communities were annihilated in the first major killing spree, the number of Belarusian collaborators was still considerably small, and the Schutzmannschaft in Belarus consisted most of Lithuanian, Ukrainian, and Latvian volunteers.[17] Historian Martin Gilbert wrote that the General-Commissar for Generalbezirk Weißruthenien, Wilhelm Kube, personally participated in the 2 March 1942 killings in the Minsk Ghetto. During the search of the ghetto area by the Nazi police, a group of children were seized and thrown into a deep pit of sand covered with snow. "At that moment, several SS officers, among them Wilhelm Kube, arrived, whereupon Kube, immaculate in his uniform, threw handfuls of sweets to the shrieking children. All the children perished in the sand."[18][dubious – discuss]

### Saving Jews

[edit]

The Pit is a monument on the corner of Melnikayte and Zaslavskaya streets dedicated to the victims of the Holocaust in Minsk

As of 1 January 2017, the Yad Vashem in Israel recognized 641 Belarusians as Righteous Among the Nations.[19] All of the awards were granted after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Many of the distinguished individuals came from Minsk and are already deceased.[20]

## Postwar research

[edit]

In the 1970s and 1980s, historian and Soviet refusenik Daniel Romanovsky, who later emigrated to Israel, interviewed over 100 witnesses, including Jews, Russians, and Belarusians from the vicinity, recording their accounts of the "Holocaust by bullets".[21][22][23][24] Research on the topic was challenging in the Soviet Union because of government restrictions. Nevertheless, based on his interviews, Romanovsky concluded that the open-type ghettos in Belarusian towns were the result of the prior concentration of the entire Jewish communities in prescribed areas. No walls were required.[21] According to Leonid Rein, the collaboration with the Germans by some non-Jews was in part a result of attitudes developed under Soviet rule; namely, the practice of conforming to a totalitarian state, sometimes pejoratively called Homo Sovieticus.[25][26][27]

## See also

[edit]

* Bielski partisans
* Defiance (2008 film)
* The Holocaust in the Byaroza District
* The Holocaust in Lithuania
* The Holocaust in Poland
* Judenfrei
* Operation Ostra Brama
* Reichskommissariat Moskau
* Reichskommissariat Ostland
* Ukrainian-German collaboration during World War II
* Vitsyebsk gate
* Timeline of Jewish history in Belarus
* Come and See

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d e Rudling, Per Anders (2013). Himka; Michlic (eds.). Invisible Genocide. The Holocaust in Belarus. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 60–62\. ISBN 978-0-8032-4647-8.
2. ^ Waitman Wade Beorn (6 January 2014). Marching into Darkness. Harvard University Press. p. 28\. ISBN 978-0-674-72660-4.
3. ^ Gross, Jan Tomasz (2003) [2002]. Revolution from Abroad. Princeton. p. 396\. ISBN 0-691-09603-1 – via Google Books.
4. ^ Sanford, George (2005). Katyn and the Soviet Massacre of 1940: Truth, Justice and Memory (Google Books). Routledge. pp. 20–24\. ISBN 978-0-415-33873-8.
5. ^ a b c d e ARC (26 June 2006). "Minsk Ghetto". Hilberg 2003, Gilbert 1986, Ehrenburg 1981, Arad 1987, Gutman 1990, Klee 1991, et al. Aktion Reinhard Camps. Archived from the original on 3 September 2011 – via Internet Archive.
6. ^ Rein, Leonid (2013). The Kings And The Pawns: Collaboration in Byelorussia during World War II. Berghahn Books. p. 85\. ISBN 978-1-78238-048-1.
7. ^ Hilberg, Raul (2003). The Destruction of the European Jews. Yale University Press. pp. 1313–1316\. ISBN 0-300-09592-9.
8. ^ Donald L. Niewyk; Francis R. Nicosia (2000). The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. Columbia University Press. pp. 205, 156–165, 205–208\. ISBN 0-231-50590-6. `{{cite book}}`: `|work=` ignored (help)
9. ^ a b c Dr. Leonid Smilovitsky (September 2005). Fran Bock (ed.). "Ghettos in the Gomel Region: Commonalities and Unique Features, 1941-42". Letter from Ilya Goberman in Kiriat Yam (Israel), September 17, 2000. Belarus SIG, Online Newsletter No. 11/2005. "Note 16: Archive of the author; Note 17: M. Dean, Collaboration in the Holocaust."
10. ^ Daniel Romanovsky. Zvi Gitelman (ed.). "Soviet Jews under the Nazi Occupation (Data on North-Eastern Byelorussia and Northern Russia)" (PDF). History, Politics and Memory: The Holocaust and Its Contemporary Consequences in the Former USSR. The National Council for Soviet and East European Research. p. 25 (30 / 39 in PDF).
11. ^ "Gosudarstvenny arkhiv Rossiiskoy Federatsii (GARF): F. 8114, Op. 1, D. 965, L. 99" Государственный архив Российской Федерации (ГАРФ): Ф. 8114. Оп. 1. Д. 965. Л. 99 [State Archive of the Russian Federation] (PDF). 110, 119 / 448 in PDF – via direct download, 3.55 MB from Iz istorii evreiskoi kultury. "Геннадий Винница (Нагария), »Нацистская политика изоляции евреев и создание системы гетто на территории Восточной Белоруссии«"
12. ^ Jewish Virtual Library. "Operational Situation Report no. 140". Activities of Einsatzgruppe A. "The Chief of the Security Police and the Security Service, Berlin, December 1, 1941; OSR #140."
13. ^ Snyder, Timothy (2011) [2010]. Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin. Vintage, Basic Books. pp. 226–227\. ISBN 978-0-465-00239-9.
14. ^ Moorhouse, Roger (2014). The Devils' Alliance: Hitler's Pact with Stalin, 1939-1941. Basic Books. pp. 28, 176. ISBN 978-0-465-05492-3.
15. ^ Longerich, Peter (2010). Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. p. 198\. ISBN 978-0-19-280436-5.
16. ^ Martin Dean (2003). "The Ghetto 'Liquidations'". Collaboration in the Holocaust: Crimes of the Local Police in Belorussia and Ukraine, 1941–44. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 18, 22, 78, 93. ISBN 1-4039-6371-1 – via Goggle Books.
17. ^ Rudling (2013). Invisible Genocide. U of Nebraska Press. p. 61\. ISBN 978-0-8032-4647-8.
18. ^ Gilbert, Martin (1986). The Holocaust: the Jewish tragedy. Fontana/Collins. p. 296\. ISBN 978-0-00-216305-7. OCLC 15223149.
19. ^ Yad Vashem (2017). "Names and Numbers of Righteous Among the Nations - per Country & Ethnic Origin, as of January 1, 2017". The World Holocaust Remembrance Center.
20. ^ Yad Vashem. "Righteous Among the Nations Honored by Yad Vashem by 1 January 2017. Country: Belarus" (PDF). The World Holocaust Remembrance Centre. Righteous among the nations Department – via direct download. See: Yad Vashem (2011). "Rescue Story". Valentin and Yelena Tikhanovich, Bronislava Bobrovich, as well as Boris Matyukov recognized as Righteous Among the Nations on July 14, 2011, for rescuing Sonya Glazkova Gildengersh in Minsk (USSR).
21. ^ a b Martin Dean (2005). Jonathan Petropoulos; John Roth (eds.). Gray Zones: Ambiguity and Compromise in the Holocaust and its Aftermath. Berghahn Books. p. 209\. ISBN 978-1-84545-302-2. `{{cite book}}`: `|work=` ignored (help)
22. ^ Rudling (2013). The Invisible Genocide. U of Nebraska Press. pp. 74, 78. ISBN 978-0-8032-4647-8. "Between 1941 and 1945, Belarusians in the various German collaborationist formations numbered between 50,000 and 70,000 men." `{{cite book}}`: `|work=` ignored (help)
23. ^ *Romanovsky, Daniel (2009), "The Soviet Person as a Bystander of the Holocaust: The case of eastern Belorussia", in Bankier, David; Gutman, Israel (eds.), Nazi Europe and the Final Solution, Berghahn Books, p. 276, ISBN 978-1-84545-410-4
* Romanovsky, D. (1999). "The Holocaust in the Eyes of Homo Sovieticus: A Survey Based on Northeastern Belorussia and Northwestern Russia". Holocaust and Genocide Studies. 13 (3): 355–382\. doi:10.1093/hgs/13.3.355.
* Romanovsky, Daniel (1997), "Soviet Jews Under Nazi Occupation in Northeastern Belarus and Western Russia", in Gitelman, Zvi (ed.), Bitter Legacy: Confronting the Holocaust in the USSR, Indiana University Press, p. 241
24. ^ Interview
25. ^ The Kings And The Pawns: Collaboration in Byelorussia during World War II, Leonid Rein, Berghahn Books, 15 October 2013, pages 264-265, 285
26. ^ Leonid Rein (2013). The Kings And The Pawns. Berghahn Books. pp. 264–265, 285. ISBN 978-1-78238-048-1.
27. ^ Barbara Epstein (2008). The Minsk Ghetto 1941-1943: Jewish Resistance and Soviet Internationalism. University of California Press. p. 295\. ISBN 978-0-520-93133-6. "Notes."

## Further reading

[edit]

Main article: Bibliography of the history of Belarus and Byelorussia § The Holocaust in Byelorussia

* v
* t
* e

The Holocaust

| By territory|

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|

Overview|

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Camps and ghettos

| Concentration|

* Auschwitz
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|

Extermination|

* Auschwitz II-Birkenau
* Belzec
* Chełmno
* Majdanek
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Transit|

* be
* Breendonk
* Mechelen
* fr
* Gurs
* Drancy
* it
* Bolzano
* Risiera di San Sabba
* nl
* Amersfoort
* Schoorl
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* sk
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Methods|

* Einsatzgruppen
* Gas van
* Gas chamber
* Extermination through labour
* Human experimentation
* Death marches

Nazi units|

* SS-Totenkopfverbände
* Concentration Camps Inspectorate
* Politische Abteilung
* Sanitätswesen

Ghettos (list)|

| Poland|

* Białystok
* Kraków
* Łódź
* Lublin
* Lwów
* Radom
* Warsaw

|

Elsewhere|

* Budapest
* Kovno
* Minsk
* Riga
* Theresienstadt
* Vilna

Judenrat|

* Jewish Ghetto Police
* Reich Association of Jews in Germany
* Ústredňa Židov

Victims

| Jews|

| Roundups|

* Izieu
* Marseille
* Vel' d'Hiv

|

Pogroms|

* Kristallnacht
* Bucharest
* Dorohoi
* Iași
* 1941 pogroms in eastern Poland
* Jedwabne
* Lviv
* in Lithuania
* Kaunas

"Final Solution"|

* Wannsee Conference
* Operation Reinhard
* Holocaust trains

Mass executions|

* Einsatzgruppen
* Babi Yar
* Harvest Festival
* Kamianets-Podilskyi
* Maly Trostenets
* Ninth Fort
* Odesa
* Piaśnica
* Ponary
* Rumbula

Resistance|

* Jewish partisans
* Bielski partisans
* Ghetto uprisings
* Warsaw
* Białystok
* Częstochowa

Rescue|

* Aid and Rescue Committee
* Attack on the twentieth convoy
* Kastner train
* Le Chambon-sur-Lignon
* Danish underground
* Working Group
* Żegota

Others|

* Soviet POWs
* Soviet urban residents
* Civilians targeted during anti-partisan warfare
* People with disabilities
* Romani people
* Polish leaders and intellectuals
* Homosexuals
* Jehovah's Witnesses

Responsibility

* List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust

| Organizations|

* Nazi Party
* Schutzstaffel (SS)
* Reich Security Main Office (RSHA)
* Referat IV B4
* Sicherheitsdienst (SD)
* Ordnungspolizei (Orpo)
* Waffen-SS
* Wehrmacht

|

Units|

* Einsatzgruppen
* Police Regiments
* Order Police battalions

Collaborators|

* Arajs Kommando
* Lithuanian Security Police
* Nederlandsche SS
* Rollkommando Hamann
* Special Brigades
* Topf and Sons
* Trawnikis
* Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
* Ypatingasis būrys

* Early elements
* Aftermath
* Remembrance

| Early elements|

* Nazi racial policy
* Nazi eugenics
* Nuremberg Laws
* Haavara Agreement
* Hitler's prophecy
* Jewish war conspiracy theory
* Jewish emigration
* Kindertransport
* Madagascar Plan
* Nisko Plan
* Forced euthanasia (Action T4)

|

Aftermath|

* Depopulated shtetls
* Holocaust survivors
* Sh'erit ha-Pletah
* Bricha
* List
* Postwar violence
* Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law
* Nuremberg trials
* Eichmann trial
* Holocaust restitution
* Reparations Agreement
* Holocaust denial
* trivialization

History and memory|

* Academia
* Books and other resources
* Days of remembrance
* Education
* Films
* Lessons
* Memorials and museums
* Uniqueness
* Armenian genocide and the Holocaust
* Humor
* Righteous Among the Nations
* Yad Vashem
* Yizkor books
* "Never again"

* v
* t
* e

The Holocaust in Europe

Sovereign states|

* Albania
* Andorra
* Armenia
* Austria
* Azerbaijan
* Belarus
* Belgium
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Georgia
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Iceland
* Ireland
*   * Italy
* Kazakhstan
* Latvia
* Liechtenstein
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Moldova
* Monaco
* Montenegro
* Netherlands
* North Macedonia
* Norway
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Russia
* San Marino
* Serbia
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Turkey
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom

States with limited
recognition|

* Abkhazia
* Kosovo
* Northern Cyprus
* South Ossetia
* Transnistria

Dependencies and
other entities|

* Åland
* Faroe Islands
* Gibraltar
* Guernsey
* Isle of Man
* Jersey
* Svalbard

* v
* t
* e

Genocide

Genocides
(chronological list)|

Before 1490

* Destruction of Carthage (146 BCE)
* Asiatic Vespers (88 BCE)
* Gauls (50s BCE)
* Eburones
* Bar Kokhba (132–136)
* Ancestral Puebloans (800s)
* Harrying of the North (1069–1070)
* Mongol conquests (1200s–1360s)
* Cathars (1209–1229)
* Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate (1311)
* Timur (1393–1394)
* Guanches (1402–1496)

1490 to 1912

* Taíno (1493–1550)
* Jaragua massacre (1503)
* Ainu (1500s–)
* Indigenous peoples in Brazil
* 11th Parallel massacre (1963)
* Tanaru (1970s–2009)
* Helmet massacre (1988)
* Akuntsu (1990)
* Haximu (1993)
* Yanomami (2019–2023)
* Aztecs (1521)
* Kashmiri Shias (1548–1872)
* Huguenots (1572)
* Kalinago (1626)
* Indigenous peoples in the United States
* Pequots (1636–1638)
* Beaver Wars (1609–1701)
* Huron
* Sullivan Expedition (1779)
* Indian removal (1830–1847)
* Trail of Tears (1830–1850)
* California (1846–1873)
* Dakota (1862)
* Osage Indian murders (1918–1931)
* Cultural genocide
* Indigenous peoples in Canada
* Beaver Wars (1609–1701)
* Beothuk (1700s–1800s)
* Residential school system (1874–1996)
* Sixties Scoop (1951–1985)
* Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women
* Jews in the Cossack Hetmanate (1648–1657)
* 1740 Batavia massacre (1740)
* Great Gypsy Round-up (1749)
* Dzungars (1750s)
* Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II (1780–1783)
* Chechens (1785–2017)
* French Hatians (1804)
* Meiteis (1819–1826)
* Indigenous peoples in Australia
* Black War (1825–1832)
* Stolen Generations (1869–1977)
* Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women
* Pacification of Algeria (1830–1875)
* El Ouffia
* Charrúa (1831)
* Moriori (1835)
* Assyrians in Hakkari (1843–1846)
* Manchus (1850–1864)
* Circassians (1860s)
* Mapuche (1870s–1884)
* Indigenous peoples in Putumayo (1879–1913)
* Congolese (1885–1908)
* Hazaras (1888–1893)
* Selknam (1890s–1900s)
* Hamidian massacres (1894–1896)
* Herero and Nama (1904–1907)
* Ukame (1905–1907)
* Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction
* Albanians in the Balkan Wars (1912–1913)

1913 to 1945

* Late Ottoman genocides
* Greeks (1913–1923)
* Pontic Greeks
* Thracian Bulgarians (1913)
* Assyrians (1915–1919)
* Armenians (1915–1917)
* Christians in Diyarbekir (1915)
* Kurds (1916–1934)
* Indigenous peoples in Venezuela
* Pemon
* Kyrgyz (1916–1917)
* Jews during the Russian Civil War (1917–1920)
* Russian White Terror
* Cossacks (1919–1933)
* Ingrian Finns (1920s–1930s)
* Volga Tatars and Germans (1921–1922)
* Kantō Massacre (1923)
* Napalpí massacre (1924)
* Kinder der Landstrasse (1926–1973)
* Japanese war crimes in the Pacific War
* Manchukuo (1931–1945)
* Nanjing Massacre (1937–1938)
* Three Alls policy (1940–1942)
* Sook Ching (1942)
* Nanshitou massacre (1942–1945)
* Libyan Arabs (1929–1934)
* Kazakhs (1930–1933)
* La Matanza (1932)
* Holodomor (1932–1933)
* Simele massacre (1933)
* Romani Holocaust (1935–1945)
* Spanish White Terror (1936–1947)
* Yekatit 12 (1937
* Polish Operation (1937–1938)
* Alevi Kurds (1937–1938)
* Parsley massacre (1937)
* Generalplan Ost (1939–1945)
* Poland
* Baltic lands
* Croatia
* Czech lands
* Ukraine
* Hunger Plan
* The Holocaust (1941–1945)
* German atrocities committed against Soviet POWs (1941–1945)
* Serbs in Croatia (1941–1945)
* Muslims and Croats in Serbia (1941–1945)
* Volhynian and Eastern Galician Poles (1943–1945)
* Chechens and Ingush (1944–1948)
* Crimean Tatars (1944–1948)

1946 to 1999

* Hyderabadi Muslims (1948)
* Indigenous peoples in Paraguay (1956–1989)
* Maya (1962–1996)
* Arab and Indian Zanzibaris (1964)
* 1966 anti-Igbo pogrom (1966)
* Biafra (1966–1970)
* Feyli Kurds (1970–2003)
* Bangladesh (1971)
* Acholi and Lango (1972–1979)
* Burundi
* 1972
* 1993
* East Timor (1974–1999)
* Cambodian (1975–1979)
* Jummas (1977–1997)
* Afghans (1979–1989)
* Baganda (1981–1985)
* 1982 Hama massacre (1982)
* Sabra and Shatila massacre (1982)
* Sri Lankan Tamils (1983–2009)
* Gukurahundi (1983–1987)
* Anfal (1986–1989)
* Isaaq (1987–1989)
* National Population Program (1987–2002)
* Amhara (1990–)
* Ahwaris (1991–2003)
* Bosnian (1992–1995)
* Srebrenica massacre
* Rwandan (1994)
* Hutus during the First Congo War (1996–1997)

21st century

* Effacer le tableau (2002–2003)
* Darfur (2003–)
* Masalit massacres
* Iraqi Sunni Arabs (2003–)
* Southern Kaduna (2011–2023)
* Iraqi Turkmen (2014–2017)
* Yazidis (2014–2017)
* Shias under ISIS (2014–)
* Christians under ISIS (2014–)
* Rohingyas, Kachins, and Burmese Muslims (2017–)
* Tigrayans, Kunamas, and Irobs (2020–2022)
* Bucha massacre (2022)
* Gazans (2023–)

Terms|

* Cultural genocide
* Democide
* Autogenocide
* Domicide
* Ecocide
* Ethnocide
* Eugenics
* Gendercide
* Androcide
* Transgender genocide
* Genocide of indigenous peoples
* Memoricide
* Policide
* Politicide
* Classicide
* Eliticide
* Utilitarian genocide
* War of annihilation

Methods|

* Cultural genocide
* Death marches
* Death squades
* Ethnic cleansing
* Extermination camp
* Forced adoption
* Forced assimilation
* Forced conversion
* Incitement
* Massacres
* Killing Fields
* Pogroms
* Mass killing
* Rape
* Settler colonialism
* Urbicide

Denial|

* The Holocaust
* Trivialization
* Armenian
* Japanese history textbook controversies
* Nanjing
* Serbian
* Bosnian
* Rwandan
* Holodomor
* Cambodian
* Indigenous

Issues|

* Definitions
* Names of the Holocaust
* Terminology of the Armenian genocide
* Holocaust terminology
* Genocide law
* Prevention
* Effects on young survivors
* Politics of recognition
* Justification
* Mass killings under communist regimes
* Anti-communist mass killings

Legal proceedings|

Holocaust trials (1943–2022)

* Krasnodar trial (1943)
* Kharkov trial (1943)
* Épuration légale (1944–1951)
* Majdanek trials (1944–1989)
* Chełmno trials (1945–2001)
* Dachau trials (1945–1947)
* Belsen trials (1945–1948)
* Euthanasia trials (1945–1949)
* Nuremberg trial (1945–1946)
* Minsk trial (1945–1946)
* Riga trial (1946)
* Stutthof trials (1946–1947)
* Post–World War II Romanian war crime trials (1946–1953)
* Supreme National Tribunal (1946–1948)
* Hamburg Ravensbrück trials (1946–1948)
* Nuremberg Military Tribunals (1946–1949)
* Erich von Manstein (1949)
* Ulm Einsatzkommando trial (1958)
* War crimes trials in Soviet Estonia (1961–1962)
* Eichmann trial (1961)
* Belzec trial (1963–1965)
* Frankfurt Auschwitz trials (1963–1989)
* Treblinka trials (1964–1970)
* Sobibor trial (1965–1966)
* Fedorenko trial (1986)
* Finta trial (1994)

20th century

* Budak trial (1945)
* International Military Tribunal for the Far East (1946–1948)
* Belgrade Process (1946)
* Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal (1946–1948)
* Bosnian genocide case (1993–2007)
* International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (1993–2017)
* Slobodan Milošević (2002–2006)
* Radovan Karadžić (2008–2016)
* Ratko Mladić (2011–2017)
* Trials of the Derg members (1994–2008)
* International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (1994–2015)
* Khmer Rouge Tribunal (1997–2022)
* Croatia–Serbia genocide case (1999–2015)

21st century

* International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur (2005–)
* Permanent Peoples' Tribunal on Sri Lanka (2010–2023)
* International Crimes Tribunal of Bangladesh (2012–)
* Rohingya genocide case (2019–)
* International Criminal Court investigation in Bangladesh/Myanmar (2019–)
* Uyghur Tribunal (2020–2021)
* International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine (2022–)
* Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2022–)
* South Africa v. Israel (2023–)
* Defense for Children International – Palestine et al v. Biden et al (2023–2024)
* Nicaragua v. Germany (2024)

Authority control databases: National |

* United States
* Israel

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