The Liberator (newspaper)

American abolitionist newspaper (1831–1865)

The Liberator

Liberator v.1, No.1, 1831

Type| Weekly newspaper
Publisher| William Lloyd Garrison and Isaac Knapp
Founded| January 1, 1831; 194 years ago (January 1, 1831)
Political alignment| Abolitionism
Feminism
Ceased publication| December 29, 1865 (1865-12-29)
City| Boston, Massachusetts
Country| United States
OCLC number| 1728160

* Media of the United States
* List of newspapers

The Liberator (1831–1865) was a weekly abolitionist newspaper, printed and published in Boston by William Lloyd Garrison and, through 1839, by Isaac Knapp. Religious rather than political, it appealed to the moral conscience of its readers, urging them to demand immediate freeing of the slaves ("immediatism"). It also promoted women's rights, an issue that split the American abolitionist movement. Despite its modest circulation of 3,000, it had prominent and influential readers, including all the abolitionist leaders, among them Frederick Douglass, Beriah Green, Arthur and Lewis Tappan, and Alfred Niger. It frequently printed or reprinted letters, reports, sermons, and news stories relating to American slavery, becoming a sort of community bulletin board for the new abolitionist movement that Garrison helped foster.

## History

[edit]

An issue of The Liberator depicting African Americans next to a lynching tree

Garrison co-published weekly issues of The Liberator from Boston continuously for 35 years, from January 1, 1831, to the final issue of December 29, 1865.[1] Although its circulation was only about 3,000, and three-quarters of subscribers (in 1834) were African Americans,[2] the newspaper earned nationwide notoriety for its uncompromising advocacy of "immediate and complete emancipation of all slaves" in the United States. Garrison set the tone for the paper in his famous open letter "To the Public" in the first issue:

Fundraising appeal of William Garrison, 1834

> ... Assenting to the "self-evident truth" maintained in the American Declaration of Independence, "that all men are created equal, and endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights—among which are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness," I shall strenuously contend for the immediate enfranchisement of our slave population. In Park-street Church, on the Fourth of July, 1829, in an address on slavery, I unreflectingly assented to the popular but pernicious doctrine of gradual abolition. I seize this opportunity to make a full and unequivocal recantation, and thus publicly to ask pardon of my God, of my country, and of my brethren the poor slaves, for having uttered a sentiment so full of timidity, injustice and absurdity. A similar recantation, from my pen, was published in the Genius of Universal Emancipation at Baltimore, in September, 1829. My conscience is now satisfied.[3] I am aware, that many object to the severity of my language; but is there not cause for severity? I will be as harsh as truth, and as uncompromising as justice. On this subject, I do not wish to think, or speak, or write, with moderation. No! no! Tell a man whose house is on fire, to give a moderate alarm; tell him to moderately rescue his wife from the hand of the ravisher; tell the mother to gradually extricate her babe from the fire into which it has fallen;—but urge me not to use moderation in a cause like the present. I am in earnest—I will not equivocate—I will not excuse—I will not retreat a single inch—AND I WILL BE HEARD.  ...

Rather than looking to politics to create change, Garrison utilized nonviolent means, such as moral suasion, as his message throughout the newspaper.[4][5] Garrison felt that slavery was a moral issue and used his way of writing to appeal to the morality of his readers as an attempt to influence them into changing their morally questionable ways. For example, "No Union with Slave-Holders" was a slogan utilized for weeks at a time throughout the newspaper's publication, advocating that the North should leave the Union.[5]

Garrison celebrates 13th amendment.

The Liberator continued for three decades from its founding through the end of the American Civil War. It had black columnists and reporters.[6] Garrison ended the newspaper's run with a valedictory column at the end of 1865, when the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery throughout the United States. It was succeeded by The Nation.[7]

## Women's rights advocacy

[edit]

Between January 7, 1832 and May 4, 1833, the Liberator published six articles by Maria W. Stewart, an abolitionist and one of the first American women to lecture before mixed-race and mixed-gender audiences.[8]

The Liberator also became an avowed women's rights newspaper when the prospectus for its 1838 issue declared that as the paper's objective was "to redeem woman as well as man from a servile to an equal condition," it would support "the rights of woman to their utmost extent."[9] In January and February 1838, the Liberator published Sarah Grimké's "Letters on the Province of Woman", and later that year published them as a book, to another of Garrison and Knapp's projects Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society.[10] During the following decades, the Liberator promoted women's rights by publishing editorials, petitions, convention calls and proceedings, speeches, legislative action, and other material advocating women's suffrage, equal property rights, and women's educational and professional equality. The Liberator's printers, Isaac Knapp, James Brown Yerrinton (1800–1866) and James Manning Winchell Yerrinton (1825–1893), and Robert Folger Wallcut (1797–1884), printed many of the women's rights tracts of the 1850s.

## Inspiration among abolitionists

[edit]

1850 Liberator masthead, designed by Hammatt Billings

The Liberator inspired abolitionist Angelina Grimké to publicly join the abolitionist movement. She sent a letter to William Lloyd Garrison recalling her experiences as a member of an upper class, white, slaveholding family. Angelina Grimké's letter to William Lloyd Garrison was soon after published in The Liberator.[11]

Frederick Douglass was at first inspired by The Liberator. As he commented upon in his first issue of The North Star, Douglass felt that it was necessary for African Americans, such as himself, to speak out about their own experiences with injustice. He claimed that those that experienced injustice were the ones that must demand justice.[12] Soon after, Douglass began writing his own abolitionist newspaper, The North Star.[13] By 1851 Douglass broke bitterly with Garrison and now worked for abolition and equality through the U.S. Constitution and political system.[14]

in 1836, five years after he agreed to be The Liberator's agent in Rhode Island, Alfred Niger helped to found the Rhode Island Anti-Slavery Society, one of only two Black men in the entire organization.[15]

## Resistance

[edit]

What changed The Liberator from a small abolitionist organ to a national one was the attention paid to it in the South. Southern papers reprinted and editorialized its articles and announcements, thus bringing them further to the attention of Northern readers and editors.[16]

The Liberator faced harsh resistance from several state legislatures and local groups: for example, North Carolina indicted Garrison for felonious acts, and the Vigilance Association of Columbia, South Carolina, offered a reward of $1,500 (equivalent to $47,245 in 2024) to those who identified distributors of the paper.[17]

Garrison also faced resistance, even to the point of violence. In 1835, a Boston mob formed with support from local newspapers in resistance to the announcement that George Thompson would speak at the first anniversary meeting of the Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society. The mob, unable to find Thompson, redirected their aggression towards Garrison who was in the society's meeting hall. Eventually escalation of the situation led to destruction of the society's antislavery sign, and even calls to lynch Garrison, around whose neck a piece of rope made into a noose was put. Garrison eventually managed a narrow escape; the mayor put him in the city jail for his protection.[18]

## Contents online

[edit]

* The Liberator full online archives at Fair Use Repository, including archives of full-page scans of all issues from 1831–1865 (Vols. I–XXXV).
* The Liberator Complete Archives at the Digital Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Original copy owned by Garrison and served as the copy of reference at The Liberator offices[19].
* The Liberator Files searchable (basic search only) collection maintained by Horace Seldon, which says on its home page that it contains "only a tiny portion of what appeared in the 1,803 editions of the paper".

### Garrison's articles

[edit]

Garrison wrote much of the content. He wrote while typesetting; that is to say, most was not written out on paper first. The following are examples of articles and editorials written by him:

* To the Public, Garrison's introductory column, January 1, 1831.
* Truisms, January 8, 1831.
* Walker's Appeal, January 8, 1831.
* The Insurrection, Garrison's reaction to the news of Nat Turner's slave rebellion in Virginia, September 3, 1831.
* The Great Crisis!, December 29, 1832, one of Garrison's first explicit condemnations of the Constitution and the Union.
* Declaration of Sentiments, adopted by the Boston Peace Convention September 18, 1838, reprinted in The Liberator, September 28, 1838.
* Abolition at the Ballot Box, June 28, 1839.
* The American Union, January 10, 1845.
* American Colorphobia, June 11, 1847.
* On the Dissolution of the Union, June 15, 1855.
* The Tragedy at Harper's Ferry, Garrison's first public comments on John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry, October 28, 1859.
* John Brown and the Principle of Nonresistance, a speech given at a meeting in the Tremont Temple, Boston, on December 2, 1859, the day that John Brown was hanged, printed December 16, 1859.
* The War – Its Cause and Cure, May 3, 1861.
* Valedictory: The Final Number of The Liberator, Garrison's closing column, December 29, 1865.

## See also

[edit]

* Abolitionist publications
* North Star, an anti-slavery newspaper owned and run by Frederick Douglass.
* Women's suffrage publications
* List of newspapers in Massachusetts

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Boston Directory, 1831, "Garrison & Knapp, editors and proprietors Liberator, 10 Merchants Hall, Congress Street"
2. ^ Ripley, C. Peter (1991). The Black Abolitionist Papers: Vol. III: The United States, 1830–1846, p. 9. UNC Press. ISBN 0807819263.
3. ^ "The Liberator". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on March 3, 2020. Retrieved March 3, 2020.
4. ^ "The Liberator | American newspaper". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on June 7, 2022. Retrieved May 22, 2017.
5. ^ a b "Book Review: All on Fire: William Lloyd Garrison and the Abolition of Slavery, by Henry Mayer". The Independent Institute. Archived from the original on September 20, 2015. Retrieved May 22, 2017.
6. ^ Hayden, Robert C. (1992). African-Americans in Boston: More than 350 Years. Trustees of the Boston Public Library. p. 112\. ISBN 0890730830.
7. ^ The Anti-Slavery Reporter, August 1, 1865, p. 187.
8. ^ Henderson, Christina (2013). "Sympathetic Violence: Maria Stewart's Antebellum Vision of African American Resistance". MELUS. 38 (4): 52–75\. doi:10.1093/melus/mlt051. ISSN 0163-755X. JSTOR 24570017.
9. ^ Liberator, December 15, 1837.
10. ^ Grimké, Sarah (1838). Letters on the equality of the sexes, and the condition of woman : addressed to Mary S. Parker, President of the Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society. Boston: Isaac Knapp.
11. ^ Berkin, Carol. "Angelina and Sarah Grimke: Abolitionist Sisters". Archived from the original on December 4, 2017. Retrieved May 24, 2017.
12. ^ "The North Star | American newspaper". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on September 11, 2017. Retrieved May 15, 2017.
13. ^ "Abolitionist Movement | HistoryNet". www.historynet.com. Archived from the original on December 31, 2014. Retrieved May 15, 2017.
14. ^ David W. Blight, Frederick Douglass: Prophet of Freedom (2018) pp. 216–220.
15. ^ Martin, CJ (August 1, 2019). "The "Mustard Seed": Providence's Alfred Niger, Antebellum Black Voting Rights Activist". SmallStateBigHistory.com. Archived from the original on August 10, 2021.
16. ^ Thomas, John L. (1963). The Liberator: William Lloyd Garrison. Little, Brwon And Company. p. 66.
17. ^ "Baltimore Niles Register, Oct. 29". nat-turner. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
18. ^ Mayer, Henry (1998). All on fire : William Lloyd Garrison and the abolition of slavery (1st ed.). St. Martin's Press. pp. 200–205. ISBN 0312187408.
19. ^ "The Liberator (Boston, Mass. : 1831–1865) – Digital Commonwealth". www.digitalcommonwealth.org. Archived from the original on January 24, 2021. Retrieved November 28, 2020.

## Bibliography

[edit]

* Fanuzzi, Robert A. " 'The Organ of an Individual': William Lloyd Garrison and the Liberator." Prospects 23 (1998): 107-127.
* Jacobs, Donald M. "William Lloyd Garrison's Liberator and Boston's Blacks, 1830-1865." New England Quarterly (1971): 259-277. online
* Nord, David Paul. "Tocqueville, Garrison and the perfection of journalism." Journalism History 13.2 (1986): 56-63. online
* Rohrbach, Augusta. " 'Truth Stranger and Stronger than Fiction': Reexamining William Lloyd Garrison’s The Liberator." in Truth Stranger Than Fiction: Race, Realism, and the US Literary Market Place (Palgrave Macmillan US, 2002) pp. 1–27.
* Streitmatter, Rodger (2001). Voices of Revolution. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 21–35. ISBN 0231122497.
* Williams, Cecil B. "Whittier's Relation to Garrison and the 'Liberator'." New England Quarterly (1952): 248-255. online

### Primary sources

[edit]

* Cain, William E. ed. William Lloyd Garrison and the Fight Against Slavery: Selections from The Liberator (Bedford Books of St. Martin’s Press, 1992)
* Garrison, William Lloyd. Documents of Upheaval: Selections from William Lloyd Garrison's The Liberator, 1831-1965 (Hill and Wang, 1966).

Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Liberator (anti-slavery newspaper).

## External links

[edit]

* The Liberator. Issues digitized by Boston Public Library.
* Seldon, Horace. "The Liberator Files". Horace Seldon's collection and summary. non-searchable PDFs of every issue.
* "The Liberator". LibriVox (public domain audiobooks).
* Works by or about The Liberator at the Internet Archive
* "The Liberator". Newspapers.com. (searchable; subscription required)
* "Angelina and Sarah Grimke: Abolitionist Sisters".
* The story of The Liberator is retold in Richard Durham's radio drama "The Liberators (Part I)", a presentation from Destination Freedom

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Underground Railroad

People|

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Places|

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Events|

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* Ann Maria Jackson and her seven children (1859)
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Topics|

* Abolitionism in the United States
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* The Railroad to Freedom: A Story of the Civil War (1932 book)
* A Woman Called Moses (1978 miniseries)
* Roots of Resistance (1989 documentary)
* The Quest for Freedom (1992 film)
* Freedom: The Underground Railroad (2013 board game)
* The North Star (2016 film)
* Underground (2016 TV series)
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See also: Slavery in the United States and Slavery in Canada

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Slave narratives

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Individuals
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North America:
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* Sam Aleckson
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South America|

* Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua
* Miguel de Buría
* Osifekunde

Non-fiction books|

* The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano (1789)
* The Narrative of Robert Adams (1816)
* American Slavery as It Is (1839)
* Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave (1845)
* The Life of Josiah Henson (1849)
* Twelve Years a Slave (1853)
* My Bondage and My Freedom (1855)
* Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl (1861)
* The Underground Railroad Records (1872)
* Life and Times of Frederick Douglass (1881)
* Up from Slavery (1901)
* Slave Narratives: A Folk History of Slavery in the United States (1936–38)
* The Peculiar Institution (1956)
* The Slave Community (1972)
* Barracoon: The Story of the Last "Black Cargo" (2018)

Fiction/novels|

* Oroonoko (1688)
* Sab (1841)
* Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852)
* The Heroic Slave (1852)
* Clotel (1853)
* The Bondwoman's Narrative (c. 1853 – c. 1861)
* Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp (1856)
* Our Nig (1859)
* Jubilee (1966)
* The Confessions of Nat Turner (1967)
* Roots: The Saga of an American Family (1976)
* Underground to Canada (1977)
* Kindred (1979)
* Dessa Rose (1986)
* Beloved (1987)
* Middle Passage (1990)
* Queen: The Story of an American Family (1993)
* Hang a Thousand Trees with Ribbons (1996)
* Ama: A Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade (2001)
* Walk Through Darkness (2002)
* The Known World (2003)
* Unburnable (2006)
* The Book of Negroes (2007)
* The Underground Railroad (2016)

Young adult books|

* Amos Fortune, Free Man (1951)
* I, Juan de Pareja (1965)
* Copper Sun (2006)

Essays|

* "To a Southern Slaveholder" (1848)
* A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin (1853)

Plays|

* The Escape; or, A Leap for Freedom (1858)
* The Octoroon (1859)
* Omar (2022)

Documentaries|

* Unchained Memories (2003)
* Frederick Douglass and the White Negro (2008)

Related|

* Abolitionism in the United States
* African-American literature
* Anti-Tom novels
* Atlantic slave trade
* Captivity narrative
* Caribbean literature
* Films featuring slavery
* Slavery in the United States
* Songs of the Underground Railroad
* Treatment of slaves in the United States
* List of last surviving American enslaved people
* Book of Negroes (1783)
* Cotton Plantation Record and Account Book (1847)
* Slave-Trading in the Old South (1931)
* Sarah Johnson's Mount Vernon (2008)
* Slave Songs of the United States (1867)
* Amazing Grace: An Anthology of Poems about Slavery (2002)
* The Hemingses of Monticello (2008)

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Suffrage

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Events|

| International|

* International Woman Suffrage Alliance conferences
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Hong Kong|

* Hong Kong 1 July marches
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United Kingdom|

* WSPU march (1906)
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* Women's Sunday (1908)
* Black Friday (1910)
* Battle of Downing Street (1910)
* Women's Coronation Procession (1911)
* Great Pilgrimage (1913)
* Open Christmas Letter (1914)
* Suffragette bombing and arson campaign

United States|

* Seneca Falls Convention (1848)
* Declaration of Sentiments (1848)
* Rochester Convention (1848)
* Ohio Women's Convention (1850)
* Ohio Women's Convention (1851)
* National Women's Rights Convention (1850–1869)
* Trial of Susan B. Anthony (1872–1873)
* Suffrage Hikes (1912–1914)
* Woman Suffrage Procession (1913)
* Suffrage Torch
* Suffrage Special (1916)
* Silent Sentinels (1917–1919)
* Night of Terror
* Prison Special
* 1920 United States presidential election
* "Give Us the Ballot" (1957)
* Freedom Summer (1964)
* Selma to Montgomery marches (1965)

Women
(memorials)|

* List of suffragists and suffragettes
* Timeline of women's suffrage
* US
* in majority-Muslim countries
* Historiography of the Suffragettes
* Women's suffrage organizations and publications
* Women's rights activists
* Leser v. Garnett
* Belmont–Paul Monument
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* Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst Memorial
* Elizabeth Cady Stanton statue
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* Women's Rights Pioneers Monument
* Forward statue
* Kate Sheppard National Memorial
* Millicent Fawcett statue
* Great Petition (2008 sculpture)
* Centenary of Women's Suffrage Commemorative Fountain
* Resilience
* Turning Point Suffragist Memorial
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* Paulsdale
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* Suffrage Oak
* Women's Rights National Historical Park
* Women's Suffrage National Monument
* International Women's Day
* Susan B. Anthony Day
* Women's Equality Day

Popular
culture|

* "The Women's Marseillaise"
* "The March of the Women" (1910 song)
* The Mother of Us All (1947 opera)
* "Sister Suffragette" (1964 song)
* Suffrage plays
* Women's suffrage in film
* Votes for Women (1912 film)
* Shoulder to Shoulder (1974 series)
* Not for Ourselves Alone (1999 documentary)
* Iron Jawed Angels (2004 film)
* Up the Women (2013 sitcom)
* Selma (2014 film)
* Suffragette (2015 film)
* Sylvia (2018 musical)
* Suffs (2022 musical)
* Lioness (upcoming film)
* Susan B. Anthony dollar
* National Voting Rights Museum (US)
* New Zealand ten-dollar note
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* 2020 US ten-dollar bill
* Art in the women's suffrage movement in the United States
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African American press

Newspapers|

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* Bay State Banner
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* The New York Age
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* The Washington Informer

|

South|

* African-American News and Issues
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Midwest|

* The Call
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West|

* Arizona Informant
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National|

* The Final Call

Defunct|

* The Advocate
* The Alaska Spotlight
* The Aliened American
* Arkansas State Press
* Athens Blade
* Athens Republique
* Athens Voice
* Atlanta Independent
* The Black Dispatch
* The Black Panther
* Black Times
* Boston Guardian
* The Broad Ax
* California Eagle
* The Carolina Times
* Charlottesville-Albemarle Tribune
* Chicago Bee
* The Chicago Conservator
* Chicago Whip
* The Circuit
* The City Sun
* The Cleveland Gazette
* The Colored American (Augusta, Georgia)
* The Colored American (New York City)
* The Colored American (Washington, D.C.)
* Daily Negro Times
* Dallas Express
* The Denver Star
* Detroit Plaindealer
* Detroit Tribune
* The Elevator
* The Equator
* Freedom
* Freedom's Journal
* Frost Illustrated
* Gary American
* Harambee
* Indianapolis Freeman
* Indianapolis Leader
* Ink
* Iowa Bystander
* Jackson Eagle Eye
* Louisianian
* Louisville Leader
* The McDowell Times
* Memphis Free Speech
* Memphis Post
* Metro Herald (Virginia)
* The Michigan Citizen
* Mirror of the Times
* The Mississippi Enterprise
* Mojo
* Muhammad Speaks
* Nashville Globe
* The Negro Star
* Negro World
* New National Era
* The North Star
* Pacific Appeal
* The People's Voice
* The Philadelphia Independent
* Pittsburgh Courier
* Portland New Age
* The Progressive Era
* Ravenswood Post
* The Reflector
* Richmond Planet
* The Rights of All
* The Seattle Republican
* The Shining Star
* Southwestern Christian Advocate
* The Washington Bee
* The Washington Sun
* The Appeal
* The Winter Park Advocate
* The Woman's Era
* Omaha Monitor
* Western Post
* Afro-American Sentinel
* The Enterprise
* Omaha Guide

Magazines|

* Black Enterprise
* Black Issues Book Review
* BLK
* Clutch
* The Colored American Magazine
* The Crisis
* Ebony
* Emerge
* Essence
* The Fader
* Fire!!
* theGrio
* The Horizon
* Jet
* King
* Negro Digest
* Our Women and Children
* Right On!
* The Root
* Sister 2 Sister
* Soul
* Tint
* Transition Magazine
* Visions Metro Weekly
* YSB

Organizations|

* Associated Negro Press
* National Association of Black Journalists
* National Association of Black Journalists Hall of Fame
* National Newspaper Publishers Association

Corporations|

* Perry Publishing and Broadcasting
* Real Times

Related|

* Abolitionist publications
* The Anti-Slavery Bugle
* Genius of Universal Emancipation
* The Liberator
* The National Era

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