The Monuments Men

2014 film by George Clooney

For the history, see Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives program and Monuments Men and Women Foundation.

The Monuments Men

Theatrical release poster

Directed by| George Clooney
Written by|

* George Clooney
* Grant Heslov

Based on|

The Monuments Men: Allied Heroes, Nazi Thieves and the Greatest Treasure Hunt in History

* Robert M. Edsel
* Bret Witter

Produced by|

* George Clooney
* Grant Heslov

Starring|

* George Clooney
* Matt Damon
* Bill Murray
* John Goodman
* Jean Dujardin
* Bob Balaban
* Hugh Bonneville
* Cate Blanchett

Cinematography| Phedon Papamichael
Edited by| Stephen Mirrione
Music by| Alexandre Desplat

Production
companies

* Columbia Pictures
* Fox 2000 Pictures
* Smokehouse Pictures
* Studio Babelsberg

Distributed by|

* Sony Pictures Releasing
(United States and Canada)
* 20th Century Fox
(International)

Release dates

* February 7, 2014 (2014-02-07) (United States)
* February 20, 2014 (2014-02-20) (Germany)

Running time

| 118 minutes[1]
Countries|

* Germany
* United States

Language| English
Budget| $70–91 million[2][3]
Box office| $156.4 million[2]

The Monuments Men is a 2014 war film directed by George Clooney, and written and produced by Clooney and Grant Heslov. The film stars an ensemble cast including Clooney, Matt Damon, Bill Murray, John Goodman, Jean Dujardin, Bob Balaban, Hugh Bonneville and Cate Blanchett.

The film is based on the 2007 non-fiction book The Monuments Men: Allied Heroes, Nazi Thieves and the Greatest Treasure Hunt in History by Robert M. Edsel and Bret Witter. It follows an Allied group from the Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives program that is given the task of finding and saving pieces of art and other culturally important items before Nazis destroy or steal them during World War II.[4][5]

The Monuments Men was co-produced by Columbia Pictures (in association with 20th Century Fox) and Babelsberg Studio. It received mixed reviews from critics and grossed $156.4 million worldwide against a $70 million budget.

## Plot

[edit]

In 1943, the Allies are making good progress driving back the Axis powers in Italy. Frank Stokes convinces President Roosevelt that victory will have little meaning if the artistic treasures of Western civilization are lost. Stokes is directed to assemble an Army unit nicknamed the "Monuments Men", comprising museum directors, curators, art historians, and an architect, to both guide Allied units and search for stolen art to return it to its rightful owners.

In July 1944, Claire Simone, a curator in occupied France, is forced to assist Nazi officer Viktor Stahl in the theft of art, either for Adolf Hitler's Führermuseum or as personal property of senior commanders such as Hermann Göring. All seems lost when she discovers that Stahl is taking her gallery's contents to Germany as the Allies approach Paris. She runs to the railyard to confront him, but can only watch as he departs aboard the train carrying the cargo.

In the field, Stokes' unit finds its work frustrated by Allied officers who refuse to endanger their troops for the sake of his mission. The unit splits up to cover more ground, with varying degrees of success. James Granger meets Simone, but she refuses to cooperate, suspecting the Americans want to confiscate the stolen art for themselves. British officer Donald Jeffries sneaks into occupied Bruges at night to save Michelangelo's Madonna of Bruges, but is killed in the attempt.

Richard Campbell and Preston Savitz learn that Van Eyck's Ghent Altarpiece was removed by the priests of Ghent Cathedral for safekeeping, but their truck was stopped and the panels taken. Eventually, they find and arrest Viktor Stahl, who is hiding as a farmer, when they identify the paintings in his house as masterpieces, at least one stolen from the Rothschild Collection.

In December 1944, Walter Garfield and Jean Claude Clermont get lost in the countryside and blunder into a firefight. Clermont is mortally wounded and dies when Garfield is unable to find medical help. Meanwhile, Simone reconsiders her refusal after Granger shows her the Nero Decree, which orders the destruction of all German possessions if Hitler dies or Germany falls, and she sees him return a painting looted from a Jewish family to its rightful place in their empty home. She provides a comprehensive ledger she has compiled, with valuable information on the stolen art and the rightful owners.

Even as the team learns that the artwork is being stored in various mines and castles, it also learns that it must now compete against the Soviet Union, which is seizing artwork from its occupation zone of Germany as war reparations. Meanwhile, Colonel Wegner is systematically destroying whole art caches. Eventually, the team has some success, as it discovers at least one mine hiding over 16,000 art pieces. In addition, the team captures the entire gold reserves of the Nazi German national treasury.

Finally, as the war ends in May 1945, the team finds a mine in Austria that appears to have been demolished, and the Soviets will be there in hours. Discovering that the entrances were actually blocked by the locals to prevent the Nazis from destroying the contents, the team evacuates as much artwork as possible, including sculptures, the Ghent Altarpiece, and the Madonna and Child, before the Soviets arrive.

Afterwards, Stokes reports back to President Truman that the team has recovered vast quantities of artwork and various other culturally significant items. As he requests to stay in Europe to oversee further searching and restoration, Truman asks Stokes if his efforts were worth the lives of the men he lost. He says they were. Truman then asks if, thirty years from then, anyone will remember that these men died for a piece of art. In the final scene, set in 1977, the elderly Stokes replies "Yeah", while he takes his grandson to see Michelangelo's Bruges Madonna.

## Cast

[edit]

* George Clooney as Lieutenant Frank Stokes, loosely based on George L. Stout
* Nick Clooney plays an aged Stokes
* Matt Damon as Lieutenant James Granger, loosely based on James Rorimer
* Bill Murray as Sergeant Richard Campbell, loosely based on Ralph Warner Hammett and Robert K. Posey
* John Goodman as Sergeant Walter Garfield, loosely based on Walker Hancock
* Jean Dujardin as 2nd Lieutenant Jean-Claude Clermont
* Bob Balaban as Private Preston Savitz, loosely based on Lincoln Kirstein
* Hugh Bonneville as 2nd Lieutenant Donald Jeffries, loosely based on Ronald E. Balfour
* Cate Blanchett as Claire Simone, loosely based on Rose Valland
* Serge Hazanavicius as René Armand, loosely based on Jacques Jaujard
* Sam Hazeldine as Colonel Langton
* Dimitri Leonidas as Private Sam Epstein, loosely based on Harry L. Ettlinger
* Grant Heslov as the Army Field Surgeon
* Miles Jupp as Major Fielding
* Justus von Dohnányi as Viktor Stahl, loosely based on Kurt von Behr
* Holger Handtke as Colonel Wegner
* Zahari Baharov as Major Elya, a Red Army officer tasked with finding artworks stolen by the Nazis.
* Buddy Elias as Agent Ute Nicolai

## Production

[edit]

Douglas C-47 Skytrain landing at Duxford Air Field during filming at Imperial War Museum Duxford

### Development

[edit]

A co-production between Columbia Pictures (in association with 20th Century Fox) and Germany's Studio Babelsberg,[6] the film was funded by the German Federal Film Fund (DFFF) with €8.5 million,[7] Mitteldeutsche Medienförderung, Medienboard Berlin-Brandenburg as well as Medien- und Filmgesellschaft Baden-Württemberg.[8][9] Casting was held in February 2013 for thousands of extras for the military scenes.[10][11]

### Filming

[edit]

Principal photography began in early March 2013, at the Babelsberg Studios in Potsdam, Germany, in the Berlin-Brandenburg region, and the Harz. The mines around Bad Grund, particularly the Wiemannsbucht and the Grube Hilfe Gottes, were used in the filming of outdoor scenes. Other outdoor locations were the towns of Lautenthal, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Goslar, Halberstadt, Merseburg and Osterwieck. Some of the scenes, including flights and American war base footage, were filmed at Imperial War Museum Duxford, Cambridgeshire, UK.[12][13] A farm in Ashford in Kent was also used.[14] Filming was scheduled to last until the end of June 2013, wrapping up in Rye, East Sussex.[15]

### Music

[edit]

Main article: The Monuments Men (soundtrack)

## Release

[edit]

George Clooney, Matt Damon, Jean Dujardin and producer Grant Heslov in Paris at the film's French premiere, February 2014

The film was originally set to be released on December 18, 2013,[16] and a trailer was released on August 8, 2013.[17] The release was pushed back to February 2014, because issues balancing humor with the serious nature of the subject matter caused post-production to take longer than expected.[18][19][20]

The film was screened on February 7, 2014, at the 64th Berlin International Film Festival.[21][22] It was also screened at UNESCO, on 27 March 2014, on the occasion of the panel discussion "Modern Day Monuments Men and Women" on the preservation of heritage in times of conflict and the fight against the illicit trafficking of cultural property.[23]

## Critical response

[edit]

The Monuments Men received mixed reviews from film critics.[24][25] On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 30% approval rating, based on 256 reviews, with an average score of 5.2/10. The website's critical consensus reads: "Its intentions are noble and its cast is impressive, but neither can compensate for The Monuments Men's stiffly nostalgic tone and curiously slack narrative."[26] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 52 out of 100, based on reviews from 43 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[24] Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade "B+" on scale of A to F.[27]

Peter Travers in Rolling Stone gave it three out of four stars, noting that while some of the dialogue and emotions seemed inauthentic, the physical production and cinematography were "exquisite," with shooting done on locations in Germany and England.[28] In comparing the film with contemporary ones, he considered it a "proudly untrendy, uncynical movie," where the story involved people seeking something more valuable than money. He added, "Clooney [as director] feels there's much to be learned from these unsung art warriors...The Monuments Men is a movie about aspiration, about culture at risk, about things worth fighting for. I'd call that timely and well worth a salute."[28] He also wrote that the film contains "a tone shift that may leave escapism junkies feeling betrayed."[28]

Richard Roeper from the Chicago Sun-Times called the film an "...engaging, shamelessly corny and entertaining World War II adventure inspired by true events"; he gave it 3 out of 4.[29] Richard Corliss from Time stated that "...[r]ather than juicing each element to blockbuster volume, Clooney has delivered it in the tone of a memorial lecture, warm and ambling, given by one of the distinguished academics he put in his movie."[30]

## Historical accuracy

[edit]

The film is based on real events, but the names of all characters were changed, and a number of further adjustments were made to the historical facts in the interests of drama.[31] According to Clooney, "80 percent of the story is still completely true and accurate, and almost all of the scenes happened".[32] The accounts of some events were altered to serve the film's dramatic portrayal of the retrieval of these treasures.

During the Nazi period, a huge number of European art treasures pillaged by the Germans had been stored in the Altaussee salt mine near the town of Bad Aussee. In the film, it is stated that 'local miners' had blown up the mine to prevent the contents being destroyed. In 1945 a British Special Operations Executive mission, codenamed Bonzos and led by Albrecht Gaiswinkler, was responsible for saving the looted art stored in Austrian salt mines. These personnel had been parachuted into the Aussee area, where Gaiswinkler raised a force of around 300 men, armed them with captured German weapons, and spent the last weeks and months of the war harassing local German forces. When the Americans arrived, his information helped them capture several prominent Nazis. He and his colleagues had captured the salt mine, prevented the destruction of the artworks held there, and were able to hand over "a number of Nazi treasure hoards, including a good copy of the Mona Lisa[33] (which is subject of debate)[34] and the Austrian Imperial Crown Jewels". Other artworks rescued included Hubert and Jan van Eyck's Ghent Altarpiece.[35][36][37][38][39]

Nigel Pollard of Swansea University was critical of the lack of historical accuracy, and wrote: "There's a kernel of history there, but The Monuments Men plays fast and loose with it in ways that are probably necessary to make the story work as a film, but the viewer ends up with a fairly confused notion of what the organisation Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives program (MFAA) was, and what it achieved. The real organisation was never a big one (a few dozen officers at most), but the film reduces it to just seven men to personalise the hunt for the looted art: five Americans, one British officer, the first to be killed off (Hugh Bonneville), and a Free French officer, marginalising the British role in the establishment of the organisation. This is presented as set up at Clooney's [Stokes'] initiative after the bombing of Monte Cassino (so, after February 1944). In fact, its origins actually went back to British efforts in Libya in 1942, and it already existed (albeit with teething troubles) when the Allies invaded Sicily in July 1943."[40] Historian Alex von Tunzelmann, noted several historical faults and said of the plot: "If you're getting the sense that the film is episodic and poorly structured, unfortunately you'd be right", and "There are far too many characters, so the screenplay splits them up into little groups and sends them off on various errands. Some of these are more exciting than others – but they do not add up to a satisfying plot. A TV series might have been a better vehicle for the "monuments men" stories than a feature film... The story is fascinating, but this film's good intentions are hampered by its lack of pace, direction, tone and properly fleshed-out characters."[41]

## See also

[edit]

* Rescuing Da Vinci (2006 book)
* The Rape of Europa (1994 book and 2006 documentary film)
* The Train (1964 film)
* The Hessen Affair (2009 film)
* Woman in Gold (2015 film)

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "THE MONUMENTS MEN". Archived from the original on July 29, 2020. Retrieved April 17, 2020.
2. ^ a b The Monuments Men at Box Office Mojo Retrieved March 26, 2014
3. ^ FilmL.A. (May 2015). "2014 Feature Film Study" (PDF). FilmL.A. Feature Film Study. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 24, 2018. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
4. ^ Fleming, Mike Jr. (October 29, 2012). "George Clooney Sets Daniel Craig, Bill Murray, Cate Blanchett, Jean Dujardin For WWII Drama 'Monuments Men'". Deadline. Archived from the original on June 3, 2023. Retrieved September 26, 2023.
5. ^ "Directors' Page". Monuments Men and Women Foundation. Archived from the original on March 31, 2012. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
6. ^ "THE MONUMENTS MEN, Directed by and Starring George Clooney, Begins Production in Germany" (Press release). Studio Babelsberg. March 6, 2013. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
7. ^ "Produktionsspiegel 2014" (PDF) (in German). Deutscher Filmförderfonds. January 6, 2014. p. 32\. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 21, 2014. Retrieved March 20, 2014.
8. ^ "Rekordwert für den Deutschen Filmförderfonds". Bundesregierung - Federal Republic of Germany. January 24, 2014. Archived from the original on August 16, 2018. Retrieved February 14, 2014.
9. ^ "George Clooney zurück in Berlin: Studio Babelsberg Koproduktion Monuments Men – Ungewöhnliche Helden hat Premiere auf der Berlinale" (Press release). Studio Babelsberg. November 8, 2013. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
10. ^ "Komparsen für Clooney-Film in Babelsberg gesucht". Berlin.de, Official Berlin press release (in German). Archived from the original on January 28, 2013. Retrieved January 25, 2013.
11. ^ "Tausende Berliner Männer als Komparsen für die Dreharbeiten des historischen Kinofilmes THE MONUMENTS MEN" (in German). Babelsberg Studios press release. January 26, 2013. Archived from the original on August 16, 2018. Retrieved September 8, 2013. – Appears to be accessible only if the browser's language is German.
12. ^ "IN PICTURES: Hollywood stars come to Cambridge as George Clooney films Monuments Men with Matt Damon and John Goodman". Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved May 30, 2013.
13. ^ "George Clooney and Matt Damon try out Cambridge gym". BBC News. June 4, 2013. Archived from the original on June 5, 2013. Retrieved June 5, 2013.
14. ^ Kent Film Office (February 5, 2014). "Kent Film Office The Monuments Men Article". Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved July 30, 2015.
15. ^ Chitwood, Adam (March 5, 2013). "Production Begins on George Clooney's THE MONUMENTS MEN Starring Matt Damon, Cate Blanchett, and Bill Murray". Collider.com. Archived from the original on March 7, 2013. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
16. ^ Han, Angie (December 7, 2012). "Release Dates: George Clooney's 'Monuments Men' Slotted for December 2013, Terence Malick's 'To the Wonder' Announces April Release". /Film. Archived from the original on June 9, 2021. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
17. ^ Tapley, Kristopher (August 8, 2013). "'Monuments Men' trailer finds George Clooney and Matt Damon on the hunt for stolen art". HitFix. Archived from the original on August 10, 2013. Retrieved August 8, 2013.
18. ^ Dockterman, Eliana (October 22, 2013). "George Clooney's Monuments Men Pushed to 2014". Time. Archived from the original on October 23, 2013. Retrieved November 15, 2023.
19. ^ "George Clooney Struggles With Tone of 'Monuments Men': 'It's Been a Bit of a Dance' (Exclusive)". The Wrap. October 23, 2013. Archived from the original on January 8, 2020. Retrieved January 30, 2014.
20. ^ "The Monuments Men Moves to 2014". ComingSoon.net. October 23, 2013. Archived from the original on October 23, 2013. Retrieved October 23, 2013.
21. ^ Fleming, Mike. "'Monuments Men' Release Date - Set For February 7, 2014". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved November 15, 2013.
22. ^ "The Monuments Men in the Official Programme of the 64th Berlinale". berlinale.de. Archived from the original on December 15, 2013. Retrieved November 17, 2013.
23. ^ "UNESCO Illicit Trafficking of Cultural Property". Archived from the original on April 4, 2014. Retrieved March 27, 2014.
24. ^ a b "The Monuments Men Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on November 1, 2017. Retrieved February 9, 2014.
25. ^ "George Clooney, Matt Damon Attend White House Screening Of 'The Monuments Men'". International Business Times. February 19, 2004. Archived from the original on August 9, 2014. Retrieved October 17, 2015.
26. ^ "The Monuments Men (2013)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Archived from the original on December 2, 2020. Retrieved May 13, 2025.
27. ^ Brueggemann, Tom (February 9, 2014). "Box Office Top Ten: 'The Lego Movie ' Wins the Gold, 'Monuments Men' Settles for Silver". IndieWire. Archived from the original on August 1, 2021. Retrieved May 4, 2020.
28. ^ a b c Travers, Peter (January 31, 2014). "The Monuments Men". Rolling Stone. Retrieved October 17, 2021.
29. ^ Roeper, Richard (February 7, 2014). "Oceans 11 goes to war, in the name of art". Chicago Sun-Times – via The Hamilton Spectator.
30. ^ Richard Corliss (February 6, 2014). "The Monuments Men Is George Clooney's Art of War". TIME.
31. ^ "The Monuments Men (2014)". History vs Hollywood. 2014. Archived from the original on March 2, 2014. Retrieved March 2, 2014.
32. ^ Markovitz, Adam (August 12, 2013). "George Clooney talks 'The Monuments Men'". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on August 13, 2013. Retrieved March 2, 2014.
33. ^ Charney, Noah (November 12, 2013). "Did the Nazis steal the Mona Lisa?". www.theguardian.com. Archived from the original on September 26, 2018. Retrieved December 15, 2018.
34. ^ Evans, Michael (2001). "Mona Lisa 'was saved from Nazis by British agent'". museum-security.org. Archived from the original on November 4, 2016. Retrieved May 17, 2013.
35. ^ Harclerode, Peter & Pittaway, Brendan (2000). The Lost Masters: Looting of Europe's Treasurehouses. London: Orion. ISBN 0-7528-3440-1.
36. ^ Mackenzie, William (2000). The Secret History of S.O.E.: Special Operations Executive 1940-1945. London: St Ermin's Press. ISBN 1-903608-11-2.
37. ^ "Albrecht Gaiswinkler, Biografie". parlament.gv.at (in German). 2013. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved May 17, 2013.
38. ^ "The Last Days of Ernst Kaltenbrunner". Central Intelligence Agency. 2012. Archived from the original on January 9, 2008. Retrieved May 17, 2013.
39. ^ Reder, Christian (2006). "Im Salzbergwerk". christianreder.net (in German). Archived from the original on July 17, 2012. Retrieved May 17, 2013.
40. ^ Emma McFarnon (February 19, 2014). "Historian at the Movies: The Monuments Men reviewed". History Extra. Archived from the original on February 28, 2014. Retrieved February 1, 2024.
41. ^ von Tunzelmann, Alex (February 20, 2014). "The Monuments Men: a rickety plot ruins this relic hunt". The Guardian. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015. Retrieved October 17, 2023.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Monuments Men.

* Official website
* The Monuments Men at IMDb
* The Monuments Men at the TCM Movie Database
* The Monuments Men at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
* The Monuments Men at Box Office Mojo
* The Monuments Men at Rotten Tomatoes
* The Monuments Men at Metacritic
* Monuments Men book

* v
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* e

George Clooney

* Filmography
* Awards and nominations

Films directed|

* Confessions of a Dangerous Mind (2002)
* Good Night, and Good Luck (2005)
* Leatherheads (2008)
* The Ides of March (2011)
* The Monuments Men (2014)
* Suburbicon (2017)
* The Midnight Sky (2020)
* The Tender Bar (2021)
* The Boys in the Boat (2023)

Plays written|

* Good Night, and Good Luck

Related articles|

* Section Eight Productions
* Smokehouse Pictures
* The Sentry
* Casamigos

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World Soundtrack Award for Film Composer of the Year

2000s|

* John Williams – A.I. Artificial Intelligence (2001)
* Patrick Doyle – Gosford Park (2002)
* Elliot Goldenthal – Frida (2003)
* Gabriel Yared – Cold Mountain (2004)
* Angelo Badalamenti – Un long dimanche de fiançailles (2005)
* Alberto Iglesias – The Constant Gardener (2006)
* Alexandre Desplat – The Queen /  The Painted Veil (2007)
* James Newton Howard – Charlie Wilson's War / Michael Clayton / I Am Legend (2008)
* Alexandre Desplat – Cheri / Coco avant Chanel / The Curious Case of Benjamin Button / Largo Winch (2009)

2010s|

* Alexandre Desplat – Fantastic Mr. Fox / The Ghost Writer / Julie & Julia / The Twilight Saga: New Moon (2010)
* Alexandre Desplat – A Better Life / The Burma Conspiracy / Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 / Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 / The King's Speech / The Tree of Life / The Well Digger's Daughter (2011)
* Alberto Iglesias – The Monk / The Skin I Live In / Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (2012)
* Mychael Danna – Life of Pi (2013)
* Alexandre Desplat – Godzilla / The Grand Budapest Hotel / Marius / The Monuments Men / Philomena / Venus in Fur / Zulu (2014)
* Michael Giacchino – Dawn of the Planet of the Apes / Inside Out / Jupiter Ascending / Jurassic World / Tomorrowland (2015)
* Carter Burwell – Anomalisa / Carol / The Family Fang / The Finest Hours / Hail, Caesar! / Legend (2016)
* Jóhann Jóhannsson – Arrival (2017)
* Jóhann Jóhannsson – The Butcher, The Whore and the One-Eyed Man / Last and First Man / Mandy / Mary Magdalene / The Mercy (2018)
* Nicholas Britell – If Beale Street Could Talk / Vice (2019)

2020s|

* Hildur Guðnadóttir – Joker (2020)
* Daniel Pemberton – Enola Holmes / Rising Phoenix / The Trial of the Chicago 7 (2021)
* Jonny Greenwood – The Power of the Dog / Spencer (2022)
* Volker Bertelmann – All Quiet on the Western Front / Memory of Water / War Sailor (2023)
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Art and World War II

In Nazi Germany, before
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* Degenerate art (Entartete Kunst)
* Degenerate Art Exhibition (1937)
* Nazi plunder
* Art theft and looting during World War II
* Looting of Poland
* Nazi storage sites
* stolen paintings

Art recovery|

* Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives program ("Monuments Men") – personnel
* The Spoils of War (symposium) (1995)
* Washington Principles on Nazi-Confiscated Art
* Gurlitt Collection

In popular culture|

* The Train (1964 film)
* The Rape of Europa (1994 book, 2006 documentary)
* Rescuing Da Vinci (2006 book)
* Stealing Klimt (2007 documentary)
* The Monuments Men (2014 film)
* Woman in Gold (2015 film)

Related|

* Menzel v. List (1966)
* Republic of Austria v. Altmann (2004)

Authority control databases

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* VIAF

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* Germany
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Other|

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