The Shubert Organization

Theatrical producing organization and a major owner of theatres

The Shubert Organization

Company type| Organization
Industry| Theatre
Founded| 1900
Founder| Sam S., Jacob J. and Lee Shubert

Key people

* The Shuberts (Founders)
* Robert E. Wankel (Chairman and CEO), 2020–

Owner| Shubert Foundation
Website| shubert.nyc

The Shubert Organization is a theatrical producing organization and a major owner of theatres based in Manhattan, New York City. It was founded by the three Shubert brothers — Lee, Sam, and Jacob J. Shubert — in the late 19th century. They steadily expanded, owning many theaters in New York and across the United States. Since then it has gone through changes of ownership, but it is still a major theater chain.

## History

[edit]

The Shubert Organization was founded by the Shubert brothers, Sam S. Shubert, Lee Shubert, and Jacob J. Shubert of Syracuse, New York – colloquially and collectively known as "The Shuberts" – in the late 19th century in upstate New York, entering into New York City productions in 1900. The organization produced a large number of shows and began acquiring theaters. Sam Shubert died in 1905; by 1916 the two remaining brothers had become powerful theater moguls with a nationwide presence.

In 1907, the Shuberts tried to enter vaudeville with the United States Amusement Co. In the spring of 1920 they made another attempt, establishing the Shubert Advanced Vaudeville with Lee Shubert as President and playing two shows per day in Boston, Dayton, Detroit, Cleveland, Chicago, Philadelphia and in September 1921 opening in New York.

In April 1922, the Shuberts teamed with Isidore Herk and E. Thomas Beatty formed the Affiliated Theatres Corporation, which would book shows for the chain. Faced with fierce competition from the B. F. Keith Circuit, the Shuberts closed their vaudeville operation in February 1923.[1]

By 1929, the Shubert Theatre chain included Broadway's most important venues, the Winter Garden, the Sam S. Shubert, and the Imperial theaters, and owned, managed, operated, or booked nearly a thousand theaters nationwide. The company continued to produce stage productions in New York until the 1940s, returning to producing Broadway productions in the 1970s after a hiatus.

The company was reorganized in 1973, and as of 2016 owned or operated seventeen Broadway theaters in New York City, two off-Broadway theaters — Stage 42 and New World Stages — and the Forrest Theatre in Philadelphia.[2] It leases Boston's Shubert Theatre to the Citi Performing Arts Center.[3] Shubert Ticketing, which includes Telecharge, handles tickets for 70 theaters.

Several former Shubert-owned theaters across the United States are still referred to by the Shubert name. One of the most famous is the New Haven Shubert, the second theater ever built by the Shubert Organization. Until the 1970s, major Broadway producers often premiered shows there before opening in New York. It was immortalized in many mid-20th century films, such as All About Eve.

Another important regional theater was the Shubert in Chicago, Illinois, located within the Majestic Building at 22 West Monroe Street. Originally known as the Majestic Theatre, the Shubert Organization purchased it in 1945 and rechristened it the "Sam Shubert Theatre". The Shuberts sold the theatre to the Nederlander Organization in 1991 and is now known as the CIBC Theatre.

In 2016, it sold its longtime headquarters at 1700 Broadway to Ruben Cos for $280 million.[4]

## Theatres

[edit]

### Broadway

[edit]

* Ambassador Theatre
* Ethel Barrymore Theatre
* Belasco Theatre
* Booth Theatre
* Broadhurst Theatre
* Broadway Theatre
* John Golden Theatre
* Imperial Theatre
* Bernard B. Jacobs Theatre
* James Earl Jones Theatre
* Longacre Theatre
* Lyceum Theatre
* Majestic Theatre
* Music Box Theatre
* Gerald Schoenfeld Theatre
* Shubert Theatre
* Winter Garden Theatre

### Off-Broadway

[edit]

* Stage 42
* New World Stages

### Regional

[edit]

* Forrest Theatre (Philadelphia)
* Shubert Theatre (Boston)

## Former theatres

[edit]

### Broadway

[edit]

* Avon Theatre[5][6]
* Adelphi Theatre (1944–1970)
* Bijou Theatre[5]
* Casino Theatre (from 1903)[5]
* Central Theatre (1918–1988)
* Century Theatre[5]
* Century Theatre Roof
* Comedy Theatre (1909–1931)[5]
* Cosmopolitan Theatre[5]
* Maxine Elliott Theatre (1906–1956)[5]
* Forrest Theatre (1925–1945)[7]
* 44th Street Theatre (1912–1945)
* Nora Bayes Theatre (on roof)
* 49th Street Theatre[5][8]
* 46th Street Theatre (1935–1945)
* Sam H. Harris Theatre[5]
* Herald Square Theatre (1900–?)[9]
* Hippodrome Theatre (1906-1915)[9][10]
* Jolson's 59th Street Theatre[5]
* Lyric Theatre (1903–?)[9]
* Madison Square Theatre[10]
* Majestic Theatre (Columbus Circle)[5]
* Manhattan Center (1911–1922)
* Morosco Theatre
* National Theatre (?-1956)
* New Century Theatre
* Princess Theatre (29th St) (1902–1907)[9]
* Ritz Theatre (1921–1956)
* St. James Theatre (1941–1957)
* Waldorf Theatre[5] (Fiftieth Street, East of Broadway[11])

### Subway Circuit

[edit]

* Bronx Opera House, Bronx[5]
* Grand Opera House, Brooklyn[12]
* Riviera Theatre, Manhattan [13]
* Shubert Majestic Theatre, Brooklyn[5]
* Teller's Shubert Theatre, Brooklyn[5]

### Regional

[edit]

* Harmanus Bleecker Hall (Albany)[9]
* Capitol Theatre (Albany)[5]
* Auditorium Theatre (Baltimore)[5]
* Boston Opera House (Boston)
* Colonial Theatre (Boston) (?-1957)[14]
* Columbia Theatre (Boston) (1903–1904)[15]
* Majestic Theatre (Boston) (1903–1956)[16]
* Plymouth Theatre (Boston) (1927–1957)
* Wilbur Theatre (Boston)[17]
* Teck Theatre (Buffalo)[9]
* Blackstone Theatre (Chicago) (1948–1989)
* Erlanger Theatre (Chicago)[17]
* Garrick Theater (Chicago) (1903–?)[9][18]
* Great Northern Theatre (Chicago)[17]
* Olympic Theatre (Chicago)[5]
* Princess Theatre (Chicago)[5]
* Grand Opera House (Chicago)[19]
* Shubert Theatre (Chicago) (1945–1991)
* Cox Theatre (Cincinnati)[17]
* Shubert Theatre (Cincinnati)[17][20]
* Colonial Theatre (Cleveland)[9][21]
* Hanna Theatre (Cleveland)[5]
* Cass Theatre (Detroit) (1926–1962)[22]
* Garrick Theatre (Detroit)[5]
* Shubert-Lafayette Theatre (Detroit) (1925–1957)[22][23]
* Parsons Theatre (Hartford)[5]
* Murat Theatre (Indianapolis)[5]
* Shubert Theatre (Kansas City)[24]
* Shubert's Missouri Theatre (Kansas City)[25]
* Shubert Theatre (Los Angeles) (1972–2002)
* Shubert Theatre (Newark)[5]
* Shubert Theatre (New Haven) (1914–1941)[26]
* Adelphi Theatre (Philadelphia)[5]
* Chestnut Street Opera House (Philadelphia)[5]
* Locust Theatre (Philadelphia) (?-1956)[27]
* Lyric Theatre (Philadelphia)[5]
* Shubert Theatre (Philadelphia) (1918–1957)[14]
* Walnut Street Theatre (Philadelphia) (1941–1969)
* Providence Opera House (Providence)[5]
* Shubert Theater (Saint Paul) (1910–1933)
* Alvin Theatre (Pittsburgh)[5]
* Duquesne Theatre (Pittsburgh)[9]
* Pitt Theatre (Pittsburgh)[5]
* Baker Theatre (Rochester) (1899–?)[9][28]
* Cook Opera House (Rochester) (1898–1899)[9]
* Curran Theatre (San Francisco)[5]
* Garrick Theatre (St. Louis)[9][29]
* Shubert Theatre (St. Louis)[30]
* Bastable Theatre (Syracuse) (1897–?)[9]
* Grand Opera House (Syracuse)[9]
* Wieting Opera House (Syracuse)[5]
* Town Hall Theatre (Toledo) (1945–1953)[31][32][33]
* Royal Alexandra Theatre (Toronto)[5]
* Rand Opera House (Troy, New York)[9]
* Majestic Theatre (Utica)[9]
* Belasco Theatre (Washington, D.C.)[5]
* Poli's Theatre (Washington, D.C.)[5]
* Shubert Theatre (Washington, D.C.)[34]
* Shubert-Garrick Theater (Washington, D.C.)[35]
* National Theatre (Washington, D.C.) (1980–2012)[36][37]
* Playhouse Theatre (Wilmington, Delaware)[5]

### London

[edit]

* Waldorf Theatre (1905–1909)[9]

## See also

[edit]

* Shubert family

## References

[edit]

Notes

1. ^ Slide, Anthony (2012). The Encyclopedia of Vaudeville. University Press of Mississippi. pp. 465–466. ISBN 978-1-61703-250-9. Retrieved May 24, 2014.
2. ^ "Our Theatres". Shubert Organization. Archived from the original on February 1, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2013.
3. ^ "Wang Center Expected To Take Over Theater". Bangor Daily News. Associated Press. February 16, 1996. Retrieved August 23, 2013.
4. ^ Boysen, Ryan (February 9, 2016). "This Week's NY Deal Sheet". Bisnow Media.
5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj "Who Owns the Theatres?". The New York Times. November 20, 1927. Retrieved August 23, 2013.
6. ^ "Klaw Theatre". Playbill Vault. Retrieved September 3, 2013.
7. ^ "Forrest Theatre". Playbill Vault. Retrieved September 3, 2013.
8. ^ "49th Street Theatre". Playbill Vault. Retrieved September 3, 2013.
9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Hirsch, Foster (November 20, 1998). The boys from Syracuse: the Shuberts' theatrical empire. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. ISBN 0809321564.
10. ^ a b Fletcher, Regan (2002). "1900–1910". The Passing Show. 22 (2): 3–6.
11. ^ "Daily News from New York, New York". February 6, 1927.
12. ^ Cezar Del Valle (2010). "Grand Opera House". The Brooklyn Theatre Index, Volume I: Adams Street to Lorimer Street. Theatre Talks, LLC. ISBN 9780982772409.
13. ^ Jean. "Riviera Theatre". Cinema Treasures.
14. ^ a b "Shuberts Sell Theatre". The New York Times. December 5, 1957. Retrieved August 26, 2013.
15. ^ "Columbia Theatre in Boston, MA". Cinema Treasures. Retrieved June 10, 2014.
16. ^ "History of the Cutler Majestic Theatre". CutlerMajestic.org. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
17. ^ a b c d e Ranzal, Edward (February 18, 1956). "Shubert Consents to Break Up Chain". The New York Times. Retrieved August 26, 2013.
18. ^ "Garrick Theatre in Chicago, IL". Cinema Treasures. Retrieved June 10, 2014.
19. ^ Konrad Schiecke (2011). "1875 Coliseum/ 1878 Hamlin's Theatre/ 1880 Grand Opera House / 1912 George M. Cohan's Grand Opera /House / 1926 Four Cohans / 1942 RKO Grand Theatre". Downtown Chicago's Historic Movie Theatres. McFarland & Company. pp. 50–56. ISBN 9780786488650.
20. ^ Zolotow, Sam (November 19, 1962). "Death of John Shubert Provokes Speculation on Theater Empire". The New York Times. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
21. ^ Fearing, Heidi. "Colonial Theatre". Cleveland Historical. Retrieved June 10, 2014.
22. ^ a b Austin, Dan. "Cass Theatre". HistoricDetroit.org. Retrieved August 28, 2013.
23. ^ Kakutani, Michiko (September 14, 1980). "The Great Theater Duel and How It Affects Broadway". The New York Times. Retrieved August 28, 2013.
24. ^ "Sam S. Shubert Theatre in Kansas City, MO – Cinema Treasures". Retrieved March 24, 2019.
25. ^ "Folly Theater in Kansas City, MO – Cinema Treasures". Retrieved March 24, 2019.
26. ^ "New Haven Theatre Sold". The New York Times. August 2, 1941. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
27. ^ "Locust Theatre Let". The New York Times. August 25, 1957. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
28. ^ McKelvey, Blake. "The Theater in Rochester During Its First Nine Decades". Rochester History. XVI (3).
29. ^ "Garrick Theatre in St. Louis, MO". Cinema Treasures. Retrieved June 10, 2014.
30. ^ "Loew's Mid City Theatre in St. Louis, MO". Cinema Treasures. Retrieved June 10, 2014.
31. ^ "Capitol Theater Soon To House Legitimate Plays". The Toledo Blade. April 18, 1945. Retrieved August 23, 2013.
32. ^ Woodbury, Mike (June 7, 1945). "Capitol Gets a New Name". The Toledo Blade. Retrieved August 23, 2013.
33. ^ "Burlesque is Back on Town Hall Stage". The Toledo Blade. September 4, 1953. Retrieved August 23, 2013.
34. ^ "Shubert Theatre in Washington, DC – Cinema Treasures". Retrieved March 24, 2019.
35. ^ "Shubert-Garrick Theater in Washington, DC – Cinema Treasures". Retrieved March 24, 2019.
36. ^ "Shubert Wins Management Case". The New York Times. June 14, 1980. Retrieved August 23, 2013.
37. ^ Harris, Paul (September 20, 2012). "New bookers for D.C. National". Variety. Retrieved August 23, 2013.

Further reading

* Hirsch, Foster (1998). The boys from Syracuse: the Shuberts' theatrical empire. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. ISBN 978-0815411031.
* Kleinfield, N. R. (July 10, 1994). "How a Shubert Fund Produces and Directs". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 12, 2014.
* Kleinfield, N. R. (July 11, 1994). "I.R.S. Ruling Wrote Script For the Shubert Tax Break". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 12, 2014.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shubert Organization.

* Official website
* Shubert Foundation website Archived June 9, 2019, at the Wayback Machine
* Shubert Archive website[permanent dead link‍]
* Shubert Theatre Organization materials, 1977–1997, held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts

* v
* t
* e

Broadway theatres

List

Active, by owner

| The Shubert Organization (17)|

* Ambassador Theatre
* Belasco Theatre
* Bernard B. Jacobs Theatre
* Booth Theatre
* Broadhurst Theatre
* Broadway Theatre
* Ethel Barrymore Theatre
* Gerald Schoenfeld Theatre
* Imperial Theatre
* James Earl Jones Theatre
* John Golden Theatre
* Longacre Theatre
* Lyceum Theatre
* Majestic Theatre
* Music Box Theatre
* Shubert Theatre
* Winter Garden Theatre

|

Nederlander Organization (9)|

* Gershwin Theatre
* Lena Horne Theatre
* Lunt-Fontanne Theatre
* Marquis Theatre
* Minskoff Theatre
* Nederlander Theatre
* Neil Simon Theatre
* Palace Theatre
* Richard Rodgers Theatre

ATG Entertainment (7)|

* Al Hirschfeld Theatre
* August Wilson Theatre
* Eugene O'Neill Theatre
* Hudson Theatre
* Lyric Theatre
* St. James Theatre
* Walter Kerr Theatre

Roundabout Theatre Company (3)|

* Stephen Sondheim Theatre
* Studio 54
* Todd Haimes Theatre

Other (5)|

* Circle in the Square Theatre (independent)
* Hayes Theater (Second Stage)
* New Amsterdam Theatre (Disney)
* Samuel J. Friedman Theatre (MTC)
* Vivian Beaumont Theater (Lincoln Center)

Extant former
Broadway theatres|

* Ed Sullivan Theater (CBS)
* Edison Theatre (Hotel Edison)
* Empire Theatre (AMC Theatres)
* Liberty Theatre
* Mark Hellinger Theatre (Times Square Church)
* New Victory Theater (New 42nd Street)
* Sony Hall (Blue Note Entertainment Group)
* Times Square Theater (New 42nd Street)

Defunct and/or demolished

| Post-1949|

* 48th Street Theatre
* Adelphi Theatre
* Apollo Theatre
* Bijou Theatre
* Center Theatre
* Colonial Theatre
* Empire Theatre
* Fulton Theatre
* International Theatre
* Latin Quarter
* Metropolitan Opera House
* Morosco Theatre
* New Century Theatre
* Playhouse Theatre
* President Theatre
* Rialto Theatre
* Vanderbilt Theatre
* Ziegfeld Theatre

|

Post-1919|

* 39th Street Theatre
* 44th Street Theatre
* 49th Street Theatre
* American Music Hall
* Anco Cinema
* Astor Theatre
* Belmont Theatre
* Bowery Theatre
* Broadway Theatre
* Casino de Paris
* Casino Theatre
* Century Theatre
* Charles Hopkins Theatre
* Civic Repertory Theatre
* Comedy Theatre
* Concert Theatre
* Criterion Theatre
* Daly's 63rd Street Theatre
* Earl Carroll Theatre
* Fifth Avenue Theatre
* Gaiety Theatre
* Garrick Theatre
* George M. Cohan's Theatre
* Hippodrome Theatre
* Knickerbocker Theatre
* Klaw Theatre
* Lewisohn Stadium of City College of New York
* Lyric Theatre (1903)
* Maxine Elliott's Theatre
* Nora Bayes Theatre
* Princess Theatre
* Sam H. Harris Theatre
* Waldorf Theatre

Post-1866|

* Abbey's Park Theatre
* Academy of Music
* Bandbox Theatre
* Barnum's New American Museum
* Bijou Theatre
* Broadway Theatre
* Central Theatre
* Circle Theatre
* Daly's Theatre
* Garden Theatre
* Grand Opera House
* Herald Square Theatre
* Hoyt's Theatre
* Koster and Bial's Music Hall
* Lyceum Theatre
* Madison Square Roof Garden
* Manhattan Theatre
* Murray Hill Theatre
* New Bowery Theatre
* New Theatre Comique
* New York Theatre
* Niblo's Garden
* Olympic Theatre
* Paradise Roof Garden
* Princess Theatre
* Savoy Theatre
* Star Theatre
* Theatre Comique
* Victoria Theatre
* Wallack's Theatre
* Weber's Music Hall
* Winter Garden Theatre

Pre-musical|

* American Theatre
* Anthony Street Theatre
* Barnum's American Museum
* Booth's Theatre
* Broadway Theatre
* Burton's Chambers Street Theatre
* John Street Theatre
* Nassau Street Theatre
* National Theatre
* Olympic Theatre
* Park Theatre
* Richmond Hill Theatre

* v
* t
* e

Special Tony Award

1947–1975|

* Dora Chamberlain / Ira and Rita Katzenberg / Jules Leventhal / Burns Mantle / P. A. MacDonald / Vincent Sardi Sr. (1947)
* Vera Allen / Paul Beisman / Joe E. Brown / Cast of The Importance of Being Earnest / Robert W. Dowling / Experimental Theatre Inc. / Rosalind Gilder / June Lockhart / Mary Martin / George Pierce / James Whitmore (1948)
* No award (1949)
* Maurice Evans / Philip Faversham / Brock Pemberton (1950)
* Ruth Green (1951)
* Charles Boyer / Judy Garland / Edward Kook (1952)
* Danny Kaye / Beatrice Lillie (1953)
* No award (1954)
* Proscenium Productions (1955)
* Fourth Street Chekov Theatre / City Center / The New York Public Library Theatre Collection / The Shakespearewrights / The Threepenny Opera (1956)
* American Shakespeare Festival / Jean-Louis Barrault / Robert Russell Bennett / William Hammerstein / Joseph Harbuck / Paul Shyre (1957)
* Mrs. Martin Beck / New York Shakespeare Festival (1958)
* Russel Crouse and Howard Lindsay / John Gielgud / Cast of La Plume de Ma Tante (1959)
* Burgess Meredith and James Thurber / John D. Rockefeller III (1960)
* David Merrick / The Theatre Guild (1961)
* Brooks Atkinson / Richard Rodgers / Franco Zeffirelli (1962)
* Alan Bennett, Peter Cook, Jonathan Miller and Dudley Moore / Irving Berlin / W. McNeil Lowry (1963)
* Eva Le Gallienne (1964)
* Gilbert Miller / Oliver Smith (1965)
* Helen Menken (1966)
* No award (1967)
* APA-Phoenix Theatre / Pearl Bailey / Carol Channing / Maurice Chevalier / Marlene Dietrich / Audrey Hepburn / David Merrick (1968)
* Leonard Bernstein / Carol Burnett / Rex Harrison / The National Theatre Company of Great Britain / The Negro Ensemble Company (1969)
* Noël Coward / Lynn Fontanne and Alfred Lunt / New York Shakespeare Festival / Barbra Streisand (1970)
* Ingram Ash / Elliot Norton / Playbill / Roger L. Stevens (1971)
* Fiddler on the Roof / Ethel Merman / Richard Rodgers / The Theatre Guild-American Theatre Society (1972)
* The Actors Fund of America / John Lindsay / Shubert Organization (1973)
* Actors' Equity Association / A Moon for the Misbegotten / Candide / Peter Cook and Dudley Moore / Harold Friedlander / Bette Midler / Liza Minnelli / Theatre Development Fund / John F. Wharton (1974)
* Al Hirschfeld (1975)

1976–2000|

* George Abbott / Richard Burton / Circle in the Square Theatre / Thomas H. Fitzgerald / Mathilde Pincus (1976)
* Cheryl Crawford / Equity Liberty Theatre / Barry Manilow / National Theatre of the Deaf / Diana Ross / Lily Tomlin (1977)
* Irving Berlin / Stan Dragoti and Charles Moss (1978)
* Walter F. Diehl / Eugene O'Neill Memorial Theater Center / Henry Fonda / Richard Rodgers (1979)
* Richard Fitzgerald / Helen Hayes / Mary Tyler Moore / Hobe Morrison (1980)
* Lena Horne (1981)
* Radio City Music Hall / The Actors Fund of America / Warner Communications (1982)
* No award (1983)
* A Chorus Line / Peter Feller / La Tragedie de Carmen (1984)
* Yul Brynner / New York State Council on the Arts (1985)
* No award (1986)
* George Abbott / Jackie Mason (1987)
* Brooklyn Academy of Music (1988)
* No award (1989)
* No award (1990–1992)
* Oklahoma! (1993)
* Hume Cronyn and Jessica Tandy (1994)
* Carol Channing / National Endowment for the Arts / Harvey Sabinson (1995)
* No award (1996)
* Bernard B. Jacobs (1997)
* Edward E. Colton / Ben Edwards (1998)
* Uta Hagen / Arthur Miller / Isabelle Stevenson (1999)
* Dame Edna: The Royal Tour / T. Edward Hambleton (2000)

2001–present|

* Paul Gemignani (2001)
* Julie Harris / Robert Whitehead (2002)
* Cy Feuer / Russell Simmons' Def Poetry Jam on Broadway (2003)
* James M. Nederlander (2004)
* Edward Albee (2005)
* Sarah Jones / Harold Prince (2006)
* No award (2007)
* Robert Russell Bennett / Stephen Sondheim (2008)
* Jerry Herman (2009)
* Alan Ayckbourn / Marian Seldes (2010)
* Athol Fugard / Philip J. Smith (2011)
* Actors' Equity Association / Hugh Jackman (2012)
* Bernard Gersten / Ming Cho Lee / Paul Libin (2013)
* Jane Greenwood (2014)
* John Cameron Mitchell / Tommy Tune (2015)
* Sheldon Harnick / Marshall W. Mason / National Endowment for the Arts / Miles Wilkin (2016)
* James Earl Jones (2017)
* John Leguizamo / Andrew Lloyd Webber / Chita Rivera / Bruce Springsteen (2018)
* Rosemary Harris / Marin Mazzie / Terrence McNally / Sonny Tilders and Creature Technology Company / Jason Michael Webb / Harold Wheeler (2019)
* The Broadway Advocacy Coalition / David Byrne's American Utopia / Freestyle Love Supreme / Graciela Daniele (2020/21)
* Angela Lansbury / James C. Nicola (2022)
* Joel Grey / John Kander (2023)
* Alex Edelman / Abe Jacob / Nikiya Mathis / Jack O'Brien / George C. Wolfe (2024)

Authority control databases

International|

* VIAF

National|

* Germany
* United States
* Norway
* Israel

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