Thomas Dale

English soldier and colonial administrator

For other people named Thomas Dale, see Thomas Dale (disambiguation).

Sir

Thomas Dale

Marshal of Virginia

Portrait by Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger, c. 1609–1619

Born| c. 1570
Died| 19 August 1619

Machilipatnam, Golconda Sultanate

Nationality| English
Occupation(s)| Naval commander, deputy-governor of the Virginia Colony

Sir Thomas Dale (c. 1570 - 19 August 1619) was an English soldier and colonial administrator who served as deputy-governor of the Colony of Virginia in 1611 and again from 1614 to 1616. Dale is best remembered for the energy and the extreme rigour of his administration in Virginia, which established order and in various ways seems to have benefited the colony,[1] although he was criticised for high-handedness. He is also credited with the establishment of Bermuda Hundred, Bermuda Cittie, and the Cittie of Henricus.

## Biography

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### Early career

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From about 1588 to 1609, Thomas Dale was in the service of the Low Countries (the Netherlands and parts of modern Belgium) with the English army originally under Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester.[1] Because of his ability and ambition, he became friends with many people in positions of authority. In 1599 Thomas Dale was recruited by the Earl of Essex for England's army and was knighted by King James[1] to become "Sir Thomas Dale of Surry" on 16 June 1606.

While Dale was still serving in the Low Countries, on the recommendation of the eldest son of King James, Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, the States-General of the United Netherlands consented "that Captain Thomas Dale (destined by the King of Great Britain to be employed in Virginia in his Majesty's service) may absent himself from his company for the space of three years, and that his said company shall remain meanwhile vacant, to be resumed by him if he think proper."

### Leading the Virginia Colony

[edit]

Five years later, the Virginia Company of London sent Sir Thomas Dale to act as deputy-governor or as "Marshall of Virginia" (a new position) for the Virginia Colony under the authority of Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr (Lord Delaware). Sent with three ships, on 19 May 1611, he arrived at Jamestown (named after King James) with men, cattle, and provisions. He found the conditions unhealthy and greatly in need of improvement. Dale immediately called for a meeting of the Jamestown Council and established crews to rebuild Jamestown.

He served as acting Governor for 3½ months in 1611 and again for a two-year period between 1614 and 1616. In the interim, he served as the Marshall of the colony, initially serving directly under Deputy Governor Sir Thomas Gates. Effectively, for five years, he was the highest ranking law enforcement officer in Virginia. He exhibited a certain stern efficiency which was perhaps the best support and medicine that could have been devised.[2]

It was during his administration that the first code of laws of Virginia, nominally in force from 1611 to 1619, was effectively tested. This code, entitled "Articles, Lawes, and Orders Divine, Politique, and Martiall" (popularly known as Dale's Code), was notable for its pitiless severity and seems to have been prepared in large part by Dale himself.[3]

Perhaps Dale's most lasting reform was economic. In 1613, without stockholder consent, Dale abandoned the communal agriculture which had proved unsatisfactory, and he assigned 3-acre (12,000 m2) plots to its ancient planters and smaller plots to the settlement's later arrivals. Measurable economic progress was made, and the settlers began expanding their planting to land belonging to local native tribes. Not only did food production increase markedly, but the following year John Rolfe succeeded on his plot in raising the first hybrid tobacco − the key to the colony's future.

Seeking a better site than Jamestown, Thomas Dale sailed up the James River (also named after King James) to the area now known as Chesterfield County. He was apparently impressed with the possibilities of the general area where the Appomattox River joins the James River, and there are published references to the name "New Bermuda" although it apparently was never formalised.[4] (Far from the mainland of North America, the archipelago of Bermuda had been established as part of the Virginia Colony in 1612 following the shipwreck of the Sea Venture in 1609.)

A short distance further up the James, in 1611, he began the construction of a progressive development at Henricus on and about what was later known as Farrars Island.[1] Henricus was envisioned as possible replacement capital for Jamestown and was to have the first college in Virginia. (The ill-fated Henricus was destroyed during the Indian massacre of 1622, during which a third of the colonists were killed.)

In addition to creating the new settlement at Henricus, Dale also established the port town of Bermuda Hundred and "Bermuda Cittie" (sic). He began the excavation work at Dutch Gap, using methods he had learned while serving in Holland.

In 1614, Governor Thomas Dale sent 20 men, under Lieutenant William Craddock, to the area across the Chesapeake Bay from mainland Virginia now known as the Eastern Shore to establish a salt works and to catch fish for the colonists. They intended to make salt by boiling down the sea water. They settled along Old Plantation Creek at a place named "Dale's Gift" on the mainland, but they established the salt works on Smith Island, which is located adjacent to the southern portion of the Eastern Shore in present-day Northampton County near Cape Charles.[5]

### Return to England

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Dale (left, standing behind Alexander Whitaker wearing armor) as portrayed in Baptism of Pocahontas, 1840, by John Gadsby Chapman

Governor Dale sailed back to England in the spring of 1616 aboard the Treasurer. Accompanying him on what was considered an investor-relations journey were John Rolfe, his wife Rebecca (Pocahontas), and their one-year-old son, Thomas Rolfe.[6] Samuel Argall commanded that ship. Queen Anne and others were reportedly charmed by Rebecca, and investment in the Virginia Company was enhanced. However, soon after leaving London, as John Rolfe and his wife sailed down the Thames River, Rebecca became very ill and died on 21 March 1617 before returning to Virginia. In December that year, Sir Henry Savile wrote to the courtier Sir Dudley Carleton, recommending Dale for office, following his service in Virginia.[7]

In 1618, Dale was appointed commander of a squadron of six ships, which the East India Company sent out in April to maintain their interests against the aggressive policy of the Dutch and for the relief of Nathaniel Courthope, who was reportedly beleaguered on the island of Run. Dale arrived at Bantam in November 1618, and on 23 December he engaged the Dutch fleet off Jacatra (now Jakarta).[8] After a sharp action, he put it to flight and laid siege to the Dutch fort at Jacatra, in the swamps around which he seems to have contracted the sickness of which, in the course of the following summer, he died at Masulipatnam in India.

## Legacy

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* Thomas Dale High School in Chesterfield County, Virginia is named after him.
* The Dale Magisterial District of Chesterfield County is also named in his honor.
* Due to the severity of his legal regime, Governor Dale appears as one of the "jury of the damned" in the 1937 short story The Devil and Daniel Webster. The story alleges that Dale "broke men on the wheel".
* Dale was voiced by Hugh Dignon in the Animated Hero Classics 1994 direct-to-video episode, Pocahontas.
* Dale's Pale Archeological District includes the location of a defensive palisade built by him in 1613 around the original settlement at Bermuda Hundred.[9]
* John and Rebecca/Pocahontas Rolfe's only son Thomas was named after him.

## References

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1. ^ a b c d Chisholm 1911, p. 763.
2. ^ "6. Sir Thomas Dale Page 1". Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 17 May 2007.
3. ^ Chisholm 1911, pp. 763–764.
4. ^ Distinct from Fromajadas and Indigo: The Minorcan Colony in Florida By Kenneth Henry Beeson
5. ^ Xroads, Virginia.edu. Accessed 5 January 2023.
6. ^ John Maclean, Letters of George Lord Carew to Sir Thomas Roe (London, 1860), p. 36.
7. ^ Everett Green, Mary Anne. "James 1 – volume 94: December 1617 Pages 501–510 Calendar of State Papers Domestic: James I, 1611–18. Originally published by Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1858". British History Online. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
8. ^ "East Indies, China and Japan: March 1619." Calendar of State Papers Colonial, East Indies, China and Japan, Volume 3, 1617–1621. Ed. W Noel Sainsbury. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1870. 252–268. British History Online Retrieved 6 March 2019.
9. ^ Virginia Department of Historic Resources (2007). "Notes on Virginia, 2007: Dale's Pale Archeological District" (PDF). Virginia Department of Historic Resources.

## Sources

[edit]

* This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Dale, Sir Thomas". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 763–764.
* This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Dale, Thomas (d.1619)". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.

## Further reading

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* Scarboro, D. Dewey The Establisher: The Story of Sir Thomas Dale, Old Mountain Press, Fayetteville, NC ISBN 1-931575-58-4 http://www.oldmp.com/SirThomasDale.htm
* Games, Alison The Web of Empire: English Cosmopolitans in an Age of Empire, 1560–1660, Oxford University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-19-533554-5

Government offices

Preceded by

George Percy

|  Colonial Governor of Virginia
1611  | Succeeded by

Thomas Gates

Preceded by

Thomas Gates

|  Colonial Governor of Virginia
1614–1616  | Succeeded by

George Yeardley

* v
* t
* e

Governors of Virginia

Virginia Governor's Council

Colony of Virginia Colony of Virginia|

| Virginia Company
proprietary colony|

* Wingfield
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* Scrivener (acting)
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* Deputies: Dale
* Yeardley
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* Wyatt
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* Pott

|

Crown colony|

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* v
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* e

Jamestown, Virginia Colony (1607–1624)

Timeline of Jamestown, Virginia • History (1607–1699)

Events|

* Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
* First Virginia Charter
* Second Virginia Charter
* Virginia Company/London Company
* Jamestown supply missions
* Starving Time
* Anglo-Powhatan Wars
* 1619 Jamestown craftsmen strike
* Indian massacre of 1622

Geography|

* Belle Isle
* Cape Charles
* College Creek
* Dumpling Island
* Glass House Point
* Hog Island
* James River
* Jamestown Island
* Mulberry Island
* Stingray Point
* Tsenacommacah
* Werowocomoco
* Powhatan's Chimney

Associated places
(list)|

* Blunt Poynt
* Kecoughtan
* Cape Henry
* First Landing State Park
* St. John's Episcopal Church
* Farrar's Island
* Henricus
* Beggars Bush (Jordan Point)
* Moysonec
* Old Point Comfort
* Fort Algernon
* Pagan River
* Passapatanzy
* Wolstenholme Towne

| 1619 incorporations|

* James City
* Charles City
* Elizabeth City
* City of Henrico

|

Colonists
(list)|

| Original Virginia Governor's Council members|

* Edward Maria Wingfield (president)
* Bartholomew Gosnold
* Christopher Newport
* John Martin
* John Ratcliffe
* George Kendall
* John Smith

|

Other notable original colonists|

* Gabriel Archer
* Robert Beheathland
* Samuel Collier
* Robert Hunt
* George Percy
* Thomas Wotton

|

Notable colonists from
supply missions|

* First Supply
* Jonas Profit
* Thomas Savage
* Matthew Scrivener
* Michael Sicklemore
* William Spence
* Second Supply
* Anne Burras
* Raleigh Croshaw
* Thomas Dowse
* Mistress Forrest
* Thomas Forrest
* Thomas Graves
* Hugh Gwyn
* Ralph Hamor
* Daniel Tucker
* Francis West
* Jamestown Polish craftsmen
* Third Supply
* Richard Buck
* William Capps
* James Davis
* Temperance Flowerdew
* Thomas Gates
* Stephen Hopkins
* Samuel Jordan
* Silvester Jourdain
* William Peirce
* William Powell
* Robert Rich
* John Rolfe
* Samuel Sharpe
* William Sharpe
* George Somers
* Henry Spelman
* William Strachey
* George Yeardley
* Fourth Supply
* Samuel Argall
* Lawrence Bohun
* Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr
* Fifth Supply
* Thomas Dale
* Cecily Jordan Farrar
* William Spencer
* Joan Wright

|

Notable colonists
1611–1624|

* "Angela"
* Edward Bennett
* William Berkeley
* William Claiborne
* William Farrar
* Henry Fleete
* Anthony Johnson
* Christopher Lawne
* Samuel Matthews
* Richard Pace
* John Pollington
* John Pott
* Edmund Rossingham
* George Sandys
* Walter Shelley
* Richard Stephens
* George Thorpe
* William Tucker
* John West
* Alexander Whitaker
* Francis Wyatt

Natives and
native groups|

* Accomac people
* Appomattoc
* Opossunoquonuske
* "Chanco"
* Chickahominy people
* Pamunkey (tribe)
* Opechancanough
* Patawomeck
* Powhatan (people)
* Powhatan (leader)
* Pocahontas
* Tackonekintaco
* Tomocomo
* Nemattanew
* Rappahannock people

Other notables|

* Ancient planter
* Women of Colonial Virginia
* Tobacco brides
* John Ferrar
* Nicholas Ferrar
* Virginia Laydon
* John Pory
* Nathaniel Rich
* Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Warwick
* Edwin Sandys
* Thomas Smythe
* Robert Tyndall
* Pedro de Zúñiga y de la Cueva

Written accounts|

* "Dale's Code" (1612)
* A Description of New England (1616)
* The Historie of Travaile Into Virginia Britannia (1619)
* The Generall Historie of Virginia, New-England, and the Summer Isles (1619)
* True Reportory (1625)
* Pamiętnik handlowca (1625)

Cultural depictions|

* Po-ca-hon-tas, or The Gentle Savage (1855)
* Pocahontas (1910 film)
* The Wives of Jamestown (1913)
* Johnny Smith and Poker-Huntas (1938)
* Captain John Smith and Pocahontas (1953)
* Argall: The True Story of Pocahontas and Captain John Smith (2001)
* The New World (2005 film)
* Jamestown: Legend of the Lost Colony (2011)
* Jamestown (2017)

Associated ships|

* Susan Constant
* Godspeed
* Discovery
* Mary and John
* Sea Venture
* Virginia
* Treasurer
* White Lion

Related|

* Jamestown Rediscovery
* General Court of Virginia (colonial)
* House of Burgesses
* Virginia General Assembly
* Virginia Governor's Council
* "He who does not work, neither shall he eat"
* List of James River plantations
* Preservation Virginia
* Roanoke Colony

Park: Historic Jamestowne • Museum: Jamestown Settlement (Jamestown Glasshouse) • Trail: Captain John Smith Chesapeake National Historic Trail

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF
* FAST
* WorldCat

National|

* United States
* Israel

Other|

* SNAC

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