Thoth

Ancient Egyptian deity of the Moon, learning, writing

This article is about the ancient Egyptian deity. For other uses, see Thoth (disambiguation).

"Djehuty" redirects here. For ancient Egyptians named Djehuty or Djehuti, see Djehuty (given name).

Thoth

Thoth, in one of his forms as an ibis-headed man

Name in hieroglyphs| |  | |

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or[1] | | | |

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Major cult center| Hermopolis
Symbol| Ibis, moon disk, papyrus scroll, reed pens, writing palette, stylus, baboon, scales
Consort| Maat, Seshat, Nehmetawy
Offspring| Seshat[a]
Equivalents
Greek| Hermes
Roman| Mercury
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Ancient Egypt portal

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Thoth (from Koinē Greek: Θώθ Thṓth, borrowed from Coptic: Ⲑⲱⲟⲩⲧ Thōout, Ancient Egyptian: Ḏḥwtj, the reflex of ḏḥwtj "[he] is like the ibis") is an ancient Egyptian deity. In art, he was often depicted as a man with the head of an ibis or a baboon, animals sacred to him. His feminine counterpart is Seshat, and his wife is Maat.[2] He is the god of the Moon, wisdom, knowledge, writing, hieroglyphs, science, magic, art and judgment.

Thoth's chief temple was located in the city of Hermopolis (Ancient Egyptian: ḫmnw /χaˈmaːnaw/, Egyptological pronunciation: Khemenu, Coptic: Ϣⲙⲟⲩⲛ Shmun). Later known as el-Ashmunein in Egyptian Arabic, the Temple of Thoth was mostly destroyed before the beginning of the Christian era. Its very large pronaos was still standing in 1826, but was demolished and used as fill for the foundation of a sugar factory by the mid-19th century.[3][4]

Thoth played many vital and prominent roles in Egyptian mythology, such as maintaining the universe, and being one of the two deities (the other being Ma'at) who stood on either side of Ra's solar barque.[5] In the later history of ancient Egypt, Thoth became heavily associated with the arbitration of godly disputes,[6] the arts of magic, the system of writing, and the judgment of the dead.[7]

## Name

[edit]

The Egyptian pronunciation of ḏḥwty is not fully known, but may be reconstructed as *ḏiḥautī, perhaps pronounced *[t͡ʃʼi.ˈħau.tʰiː] or *[ci.ˈħau.tʰiː]. This reconstruction is based on the Ancient Greek borrowing Thōth ([tʰɔːtʰ]) or Theut and the fact that the name was transliterated into Sahidic Coptic variously as ⲑⲟⲟⲩⲧ Thoout, ⲑⲱⲑ Thōth, ⲑⲟⲟⲧ Thoot, ⲑⲁⲩⲧ Thaut, Taautos (Τααυτος), Thoor (Θωωρ), as well as Bohairic Coptic ⲑⲱⲟⲩⲧ Thōout. These spellings reflect known sound changes from earlier Egyptian such as the loss of ḏ palatalization and merger of ḥ with h i.e. initial ḏḥ > th > tʰ.[8] The loss of pre-Coptic final y/j is also common.[9] Following Egyptological convention, which eschews vowel reconstruction, the consonant skeleton ḏḥwty would be rendered "Djehuti" and the god is sometimes found under this name. However, the Greek form "Thoth" is more common.

According to Theodor Hopfner, Thoth's Egyptian name written as ḏḥwty originated from ḏḥw, claimed to be the oldest known name for the ibis, normally written as hbj.[10] The addition of -ty denotes that he possessed the attributes of the ibis.[11] Hence Thoth's name would mean "He who is like the ibis", according to this interpretation.

Other forms of the name ḏḥwty using older transcriptions include Jehuti, Jehuty, Tahuti, Tehuti, Zehuti, Techu, or Tetu. Multiple titles for Thoth, similar to the pharaonic titulary, are also known, including A, Sheps, Lord of Khemennu, Asten, Khenti, Mehi, Hab, and A'an.[12]

In addition, Thoth was also known by specific aspects of himself, for instance the Moon god Iah-Djehuty (j3ḥ-ḏḥw.ty),[b] representing the Moon for the entire month.[13][14] The Greeks related Thoth to their god Hermes due to his similar attributes and functions.[11] One of Thoth's titles, "Thrice great", was translated to the Greek τρισμέγιστος (trismégistos), making Hermes Trismegistus.[15][c]

## Depictions

[edit]

Relief in the Temple of Seti I (Abydos) of Thoth giving the ankh to pharaoh Seti I. Faience statue of Thoth as baboon depicted with the moon-disk on his head.

Thoth has been depicted in many ways depending on the era and on the aspect the artist wished to convey. Usually, he is depicted in his human form with the head of a green ibis.[16] In this form, he can be represented as the reckoner of times and seasons by a headdress of the lunar disk sitting on top of a crescent moon resting on his head. When depicted as a form of Shu or Ankher, he was depicted to be wearing the respective god's headdress. Sometimes he was also seen in art to be wearing the Atef crown or the double crown of Upper and Lower Egypt.[11] When not depicted in this common form, he sometimes takes the form of the ibis directly.[16]

He also appears as a dog-faced baboon or a man with the head of a baboon when he is A'an, the god of equilibrium.[7] In the form of A'ah-Djehuty, he took a more human-looking form.[17] These forms are all symbolic and are metaphors for Thoth's attributes. Thoth is often depicted holding an ankh, the Egyptian symbol for life.

## Attributes

[edit]

Image of Thoth from The Gods of the Egyptians Volume 1 by E. A. Wallis Budge, c. 1904

Thoth's roles in Egyptian mythology were many. He served as scribe of the gods,[18] credited with the invention of writing and Egyptian hieroglyphs.[19] In the underworld, Duat, he appeared as an ape, Aani, the god of equilibrium, who reported when the scales weighing the deceased's heart against the feather, representing the principle of Maat, was exactly even.[7]

The ancient Egyptians regarded Thoth as One, self-begotten, and self-produced.[16] He is the master of both physical and moral (i.e. divine law),[16] making proper use of Ma'at.[20] He is credited with making the calculations for the establishment of the heavens, stars, Earth,[16] and everything in them.[20]

The Egyptians credited him as the author of all works of science, religion, philosophy, and magic.[21] The Greeks further declared him the inventor of astronomy, astrology, the science of numbers, mathematics, geometry, surveying, medicine, botany, theology, civilized government, the alphabet, reading, writing, and oratory. They further claimed he is the true author of every work of every branch of knowledge, human and divine.[19]

## Mythology

[edit]

The Greek philosopher Plutarch credits Thoth with the creation of the 365-day calendar. Originally, according to the myth, the year was only 360 days long and Nut was sterile during these days, unable to bear children. Thoth gambled with the Moon for ⁠1/72⁠nd of its light (⁠360/72⁠ = 5), or 5 days, and won. During these 5 days, Nut and Geb gave birth to Osiris, Set, Isis, and Nephthys.[22][23][24]

In the central Osiris myth, Thoth gives Isis the words to restore her husband, allowing the pair to conceive Horus. Following a battle between Horus and Set, Thoth offers counsel and provides wisdom.

## History

[edit]

Details based from the Papyrus of Ani depicts the jackal-headed Anubis weighing a heart against the feather of truth on the scale of Maat, while ibis-headed Thoth records the result. Having a heart equal to the weight of the feather allows passage to the afterlife, whereas an imbalance results in a meal for Ammit, the chimera of crocodile, lion, and hippopotamus.

Thoth is a Moon god. The Moon not only provides light at night, allowing time to still be measured without the Sun, but its phases and prominence gave it a significant importance in early astrology/astronomy. The perceived cycles of the Moon also organized much of Egyptian society's rituals and events, both civil and religious. Consequently, Thoth gradually became seen as a god of wisdom, magic, and the measurement and regulation of events and of time.[25] He was thus said to be the secretary and counselor of the Sun god Ra, and with Ma'at (truth/order) stood next to Ra on the nightly voyage across the sky.

Thoth became credited by the ancient Egyptians as the inventor of writing (hieroglyphs),[26] and was also considered to have been the scribe of the underworld. For this reason, Thoth was universally worshipped by ancient Egyptian scribes. Many scribes had a painting or a picture of Thoth in their "office". Likewise, one of the symbols for scribes was that of the ibis.

In art, Thoth was usually depicted with the head of an ibis, possibly because the Egyptians saw the curve of the ibis' beak as a symbol of the crescent moon.[27] Sometimes, he was depicted as a baboon holding up a crescent moon.

Worshipper before two ibises of Thoth. (early 19th Dynasty)

During the Late Period of ancient Egypt, a cult of Thoth gained prominence due to its main center, Khmun (Hermopolis Magna), also becoming the capital. Millions of dead ibis were mummified and buried in his honor.[28]

Thoth was inserted in many tales as the wise counselor and persuader, and his association with learning and measurement led him to be connected with Seshat, the earlier deification of wisdom, who was said to be his daughter, or variably his wife. Thoth's qualities also led to him being identified by the Greeks with their closest matching god Hermes, with whom Thoth was eventually combined as Hermes Trismegistus,[c] leading to the Greeks' naming Thoth's cult center as Hermopolis, meaning city of Hermes.

In the Papyrus of Ani copy of the Egyptian Book of the Dead the scribe proclaims "I am thy writing palette, O Thoth, and I have brought unto thee thine ink-jar. I am not of those who work iniquity in their secret places; let not evil happen unto me."[29] Plate XXIX Chapter CLXXV (Budge) of the Book of the Dead is the oldest tradition said to be the work of Thoth himself.[30]

There was also an Egyptian pharaoh of the Sixteenth dynasty named Djehuty (Thoth) after him, and who reigned for three years.

Modern impression of an Achaemenid cylinder seal from Iran, with king holding two lion griffins at bay and Egyptian hieroglyphs reading "Thoth is a protection over me". (c. 6th–5th century BC).[31]

Plato mentions Thoth (as Θεὺθ, "Theuth")[32] in his dialogue Phaedrus. He uses the myth of Thoth to demonstrate that writing leads to laziness and forgetfulness. In the story, Thoth remarks to King Thamus of Egypt that writing is a wonderful substitute for memory. Thamus remarks that it is a remedy for reminding, not remembering, with the appearance but not the reality of wisdom. Future generations will hear much without being properly taught and will appear wise but not be so.[33]

Artapanus of Alexandria, an Egyptian Jew who lived in the third or second century BC, euhemerized Thoth-Hermes as a historical human being and claimed he was the same person as Moses, based primarily on their shared roles as authors of texts and creators of laws. Artapanus's biography of Moses conflates traditions about Moses and Thoth and invents many details.[34] Many later authors, from late antiquity to the Renaissance, either identified Hermes Trismegistus with Moses or regarded them as contemporaries who expounded similar beliefs.[35]

### Archaeology

[edit]

Egypt's Minister of Tourism and Antiquities announced the discovery of the collective graves of senior officials and high clergies of the god Thoth in Tuna el-Gebel in Minya in January 2020. An archaeological mission headed by Mostafa Waziri reported that 20 sarcophagi and coffins of various shapes and sizes, including five anthropoid sarcophagi made of limestone and carved with hieroglyphic texts, as well as 16 tombs and five well-preserved wooden coffins were unearthed by their team.[36][37]

## Modern cultural references

[edit]

This section includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this section by introducing more precise citations. (April 2025) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

|

Thoth depicted with a book and stylus

Thoth has been seen as a god of wisdom and has been used in modern literature, especially since the early 20th century when ancient Egyptian ideas were quite popular.

* In the 1932 film The Mummy the "scroll of Thoth" is a life-giving scroll. Reading its symbols out loud causes Imhotep to rise from the dead.
* In Croyd by Ian Wallace (Berkeley Medallion, 1968), Thoth is the father of the Galactic Agent hero, Croyd.
* Aleister Crowley's Egyptian style Thoth Tarot deck and its written description in his 1944 book The Book of Thoth were named in reference to the theory that Tarot cards were the Egyptian book of Thoth.[38]
* H. P. Lovecraft also used the word "Thoth" as the basis for his alien god, "Yog-Sothoth", an entity associated with sorcery and esoteric knowledge.[39]
* Thoth's other name Jehuty was the name of the playable Orbital Frame mecha in the Zone of the Enders franchise.
* In the manga series JoJo's Bizarre Adventure, Thoth lends his name to the character Boingo's Stand, which manifests as a comic book with premonitory stories.
* In the 2016 film Gods of Egypt, Thoth is played by Chadwick Boseman.[40]
* Thoth appears in the 2021 comic book series God of War: Fallen God,[41] which is based on the God of War video game franchise.
* In the 2002 Ensemble Studios game Age of Mythology, Thoth is one of nine minor gods that can be worshipped by Egyptian players.[42][43]
* In Neil Gaiman’s 2001 novel American Gods and its 2017–2021 TV adaptation, Thoth is portrayed as Mr. Ibis, who runs a funeral parlor alongside Anubis, known as Mr. Jacquel.
* Thoth is one of many playable gods in Hi-Rez Studios' multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA) video game Smite.[44]
* In Welcome to Demon School! Iruma-kun, Thoth is a character who takes the form of a sphinx.
* Thoth is depicted in both Marvel Comics and DC Comics.

## See also

[edit]

* Book of Thoth
* Eye of Horus
* Khonsu
* List of lunar deities
* Phaedrus (dialogue)
* Taautus
* Thout, the first month of the Coptic calendar

## Explanatory notes

[edit]

1. ^ Also said to be his consort in rare accounts.
2. ^ Also transliterated "Aah Te-Huti" or "Aah-Tehuti".
3. ^ a b A survey of the literary and archaeological evidence for the background of Hermes Trismegistus in the Greek Hermes and the Egyptian Thoth may be found in Bull (2018), pp. 33–96.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Hieroglyphs verified, in part, in Budge (1969), vol. 1, p. 402, and Collier & Manley (1998), p. 161.
2. ^ Eric H Cline, David O'Connor (January 5, 2006), Thutmose III: A New Biography, University of Michigan Press, p. 127
3. ^ Verner, Miroslav (2013). Temple of the World: Sanctuaries, Cults, and Mysteries of Ancient Egypt. American University in Cairo Press. p. 149\. ISBN 978-977-416-563-4.
4. ^ "Destruction of Egyptian Monuments" . Littell's Living Age – via Wikisource.
5. ^ Budge (1969), p. 400.
6. ^ Budge (1969), p. 405.
7. ^ a b c Budge (1969), p. 403.
8. ^ Allen (2013), p. 50.
9. ^ Allen (2013), p. 37.
10. ^ Hopfner, Theodor, b. 1886. Der tierkult der alten Agypter nach den griechisch-romischen berichten und den wichtigeren denkmalern. Wien, In kommission bei A. Holder, 1913. Call#= 060 VPD v.57
11. ^ a b c Budge (1969), p. 402.
12. ^ Budge (1969), pp. 402–403.
13. ^ Budge (1969), pp. 412–413.
14. ^ Coulter, Charles Russell; Turner, Patricia (4 July 2013). Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities. Routledge. p. 3\. ISBN 978-1-135-96397-2. "Aah Te-Huti Aah-Tehuti [...] (Egypt): A manifestation of Thoth, this moon god is represented by an ibis head surmounted by a crescent and a disk."
15. ^ Budge (1969), p. 415.
16. ^ a b c d e Budge (1969), p. 401.
17. ^ Budge (1969), plate between pp. 408–409.
18. ^ Budge (1969), p. 408.
19. ^ a b Budge (1969), p. 414.
20. ^ a b Budge (1969), p. 407.
21. ^ Hall (1925), p. 224.
22. ^ Hart, George (15 August 1990). Egyptian Myths. University of Texas Press. pp. 40−41. ISBN 0-292-72076-9.
23. ^ Hart, George (15 August 1990). A Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses. University of Texas Press. pp. 144−145. ISBN 9780292720763.
24. ^ Plutarch. Isis and Osiris. Loeb Classics. pp. LCL 306: 30−31.
25. ^ Assmann, Jan, The Search for God in Ancient Egypt, 2001, pp. 80–81
26. ^ Littleton, C.Scott (2002). Mythology. The illustrated anthology of world myth & storytelling. London: Duncan Baird Publishers. pp. 24. ISBN 9781903296370.
27. ^ Wilkinson, Richard H., The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt, 2003, p. 217
28. ^ Wasef, Sally; Subramanian, Sankar; O'Rorke, Richard; Huynen, Leon; El-Marghani, Samia; Curtis, Caitlin; Popinga, Alex; Holland, Barbara; Ikram, Salima; Millar, Craig; Willerslev, Eske; Lambert, David (2019). "Mitogenomic diversity in Sacred Ibis Mummies sheds light on early Egyptian practices". PLOS ONE. 14 (11): e0223964. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1423964W. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0223964. PMC 6853290. PMID 31721774.
29. ^ Budge (1999), p. 562.
30. ^ Budge (1999), p. 282.
31. ^ "Cylinder seal and modern impression: king holding two lion griffins at bay". Metropolitan Museum of Art. Accession number: 36.106.2.
32. ^ Plato. "Phaedrus". Perseus Digital Library. p. 274. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
33. ^ The Dialogues of Plato, Benjamin Jowett translation (1892), vol. 2, p. 153
34. ^ Mussies (1982), pp. 91, 97, 99–100.
35. ^ Mussies (1982), pp. 118–120.
36. ^ El-Aref, Nevine (30 January 2020). "In photos: Communal tombs for high priests uncovered Upper Egypt – Ancient Egypt – Heritage". Ahram Online. Retrieved 28 June 2020.
37. ^ "Tombs of High Priests Discovered in Upper Egypt". Archaeology Magazine. 30 January 2020. Retrieved 28 June 2020.
38. ^ Crowley (1944); DuQuette (2003).
39. ^ Steadman, John L. (1 September 2015). H. P. Lovecraft and the Black Magickal Tradition: The Master of Horror's Influence on Modern Occultism. Weiser Books. ISBN 9781633410008.
40. ^ Lee, Benjamin (13 November 2015). "Gods of Egypt posters spark anger with 'whitewashed' cast". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
41. ^ Sawan, Amer (14 June 2021). "God of War: Kratos Comes Face to Face With Brand New Pantheon". CBR.com. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
42. ^ "The Minor Gods: Egyptian". Age of Mythology Wiki Guide. IGN. 27 March 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
43. ^ Age of Mythology (game manual). Microsoft Game Studios. 2002 – via Internet Archive.
44. ^ "Gods". Smite. Retrieved 1 October 2021.

### Works cited

[edit]

* Allen, James P. (2013). The Ancient Egyptian Language: An Historical Study. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-03246-0.
* Budge, E. A. Wallis (1969) [1904]. The Gods of the Egyptians. Vol. 1 of 2. New York: Dover Publications.
* Budge, E. A. Wallis (1999) [1895]. The Book of the Dead. Gramercy. ISBN 0-517-12283-9.
* Collier, Mark; Manley, Bill (1998). How to Read Egyptian Hieroglyphs (Revised ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press.
* Bull, Christian H. (2018). The Tradition of Hermes Trismegistus: The Egyptian Priestly Figure as a Teacher of Hellenized Wisdom. Leiden: Brill.
* Crowley, Aleister (1944). "The Book of Thoth". The Equinox. III (5). London: Ordo Templi Orientis.
* DuQuette, Lon Milo (2003). Understanding Aleister Crowley's Thoth Tarot. Weiser Books. ISBN 1-57863-276-5.
* Hall, Manly P. (1925). The Hermetic Marriage: Being a Study in the Philosophy of the Thrice Greatest Hermes. Hall Publishing Company.
* Mussies, Gerald (1982). "The Interpretatio Judaica of Thot-Hermes". In van Voss, Heerma; et al. (eds.). Studies in Egyptian Religion Dedicated to Professor Jan Zandee.[full citation needed]

## Further reading

[edit]

* Bleeker, Claas Jouco (1973). Hathor and Thoth: Two Key Figures of the Ancient Egyptian Religion. Studies in the History of Religions. Vol. 26\. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
* Boylan, Patrick (1922). Thoth, the Hermes of Egypt: A Study of Some Aspects of Theological Thought in Ancient Egypt. London: Oxford University Press. (Reprinted Chicago: Ares Publishers, 1979).
* Budge, E. A. Wallis (1900). Egyptian Religion. Kessinger Publishing.
* Černý, Jaroslav (1948). "Thoth as Creator of Languages". Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 34: 121–122.
* Fowden, Garth (1993) [1986]. The Egyptian Hermes: A Historical Approach to the Late Pagan Mind. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-02498-7.
* Stadler, Martin (2012). "Thoth". In Dieleman, Jacco; Wendrich, Willeke (eds.). UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology. Department of Near Eastern Languages and Cultures, UC Los Angeles.

## External links

[edit]

* Media related to Thoth at Wikimedia Commons
* Works related to Thoth: A Romance at Wikisource

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Ancient Egyptian religion

Beliefs|

* Afterlife
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* Maa Kheru
* Maat
* Mythology
* Numerology
* Osiris myth
* Philosophy
* Soul

Practices|

* Canopic jars
* Embalming ritual
* Funerals
* Mortuary temples
* Offering formula
* Opening of the mouth
* Pyramids
* Temples
* Veneration of the dead

Deities (list)|

| Ogdoad|

* Amun and Amunet
* Heh and Hauhet
* Kek and Kauket
* Nu and Naunet

|

Ennead|

* Atum
* Geb
* Isis
* Nephthys
* Nut
* Osiris
* Set
* Shu
* Tefnut

Triads|

* Elephantine Triad
* Theban Triad

* A
* Aani
* Aati
* Abaset
* Abtu
* Ahmose-Nefertari
* Aker
* Akhty
* Amenhotep, son of Hapu
* Amesemi
* Am-heh
* Ammit
* Amu-Aa
* Anat
* Andjety
* Anput
* Anubis
* Anuket
* Apedemak
* Apesh
* Apis
* Apophis
* Aqen
* Arensnuphis
* Arsinoe II
* Ash
* Assessors of Maat
* Astarte
* Aten
* B
* Baal
* Baalat Gebal
* Babi
* Banebdjedet
* Ba-Pef
* Bastet
* Bat
* Bata
* Bennu
* Bes
* Beset
* Buchis
* C
* Cavern deities of the underworld
* Celestial Ferryman
* D
* Dedun
* Dionysus-Osiris
* Djedefhor
* Duamutef
* Duau
* G
* Gate deities of the underworld
* Gengen-Wer
* H
* Ha
* Hapi
* Hapy
* Harmachis
* Harpocrates
* Harsomtus
* Hathor
* Hatmehit
* Hauron
* Hedetet
* Hedjhotep
* Heka
* Hemen
* Hemsut
* Henet
* Henkhisesui
* Heqaib
* Heqet
* Hermanubis
* Hermes Trismegistus
* Heru-ur
* Heryshaf
* Hery-maat
* Hesat
* Horus
* Hu
* Hutchai
* I
* Iabet
* Iah
* Iat
* Igai
* Ihy
* Ikhemu-sek
* Imentet
* Imhotep
* Imsety
* Ipy
* Irer
* Ishtar
* Iunit
* Iusaaset
* J
* Jupiter Ammon
* K
* Kagemni I
* Kebechet
* Khensit
* Khenti-Amentiu
* Khenti-kheti
* Khepri
* Khereduankh
* Kherty
* Khnum
* Khonsu
* Kneph
* Kolanthes
* Kothar-wa-Khasis
* M
* Maahes
* Maat
* Mafdet
* Mandulis
* Medjed
* Mehen
* Mehet-Weret
* Mehit
* Menhit
* Meret
* Meretseger
* Meskhenet
* Min
* Mnevis
* Montu
* Mut
* N
* Nebethetepet
* Nebtuwi
* Nebnerou
* Nefertem
* Nehebkau
* Nehmetawy
* Neith
* Nekhbet
* Nemty
* Neper
* Nepit
* O
* Onuris
* P
* Pakhet
* Panebtawy
* Perit
* Petbe
* Peteese
* Pihor
* Ptah
* Ptahhotep
* Q
* Qebehsenuef
* Qebui
* Qed-her
* Qetesh
* R
* Ra
* Raet-Tawy
* Rekhyt
* Rem
* Renenutet
* Renpet
* Renpetneferet
* Repyt
* Resheph
* Ruty
* S
* Sah
* Satis
* Sebiumeker
* Sedjem
* Sekhmet
* Sepa
* Serapis
* Serket
* Seshat
* Shai
* Shed
* Shehbui
* Shemanefer
* Shepsy
* Shesmetet
* Shezmu
* Sia
* Sobek
* Sokar
* Sopdet
* Sopdu
* Souls of Pe and Nekhen
* T
* Ta-Bitjet
* Tatenen
* Taweret
* Tayt
* Teka-her
* Thoth
* Tjenenyet
* Tutu
* U
* Unut
* W
* Wadjet
* Wadj-wer
* Weneg
* Wepset
* Wepwawet
* Werethekau
* Wosret
* Y
* Yam

Creatures|

* Akhekh
* Apshait
* Criosphinx
* Griffin
* Hieracosphinx
* Medjed
* Serpopard
* Sha
* Sphinx
* Uraeus

Characters|

* Djadjaemankh
* Djedi
* Rededjet
* Ubaoner

Locations|

* Aaru
* Akhet
* Benben
* Duat
* Lake of fire
* Land of Manu
* The Indestructibles

Symbols
and objects|

* Ankh
* Anra scarab
* Atef
* Cartouche
* Corn mummy
* Cowroid
* Crook and flail
* Crown of justification
* Deshret
* Djed
* Egyptian obelisk
* Egyptian pool
* Eye of Horus
* Eye of Ra
* Hedjet
* Hemhem crown
* Hennu
* Horus on the Crocodiles
* Hypocephalus
* Imiut fetish
* Khepresh
* Kneph
* Menat
* Modius
* Nebu
* Nemes
* Neshmet
* Ouroboros
* Pschent
* Scarab
* Serekh
* Shen ring
* Solar barque
* Tyet
* Ushabti
* Vulture crown
* Was-sceptre
* Winged sun

Writings|

* Amduat
* Books of Breathing
* Book of Caverns
* Book of the Dead
* Book of the Earth
* Book of Gates
* Book of the Heavenly Cow
* Book of Traversing Eternity
* Coffin Texts
* Enigmatic Book of the Netherworld
* Festival Songs of Isis and Nephthys
* Great Hymn to the Aten
* Litany of the Eye of Horus
* Litany of Re
* Pyramid Texts
* Spell of the Twelve Caves
* The Contendings of Horus and Seth

Festivals|

* Beautiful Festival of the Valley
* Cattle count
* Coronation of the pharaoh
* Min festival
* Mysteries of Osiris
* Opet Festival
* Sed festival

Related religions|

* Atenism
* Church of the Most High Goddess
* Gnosticism
* Hermeticism
* Kemetic Orthodoxy
* Kemetism
* Kushite religion
* Mysteries of Isis
* Temple of Set
* Thelema

* Ancient Egypt portal

* v
* t
* e

Kushite religion

Beliefs|

* Afterlife
* Christianity
* Creation myths
* Egyptian religion
* Eye of Ra
* Flooding of the Nile
* Maat
* Mythology
* Philosophy
* Prophecy of Neferti
* Soul

Practices|

* Burials
* Execration texts
* Funerals
* Mortuary temple
* Pilgrimage
* Pyramids
* Temples
* Veneration of the dead

deities|

| Elephantine|

* Anaka
* Khenmu
* Satis

|

Naqa|

* Aman
* Amesemi
* Apedemak

* A
* Amanete
* Anhur
* Aqedise
* Arensnuphis
* Ariten
* Atari
* B
* Bastet
* Bes
* Breith
* D
* Dedun
* H
* Heka
* Hemen
* Horus
* M
* Makedeke
* Mandulis
* Mash
* Mehit
* Menhit
* Miket
* N
* Nu
* R
* Ra
* S
* Sebiumeker
* Sobek
* T
* Thoth
* W
* Wusa

Cultures|

* A-Group
* Alodia
* B-Group
* Blemmyes
* C-Group
* Kerma
* Kingdom of al-Abwab
* Makuria
* Medja
* Meroë
* Napata
* Nobatia
* X-Group

Locations|

* Aniba
* Ballana
* Bigeh
* Deir el-Bahari
* Dodekaschoinos
* Dotawo
* Elephantine
* Jebel Barkal
* Kawa
* Lisht
* Musawwarat es-Sufra
* Philae temple complex
* Qasr Ibrim
* Qustul
* Semna
* Temple of Amun
* Temple of Dendur
* Temple of Mut
* Throne Hall of Dongola
* Tombos

Sacred animals|

* Abtu
* Barbary lion
* Cattle
* Falcon
* Hieracosphinx
* Medjed
* Nile crocodile
* North African elephant
* Ram
* Serpopard
* Sphinx
* Taweret
* Uraeus

Symbols
& objects|

* Ankh
* Atef
* Cartouche
* Christian cross
* Crook and flail
* Crown of justification
* Deshret
* Djed
* Egyptian obelisk
* Egyptian pool
* Eye of Horus
* Eye of Ra
* Gold
* Hafir
* Hedjet
* Hemhem crown
* Hennu
* Horus on the Crocodiles
* Hypocephalus
* Imiut fetish
* Khepresh
* Kneph
* Menat
* Nebu
* Nemes
* Pschent
* Scarab
* Serekh
* Shen ring
* Solar barque
* Tyet
* Ushabti
* Vulture crown
* Was-sceptre

Languages|

* Blemmyes language
* Egyptian language
* Meroitic language (Meroitic alphabet)
* Nubian language

Category

Authority control databases

International|

* VIAF
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* United States
* Czech Republic
* Poland
* Israel

People|

* DDB

Other|

* IdRef
* Yale LUX

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