Thracian horseman

Ancient Thracian divinity

"Thracian horseman" votive tablet with the standard iconographic elements: the rider is holding a lance in his right hand aiming at a boar attacked by a hunting dog. Fragment from a Thracian horseman marble relief: the hunting dog attacking the boar

The Thracian horseman (also "Thracian Rider" or "Thracian Heroes") is a recurring motif depicted in reliefs of the Hellenistic and Roman periods in the Balkans—mainly Thrace, Macedonia,[1][2] Thessaly[3] and Moesia—roughly from the 3rd century BC to the 3rd century AD. Inscriptions found in Romania identify the horseman as Heros and Eros (Latin transcriptions of Ἥρως) and also Herron and Eron (Latin transcriptions of Ἥρων), apparently the word heroes used as a proper name.[3] He is sometimes addressed in inscriptions merely as κύριος, δεσπότης or ἥρως.[4]

The Thracian horseman is depicted as a hunter on horseback, riding from left to right. Between the horse's hooves is depicted either a hunting dog or a boar. In some instances, the dog is replaced by a lion. Its depiction is in the tradition of the funerary steles of Roman cavalrymen, with the addition of syncretistic elements from Hellenistic and Paleo-Balkanic religious or mythological tradition.

## Name

[edit]

The original Palaeo-Balkan word for 'horseman' has been reconstructed as *Me(n)zana-, with the root *me(n)za- 'horse'. It is based on evidence provided by:[5]

* Albanian: mëz or mâz 'foal', with the original meaning of 'horse' that underwent a later semantic shift 'horse' > 'foal' after the loan from Latin caballus into Albanian kalë 'horse'; the same root is also found in Albanian: mazrek 'horse breeder';[6]
* Messapic: menzanas, appearing as an epithet in Zis Menzanas, found in votive inscriptions, and in Iuppiter Menzanas, mentioned in a passage written by Festus in relation to a Messapian horse sacrifice;
* Romanian: mânz;
* Thracian: ΜΕΖΗΝΑ̣Ι mezēnai, found in the inscription of the Duvanli gold ring also bearing the image of a horseman.

## Iconography

[edit]

Images of the Thracian Horseman appear in Thrace and in Lower Moesia, but also in Upper Moesia among Thracian populations and Thracian soldiers.[7] According to Vladimir Toporov (1990), a initial number of iconographies number 1,500, found in modern Bulgaria and in Yugoslavia.[8]

## Interpretation

[edit]

The horseman was a common Palaeo-Balkan hero.[9]

The motif depicted on reliefs most likely represents a composite figure, a Thracian heroes[clarification needed] possibly based on Rhesus, the Thracian king mentioned in the Iliad,[10] to which Scythian, Hellenistic and possibly other elements had been added.[11]

## Late Roman syncretism

[edit]

The Cult of the Thracian horseman was especially important in Philippi, where the Heros had the epithets of Hero Auloneites,[12] soter ('saviour') and epekoos 'answerer of prayers'. Funerary stelae depicting the horseman belong to the middle or lower classes (while the upper classes preferred the depiction of banquet scenes).[13]

Under the Roman Emperor Gordian III the god on horseback appears on coins minted at Tlos, in neighboring Lycia, and at Istrus, in the province of Lower Moesia, between Thrace and the Danube.[14]

In the Roman era, the "Thracian horseman" iconography is further syncretised. The rider is now sometimes shown as approaching a tree entwined by a serpent, or as approaching a goddess. These motifs are partly of Greco-Roman and partly of possible Scythian origin. The motif of a horseman with his right arm raised advancing towards a seated female figure is related to Scythian iconographic tradition. It is frequently found in Bulgaria, associated with Asclepius and Hygeia.[15]

Stelai dedicated to the Thracian Heros Archegetas have been found at Selymbria.[16]

Inscriptions from Bulgaria give the names Salenos and Pyrmerula/Pirmerula.[17]

## Epithets

[edit]

Apart from syncretism with other deities (such as Asclepios, Apollo, Sabatius), the figure of the Thracian Horseman was also found with several epithets: Karabasmos, Keilade(i)nos, Manimazos, Aularchenos, Aulosadenos, Pyrmeroulas. One in particular was found in Avren, dating from the III century CE, with a designation that seems to refer to horsemanship: Outaspios, and variations Betespios, Ephippios and Ouetespios.[18]

Bulgarian linguist Vladimir I. Georgiev proposed the following interpretations to its epithets:[19]

* Ouetespios (Betespios) - related to Albanian vetë 'own, self' and Avestan aspa- 'horse', meaning 'der selbst Pferd ist'.
* Outaspios \- corresponds to Greek epihippios 'on a horse'.
* Manimazos \- related to Latin mani 'good' and Romanian mînz; meaning 'the good horse'.
* Karabasmos \- related to Old Bulgarian gora 'mountain' and Greek phasma 'phantom'; meaning 'mountain-phantom' ("Berg-geist", in German).

Bulgarian linguist Ivan Duridanov [bg] interpreted the following theonyms:

* Руrumērulаs (Variations: Руrmērulаs, Руrymērulаs, Pirmerulas) - linked to Greek pyrós 'maize, corn'; and PIE stem *mer 'great'.[20]

## Related imagery

[edit]

### Twin horsemen

[edit]

Related to the Dioscuri motif is the so-called "Danubian Horsemen" motif of two horsemen flanking a standing goddess.[21][22] These "Danubian horsemen" are thus called due to their reliefs being found in the Roman province of Danube. However, some reliefs have also been found in Roman Dacia \- which gives the alternate name for the motif: "Dacian Horseman".[23] Scholarship locates its diffusion across Moesia, Dacia, Pannonia and Danube, and, to a lesser degree, in Dalmatia and Thracia.[24][22]

The motif of a standing goddess flanked by two horsemen, identified as Artemis flanked by the Dioscuri, and a tree entwined by a serpent flanked by the Dioscuri on horseback was transformed into a motif of a single horseman approaching the goddess or the tree.[25]

### Madara Rider

[edit]

The Madara Rider is an early medieval large rock relief carved on the Madara Plateau east of Shumen, in northeastern Bulgaria. The monument is dated in the c. 7th/8th century, during the reign of Bulgar Khan Tervel. In 1979 became enlisted on the UNESCO World Heritage Site.[26] The relief incorporates elements of the autochthonous Thracian cult.[27]

## Legacy

[edit]

The motif of the Thracian horseman was continued in Christianised form in the equestrian iconography of both Saint George and Saint Demetrius.[28][29][30][31][32]

The motif of the Thracian horseman is not to be confused with the depiction of a rider slaying a barbarian enemy on funerary stelae, as on the Stele of Dexileos, interpreted as depictions of a heroic episode from the life of the deceased.[33]

## Gallery

[edit]

Hunter motif

* Thracian horseman with hound and boar, Greek inscription (3rd century BC), Teteven museum

* Thracian horseman attacking a lion which is in turn attacking its prey. Madara Museum, Bulgaria

* Statue of a Thracian horseman with lion, 3rd century, National History Museum of Bulgaria

* Thracian horseman, funerary stele with Greek inscription, Madara Museum, Bulgaria

* Thracian horseman with hound, marble votive tablet, Stara Zagora regional history museum

Serpent-and-tree

* Thracian horseman with hound and serpent-entwined tree, funerary stele for one Caius Cornelius at Philippi.

* Thracian horseman with hounds, a serpent-entwined tree and a footman (3rd century), Constanța History and Archaeology Museum

* Thracian horseman with hounds, footman and tree, Haskovo Historic Museum, Bulgaria

* Thracian horseman with a serpent-entwined tree, Histria Museum, Romania

* Thracian horseman with serpent-and-tree, the National History Museum of Bulgaria

* Thracian horseman with serpent-and-tree (2nd century), Burgas Archaeological Museum, Bulgaria

* Thracian horseman with serpent-and-tree, Expoziţia Cultura Cucuteni

Rider and goddess

* Thracian rider of "Scythian" type, with raised hand, riding towards female figure, Madara Museum, Bulgaria

* Horseman approaching seated female figure under a tree, Constanta Museum

Greco-Roman comparanda

* Black figure Thracian cavalrymen vs. armored Greek foot soldier (Getty Villa Collection, c. 520 BC)

* Stele of Dexileos (c. 390 BC)

* Funerary relief of a Roman cavalryman (2nd/3rd century)

* Funerary relief of a late (4th/5th century?) Roman cavalryman trampling a barbarian warrior, Roman Britain (Chester, Grosvenor Museum)

* A fragment of a decorated frieze at Felix Romuliana, a palace built by the emperor Galerius in modern-day Serbia. The fragment depicts a rider wielding an ax, and a shield-bearing soldier on foot.

* "Danubian Horsemen" (Artemis flanked by the Dioscuri), votive plate found in Demir Kapija, North Macedonia

Medieval comparanda

* The Madara Rider, equestrian rock relief in Bulgaria (c. 700)

* "St George of Labechina", Racha, Georgia (11th century), known as the oldest extant equestrian depiction of St George (but note that the horseman is trampling a human opponent rather than a dragon)

* Equestrian depiction of Saints George and Demetrius

## See also

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thracian horseman.

* Uastyrdzhi
* Tetri Giorgi
* Sabazios
* Medaurus
* Bellerophon
* Jupiter Column
* Pahonia
* Heros Peninsula in Antarctica is named after the Thracian Horseman.
* Castor and Pollux, sometimes linked to the Danubian Rider.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Samsaris, Dimitrios C. (1984). Le culte du Cavalier thrace dans la vallée du Bas-Strymon à l' époque romaine: Recherches sur la localisation de ses sanctuaires. Dritter Internationaler Thrakologischer Kongress, Wien, 2-6 Juni 1980. Sofia. Bd. II, p. 284 sqq.
2. ^ Samsaris, Dimitrios C. (1982–1983). "Le culte du Cavalier thrace dans la colonie romaine de Philippes et dans son territoire". Ponto-Baltica. 2–3: 89–100.
3. ^ a b Hampartumian, Nubar (2015) [1979]. Corpus Cultus Equitis Thracii (CCET). Vol. 4: Moesia Inferior (Romanian Section) and Dacia. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. p. 16\. doi:10.1163/9789004295520. ISBN 978-90-04-29552-0.
4. ^ Liapis, Vayos. "The Thracian Cult of Rhesus and the Heros Equitans". In: Kernos 24 (2011): 95-104. Mis en ligne le 01 février 2014, consulté le 31 décembre 2023. URL: http://journals.openedition.org/kernos/1938; doi:10.4000/kernos.1938
5. ^ Oreshko 2020, p. 118.
6. ^ Malaj, Edmond (2013). "Familje fisnike të Drishtit mesjetar (Noble Families of Medieval Drivasto". Studime Historike. 3–4. p. 45.
7. ^ Kurilić, Anamarija (2022). "Acceptance, Imitation and Adaptation: How did the Natives of Roman Dalmatia Respond to Roman Cultural Presence?". In Kresimir Matijevic; Rainer Wiegels (eds.). Kultureller Transfer und religiöse Landschaften: Zur Begegnung zwischen Imperium und Barbaricum in der römischen Kaiserzeit. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Akademie Forschung. pp. 137–164 [159–160]. doi:10.1515/9783110716580-007. S2CID 244565777.
8. ^ Toporov, V. (1990). "The Thracian Horseman in an Indo-European Perspective". ORPHEUS. Journal of Indo-European and Thracian Studies. 18: 46–63 [46].
9. ^ Garašanin 1976, pp. 278–279.
10. ^ West, Rebecca (21 December 2010). Black Lamb and Grey Falcon: A Journey Through Yugoslavia. Open Road Media. p. 455\. ISBN 978-1-4532-0746-8.
11. ^ Hoddinott, R.F. (1963). Early Byzantine Churches in Macedonia & Southern Serbia. Palgrave Macmillan, 1963. pp. 58–62.
12. ^ Brélaz, Cédric (2021). "Thracian, Greek, or Roman? Ethnic and Social Identities of Worshippers (and Gods) in Roman Philippi". Philippi, from Colonia Augusta to Communitas Christiana. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 71, 74. doi:10.1163/9789004469334_005. ISBN 978-90-04-46933-4.
13. ^ Ascough, Richard S. (2003). Paul's Macedonian Associations: The Social Context of Philippians and 1 Thessalonians. p. 159.
14. ^ Sabazios on coins, illustrated in the M. Halkam collection.
15. ^ Hoddinott (1963:58)
16. ^ Byzantium and the Bosporus: A Historical Study, from the Seventh Century BC Until the Foundation of Constantinople, p. 203
17. ^ Petrova, S. et al. (2015). Thrаcian, Greek, Roman And Medieval Cities, Residences & Fortresses In Bulgaria. p. 370.
18. ^ Petraccia, Maria Federica. "La dedica di uno stationarius all’ Heros Outaspios". In: Culti e religiosità nelle province danubiane: Atti del II Convegno Internazionale (Ferrara 20-22 Novembre 2013), a cura di Livio Zerbini. Pubblicazione del LAD (Laboratorio di studi e ricerche sulle Antiche province Danubiane) - Università degli Studi di Ferrara - Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici. Bologna: I libri di Emil. 2015. pp. 594-595, 601. ISBN 978-88-6680-130-6.
19. ^ Georgiev, Vladimir I.. "Thrakisch und Dakisch". Band 29/2. Teilband Sprache und Literatur (Sprachen und Schriften [Forts.]), edited by Wolfgang Haase, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 1983. p. 1180. doi:10.1515/9783110847031-016
20. ^ Duridanov, Ivan (1985). Die Sprache der Thraker. Bulgarische Sammlung (in German). Vol. 5\. Hieronymus Verlag. p. 69\. ISBN 3-88893-031-6.
21. ^ "Relief Of Danubian Horseman Found In Viminacium". Archeology News Network. Online: 14-12-2014. Retrieved: 08-12-2021.
22. ^ a b Vladimirovich, Shchemelev Artem. "К ВОПРОСУ О КЛАССИФИКАЦИИ ИЗОБРАЖЕНИЙ ДУНАЙСКОГО ВСАДНИКА". [ON THE ISSUE OF CLASSIFYING THE DANUBIAN HORSEMAN IMAGES]. In: Historical, Philosophical, Political and Law Sciences, Culturology and Study of Art. Issues of Theory and Practice. Tambov: Gramota, 2015. № 10. Part 2. p. 216.
23. ^ Vladimirovich, Shchemelev Artem. "ДУНАЙСКИЙ ВСАДНИК: СУЩНОСТЬ ФЕНОМЕНА И ОСОБЕННОСТИ ИКОНОГРАФИИ" [THE DANUBIAN HORSEMAN: ESSENCE OF THE PHENOMENON AND ITS ICONOGRAPHIC PECULIARITIES]. In: Historical, Philosophical, Political and Law Sciences, Culturology and Study of Art. Issues of Theory and Practice. Tambov: Gramota, 2015. № 8. Part 3. pp. 214-215.
24. ^ Vladimirovich, Shchemelev Artem. "ДУНАЙСКИЙ ВСАДНИК: СУЩНОСТЬ ФЕНОМЕНА И ОСОБЕННОСТИ ИКОНОГРАФИИ" [THE DANUBIAN HORSEMAN: ESSENCE OF THE PHENOMENON AND ITS ICONOGRAPHIC PECULIARITIES]. In: Historical, Philosophical, Political and Law Sciences, Culturology and Study of Art. Issues of Theory and Practice. Tambov: Gramota, 2015. № 8. Part 3. p. 215.
25. ^ Hoddinott (1963:59)
26. ^ Donchev 1981, p. 46.
27. ^ Donchev 1981, p. 43.
28. ^ Hoddinott (1963:61)
29. ^ de Laet, Sigfried J. (1994). History of Humanity: From the seventh to the sixteenth century. Routledge. pp. 233 ff. ISBN 978-92-3-102813-7.
30. ^ Walter, Christopher (2003). The Warrior Saints in Byzantine Art and Tradition. Ashgate. pp. 88ff. ISBN 978-1-84014-694-3.
31. ^ c.f. the badly damaged wall painting of St.George in the ruins of Đurđevi stupovi, Serbia (c. 1168)
32. ^ Hoddinott (1963:61).
33. ^ Hoddinott (1963:60)

### Bibliography

[edit]

* Donchev, Slavi (1981). The Madara Horseman (PDF). Vol. 23–24\. ICOMOS. pp. 41–46.
* Dimitrova, Nora. "Inscriptions and Iconography in the Monuments of the Thracian Rider." Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens 71, no. 2 (2002): 209-29. Accessed June 26, 2020. www.jstor.org/stable/3182007.
* Garašanin, Milutin V. (1976). "O problemu starobalkanskog konjanika" [About the Problem of Old Balkan Horseman]. Godišnjak Centra za balkanološka ispitivanja (in Serbo-Croatian). 13. Akademija Nauka i Umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine: 273–283.
* Grbić Dragana (2013). "The Thracian hero on the Danube new interpretation of an inscription from Diana". Balcanica (44): 7–20\. doi:10.2298/BALC1344007G. hdl:21.15107/rcub_dais_4353.
* Hoddinott, R. F. (1963). Early Byzantine Churches in Macedonia & Southern Serbia. Palgrave Macmillan, 1963. pp. 58–62.
* Irina Nemeti, Sorin Nemeti, Heros Equitans in the Funerary Iconography of Dacia Porolissensis. Models and Workshops. In: Dacia LVIII, 2014, p. 241-255, http://www.daciajournal.ro/pdf/dacia_2014/art_10_nemeti_nemeti.pdf
* Oreshko, Rostislav (2020). "The onager kings of Anatolia: Hartapus, Gordis, Muška and the steppe strand in early Phrygian culture" (PDF). Kadmos. 59 (1/2). De Gruyter: 77–128\. doi:10.1515/kadmos-2020-0005. S2CID 235451836.
* Toporov, V. (1990). "The Thracian Horseman in an Indo-European Perspective". ORPHEUS. Journal of Indo-European and Thracian Studies. 18: 46–63.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Boteva, Dilyana (2000). "À propos des "secrets" du Cavalier thrace". Dialogues d'histoire ancienne. 26 (1): 109–118\. doi:10.3406/dha.2000.2414.
* Fol, Valeria. "Culte héroïque dans la Thrace – images littéraires grecques ou images réelles du chevalier-héros thrace". In: Ancient Thrace: Myth and Reality: Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Congress of Thracology, September 3 - 7, 2017. Volume 2. Sofia: St. Kliment Ohridski University Press, 2022. pp. 94–98. ISBN 978-954-07-5624-0.
* Kirov, Slavtcho. "Sur la datation du culte du Cavalier thrace" [On the dating of the cult of the Thracian horseman]. In: Studia Academica Šumenensia 7 (2020): 172-186.
* Mackintosh, Majorie Carol (1992). The divine horseman in the art of the western Roman Empire. PhD thesis. The Open University. pp. 132–159.
* Oppermann, Manfred (2006). Der thrakische Reiter des Ostbalkanraumes im Spannungsfeld von Graecitas, Romanitas und lokalen Traditionen [The Thracian horseman of the Eastern Balkan region in the tension between Graecitas, Romanitas and local traditions]. Langenweißbach: Beier & Beran, ISBN 3-937517-18-9.

On the epigraphy of the Thracian Horseman

* Boteva, Diliana. "Further considerations on the votive reliefs of the Thracian Horseman". In: Moesica et Christiana. Studies in honour of professor Alexandru Barnea. hrsg. v. Adriana Panaite, Romeo Cîrjan. Brăila: Istros, 2016. pp. 309–320. ISBN 978-606-654-181-7
* Bottez, Valentin; Topoleanu, Florin. "A New Relief of the Thracian Horseman from Halmyris". In: Peuce (Serie Nouă) - Studii şi cercetari de istorie şi arheologie n. 19, XIX/2021, pp. 135–142.
* DIMITROVA, Nora; CLINTON, Kevin. "Chapter 2. A new bilingual votive monument with a “Thracian rider” relief". In: Studies in Greek epigraphy and history in honor of Stefen V. Tracy [en ligne]. Pessac: Ausonius Éditions, 2010 (généré le 29 juin 2021). Disponible sur Internet: <http://books.openedition.org/ausonius/2108>. ISBN 9782356132819. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/books.ausonius.2108.
* Gočeva, Zlatozara; Opperman, Manfred (2015) [1981]. Corpus Cultus Equitis Thracii (CCET) (in German). Vol. 2: Monumenta inter Danubium et Haemum reperta. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004296442. ISBN 978-90-04-29644-2.
* Grbić, Dragana (2013). "The Thracian Hero on the Danube: New Interpretation of an Inscription from Diana". Balcanica (XLIV): 7–20\. doi:10.2298/BALC1344007G. hdl:21.15107/rcub_dais_4353.
* Krykin, S.M. "A Votive Bas-Relief of a Thracian Horseman From the Poltava Museum". In: Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 2, 3 (1996): 283-288. doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/157005795X00164
* Proeva, Nade. "Les représentations du «cavalier thrace» sur les monuments funéraires en Haute Macédoine". In: Ancient Thrace: Myth and Reality: Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Congress of Thracology, September 3 - 7, 2017. Volume 2. Sofia: St. Kliment Ohridski University Press, 2022. pp. 271–281. ISBN 978-954-07-5624-0.
* Szabó, Csaba. "BEYOND ICONOGRAPHY. NOTES ON THE CULT OF THE THRACIAN RIDER IN APULUM". In: Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai - Historia n. 1, 61/2016, pp. 62–73.

On the "Danubian Horsemen" or "Danubian Riders":

* Bondoc, Dorel. "The representation of Danubian Horsemen from Ciupercenii Vechi, Dolj County". In: La Dacie et l´Empire romain. Mélanges d´épigraphie et d´archéologie offerts à Constantin C. Petolescu. Eds. M. Popescu, I. Achim, F. Matei-Popescu. București: 2018, pp. 229–257.
* Gočeva, Zlatozara. "Encore une Fois sur la “Déesse de Razgrad” et les Plus Anciens des “Cavaliers Danubiens”" [Again on the “Goddess from Razgrad” and the Most Ancient “Danube Horsemen”]. In: Thracia 19 (2011): 149-157.
* Hadiji, Maria Vasinca. "CULTUL CAVALERILOR DANUBIENI: ORIGINI SI DENUMIRE (I)" [THE WORSHIP OF THE DANUBIAN HORSEMEN: ORIGINS AND DESIGNATION (I)]. In: Apulum n. 1, 43/2006, pp. 253–267.
* Kremer, Gabrielle. "Some remarks about Domnus/Domna and the ‚Danubian Riders‘. In: S. Nemeti; E. Beu-Dachin; I. Nemeti; D. Dana (Hrsg.). The Roman Provinces. Mechanisms of Integration. Cluj-Napoca, 2019. pp. 275–290.
* Nemeti, Sorin; Cristean, Ștefana. "New Reliefs Plaques from Pojejena (Caraș-Severin county) depicting the Danubian Riders". In: Ziridava. Studia Archaeologica n. 1, 34/2020. pp. 277-286.
* Strokova, Lyudmila; Vitalii Zubar, and Mikhail Yu Treister. "Two Lead Plaques with a Depiction of a Danubian Horseman from the Collection of the National Museum of the History of the Ukraine". In: Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 10, 1-2 (2004): 67-76. doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/1570057041963949
* Szabó, Ádám. Domna et Domnus. CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE CULT-HISTORY OF THE ’DANUBIAN-RIDERS’ RELIGION. Hungarian Polis Studies 25, Phoibos Verlag, Wien, 2017. ISBN 978-3-85161-179-3.
* Tudor, D. Corpus monumentorum religionis equitum danuvinorum (CMRED). Volume 1: Monuments. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. 24 Aug. 2015 [1969]. doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004294745
* Tudor, D. Corpus monumentorum religionis equitum danuvinorum (CMRED). Volume 2: Analysis and Interpretation of the Monuments; Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 24 Aug. 2015 [1976]. doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004294752

* v
* t
* e

Thracians

Demographics|

* List of ancient tribes in Thrace and Dacia
* List of ancient Daco-Thracian peoples and tribes
* List of ancient cities in Thrace and Dacia

History|

* Thracian kings
* Odrysian kingdom
* Sapaean kingdom
* Bithynian kingdom
* Bisaltia
* Crestonia
* Thraco-Roman

Culture|

| Language|

* Thracian
* Classification of Thracian
* Thraco-Illyrian
* Daco-Thracian
* Thraco-Phrygian

|

Religion|

| Male deities|

* Derzelas
* Gebeleizis
* Pleistoros
* Sabazios
* Strymon
* Zalmoxis
* Zagreus
* Zibelthiurdos

|

Female deities|

* Bendis
* Iambadoule
* Kotys

Other figures|

* Thracian horseman

Rituals|

* Cotyttia

Archaeology|

* Valley of the Thracian Rulers
* Borovo Treasure
* Decebalus Treasure
* Rogozen Treasure
* Panagyurishte Treasure
* Valchitran Treasure
* Thracian treasure

Thracian cities|

* Thracian tomb of Aleksandrovo
* Mogilan mound
* Ostrusha mound
* Thracian tomb Golyama Arsenalka
* Thracian tomb Griffins
* Thracian tomb Helvetia
* Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak
* Thracian Tomb of Sveshtari
* Thracian tomb Shushmanets

Warfare|

* Thracian warfare
* Sica
* Falx
* Rhomphaia
* Labrys
* Pelta

Modern studies|

* Thracology

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template