Three Percenters

American and Canadian far-right militia group

3 Percenters

Formation| 2008; 17 years ago (2008)
Founder| Michael "Mike" Brian Vanderboegh
Dissolved| February 21, 2021; 4 years ago (2021-02-21) (as national organization, local groups continue)
Legal status| Inactive
Location|

* United States
Canada

Region

| North America
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The Three Percenters[a] are a loose anti-government network comprising militia groups and individual activists in the United States.[2] Once a unified organization known as The Three Percenters Original, the movement has evolved into a number of ideologically diverse groups with no centralized leadership at the national level.[3]

The movement adherents advocates gun ownership rights and resistance to the U.S. federal government.[4][5] The group's name derives from the erroneous[6][7] claim that "the active forces in the field against the King's tyranny never amounted to more than 3% of the colonists" during the American Revolution.[8] Though the Three Percent movement is broadly united by support for gun rights and has been described by Malcolm Nance as right-libertarian,[9] it also encompasses nativist and Christian fundamentalist elements involved in planning bomb attacks.[10]

The group is based in the U.S. and has a presence in Canada. It has been described as the "most dangerous" extremist group in Canada.[4]

On February 21, 2021, their leadership dissolved the American national group in response to the January 6 United States Capitol attack, condemning the violence.[11] Multiple factions of the group and others adhering to the Three Percenter movement participated in the attack.[12] In June 2021, six men associated with the group were indicted in the U.S. for conspiracy, and Canada declared the group a terrorist entity.[13]

## Foundation and membership

[edit]

The movement has been characterized as part of the broader patriot movement.[4] Founded in 2008, it was given impetus by the election of Barack Obama as president of the United States.[4][14] Members believed that Obama's presidency would lead to increased government interference in the lives of individuals, and particularly stricter gun-control laws.[1] Many members are former or current members of the military, police and other law-enforcement agencies, as well as anti-government groups such as the Oath Keepers.[1]

The movement was co-founded by Michael "Mike" Brian Vanderboegh[15] from Alabama, a member of the Oath Keepers, a group with whom the Three Percenters remain loosely allied and are often compared.[16][17] Vanderboegh claimed to have formerly been a member of Students for a Democratic Society and the Socialist Workers Party, but abandoned left-wing politics and politics in general in 1977 after being introduced to libertarianism.[18] Vanderboegh said the book The Road to Serfdom pushed him to the right. He became a Second Amendment activist and by the 1990s was involved with the militia movement.[19]

The Anti-Defamation League (ADL) reports that in the mid-1990s, Vanderboegh claimed to be commander of an Alabama militia group, the First Alabama Cavalry Regiment, though he appeared to be its sole member. After the Oklahoma City bombing in 1995, Vanderboegh became better known for popularizing anti-government conspiracy theories.[20]

The group's website states that it does not discriminate against anyone; however, in response to Black Lives Matter protests following the 2014 shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri, the Three Percenters' Facebook page featured numerous racist comments made by its supporters.[21] In response to events at the 2017 Unite the Right rally, the group issued a statement that they "strongly reject and denounce anyone who calls themselves a patriot or a Three Percenter that has attended or is planning on attending any type of protest or counter protest related to these white supremacist and Nazi groups".[22][23]

## Ideology

[edit]

The group's website states it is "not a militia" and "not anti-government".[21][24] According to the ADL, Three Percenters constitute a significant part of the broader anti-government militia movement, whose ideology they share.[25] Three Percenters believe that ordinary citizens must take a stand against perceived abuses by the U.S. federal government, which they characterize as overstepping its Constitutional limits.[1] Its stated goals include protecting the right to keep and bear arms, and to "push back against tyranny".[4] The group opposes federal involvement in what they consider local affairs and states in its bylaws that county sheriffs are "the supreme law of the land".[21]

Like other American militia movements, Three Percenters believe in the ability of citizen volunteers with ordinary weapons to successfully resist the United States military. They support this belief by claiming that only around 3% of American colonists fought the British during the American Revolution, a claim which underestimates the number of people who resisted British rule,[5] and which does not take into account the concentration of British forces in coastal cities, the similarity of weapons used by American and British forces, and French support for the colonists.[5]

## Organization and activities

[edit]

A protester wears a Three Percenter flag during the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol.

The group's members have a record of involvement in criminal activity,[20] and some have been associated with acts of violence as well as violent threats.[16]

While hierarchical at a local level, nationally they operate as a decentralized system of networks or cells.[26] In addition to political activism, chapters also engage in paramilitary activities such as marksmanship training. Membership requires voting and opposing laws the group sees as unconstitutional. Members take an oath similar to that of the US armed forces. Three Percenters who are also active military members are asked to swear an additional oath promising to disobey certain official orders, such as orders to disarm US citizens.[21] The group's Facebook page mostly features posts supporting gun rights.[24]

Vanderboegh self-published a serial novel online, Absolved, in 2008, which he called "a cautionary tale for the out-of-control gun cops of the ATF". On the movement's website, it claims that it is not a militia group, but rather a "national organization made up of patriotic citizens who love their country, their freedoms, and their liberty."[27][28]

Vanderboegh and his novel Absolved first received wider media attention in 2011, when four suspected militia members in Georgia were arrested for a plan for a biological attack that the novel had supposedly inspired.[29][30] Vanderboegh distanced himself from the alleged plot.[31]

In 2013, Christian Allen Kerodin and associates were working on the construction of a walled compound in Benewah County, Idaho, "for Three Percenters", designed to house 7,000 people following a major disaster, an initiative which local law enforcement has described as a "scam".[32]

In April 2013, a group of Jersey City, New Jersey, police officers were disciplined for wearing patches reading "One of the 3%".[33][34]

Following the 2015 Chattanooga shootings at a strip mall, a military recruitment center and a United States Navy Operational Support Center in Chattanooga, Tennessee, Three Percenters, Oath Keepers, and other militia groups began organizing armed gatherings outside of recruiting centers in several states, with the stated objective of protecting service members, who were barred from carrying weapons while on duty in civilian recruitment centers.[35] In response, the Army Command Operations Center Security Division issued a letter ordering soldiers not to interact with or acknowledge armed civilians outside of recruitment centers, and that "If questioned by these alleged concerned citizens, be polite, professional and terminate the conversation immediately and report the incident to local law enforcement", noting that the issuing officer is "sure the citizens mean well, but we cannot assume this in every case and we do not want to advocate this behavior".[35]

An Idaho Three Percenter group protested refugee resettlement in that state in 2015.[24] In 2016, the "3 Percenters of Idaho" group announced it was sending some of its members in support of the occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge in Oregon, allegedly in order to "secure the perimeter" and to prevent a "Waco-style situation".[36] They left several hours later after being told their assistance was not needed.[37] Two days previously, Vanderboegh had described the occupiers as "a collection of fruits and nuts".[38] "What Bundy and this collection of fruits and nuts has done is give the feds the perfect opportunity to advance their agenda to discredit us", he said.[38] Michael "Mike" Brian Vanderboegh died August 10, 2016.[39]

The group provided security for a 2017 event held by Patriot Prayer called "Rally for Trump and Freedom".[40][41] Several Three Percenters were also present and providing security for the Unite the Right rally held in Charlottesville, Virginia, in August 2017; along with members of the Redneck Revolt, a left-leaning militia group.[42][43] After the events at Charlottesville, the group's "National Council" issued a "stand down order", stating, "we will not align ourselves with any type of racist group".[24][42]

In 2017, a 23-year-old Oklahoma man, Jerry Drake Varnell, was arrested on federal charges of plotting a vehicle bomb attack on a bank in downtown Oklahoma City, modeled after the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing.[44] During a meeting in 2017 with undercover FBI agents, Varnell identified with the Three Percenters movement, saying that he subscribed to "III% ideology" and intended "to start the next revolution."[14] In March 2020, Varnell was found guilty of conspiracy to use an explosive device to damage a building used in interstate commerce and planning to use a weapon of mass destruction against property used in interstate commerce. He was sentenced to 25 years in prison.[45][46]

In 2018, three men were arrested in connection with the bombing of the Dar Al-Farooq Islamic Center in Bloomington, Minnesota. The bombing was non-lethal. One of the men involved, former sheriff's deputy Michael B. Hari, had connections to the III%s.[47]

In June 2019, Oregon Governor Kate Brown sent the Oregon State Police to bring 11 absent Republican state senators back to the Oregon State Capitol. The Republican state senators had gone into hiding to prevent a vote on a cap-and-trade proposal to lower greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 to combat climate change. The Three Percenters offered support for the Republican senators, declaring they would be "doing whatever it takes to keep these senators safe".[48][49][50] On June 22, 2019, a session of the Oregon Senate was cancelled when the Oregon State Capitol was closed due to a warning from the state police of a "possible militia threat".[48][49][50][51]

In May 2020, during a Second Amendment rally on Memorial Day weekend in Frankfort, Kentucky, Three Percenters and other protesters breached several off-limit barriers to access the front porch of the Governor's Mansion, Governor Andy Beshear's primary residence, and began heckling the Mansion's occupants in response to the Governor's restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Soon afterward, members of the group moved several hundred yards away. They hung an effigy bearing the Governor's face and a sign reading sic semper tyrannis ("thus always to tyrants") from a tree.[52][53] The event drew condemnation from Beshear and from across the political spectrum.[54][55][56] Some state officials had joined the Three Percenters at earlier events, including Kentucky State Representatives Savannah Maddox and Stan Lee, and Kentucky State Senator John Schickel.[57][58] Beshear labeled the group as "radical", that their actions were "aimed at creating fear and terror", and declared that officials who appeared at previous Three Percenter events "cannot fan the flames and then condemn the fire."[59]

Three Percenters Barry Croft and Adam Fox took part in a plot to kidnap Michigan Governor Gretchen Whitmer.[60] Michael Jung, a prominent Three Percenter in Wisconsin, offered a location for members to train, he claims to be the second-in-command of the Wisconsin branch.[61][62]

Colorado congresswoman Lauren Boebert has close ties to the group.[63]

Chris Wisnovski of the Washington State Three Percenters said in 2019 that his organisation "is not affiliated with the national movement and focuses more on charitable works and community preparedness."[64]

## Participation in the January 6 United States Capitol attack

[edit]

For broader coverage of the event, see January 6 United States Capitol attack.

January 6 United
States Capitol attack

Timeline • Planning
Background

2020 presidential election
and other causes

* Previous claims of election fraud by President Trump
* in 2012
* in 2016
* Republican reactions
* Michigan State Capitol storming
* 2020–21 presidential election protests
* 2021 Electoral College vote count
* Attempts to overturn the presidential election
* Trump fake electors plot
* Chesebro memos
* Eastman memos
* Jeffrey Clark letter
* Democratic backsliding in the US
* Social media use by Donald Trump
* Trumpism
* QAnon
* Donald Trump and fascism

Related groups and persons

* Ali Alexander
* Ray Epps
* Nick Fuentes
* Rudy Giuliani
* Jericho March
* Alex Jones
* Sedition Caucus
* Enrique Tarrio
* Donald Trump
* Donald Trump Jr.

Participants

Notable people

* Ashli Babbitt
* Joe Biggs
* Richard Barnett
* Jacob "QAnon Shaman" Chansley
* Derrick Evans
* Tim "Baked Alaska" Gionet
* Simone Gold
* Klete Keller
* Ethan Nordean
* Rick Saccone
* Jon Schaffer
* John Earle Sullivan

Organizations

* Boogaloo movement
* Groypers
* Oath Keepers
* Proud Boys
* Three Percenters

Law enforcement response

* Capitol Police
* Harry Dunn
* Aquilino Gonell
* Eugene Goodman
* Brian Sicknick
* Howard Liebengood
* Steven Sund
* Department of Defense
* Michael C. Stenger
* Paul D. Irving
* Christopher C. Miller
* Ryan D. McCarthy
* Walter E. Piatt
* Charles A. Flynn
* Daniel Hokanson
* William J. Walker
* D.C. National Guard
* DC
* Muriel Bowser
* Robert Contee
* Michael Fanone
* Daniel Hodges
* Jeffrey L. Smith
* Virginia
* Ralph Northam

Aftermath

Biden inauguration

* 2021 inauguration week protests
* Security preparations

Investigations and charges

* Justice Department investigation
* Criminal proceedings
* list
* Fischer v. United States
* January 6 commission
* House Select Committee
* public hearings
* Smith special counsel investigation
* federal prosecution of Donald Trump
* Trump's pardon of defendants

Corporate actions

* List of companies that halted political contributions
* Social media suspensions of Donald Trump
* permanent suspension
* Suspensions of other social media accounts
* shutdown of Parler
* Facebook

Reactions

* Domestic
* Antifa culpability conspiracy theory
* International

Impeachment and 2024 presidential election

* Second impeachment of Donald Trump
* trial
* Presidential eligibility of Donald Trump
* Trump v. Anderson

* v
* t
* e

Supporters of the Three Percenters were present and wore emblematic gear or symbols during the protests and storming of the U.S. Capitol on January 6, 2021. Other groups attending included the Proud Boys and Oath Keepers.[65] After breaking through police lines or being let through multiple police perimeters, these groups occupied, vandalized,[66][67] breached the Capitol Building and ransacked it for several hours.[68]

At least one man tied to the Three Percenter movement was arrested and charged with involvement of the attack; the man was also reportedly tied to two other extremist groups, the Proud Boys and Oath Keepers.[69][70] At the time of the January 6 protests, a truck owned by Illinois State Rep. Chris Miller (the husband of U.S. Representative Mary Miller) was in a restricted area next to the Capitol and bore a Three Percenters decal logo.[71][72] On March 18, 2021, the Illinois House voted to censure Miller for attending the January 6 “Save America” rally that preceded the insurrection at the Capitol by supporters of former President Donald Trump.[73]

Multiple factions of the Three Percenters were also involved in the attack, including 'DC Brigade', 'Patriot Boys of North Texas',[74] and 'B Squad'. The B Squad and DC Brigade conspired with the Proud Boys and Oath Keepers.[12]

### Indictments and sentences

[edit]

Guy Reffitt, a member of the Three Percenters from Wylie, Texas, was present at the January 6 United States Capitol attack wearing body armor and carrying a handgun and plastic handcuffs on the Capitol grounds with the intent to remove House speaker Nancy Pelosi and Senate majority leader Mitch McConnell from the premises.[75] He was referred to as the guy that "lit the match" and helped to ignite the crowd into an “unstoppable force”. He was found guilty of five charges and was sentenced to more than seven years in prison.[76][77]

In June 2021, six men who identified as members of the Three Percenters were indicted by a grand jury for "conspiring to obstruct congressional proceedings." The indictment alleges that they coordinated travel to Washington, D.C., with intent for disruption; some were wearing body armor and tactical gear, and at least one carried a knife. They alleged they were acting as security for principals such as Trump friend and advisor Roger Stone.[78][79][80] All have pled not guilty.[81][80] They are:

1. Alan Hostetter of San Clemente, California, former police Chief of La Habra and yoga instructor, was accused of conspiracy to obstruct an official proceeding. Hostetter was sentenced to 135 months in prison.[82]
2. Erik Scott Warner of Menifee, California, is charged with federal offenses that include conspiracy, obstructing an official proceeding, and unlawful entry on restricted buildings or grounds.
3. Felipe Antonio “Tony” Martinez of Lake Elsinore, California, is charged with federal offenses, including conspiracy, obstructing an official proceeding, and unlawful entry on restricted buildings or grounds.
4. Derek Kinnison of Lake Elsinore, California, is charged with federal offenses, including conspiracy, obstructing an official proceeding, unlawful entry on restricted buildings or grounds, and tampering with documents or proceedings.
5. Ronald Mele of Temecula, California, is charged with federal offenses, including conspiracy, obstructing an official proceeding, and unlawful entry on restricted buildings or grounds.
6. Russell Taylor of Ladera Ranch is charged with federal offenses, including conspiracy, obstructing an official proceeding, and unlawful entry on restricted buildings or grounds. He is also charged with obstructing law enforcement during a civil disorder and unlawful possession of a dangerous weapon on Capitol grounds.[80]

## Canada

[edit]

On June 25, 2021, the group was added to the Canadian Criminal Code's list of terrorist entities to prevent them from accessing financial support.[83][84] One Canadian expert, Maxime Fiset, a former neo-Nazi who works with the Centre for the Prevention of Radicalization Leading to Violence, considers the group the "most dangerous" extremist group in the country. Hate crime expert Barbara Perry said that Islamophobia was the main focus of the Canadian chapters, urged that police investigate the group, and called the group "scary".[4]

## See also

[edit]

* American Patriots Three Percent
* Boogaloo movement
* Christian Patriot movement
* Five Percenters
* List of militia organizations in the United States
* Oath Keepers
* Patriot Front
* Posse Comitatus
* Proud Boys

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Also styled 3 Percenters, 3%ers and III%ers[1]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d Balleck, Barry J. (2019). Hate Groups and Extremist Organizations in America: An Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 315\. ISBN 978-1-4408-5751-5. Archived from the original on April 16, 2023. Retrieved May 19, 2020.
2. ^ Gartenstein-Ross et al. 2022, p. 5.
3. ^ Lewandowski & Bumgarner 2024, pp. 132–133.
4. ^ a b c d e f Hutter, Christy (May 10, 2018). "Three Percenters are Canada's 'most dangerous' extremist group, say some experts". CBC News. Archived from the original on July 18, 2021. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
5. ^ a b c Crothers, Lane (2019). Rage on the Right: The American Militia Movement from Ruby Ridge to the Trump Presidency (2nd ed.). Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 136–37\. ISBN 978-1-5381-1573-2. Archived from the original on April 16, 2023. Retrieved May 19, 2020 – via Google Books.
6. ^ "Three Percenters". Anti-Defamation League. August 23, 2018. Archived from the original on August 11, 2021. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
7. ^ Tures, John A. (July 3, 2017). "More Americans Fought in the American Revolution Than We Thought". Observer. Archived from the original on July 11, 2021. Retrieved January 27, 2021.
8. ^ "The Three Percenters: Who We Are". The Three Percenters. Archived from the original on August 14, 2013. Retrieved February 1, 2021.
9. ^ Nance 2022, pp. 319–320.
10. ^ Aaronson, Trevor (March 30, 2019). "Donald Trump Helped Turn a Christian Extremist Into an Alleged Domestic Terrorist". The Intercept. Retrieved April 10, 2025.
11. ^ "TTPO's Final Statement - The Three Percenters - Original". thethreepercenters.org. March 10, 2021. Archived from the original on March 10, 2021. Retrieved April 23, 2021.
12. ^ a b "Summoning a mob to Washington, and knowing they were angry and armed, instructing them to march to the Capitol". j6.report. Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
13. ^ Ljunggren, David (June 25, 2021). Nomiyama, Chizu (ed.). "Canada puts U.S. Three Percenters militia on terror list, cites risk of violent extremism". Reuters. Archived from the original on August 11, 2021. Retrieved June 26, 2021.
14. ^ a b "Jury convicted man in Oklahoma City federal bomb plot trial". Associated Press. February 25, 2019. Archived from the original on January 18, 2021. Retrieved July 2, 2019.
15. ^ Thomas, Judy L. (August 10, 2016). "Longtime militia and 'Patriot' leader Mike Vanderboegh dies at 64". Kansas City Star. Archived from the original on September 30, 2017. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
16. ^ a b Spencer Sunshine (January 5, 2016). "Profile on the Right: Three Percenters". Political Research Associates. Archived from the original on July 27, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
17. ^ Avlon, John (March 31, 2010). "Anti-government hate militias on the rise". CNN. Archived from the original on January 6, 2016. Retrieved January 3, 2016.
18. ^ Mencimer, Stephanie (December 14, 2011). "Meet the Former Militiaman Behind the Fast and Furious Scandal". Mother Jones. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved January 3, 2016.
19. ^ Avlon, John P. (2014). Wingnuts : extremism in the age of Obama (2nd ed.). New York. pp. 222–223\. ISBN 9780991247608. Archived from the original on February 27, 2021. Retrieved November 23, 2020.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
20. ^ a b "Three Percenters". Anti-Defamation League. Archived from the original on August 11, 2021. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
21. ^ a b c d Mockaitis, Thomas R. (2019). Violent Extremists: Understanding the Domestic and International Terrorist Threat. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger Publishing. pp. 80–81\. ISBN 978-1-4408-5949-6. Archived from the original on April 16, 2023. Retrieved May 19, 2020.
22. ^ Hafner, Josh Hafner and Josh. "Three Percenters: What is the gun-toting group? And what do its supporters want?". USA Today. Archived from the original on July 13, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
23. ^ Council, National (August 13, 2017). "The Three Percenters Official Statement Regarding the Violent Protests in Charlottesville". the-three-percenters. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
24. ^ a b c d Hafner, Josh (March 1, 2018). "Three Percenters: What is the gun-toting group? And what do its supporters want?". USA Today. Archived from the original on July 13, 2021. Retrieved March 1, 2019.
25. ^ "Three Percenters". ADL.org. Anti-Defamation League. Archived from the original on August 11, 2021. Retrieved February 12, 2021.
26. ^ Beutel, Alejandro and Daryl Johnson. 2021. "The Three Percenters: A Look Inside an Anti-Government Militia." Newlines Institute Policy Report (March). https://newlinesinstitute.org/far-right-extremism/the-three-percenters-a-look-inside-an-anti-government-militia/
27. ^ Einbinder, Nicole (June 25, 2019). "Here's what you need to know about the Three Percenters, the militia group protecting GOP lawmakers in Oregon". Insider. Retrieved September 29, 2019.
28. ^ Morlin, Bill (May 16, 2013). "Michael Brian Vanderboegh". splcenter.org. Montgomery, Alabama: Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on January 12, 2016. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
29. ^ Bluestein, Greg (February 11, 2011). "Georgia Militia Plot: Feds Arrest Four Suspected Group Members For Alleged Biological Attack Plan". The Huffington Post. New York City: Huffington Post Media Group. Associated Press. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
30. ^ Kellogg, Carolyn (November 3, 2011). "'Online novel' allegedly inspired Georgia terrorism suspects". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on May 5, 2017. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
31. ^ Gertz, Matt (November 2, 2011). "Fox "Authority" Vanderboegh On His Book Allegedly Inspiring Terrorism: 'Did I Mention It Is Fiction?'". mediamatters.org. Media Matters for America. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved January 14, 2016. "Absolved is fiction. I hope it is a 'useful dire warning.' However, I am as much to blame for the Georgia Geriatric Terrorist Gang as Tom Clancy is for Nine Eleven."
32. ^ Morlin, Bill (May 16, 2013). "Behind the Walls". Montgomery, Alabama: Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on January 26, 2016. Retrieved January 14, 2016. "But there's no sign that the latest fantastic plans from antigovernment extremists will ever come to much. Dave Resser, the sheriff of sparsely populated Benewah County, calls the whole thing a 'scam'."
33. ^ Conte, Michaelangelo (April 29, 2013). "Jersey City police brass identify a pro-militia clique in the department and say they've been stopped". The Jersey Journal. Archived from the original on January 17, 2016. Retrieved January 14, 2016 – via NJ.com.
34. ^ Zeitlinger, Ron (April 29, 2013). "'Three Percenters' founder: Wrong to discipline Jersey City police officers". The Jersey Journal. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 14, 2016 – via NJ.com.
35. ^ a b Tritten, Travis (July 22, 2015). "Army to recruiters: Treat armed citizens as security threat". Stars and Stripes. Archived from the original on July 11, 2017. Retrieved August 27, 2017.
36. ^ Hammill, Luke (January 8, 2016). "Oregon standoff: Idaho group arrives to 'secure perimeter, prevent Waco-style situation'". The Oregonian. Archived from the original on January 10, 2016. Retrieved January 11, 2016.
37. ^ "More armed men visit site of Oregon wildlife refuge standoff". San Francisco Chronicle. Associated Press. January 9, 2016. Archived from the original on February 1, 2016. Retrieved January 11, 2016.
38. ^ a b Thomas, Judy (January 6, 2016). "Experts: Oregon standoff may be small, but it's tip of militia iceberg". mcclatchydc.com. McClatchy News Service. Archived from the original on January 9, 2016. Retrieved January 6, 2016.
39. ^ "Michael Brian Vanderboegh". Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on January 12, 2016. Retrieved February 21, 2023.
40. ^ Hawkass, Johnathan (April 4, 2017). "Clark County Trump rally disrupted by anarchists". The Reflector. Archived from the original on September 6, 2017. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
41. ^ Brown, Doug (April 2, 2017). "Photos & Video: Protesters Arrested at a Donald Trump Rally in Vancouver". The Portland Mercury. Archived from the original on September 12, 2017. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
42. ^ a b Michel, Casey (August 17, 2017). "How Militias Became the Private Police for White Supremacists". Politico. Arlington, Virginia: Capitol News Company. Archived from the original on February 7, 2021. Retrieved February 11, 2018.
43. ^ McKenzie, Bryan (August 20, 2017). "Militia member speaks about group's role at rally". The Daily Progress. Archived from the original on December 13, 2020. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
44. ^ Fernandez, Manny (August 8, 2017). "Bombing Plot in Oklahoma City Is Thwarted With Arrest, F.B.I. Says". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 28, 2021. Retrieved July 2, 2019.
45. ^ Dulaney, Josh (March 24, 2020). "Jerry Drake Varnell sentenced in OKC bomb plot case". The Oklahoman. Archived from the original on September 15, 2020. Retrieved August 1, 2020.
46. ^ "Man Who Attempted to Bomb Downtown Oklahoma City Bank Sentenced to 25 Years". justice.gov. U.S. Attorney’s Office, Western District of Oklahoma. March 23, 2020. Archived from the original on August 4, 2020. Retrieved August 1, 2020.
47. ^ Sankin, Aaron; Carless, Will (March 16, 2018). "Who are the Three Percenters?". revealnews.org. Center for Investigative Reporting. Archived from the original on April 26, 2018. Retrieved May 31, 2020.
48. ^ a b Zimmerman, Sarah; Flaccus, Gillan (June 22, 2019). "Militia threat shuts down Oregon Statehouse amid walkout". apnews.com. Associated Press. Archived from the original on June 25, 2019. Retrieved June 25, 2019.
49. ^ a b Radnovich, Connor (June 22, 2019). "Saturday Senate session canceled after potential threat of militia protest violence". Salem Statesman Journal. Retrieved June 25, 2019.
50. ^ a b Szekely, Peter (June 23, 2019). "Oregon Capitol building closed as precaution amid partisan dispute". Reuters.com. Archived from the original on June 25, 2019. Retrieved June 25, 2019.
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## Bibliography

[edit]

* Gartenstein-Ross, Daveed; Clarke, Colin P.; Hodgson, Samuel (May 20, 2022). Militia Violent Extremists in the United States: Understanding the Evolution of the Threat. International Centre for Counter-Terrorism.
* Nance, Malcolm (2022). They Want to Kill Americans: The Militias, Terrorists, and Deranged Ideology of the Trump Insurgency. St. Martin's Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-250-27900-2.
* Balleck, Barry J. (2019). Hate Groups and Extremist Organizations in America: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-4408-5750-8.
* Lewandowski, Carla; Bumgarner, Jeff (2024). Extremism in the Police. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 979-8-216-17144-7.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Sankin, Aaron; Carless, Will (March 16, 2018). "The Hate Report: Get to know the Three Percenters". Reveal. Emeryville, California: Center for Investigative Reporting.

* v
* t
* e

January 6 United States Capitol attack

Background|

| U.S. Capitol|

* United States Capitol Police
* Harry Dunn
* Aquilino Gonell
* Eugene Goodman
* Yogananda Pittman
* Steven Sund
* Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia
* Robert Contee
* Michael Fanone
* Daniel Hodges
* Timeline of prior security incidents

|

Election|

* Previous claims of election fraud by President Trump
* in 2012
* in 2016
* Republican reactions
* 2020–21 presidential election protests
* 2021 Electoral College vote count
* Predictions of violence
* 1776 Returns
* Attempts to overturn the 2020 presidential election
* Fake electors plot
* Chesebro memos
* Eastman memos
* Lawsuits
* Texas v. Pennsylvania
* Jeffrey Clark letter

Other|

* Democratic backsliding in the United States
* Michigan State Capitol storming
* Trumpism
* False or misleading statements by Donald Trump
* Conspiracy theories
* Social media use by Donald Trump
* Twitter
* QAnon
* Donald Trump and fascism
* Trump derangement syndrome

Involved|

* Christina Bobb
* Kenneth Chesebro
* Jeffrey Clark
* Joseph diGenova
* John Eastman
* Jenna Ellis
* Rudy Giuliani
* John McEntee
* Mark Meadows
* Cleta Mitchell
* Peter Navarro
* Sidney Powell
* Victoria Toensing
* Jim Troupis
* Donald Trump
* Donald Trump Jr.

Events|

* Planning
* Timeline of attack
* Law enforcement response
* killing of Ashli Babbitt
* Death of Brian Sicknick

Participants|

| Proud Boys|

* Enrique Tarrio
* Joe Biggs
* Ethan Nordean
* Dominic Pezzola

|

Oath Keepers|

* Stewart Rhodes
* Kelly Meggs
* Jeremy Bertino
* Ray Epps
* Roberto Minuta
* Jessica Marie Watkins

Others|

* Richard Barnett
* Jacob Chansley
* Cameron Clapp
* Isabella DeLuca
* Derrick Evans
* Nick Fuentes
* Tim "Baked Alaska" Gionet
* Simone Gold
* Couy Griffin
* Pamela Hemphill
* Alan Hostetter
* Adam Christian Johnson
* Jay Johnston
* Klete Keller
* Edward Kelley
* Carol Kicinski
* Kevin James Lyons
* Doug Mastriano
* Evan Neumann
* Nicholas Ochs
* Matthew Perna
* Rachel Powell
* Chaya "Libs of TikTok" Raichik
* Guy Reffitt
* Jason Riddle
* Dana Rohrabacher
* Rick Saccone
* Ryan Samsel
* Ronald Sandlin
* Jon Schaffer
* Tighe Scott
* Kevin Seefried
* Owen Shroyer
* Peter Francis Stager
* Brandon Straka
* John Earle Sullivan‎‎
* Antwione Williams
* Christopher John Worrell

Aftermath|

* 2021 U.S. inauguration week protests
* Companies that halted political contributions
* Reactions
* domestic
* international
* Second impeachment of Donald Trump
* trial
* Suicides
* Howard Liebengood
* Jeffrey L. Smith
* Proceedings
* Justice Department investigation
* January 6 commission
* House Select Committee
* criminal proceedings
* list
* Fischer v. United States
* public hearings
* Thompson v. Trump
* Smith special counsel investigation
* Federal prosecution of Donald Trump
* Trump v. United States
* Justice for J6 rally
* 2021 Facebook company files leak
* Presidential eligibility of Donald Trump
* Trump v. Anderson
* Pardons

Related|

* 8 January Brasília attacks
* Alex Jones
* Ali Alexander
* Kathy Barnette
* Boogaloo movement
* Jericho March
* Groypers
* Sedition Caucus
* Social media use by Donald Trump
* Three Percenters
* Trumpism
* Day of Rage: How Trump Supporters Took the U.S. Capitol (2021)
* Four Hours at the Capitol (2021)
* This Place Rules (2022)
* "Justice for All" (2023)
* A Storm Foretold (2023)
* The Sixth (2024)
* Democratic backsliding in the United States
* Cincinnati FBI field office attack

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*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template