Three Seas Initiative

International political forum of Middle-European states

Three Seas Initiative

Logo

Membership|

* Austria
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Czech Republic
* Estonia
* Greece
* Hungary
* Latvia
* Lithuania
* Poland
* Romania
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Partner-participant:
* Albania
* Moldova
* Montenegro
* Ukraine
* Strategic partner:
* European Commission
* Germany
* Japan
* Spain
* Turkey
* United States

Establishment| 2015
Area

• Total

| 1,218,975 km2 (470,649 sq mi)
Population

• Estimate

|  110,150,445[1]

• Density

| 90/km2 (233.1/sq mi)
GDP (nominal)| 2022 estimate

• Total

|  €2.295 trillion[2]

• Per capita

|  €20,838

Website
3seas.eu

The Three Seas Initiative (3SI or TSI), known also as the Baltic, Adriatic, Black Sea (BABS) Initiative or simply as the Three Seas (Latin: Trimarium, Polish: Trójmorze), is a forum of thirteen states, in the European Union, running along a north–south axis from the Baltic Sea to the Adriatic and Black Seas in Central and Eastern Europe.[3] The Initiative aims to create a regional dialogue on questions affecting the member states.

In 2016, representatives of the original 13 member states (Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia and Greece)[4] met for their first summit in Dubrovnik, Croatia. At the seventh summit in Riga on 20 June 2022, Ukraine received the status of a partner-participant of the TSI, de facto becoming a participant in this initiative.[5] At the 2023 summit, Greece became a member and Moldova a partner-participant,[6] while at the 2025 summit, Albania and Montenegro became partner-participants.[7]

## Statistics

[edit]

The twelve Three Seas countries cover 29 per cent of the European Union's territory (1,210,000 km2 or 470,000 sq mi), are home to 25 percent of the European Union's inhabitants (110 million), and produce €2.3 trillion or one seventh of the EU's GDP (nominal).[2]

## History

[edit]

The Three Seas Initiative, which was influenced by the Polish interwar Intermarium concept, was launched in 2015 by Polish President Andrzej Duda and Croatian President Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović.[8]

### First summit, Dubrovnik, 2016

[edit]

The Initiative's first summit, held in Dubrovnik, Croatia, on 25–26 August 2016, ended with a declaration of economic cooperation in energy and in transport and communications infrastructures.[3] Polish President Andrzej Duda called the initiative "a new concept to promote Europe's unity and cohesion... an idea of cooperation among 12 countries located between the Adriatic, Baltic and Black Seas, the three seas of Central Europe."[9]

Guests included Chinese Ministerial Assistant for Foreign Affairs Liu Haixing, who spoke about Three Seas Initiative interconnectedness with China's Belt and Road Initiative, and former US National Security Advisor General James L. Jones, who stressed the Three Seas Initiative's role in European development and security.[10][11]

### Second summit, Warsaw, 2017

[edit]

The Initiative's second summit was held 6–7 July 2017 in Warsaw, Poland. Guest attendees included US President Donald Trump.[12][13] The participating countries unanimously agreed to set up a Three Seas Business Forum.[14][15]

### Third summit, Bucharest, 2018

[edit]

The Initiative's third summit took place 17–18 September 2018 in Bucharest, Romania. Participants approved interconnection projects in three key areas: transport, energy, and digital.[16] Guest attendees included President of the European Commission Jean-Claude Juncker, German Foreign Minister Heiko Maas, and US Secretary of Energy Rick Perry. The first edition[clarification needed] of the Business Forum was organised. A 3SI Network of Chambers of Commerce was created, and a letter of intent was signed concerning establishment of a Three Seas Investment Fund.[17][18]

### List of summits

[edit]

| Date | Location | Hosting leader | Notes

|
|
|
|

1 | 2016
25–26 August | Dubrovnik, Croatia | Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović | Format established.[19][20]
2 | 2017
6–7 July | Warsaw, Poland | Andrzej Duda | U.S. President Donald Trump attended.[21]
3 | 2018
17–18 September | Bucharest, Romania | Klaus Iohannis | E.U. Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker, German Foreign Minister Heiko Maas, and U.S. Secretary of Energy Rick Perry attended.[22]
4 | 2019
5–6 June | Ljubljana, Slovenia | Borut Pahor | E.U. Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker, German president Frank-Walter Steinmeier, and U.S. Secretary of Energy Rick Perry attended.[23][24]
5 | 2020
19 October[25] | Tallinn, Estonia  | Kersti Kaljulaid | Virtual summit[26][27]
6 | 2021
8–9 July[25] | Sofia, Bulgaria  | Rumen Radev | Greek president Katerina Sakellaropoulou attended.[28]
7 | 2022
20–21 June[25] | Riga, Latvia  | Egils Levits |
8 | 2023

6-7 September

| Bucharest, Romania | Klaus Iohannis | IMF Managing Director Kristalina Georgieva attended.

Greece became the 13th member of the initiative and Moldova a partner-participant.[6]

9 | 2024

11 April [29]

| Vilnius, Lithuania | Gitanas Nausėda | Japan became 4th Strategic Partner of the Initiative [30]
10 | 2025

28-29 April

| Warsaw, Poland | Andrzej Duda | Albania and Montenegro became partner-participants.[7]

## Projects

[edit]

Donald Trump's visit to Poland, July 2017 2018 Three Seas summit in Bucharest

The initiative is closely related to two major infrastructure projects in the region:[31]

* A north–south highway "Via Carpathia", connecting Klaipėda in Lithuania with Thessaloniki in Greece
* Liquefied natural gas infrastructure, with sea terminals in Poland and Croatia and a connecting pipeline

Other projects are the Baltic-Adriatic Corridor, Via Baltica road, Rail Baltica and Amber Rail Freight Corridor[32] rail connections.[33] Another project is Rail-2-Sea, which aims to connect the Baltic Sea port of Gdańsk (Poland) with the Black Sea port of Constanța (Romania) through a 3,663 kilometres (2,276 miles) long railway line.[34][35]

### Three Seas Initiative Investment Fund (3SIIF)

[edit]

The initial two founding institutions from Poland and Romania have committed themselves to make payments totaling more than 500 million euros.[36] The Fund is open to other Three Seas countries, which may join it after obtaining appropriate permits. The supervisory board of the Fund consists of representatives of development banks from Poland, Romania, Latvia, and the Czech Republic.[37][38]

In 2019, Bank Gospodarstwa Krajowego and Export–Import Bank of Romania[39] signed the founding act of the Three Seas Initiative Investment Fund.[40] The fund is to focus on projects creating transport, energy and digital infrastructure in the Three Seas region. Private investors from pension funds, private investment funds, and other entities will also be invited to the fund. The aim is to raise up to €3–5 billion.[36]

The fund will engage, on a commercial basis, in infrastructure projects with a total value of up to €100 billion,[41][42] while the needs of the Three Seas region have been estimated at over €570 billion.[43]

Prior to the 2020 Tallinn Summit, United States Secretary of State Mike Pompeo pledged up to a billion dollars in financing for the Investment Fund.[44] The investment was not made.[45]

The fund's assets were estimated at €900 mil. in 2023.[46] The fund is collaborating with the Amber Infrastructure Group in raising capital and managing investments.[47]

## Perception

[edit]

### Croatia

[edit]

Social-democratic Croatian President Zoran Milanović stated that the initiative is harmful for Croatia.[48]

### Czech Republic

[edit]

The Three Seas Initiative was perceived rather negatively by Czech experts and diplomats during its launch. It was seen as a Polish attempt to create its sphere of influence (similar to the historical perception of Intermarium). Further fears were related to a possibility of deepening the east–west division in the EU and exclusion of Germany. A long term Czech objection was that there should be no competing geopolitical project in the region that would weaken the EU. Some of those objections have been partially addressed lately also due to a good experience with cooperation on infrastructure projects in the Visegrád Group.[49][verification needed] Further improvement of Czech position toward the Initiative happened after the term of the president Miloš Zeman ended and the government could remove from the Czech priority list the controversial project of Danube-Odra-Labe channel in 2023. The Ministry of foreign affairs suggested the new priority projects should be the gas connection STORK II and high-speed rail connection to Poland. On the other hand, Czechia still does not seem interested in joining the Investment fund or hosting a summit.[50]

### Finland

[edit]

The populist Finns Party has advocated for Finland to join the initiative.[51]

### Ukraine

[edit]

In 2016, Ukraine was sent an invitation to the Three Seas Summit in Dubrovnik. However, no state representative was sent to the meeting.[52] In August 2019, during the visit of Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy to Poland, he stated that Ukraine is interested in becoming an active participant in regional projects and initiatives in Poland, such as the Three Seas, which covers the Baltic, Adriatic and Black Seas. It was also noted that Ukraine is already cooperating in the construction of the trans-European Via Carpatia highway, and is discussing an ambitious E-40 waterway project for Ukraine."[53]

In October 2019, Polish Foreign Minister Jacek Czaputowicz said that Ukraine could not now join the Three Seas Initiative, as it includes the countries of Central and Southern Europe, which are members of the European Union. The head of Polish diplomacy explained that the Three Seas Initiative should not be associated with geopolitics, as it is only an infrastructure project.[54]

In November 2019, during the visit of the President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy to Estonia, he stated that Ukraine is interested in joining the TSI and intends to discuss this issue with Estonian partners.[55]

After the start of the 2022 Russian invasion during the Russian-Ukrainian War, President of Poland Andrzej Duda in his address to the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine on 22 May 2022, stated that Ukraine should join the Three Seas Initiative.[56] Later, on 7 June 2022, the Prime Minister of Poland, Mateusz Morawiecki, at the opening of a two-day congress of local self-government in the Three Seas in Lublin, stated that the Three Seas Initiative is impossible without involving a free and sovereign Ukraine.[57]

At the seventh summit in Riga on 20 June 2022, speaking on video, the President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy stated that Ukraine should become a member of the Three Seas Initiative. Zelenskyy suggested strengthening the interpretation of cooperation within the Three Seas, emphasizing the importance of logistics. Speaking about cooperation in the energy sector, Zelenskyy reminded that Ukraine has one of the largest gas storage facilities in the region.[58] At this summit Ukraine received the status of a partner-participant of the TSI, de facto becoming a participant in this initiative.[5]

## See also

[edit]

* Amber Road
* Association Trio
* Bucharest Nine
* Central European Defence Cooperation
* Central European Initiative
* Cooperation between China and Central and Eastern European Countries
* Craiova Group
* Historic recurrence
* Intermarium
* Intermarium (region)
* Open Balkan
* Lithuanian–Polish–Ukrainian Brigade
* Lublin Triangle
* Northern Future Forum
* Visegrád Group

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Population on 1 January". ec.europa.eu. Eurostat. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
2. ^ a b "Gross domestic product at market prices (Current prices and per capita)". Eurostat.
3. ^ a b "Dubrovnik Forum adopts declaration called "The Three Seas Initiative"". EBL News. 25 August 2016. Archived from the original on 16 January 2017. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
4. ^ Wójcik, P. (2024). New in and for the Three Seas Initiative: The Importance of Greece in the CEE and SEE Format for Transregional Infrastructure Cooperation. In P. Pietrzak (Ed.), Analyzing Global Responses to Contemporary Regional Conflicts (pp. 163-187). IGI Global Scientific Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-2837-8.ch008
5. ^ a b "Ukraine has received the status of a partner in the Three Seas Initiative". eurointegration.com.ua (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 22 June 2022.
6. ^ a b "Three Seas Initiative to enlarge with Greece says Romanian president". www.euractiv.com. Euractiv. 30 August 2023. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
7. ^ a b "Address by the President Andrzej Duda opening the session of the 10th Three Seas Initiative Summit". President.Pl. 29 April 2025. Retrieved 30 April 2025.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
8. ^ "Building closer connections - The Three Seas region as an economic area" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
9. ^ "President of the Republic of Poland / News / Minister Szczerski: Three Seas initiative to boost European unity". Prezydent.pl. 4 May 2017. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
10. ^ "The Three Seas Initiative: Central and Eastern Europe takes charge of its own destiny". Visegrád Post. 28 August 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
11. ^ Ansley, Rachel. "Making the Three Seas Initiative a Priority for Trump". Atlantic Council. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
12. ^ "Trump trip to Poland forces 3 Seas summit change". Fox News. 13 June 2017. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
13. ^ CNBC (4 July 2017). "FACTBOX-Three Seas Initiative summit in Warsaw". CNBC. Archived from the original on 4 July 2017. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
14. ^ "President Rumen Radev in Warsaw: the Joint Projects and Investments of the Central and Eastern European Countries will Make the European Union Stronger". President.bg. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
15. ^ "2018 Summit – Three Seas Initiative". Three-seas.eu. Archived from the original on 6 September 2018. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
16. ^ "The Three Seas Initiative-Priority Interconnection Projects" (PDF). Three-seas.eu. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 October 2018. Retrieved 6 October 2018.
17. ^ "Press releases". Three Seas Initiative. Retrieved 19 September 2018.
18. ^ "Croatian President at Third Three Seas Initiative Summit". Croatia Week. 19 September 2018. Retrieved 19 September 2018.
19. ^ "Dubrovnik Forum adopts declaration called "The Three Seas Initiative"". EBL News. 25 August 2016. Archived from the original on 16 January 2017. Retrieved 4 November 2019.
20. ^ "The Three Seas Initiative: Central and Eastern Europe takes charge of its own destiny". Visegrád Post. 28 August 2016. Retrieved 4 November 2019.
21. ^ "Read Donald Trump's Remarks at the Three Seas Initiative Summit in Poland". Time. Retrieved 4 November 2019.
22. ^ "Three Seas summit in Bucharest seeks backing from Western Europe". Deutsche Welle. 17 September 2018. Retrieved 4 November 2019.
23. ^ "Pobuda Tri morja", Wikipedija, prosta enciklopedija (in Slovenian), 5 June 2019, retrieved 5 June 2019
24. ^ "Czech and Croatian Presidents Advocate Stronger Central Europe". Total Croatia News. Retrieved 12 April 2019.
25. ^ a b c "Three Seas Summit and Business Forum". 3seas.eu.
26. ^ "Foreign Minister Reinsalu: we are ready to host the Three Seas Initiative summit in Estonia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Estonia. Retrieved 26 June 2019.
27. ^ "2020 Three Seas Virtual Summit, Tallinn, Estonia". Three Seas Initiative. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
28. ^ "2021 Summit and Business Forum".
29. ^ "Three Seas Summit Vilnius 2024". Three Seas Summit Vilnius 2024. 11 April 2024.
30. ^ "Three Seas Initiative Summit in Vilnius". 11 April 2024.
31. ^ "Poland hopes to tap Trump's business acumen at regional summit". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
32. ^ "Amber Rail Freight Corridor". Rfc-amber.eu.
33. ^ "From Warsaw to Bucharest - The Way Forward for the Three Seas Initiative". Viacarpatia.eu.
34. ^ Mutler, Alison (12 October 2020). "Rail-2-Sea and Via Carpathia, the US-backed highway and rail links from the Baltic to the Black Sea". Universul.net.
35. ^ Lewkowicz, Łukasz (2020). "The Three Seas Initiative as a new model of regional cooperation in Central Europe: A Polish perspective". UNISCI Journal. 18 (54): 177–194\. doi:10.31439/UNISCI-101.
36. ^ a b w3Bstudio (7 June 2019). "Three Seas Initiative Summit urges EU to consider its goals". Slovenia Times. Retrieved 4 November 2019.`{{cite news}}`: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
37. ^ "Three Seas Initiative Gets Investment Fund". total-croatia-news.com. Retrieved 4 November 2019.
38. ^ "The Three Seas Initiative Investment Fund officially established". media.bgk.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 4 November 2019.
39. ^ "Iohannis at the summit of the Three Seas Initiative :The US economic presence in the region is a true catalyst for co-operation". actmedia.eu. Retrieved 4 November 2019.
40. ^ "Three Seas Initiative Investment Fund established". Central Europe Energy Partners. Retrieved 4 November 2019.
41. ^ Editorial Staff (21 August 2018). "Polish Briefing: The Three Seas Fund will finance energy investments". BiznesAlert EN. Retrieved 4 November 2019.
42. ^ Patricolo, Claudia (11 June 2019). "Polish and Romanian banks establish Three Seas investment fund". Emerging Europe. Retrieved 4 November 2019.
43. ^ "New fund to supplement EU infrastructure project financing". Institutional Real Estate, Inc. 12 June 2019. Retrieved 4 November 2019.
44. ^ "US commits $1 billion dollars to develop Central European infrastructure". 15 February 2020.
45. ^ Bonner, Brian (9 October 2023). "The ebb and flow of the Three Seas Initiative". GIS Reports. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
46. ^ "Europe's Three Seas Initiative needs $690bn in infrastructure: banker". Nikkei Asia. 23 October 2023. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
47. ^ Mirbabaeva, Nigina (23 October 2023). "EBRD invests in R.Power in Poland". www.ebrd.com.
48. ^ "Milanović protiv Inicijative triju mora: Nepotrebno i potencijalno štetno zbog mogućeg zamjeranja Berlinu i Moskvi". 19 October 2020.
49. ^ "Poláci odhalili projekt Trojmoří. Propojení Pobaltí s jihovýchodem EU přitahuje americké miliardy" (in Czech). Hospodářské noviny. 6 October 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
50. ^ "Náhrada za 'Zemanovu oblíbenou hračku'. Kanál Dunaj–Odra–Labe vystřídají hned dva projekty". iROZHLAS (in Czech). 12 July 2023. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
51. ^ "Finland to join the Three Seas Initiative (3SI)". Intermarium. 10 December 2019.
52. ^ "Trójmorze a Ukraina: Współpraca (Nie)możliwa". 24 August 2020.
53. ^ "Zelenskyi in Poland: in addition to history – sanctions, borders, energy, transport plus the Three Seas". novynarnia.com (in Ukrainian). 31 August 2019. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
54. ^ "Poland has explained why Ukraine cannot join the Three Seas yet". eurointegration.com.ua (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 20 June 2022.
55. ^ "Ukraine is interested in joining the Three Seas Initiative - Zelenskyi". ukrinform.ua (in Ukrainian). 26 November 2019. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
56. ^ Zaxid.net (22 May 2022). ""Russia has destroyed Ukraine, Russia must pay for it"". ZAXID.NET (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 20 June 2022.
57. ^ "The Three Seas are impossible without a free and sovereign Ukraine - Mateusz Morawiecki". ukrinform.ua (in Ukrainian). 7 June 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
58. ^ "Zelenskyi supported Ukraine's accession to the Three Seas". eurointegration.com.ua (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 20 June 2022.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Three Seas Initiative.

* 2020 Official website
* 2019 Official website
* 2018 Official website

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