Tibet Autonomous Region

Autonomous region of China

Autonomous region in China

Tibet Autonomous Region

Autonomous region

Xizang Autonomous Region
Chinese transcription(s)
• Simplified Chinese| 西藏自治区
• Hanyu pinyin| Xīzàng Zìzhìqū
• Abbreviation| XZ / 藏 (Zàng)
Tibetan transcription(s)
• Tibetan script| བོད་རང་སྐྱོང་ལྗོངས
• Tibetan pinyin| Poi Ranggyong Jong
• Wylie translit.| bod rang skyong ljongs

The Potala Palace in Lhasa

Location of the Tibet Autonomous Region in China (territory claimed by China but controlled by India is striped)

Country| China
Capital
and largest city| Lhasa
Divisions
\- Prefecture-level
\- County-level
\- Township-
level|
7 prefectures
74 counties
699 towns and subdistricts
Government

• Type| Autonomous region
• Body| Tibet Autonomous Region People's Congress
• Party Secretary| Wang Junzheng
• Congress Chairman| Losang Jamcan
• Government Chairman| Garma Cedain
• Regional CPPCC Chairman| Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai
• National People's Congress Representation| 24 deputies
Area

[1]

• Total

| 1,228,400 km2 (474,300 sq mi)
• Rank| 2nd
Highest elevation

(Mount Everest)

| 8,848 m (29,029 ft)
Population

(2020[2])

• Total

| 3,648,100
• Rank| 32nd
• Density| 3.0/km2 (7.7/sq mi)
• Rank| 33rd
Demographics

• Ethnic composition| 86.0% Tibetan

12.2% Han
0.8% others

• Languages and dialects| Tibetan, Mandarin Chinese
GDP (2023)[3]

• Total| CN¥ 250.5 billion (31st)
US$ 34.569 billion
• Per capita| CN¥ 75,237 (22nd)
US$ 10,640
ISO 3166 code| CN-XZ
HDI (2022)| 0.648[4] (31st) – medium
Website| www.xizang.gov.cn (in Chinese)
Tibet

"Tibet" in Chinese (top) and Tibetan (bottom)

Chinese name
Chinese| 西藏
Hanyu Pinyin| Xīzàng
Literal meaning| "Western Tsang"
| Transcriptions

Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin| Xīzàng
Bopomofo| ㄒㄧ   ㄗㄤˋ
Gwoyeu Romatzyh| Shitzanq
Wade–Giles| Hsi1-tsang4
Tongyong Pinyin| Sizàng
Yale Romanization| Syīdzàng
IPA| [ɕí.tsâŋ]
other Mandarin
Xiao'erjing| ثِ‌زَانْ

Romanization| Si平zaon去
Hakka
Romanization| Sî-tshông
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization| Sāi-johng
Jyutping| sai1 zong6
IPA| [sɐj˥ tsɔŋ˨]
Southern Min
Hokkien POJ| Se-chōng
Teochew Peng'im| Sai-tsăng
Eastern Min
Fuzhou BUC| Să̤-câung
Tibet Autonomous Region
Simplified Chinese| 西藏自治区
Traditional Chinese| 西藏自治區
Hanyu Pinyin| Xīzàng Zìzhìqū
| Transcriptions

Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin| Xīzàng Zìzhìqū
Bopomofo|

* ㄒㄧ   ㄗㄤˋ
* ㄗˋ   ㄓˋ   ㄑㄩ

Gwoyeu Romatzyh| Shitzanq Tzyhjyhchiu
Wade–Giles| Hsi1-tsang4 Tzu4-chih4-chʻü1
Tongyong Pinyin| Sizàng Zìhjhìhcyu
Yale Romanization| Syīdzàng Dz̀jr̀chyū
IPA| [ɕí.tsâŋ tsɹ̩̂.ʈʂɻ̩̂.tɕʰý]
other Mandarin
Xiao'erjing| ثِ‌زَانْ زِجِ‌کِیُوِ

Romanization| Si平zaon去 Zy去zy去chiu平
Hakka
Romanization| Sî-tshông Tshṳ-tshṳ-khî
Yue: Cantonese
Jyutping| sai1 zong6 zi6 zi6 keoi1
IPA| [sɐj˥ tsɔŋ˨ tsi˨ tsi˨ kʰɵɥ˥]
Southern Min
Hokkien POJ| Se-chōng Chū-tī-khu
Teochew Peng'im| Sai-tsăng Tsĕu-tī-khu
Eastern Min
Fuzhou BUC| Să̤-câung Cê̤ṳ-dê-kṳ̆
Tibetan name
Tibetan| བོད་
| Transcriptions

Wylie| bod
Tibetan Pinyin| Poi
Lhasa IPA| [pʰø̀ʔ]
Manchu name
Manchu script| ᠸᠠᡵᡤᡳ
ᡩᡯᠠᠩ
Romanization| wargi Dzang
Mongolian name
Mongolian| ᠲᠢᠪᠧᠲ
Tibyet

This article contains Tibetan script. Without proper rendering support, you may see very small fonts, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Tibetan characters.

The Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR),[5] often shortened to Tibet in English or Xizang in Hanyu Pinyin,[6][note 1] is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China. It was established in 1965 to replace the Tibet Area, a former administrative division of the Republic of China.

The current borders of the Tibet Autonomous Region were generally established in the 18th century[9] and include about half of cultural Tibet, which was at times independent and at times under Mongol or Chinese rule. The TAR spans more than 1,200,000 km2 (460,000 sq mi) and is the second-largest province-level division of China by area. Due to its harsh and rugged terrain, it has a total population of only 3.6 million people or approximately 3 inhabitants per square kilometre (7.8/sq mi).

## Names and etymologies

[edit]

Main article: Etymology of Tibet

Tibet Autonomous Region is often shortened to Tibet in English or Xizang in Hanyu Pinyin. The earliest official record of the word Xizang in the Qing Dynasty was in 1663 AD (eighth month of the second year of Kangxi). In the late Ming Dynasty, there were also records of Xizang in Zheng Luo's memorials, the first of which was written during the Wanli period, and the second was written between 1590 AD and 1591 AD (the eighteenth and nineteenth years of Wanli). The term Xizang (西藏) was officially used in 1724 AD when the Imperial Stele Inscriptions of the Pacification of Tibet was erected in Lhasa. The inscriptions were writteen in Han (Xizang), Tibetan (Bod), Manchu (Wargi Dzang), and Mongol (Tobed) languages. [10] The first known use of the noun Tibet is in 1827 which is after the publishment of the 29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet in 1793. [11][12]

## History

[edit]

Part of a series on the

History of Tibet

* Neolithic Tibet
* Zhangzhung
* Yarlung dynasty
* Tibetan Empire
* Era of Fragmentation
* Yuan rule
* Phagmodrupa dynasty
* Rinpungpa dynasty
* Tsangpa dynasty
* Khoshut Khanate
* Ganden Phodrang
* Ming–Tibet relations
* Qing rule
* 13th and 14th Dalai Lama
* PRC rule

See also

* Timeline
* Historical money
* List of rulers
* European exploration

Asia portal •  China portal

* v
* t
* e

Main article: History of Tibet

Yarlung kings founded the Tibetan Empire in 618. By the end of the 8th century, the empire reached its greatest extent. After a civil war, the empire broke up in 842. The royal lineage fragmented and ruled over small kingdoms such as Guge and Maryul. The Mongols conquered Tibet in 1244 and later ruled it under the Yuan Dynasty but granted the region a degree of political autonomy. The Sakya lama Drogön Chögyal Phagpa became a religious teacher to Kublai Khan in the 1250s and was made the head of the Tibetan region administration c. 1264.[citation needed]

From 1354 to 1642, Central Tibet (Ü-Tsang) was ruled by a succession of dynasties from Nêdong, Shigatse and Lhasa. In 1642, the Ganden Phodrang court of the 5th Dalai Lama was established by Güshi Khan of the Khoshut Khanate, who was enthroned as King of Tibet. The Khoshuts ruled until 1717, when they were overthrown by the Dzungar Khanate. Despite politically charged historical debate concerning the nature of Sino-Tibetan relations,[13][14][15] some historians[who?] posit that Tibet under the Ganden Phodrang (1642–1951) was an independent state, albeit under various foreign suzerainties for much of this period, including by the Ming dynasty (1368–1644). The Dzungar forces were in turn expelled by the 1720 expedition to Tibet during the Dzungar–Qing Wars. This began a period of direct Qing rule over Tibet.[16]

From the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912 until 1950, the State of Tibet was de facto independent, as were other regions claimed by the successor Republic of China. The Republican regime, preoccupied with warlordism (1916–1928), civil war (1927–1949) and Japanese invasion (1937–1945), did not exert authority in Tibet. Other regions of ethno-cultural Tibet in eastern Kham and Amdo had been under de jure administration of the Chinese dynastic government since the mid-18th century;[17] they form parts of the provinces of Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan and Yunnan.[citation needed]

In 1950, following the proclamation of the People's Republic of China the year before, the People's Liberation Army entered Tibet and defeated the Tibetan army in a battle fought near the city of Chamdo. In 1951, Tibetan representatives signed the Seventeen Point Agreement for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet with the Central People's Government affirming China's sovereignty over Tibet and the annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China. The 14th Dalai Lama ratified the agreement in October 1951.[18][19][20] After the failure of a violent uprising in 1959, the 14th Dalai Lama fled to India and renounced the Seventeen Point Agreement. During the 1950s and 1960s, Western-dispatched insurgents were parachuted into Tibet, almost all of whom were captured and killed.[21]: 238  The establishment of the Tibet Autonomous Region in 1965 made Tibet a provincial-level division of China.[citation needed]

## Geography

[edit]

Main article: Geography of Tibet

See also: Southwestern China

The Tibet Autonomous Region is located on the Tibetan Plateau, the highest region on Earth. In northern Tibet elevations reach an average of over 4,572 metres (15,000 ft). Mount Everest is located on Tibet's border with Nepal.

China's provincial-level areas of Xinjiang, Qinghai and Sichuan lie to the north, northeast and east, respectively, of the Tibet AR. There is also a short border with Yunnan Province to the southeast. The countries to the south and southwest are Myanmar, India, Bhutan, and Nepal. China claims Arunachal Pradesh administered by India as part of the Tibet Autonomous Region. It also claims some areas adjoining the Chumbi Valley that are recognised as Bhutan's territory, and some areas of eastern Ladakh claimed by India. India and China agreed to respect the Line of Actual Control in a bilateral agreement signed on 7 September 1993.[22][non-primary source needed]

Mount Everest

Physically, the Tibet AR may be divided into two parts: the lakes region in the west and north-west and the river region, which spreads out on three sides of the former on the east, south and west. Both regions receive limited amounts of rainfall as they lie in the rain shadow of the Himalayas; however, the region names are useful in contrasting their hydrological structures, and also in contrasting their different cultural uses: nomadic in the lake region and agricultural in the river region.[23] On the south the Tibet AR is bounded by the Himalayas, and on the north by a broad mountain system. The system at no point narrows to a single range; generally there are three or four across its breadth. As a whole the system forms the watershed between rivers flowing to the Indian Ocean — the Indus, Brahmaputra and Salween and its tributaries — and the streams flowing into the undrained salt lakes to the north.[citation needed]

The lake region extends from the Pangong Tso Lake in Ladakh, Lake Rakshastal, Yamdrok Lake and Lake Manasarovar near the source of the Indus River, to the sources of the Salween, the Mekong and the Yangtze. Other lakes include Dagze Co, Namtso, and Pagsum Co. The lake region is a wind-swept Alpine grassland. This region is called the Chang Tang (Byang sang) or 'Northern Plateau' by the people of Tibet. It is 1,100 km (680 mi) broad and covers an area about equal to that of France. Due to its great distance from the ocean it is extremely arid and possesses no river outlet. The mountain ranges are spread out, rounded, disconnected, and separated by relatively flat valleys.[citation needed]

The Tibet AR is dotted over with large and small lakes, generally salt or alkaline, and intersected by streams. Due to the presence of discontinuous permafrost over the Chang Tang, the soil is boggy and covered with tussocks of grass, thus resembling the Siberian tundra. Salt and fresh-water lakes are intermingled. The lakes are generally without outlet, or have only a small effluent. The deposits consist of soda, potash, borax and common salt. The lake region is noted for a vast number of hot springs, which are widely distributed between the Himalaya and 34° N, but are most numerous to the west of Tengri Nor (north-west of Lhasa). So intense is the cold in this part of Tibet that these springs are sometimes represented by columns of ice, the nearly boiling water having frozen in the act of ejection.[citation needed]

The river region is characterized by fertile mountain valleys and includes the Yarlung Tsangpo River (the upper courses of the Brahmaputra) and its major tributary, the Nyang River, the Salween, the Yangtze, the Mekong, and the Yellow River. The Yarlung Tsangpo Canyon, formed by a horseshoe bend in the river where it flows around Namcha Barwa, is the deepest and possibly longest canyon in the world.[24] Among the mountains there are many narrow valleys. The valleys of Lhasa, Xigazê, Gyantse and the Brahmaputra are free from permafrost, covered with good soil and groves of trees, well irrigated, and richly cultivated.[citation needed]

The South Tibet Valley is formed by the Yarlung Tsangpo River during its middle reaches, where it travels from west to east. The valley is approximately 1,200 km (750 mi) long and 300 km (190 mi) wide. The valley descends from 4,500 m (14,760 ft) above sea level to 2,800 m (9,190 ft). The mountains on either side of the valley are usually around 5,000 m (16,400 ft) high.[25][26] Lakes here include Lake Paiku and Lake Puma Yumco.[citation needed]

## Politics

[edit]

See also: People's Government of Tibet Autonomous Region, List of modern political leaders of Tibet, and List of current Chinese provincial leaders

The Tibet Autonomous Region is a province-level entity of the People's Republic of China. Chinese law nominally guarantees some autonomy in the areas of education and language policy. Like other subdivisions of China, routine administration is carried out by a People's Government, headed by a chairman, who has been an ethnic Tibetan except for an interregnum during the Cultural Revolution. As with other Chinese provinces, the chairman carries out work under the direction of the regional secretary of the Chinese Communist Party. The standing committee of the regional Communist Party Committee serves as the top rung of political power in the region. The current chairman is Garma Cedain and the current party secretary is Wang Junzheng.[citation needed] The central leadership in Beijing formulates policies regarding Tibet through the Central Tibet Work Coordination Group, which is usually led by the chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.[27]

### Administrative divisions

[edit]

For a more comprehensive list, see List of administrative divisions of the Tibet Autonomous Region and List of township-level divisions of the Tibet Autonomous Region.

The Autonomous Region is divided into seven prefecture-level divisions: six prefecture-level cities and one prefecture.

These in turn are subdivided into a total of 66 counties and 8 districts (Chengguan, Doilungdêqên, Dagzê, Samzhubzê, Karub, Bayi, Nêdong, and Seni).

Administrative divisions of Tibet Autonomous Region

Lhasa

Xigazê

Qamdo

Nyingchi

Shannan

Nagqu

Ngari
Prefecture

☐ Areas disputed with India or Bhutan (see Sino-Indian border dispute and Bhutanese enclaves)

Division code[28] | Division  | Area in km2[29] | Population 2020[30] | Seat  | Divisions[31]
Districts | Counties | CL cities
540000 | Tibet Autonomous Region  | 1,228,400.00 | 3,648,100 | Lhasa city | 8 | 64 | 2
540100 | Lhasa city  | 29,538.90 | 867,891 | Chengguan District | 3 | 5 |
540200 | Shigatse / Xigazê city  | 182,066.26 | 798,153 | Samzhubzê District | 1 | 17 |
540300 | Chamdo / Qamdo city  | 108,872.30 | 760,966 | Karuo District | 1 | 10 |
540400 | Nyingchi city  | 113,964.79 | 238,936 | Bayi District | 1 | 5 | 1
540500 | Shannan / Lhoka city  | 79,287.84 | 354,035 | Nêdong District | 1 | 10 | 1
540600 | Nagqu city  | 391,816.63 | 504,838 | Seni District | 1 | 10 |
542500 | Ngari Prefecture | 296,822.62 | 123,281 | Gar County |  | 7 |
Yamdrok Lake Namtso Lake Administrative divisions in Tibetan, Chinese, and varieties of romanizations

English | Tibetan | Tibetan Pinyin | Wylie transliteration | Chinese | Pinyin
Tibet Autonomous Region | བོད་རང་སྐྱོང་ལྗོངས། | Poi Ranggyongjong | bod rang skyong ljongs | 西藏自治区 | Xīzàng Zìzhìqū
Lhasa city | ལྷ་ས་གྲོང་ཁྱེར། | Lhasa Chongkyir | lha sa grong khyer | 拉萨市 | Lāsà Shì
Xigazê city | གཞིས་ཀ་རྩེ་གྲོང་ཁྱེར། | Xigazê Chongkyir | ggzhis ka rtse grong khyer | 日喀则市 | Rìkāzé Shì
Qamdo city | ཆབ་མདོ་གྲོང་ཁྱེར། | Qamdo Chongkyir | chab mdo grong khyer | 昌都市 | Chāngdū Shì
Nyingchi city | ཉིང་ཁྲི་གྲོང་ཁྱེར། | Nyingchi Chongkyir | nying khri grong khyer | 林芝市 | Línzhī Shì
Shannan city | ལྷོ་ཁ་གྲོང་ཁྱེར། | Lhoka Chongkyir | lho kha grong khyer | 山南市 | Shānnán Shì
Nagqu city | ནག་ཆུ་གྲོང་ཁྱེར། | Nagqu Chongkyir | nag chu grong khyer | 那曲市 | Nàqū Shì
Ngari Prefecture | མངའ་རིས་ས་ཁུལ། | Ngari Sakü | mnga' ris sa khul | 阿里地区 | Ālǐ Dìqū

#### Urban areas

[edit]

Population by urban areas of prefecture & county cities

# | Cities | 2020 Urban area[32] | 2010 Urban area[33] | 2020 City proper
1 | Lhasa | 551,802 | 199,159[a] | 867,891
2 | Xigazê | 94,464 | 63,967[b] | 798,153
3 | Nyingchi | 60,696 | [c] | 238,936
4 | Shannan | 54,188 | [d] | 354,035
5 | Qamdo | 50,127 | [e] | 760,966
6 | Nagqu | 31,436 | [f] | 504,838
(7) | Mainling | 5,915[g] |  | see Nyingchi
(8) | Cona | 2,871[h] |  | see Shannan

1. ^ New districts established after census: Doilungdêqên (Doilungdêqên County), Dagzê (Dagzê County). These new districts not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.
2. ^ Xigazê Prefecture is currently known as Xigazê PLC after census; Xigazê CLC is currently known as Samzhubzê after 2010 census.
3. ^ NyingchiPrefecture is currently known as Nyingchi PLC after census; Nyingchi County is currently known as Bayi after 2010 census.
4. ^ Shannan Prefecture is currently known as Shannan PLC after census; Nêdong County is currently known as Nêdong after census.
5. ^ Qamdo Prefecture is currently known as Qamdo PLC after census; Qamdo County is currently known as Karuo after census.
6. ^ Nagqu Prefecture is currently known as Nagqu PLC after census; Nagqu County is currently known as Seni after 2010 census.
7. ^ Mainling County is currently known as Mainling CLC after 2020 census.
8. ^ Cona County is currently known as Cona CLC after 2020 census.

## Demographics

[edit]

Further information: Chinese settlements in Tibet

Historical populationYear| Pop.| ±%

|
|

1912[34] | 1,160,000| —
1928[35] | 372,000| −67.9%
1936–37[36] | 372,000| +0.0%
1947[37] | 1,000,000| +168.8%
1954[38] | 1,273,969| +27.4%
1964[39] | 1,251,225| −1.8%
1982[40] | 1,892,393| +51.2%
1990[41] | 2,196,010| +16.0%
2000[42] | 2,616,329| +19.1%
2010[43] | 3,002,166| +14.7%
2020[44] | 3,648,100| +21.5%
Xikang Province / Chuanbian SAR was established in 1923 from parts of Tibet / Lifan Yuan; dissolved in 1955 and parts were incorporated into Tibet AR.

With an average of about two people per square kilometer, Tibet has the lowest population density among any of the Chinese province-level administrative regions, mostly due to its harsh and rugged terrain.[citation needed] In 2023, only 38.9 percent of Tibet's population was urban, with 61.1 being rural, amongst the lowest in China, though this is significantly up from 22.6 percent in 2011.[3]

In 2020 the Tibetan population was three million.[45] The ethnic Tibetans, comprising 86.0% of the population,[45] mainly adhere to Tibetan Buddhism and Bön, although there is an ethnic Tibetan Muslim community.[46] Other Muslim ethnic groups such as the Hui and the Salar have inhabited the region. There is also a tiny Tibetan Christian community in eastern Tibet. Smaller tribal groups such as the Monpa and Lhoba, who follow a combination of Tibetan Buddhism and spirit worship, are found mainly in the southeastern parts of the region.[citation needed]

Historically, the population of Tibet consisted of primarily ethnic Tibetans. According to tradition the original ancestors of the Tibetan people, as represented by the six red bands in the Tibetan flag, are: the Se, Mu, Dong, Tong, Dru and Ra. Other traditional ethnic groups with significant population or with the majority of the ethnic group reside in Tibet include Bai people, Blang, Bonan, Dongxiang, Han, Hui people, Lhoba, Lisu people, Miao, Mongols, Monguor (Tu people), Menba (Monpa), Mosuo, Nakhi, Qiang, Nu people, Pumi, Salar, and Yi people.[citation needed]

According to the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition published between 1910 and 1911, the total population of the Tibetan capital of Lhasa, including the lamas in the city and vicinity, was about 30,000, and the permanent population also included Chinese families (about 2,000).[47]

Most Han people in the Tibet Autonomous Region (12.2% of the total population)[45] are recent migrants, because all of the Han were expelled from "Outer Tibet" (Central Tibet) following the British invasion until the establishment of the PRC.[48] As of 2010, only 8% of Han people have household registration in TAR, others keep their household registration in place of origin.[49][non-primary source needed]

Tibetan scholars and exiles claim that, with the 2006 completion of the Qingzang Railway connecting the Tibet Autonomous Region to Qinghai Province, there has been an "acceleration" of Han migration into the region.[50] The Tibetan government-in-exile based in northern India asserts that the PRC is promoting the migration of Han workers and soldiers to Tibet to marginalize and assimilate the locals.[51]

### Religion

[edit]

Main article: Religion in Tibet

Religion in Tibet (2012 estimates)[52]

|  |
Tibetan Buddhism |

| 78.5%
Bon |

| 12.5%
Chinese folk religion |

| 8.58%
Islam[53] |

| 0.4%
Christianity |

| 0.02%

Maitreya Buddha statue of Tashilhunpo Monastery in Shigatse

The main religion in Tibet has been Buddhism since its introduction in the 8th century AD. Before the arrival of Buddhism, the main religion among Tibetans was an indigenous shamanic and animistic religion, Bon, which now comprises a sizeable minority and influenced the formation of Tibetan Buddhism.

According to estimates from the International Religious Freedom Report of 2012, most Tibetans (who comprise 91% of the population of the Tibet Autonomous Region) are adherents of Tibetan Buddhism, while a minority of 400,000 people are followers the native Bon or folk religions which share the image of Confucius (Tibetan: Kongtse Trulgyi Gyalpo) with Chinese folk religion, though in a different light.[54][55] According to some reports, the government of China has been promoting the Bon religion, linking it with Confucianism.[56]

Most of the Han Chinese who reside in Tibet practice their native Chinese folk religion (神道; shén dào; 'Way of the Gods'). There is a Guandi Temple of Lhasa (拉萨关帝庙) where the Chinese god of war Guandi is identified with the cross-ethnic Chinese, Tibetan, Mongol and Manchu deity Gesar. The temple is built according to both Chinese and Tibetan architecture. It was first erected in 1792 under the Qing dynasty and renovated around 2013 after decades of disrepair.[57][58]

Built or rebuilt between 2014 and 2015 is the Guandi Temple of Qomolangma (Mount Everest), on Ganggar Mount, in Tingri County.[59][60]

There are four mosques in the Tibet Autonomous Region with approximately 4,000 to 5,000 Muslim adherents,[52] although a 2010 Chinese survey found a higher proportion of 0.4%.[53] There is a Catholic church with 700 parishioners, which is located in the traditionally Catholic community of Yanjing in the east of the region.[52]

The American advocacy group Freedom House ranked the Tibet Autonomous Region as "not free" in their 2025 annual world report, giving the region a rating of -2 out of 40 for political rights and 2 out of 60 for civil liberties. This gives the region a total score of 0 out of 100, positioning it as one of the least free places on earth.[61]

## Human rights

[edit]

Main article: Human rights in Tibet

Chinese army division moving from Golmud to Lhasa

From the 1951 Seventeen Point Agreement to 2003, life expectancy in Tibet increased from thirty-six years to sixty-seven years with infant mortality and absolute poverty declining steadily.[62]

Before the annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China in 1951, Tibet was ruled by a theocracy[63] and had a caste-like social hierarchy.[64] Human rights in Tibet prior to its incorporation into the People's Republic of China differed considerably from those in the modern era. Due to tight control of press in mainland China, including the Tibet Autonomous Region,[65] it is difficult to accurately determine the scope of human rights abuses.[66]

When General Secretary Hu Yaobang visited Tibet in 1980 and 1982, he disagreed with what he viewed as heavy-handedness.[21]: 240  Hu reduced the number of Han party cadre, and relaxed social controls.[21]: 240

Critics of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) say the CCP's official aim to eliminate "the three evils of separatism, terrorism and religious extremism" is used as a pretext for human rights abuses.[67] A 1992 Amnesty International report stated that judicial standards in the Tibet Autonomous Region were not up to "international standards". The report charged the CCP[68] government with keeping political prisoners and prisoners of conscience; ill-treatment of detainees, including torture, and inaction in the face of ill-treatment; the use of the death penalty; extrajudicial executions;[68][69] and forced abortion and sterilization.[70][71][72][73][74]

## Towns and villages in Tibet

[edit]

Further information: List of populated places in the Tibet Autonomous Region

### Comfortable Housing Program

[edit]

Beginning in 2006, 280,000 Tibetans who lived in traditional villages and as nomadic herdsmen have been forcefully relocated into villages and towns. In those areas, new housing was built and existing houses were remodelled to serve a total of 2 million people. Those living in substandard housing were required to dismantle their houses and remodel them to government standards. Much of the expense was borne by the residents themselves,[75] often through bank loans. The population transfer program, which was first implemented in Qinghai where 300,000 nomads were resettled, is called "Comfortable Housing", which is part of the "Build a New Socialist Countryside" program. Its effect on Tibetan culture has been criticized by exiles and human rights groups.[75] Finding employment is difficult for relocated persons who have only agrarian skills. Income shortfalls are offset by government support programs.[76] It was announced that in 2011 that 20,000 CCP cadres will be placed in the new towns.[75]

## Economy

[edit]

Main article: Economy of Tibet

Development of GDP[77] Year  | GDP in
billions of yuan

|

1995  | 5.61
2000  | 11.78
2005  | 24.88
2010  | 50.75
2015  | 102.64
2021  | 208.18[78]
2022  | 213[79]
2023  | 239.3[80]

In general, China's minority regions have some of the highest per capita government spending public goods and services.[81]: 366  Providing public goods and services in these areas is part of a government effort to reduce regional inequalities, reduce the risk of separatism, and stimulate economic development.[81]: 366  Tibet has the highest amount of funding from the central government to the local government as of at least 2019.[81]: 370–371 As of at least 2019, Tibet has the highest total per capita government expenditure of any region in China, including the highest per capita government expenditure on health care, the highest per capita government expenditure on education, and the second highest per capita government expenditure on social security and employment.[81]: 367–369

The Tibetans traditionally depended upon agriculture for survival. Since the 1980s, however, other jobs such as taxi-driving and hotel retail work have become available in the wake of Chinese economic reform. By 2023, its gross domestic product (GDP) stood at nearly 239.3 billion yuan (about 33.6 billion U.S. dollars), adding that the growth rates of the region's major economic indicators, including per capita disposable income, fixed asset investment, and total retail sales of consumer goods, all ranked first in China. The added value of the service sector accounted for 54.1 percent and contributed a 57.6 percent share to economic growth. Investment in fixed assets also grew rapidly last year, with investment in infrastructure up by 34.8 percent and investment in areas related to people's livelihoods up by 31.8 percent.[82][non-primary source needed] The region's GDP grew by an annual average of 9.5 percent from 2012 to 2023, about 3 percentage points higher than the China's national average.[83][non-primary source needed]

By 2022, the GDP of the region surpassed 213 billion yuan (US$31.7 billion in nominal), while GDP per capita reached CN¥58,438 (US$8,688 in nominal).[3] In 2022, Tibet's GDP per capita ranked 25th highest in China, as well as higher than any South Asian country except Maldives.[84] In 2008, Chinese news media reported that the per capita disposable incomes of urban and rural residents in Tibet averaged (CN¥12,482 (US$1,798) and CN¥3,176 (US$457) respectively.[85]

While traditional agriculture and animal husbandry continue to lead the area's economy, in 2005 the tertiary sector contributed more than half of its GDP growth, the first time it surpassed the area's primary industry.[86][87][better source needed]

The collection of caterpillar fungus (Cordyceps sinensis, known in Tibetan as Yartsa Gunbu) in late spring / early summer is in many areas the most important source of cash for rural households. It contributes an average of 40% to rural cash income and 8.5% to the Tibet Autonomous Region's GDP.[88]

The re-opening of the Nathu La pass (on southern Tibet's border with India) should facilitate Sino-Indian border trade and boost Tibet's economy.[89]

The China Western Development policy was adopted in 2000 by the central government to boost economic development in western China, including the Tibet Autonomous Region.[81]: 133  Because the central government permits Tibet to have a preferentially low corporate income tax rate, many corporations have registered in Tibet.[81]: 146

## Education

[edit]

There are 4 universities and 3 special colleges in Tibet,[90] including Tibet University, Tibet University for Nationalities, Tibet Tibetan Medical University, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry College, Lhasa Teachers College, Tibet Police College and Tibet Vocational and Technical College.[citation needed]

As of at least 2019, Tibet is the region of China with the largest per capita government spending on education.[81]: 367–369

## Tourism

[edit]

See also: Visa policy of mainland China § Tibet Autonomous Region

Foreign tourists were first permitted to visit the Tibet Autonomous Region in the 1980s. While the main attraction is the Potala Palace in Lhasa, there are many other popular tourist destinations including the Jokhang Temple, Namtso Lake, and Tashilhunpo Monastery.[91] Nonetheless, tourism in TAR is still restricted for non-Chinese passport holders (including citizens of the Republic of China from Taiwan), and foreigners must apply for a Tibet Travel Permit (TTP) to enter the region, as well as Alien's Travel Permit (ATP) if travelling elsewhere in TAR outside Lhasa and Nagqu[92]

## Transportation

[edit]

A 2019 white paper from The State Council Information Office of the People's Republic of China reported Tibet's road system has achieved a total of 118,800 km.[93]

### Airports

[edit]

The civil airports in Tibet are Lhasa Gonggar Airport,[94] Qamdo Bangda Airport, Nyingchi Airport, and the Gunsa Airport.

Gunsa Airport in Ngari Prefecture began operations on 1 July 2010, to become the fourth civil airport in China's Tibet Autonomous Region.[95]

The Peace Airport for Xigazê was opened for civilian use on 30 October 2010.[96]

Announced in 2010, Nagqu Dagring Airport was expected to become the world's highest altitude airport, at 4,436 meters above sea level.[97] However, in 2015 it was reported that construction of the airport has been delayed due to the necessity to develop higher technological standards.[98]

### Railway

[edit]

The Qinghai–Tibet Railway from Golmud to Lhasa was completed on 12 October 2005. It opened to regular trial service on 1 July 2006. Five pairs of passenger trains run between Golmud and Lhasa, with connections onward to Beijing, Chengdu, Chongqing, Guangzhou, Shanghai, Xining and Lanzhou. The line includes the Tanggula Pass, which, at 5,072 m (16,640 ft) above sea level, is the world's highest railway.[citation needed]

The Lhasa–Xigazê Railway branch from Lhasa to Xigazê was completed in 2014. It opened to regular service on 15 August 2014. The planned China–Nepal railway will connect Xigazê to Kathmandu, capital of Nepal, and is expected to be completed around 2027.[99]

The construction of the Sichuan–Tibet Railway began in 2015. The line is expected to be completed around 2025.[100]

## See also

[edit]

* Geography portal
* Asia portal
* China portal

* China Tibetology Research Center
* Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China
* History of Tibet (1950–present)
* Kazara
* List of prisons in the Tibet Autonomous Region
* List of universities and colleges in Tibet
* Tibet Area (administrative division)
* Tibetan independence movement
* Sinicization of Tibet
* Shigatse Photovoltaic Power Plant

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Chinese: 西藏; pinyin: Xīzàng; lit. 'Western Tsang'; Tibetan: བོད་, Wylie: bod, ZYPY: Poi, Tibetan pronunciation: [pʰø̀ʔ]

"Xizang" has been the Chinese transliteration of Ü-Tsang since the Qing dynasty. In December 2023, PRC government documents began using "Xizang" instead of "Tibet" as the English name for the autonomous region in order to distinguish it from the broader cultural Tibet.[7][8]

## References

[edit]

### Citations

[edit]

1. ^ 西藏概况(2007年) [Overview of Tibet (2007)] (in Chinese). People's Government of Tibet Autonomous Region. 11 September 2008. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 18 December 2015.
2. ^ "Communiqué of the Seventh National Population Census (No. 3)". National Bureau of Statistics of China. 11 May 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
3. ^ a b c "National Data". China NBS. March 2024. Retrieved 22 June 2024. see also "zh: 2023年西藏自治区国民经济和社会发展统计公报". xizang.gov.cn. 9 May 2024. Retrieved 12 June 2024. The average exchange rate of 2023 was CNY 7.0467 to US$1 "Statistical communiqué of the People's Republic of China on the 2023 national economic and social development" (Press release). China NBS. 29 February 2024. Retrieved 22 June 2024.
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5. ^ "Tibet profile". BBC News. 7 January 2025. Retrieved 16 April 2025.
6. ^ "Top French museum apologises, agrees to restore name 'Tibet' in place of 'Xizang'". Tibetan Review. 26 September 2024. Retrieved 21 February 2025.
7. ^ Wong, Chun Han (5 January 2024). "China Doesn't Want You to Say 'Tibet' Anymore". The Wall Street Journal. New York City. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
8. ^ Dang, Yuanyue (10 December 2023). "Chinese state media drops 'Tibet' for 'Xizang' after release of Beijing white paper". South China Morning Post. Hong Kong.
9. ^ "What is Tibet? – Fact and Fancy", Excerpt from Goldstein, Melvyn, C. (1994). Change, Conflict and Continuity among a Community of Nomadic Pastoralist: A Case Study from Western Tibet, 1950–1990. pp. 76–87.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
10. ^ Yangang, S. H. I. (January 2015). "《御制平定西藏碑》The Imperial Stele Inscriptions of the Pacification of Tibet in Four Languages". 西北民族论丛Northwest Ethnology Series.
11. ^ https://www.oed.com/dictionary/tibet_n The earliest known use of the noun Tibet is in the 1820s. OED's earliest evidence for Tibet is from 1827, in the writing of Walter Scott, poet and novelist.
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47. ^ Yule, Henry; Waddell, Laurence (1911). "Lhasa" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 531.
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49. ^ 西藏自治区常住人口超过300万. Xizang gov. Archived from the original on 16 February 2013. Retrieved 6 May 2011.
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52. ^ a b c Internazional Religious Freedom Report 2012 Archived 28 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine by the US government. p. 20: «Most ethnic Tibetans practice Tibetan Buddhism, although a sizeable minority practices Bon, an indigenous religion, and very small minorities practice Islam, Catholicism, or Protestantism. Some scholars estimate that there are as many as 400,000 Bon followers across the Tibetan Plateau. Scholars also estimate that there are up to 5,000 ethnic Tibetan Muslims and 700 ethnic Tibetan Catholics in the TAR.»
53. ^ a b Min Junqing. The Present Situation and Characteristics of Contemporary Islam in China. JISMOR, 8. 2010 Islam by province, page 29 Archived 27 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Data from: Yang Zongde, Study on Current Muslim Population in China, Jinan Muslim, 2, 2010.
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### Sources

[edit]

* Laird, Thomas (2006). The Story of Tibet : Conversations with the Dalai Lama (1st ed.). New York: Grove Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-1827-1.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Dialogues Tibetan dialogues Han. [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar]: Hannü. 2008. ISBN 978-988-97999-3-9., travelogue from Tibet – by a woman who's been travelling around Tibet for over a decade,
* Wilby, Sorrel (1988). Journey Across Tibet: A Young Woman's 1900-Mile Trek Across the Rooftop of the World. Chicago: Contemporary Books. ISBN 0-8092-4608-2., hardcover, 236 pages.
* Hillman, Ben (1 June 2010). "China's many Tibets: Diqing as a model for 'development with Tibetan characteristics?'". Asian Ethnicity. 11 (2): 269–277\. doi:10.1080/14631361003779604. ISSN 1463-1369. S2CID 145011878. Retrieved 30 April 2021.

## External links

[edit]

Look up Tibet Autonomous Region in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tibet.

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Tibet Autonomous Region.

* Official website Archived 8 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine.
* Population Structure and Changes in the Tibet Autonomous Region

* v
* t
* e

Provincial-level divisions of China

Provinces|

* Anhui
* Fujian
* Gansu
* Guangdong
* Guizhou
* Hainan
* Hebei
* Heilongjiang
* Henan
* Hubei
* Hunan
* Jiangsu
* Jiangxi
* Jilin
* Liaoning
* Qinghai
* Shaanxi
* Shandong
* Shanxi
* Sichuan
* Yunnan
* Zhejiang

Autonomous regions|

* Guangxi
* Inner Mongolia
* Ningxia
* Tibet
* Xinjiang

Direct-administered municipalities|

* Beijing
* Chongqing
* Shanghai
* Tianjin

Special administrative regions|

* Hong Kong
* Macau

Disputed province|

* Taiwan1

1 Taiwan is claimed by the People's Republic of China but administered by the Republic of China (see political status of Taiwan).

* v
* t
* e

County-level divisions of Tibet Autonomous Region

Lhasa (capital)

Prefecture-level
cities|

| Lhasa|

* Chengguan District
* Doilungdêqên District
* Dagzê District
* Lhünzhub County
* Damxung County
* Nyêmo County
* Qüxü County
* Maizhokunggar County

|

Xigazê|

* Samzhubzê District
* Namling County
* Gyangzê County
* Tingri County
* Sa'gya County
* Lhatse County
* Ngamring County
* Xaitongmoin County
* Bainang County
* Rinbung County
* Kangmar County
* Dinggyê County
* Zhongba County
* Yadong County
* Gyirong County
* Nyalam County
* Saga County
* Kamba County

Qamdo|

* Karub District
* Jomda County
* Gonjo County
* Riwoqê County
* Dêngqên County
* Zhag'yab County
* Baxoi County
* Zogang County
* Markam County
* Lhorong County
* Banbar County

Nyingchi|

* Bayi District
* Mainling city**
* Gongbo'gyamda County
* Mêdog County**
* Pome County
* Zayul County**
* Nang County**

Shannan|

* Nêdong District
* Tsona city**
* Zhanang County
* Gonggar County
* Sangri County
* Qonggyai County
* Qusum County
* Comai County
* Lhozhag County
* Gyaca County
* Lhuntse County**
* Nagarzê County

Nagqu|

* Seni District
* Lhari County
* Biru County
* Nyainrong County
* Amdo County
* Xainza County
* Sog County
* Baingoin County
* Baqên County
* Nyima County
* Shuanghu County

Prefecture|

| Ngari|

* Gar County
* Purang County
* Tsamda County
* Rutog County
* Gê'gyai County
* Gertse County
* Coqên County

|

** Southern portions of these counties are claimed by the People's Republic of China as part of the South Tibet area, but are administered by India.

* v
* t
* e

Tibetan-designated autonomous areas in China

Regions|

| Tibet A.R.|

* Lhasa
* Xigazê
* Qamdo
* Nyingchi
* Shannan
* Nagqu
* Ngari

|

Prefectures
and counties|

| in Qinghai|

* Haibei
* Hainan
* Haixi (Mongols and Tibetans)
* Huangnan
* Guoluo
* Yushu

|

in Sichuan|

* Ganzi
* Aba (Tibetans and Qiang)
* Muli

in Gansu|

* Gannan
* Tianzhu

in Yunnan|

* Diqing

Ethnic minority autonomous areas
Dong
Hui
Korean
Manchu
Miao
Mongol
Tibetan
Tujia
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Tibet articles

History|

| Overviews|

* Timeline
* List of rulers
* European exploration
* Historical money

|

Chronology|

* Prehistory (Neolithic)
* Zhangzhung
* Yarlung dynasty
* Empire (7th–9th century)
* Timeline
* List of emperors
* Lönchen
* Relations with Tang (618–907)
* Era of Fragmentation (9th–13th century)
* Guge kingdom
* Tsongkha
* Relations with Song (960–1279)
* Yuan dynasty rule (1270–1350)
* Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
* Phagmodrupa dynasty
* Relations with Ming (1368–1644)
* Rinpungpa dynasty
* Tsangpa dynasty
* Ganden Phodrang
* Kashag
* Khoshut Khanate
* Qing dynasty rule (1720–1912)
* Lifan Yuan
* List of Qing ambans
* Post-Qing to 1950
* Tibetan Army
* People's Republic of China (PRC) rule
* PRC annexation
* political leaders

Wars and
conflicts|

* Tibetan attack on Songzhou
* Battle of Dafei River
* Battle of Shenchuan
* Mongol invasions of Tibet
* Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war
* Battle of Dartsedo
* Battle of the Salween River
* Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
* Jinchuan campaigns
* Lhasa riot of 1750
* Sino-Nepalese War
* Dogra–Tibetan War
* Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)
* Sikkim expedition
* British expedition to Tibet
* Batang uprising
* Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
* Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
* Sino-Tibetan War
* Qinghai–Tibet War
* 1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet
* 1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet
* Battle of Chamdo
* Protests and uprisings since 1950
* 1959 Tibetan uprising
* 1987–1989 Tibetan unrest
* 2008 Tibetan unrest
* Self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China
* Special Frontier Force

Documents|

* Treaty of Tingmosgang (1684)
* 13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1751)
* 29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1793)
* Treaty of Chushul (1842)
* Treaty of Thapathali (1856)
* Convention of Calcutta (1890)
* Treaty of Lhasa (1904)
* Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet (1906)
* Anglo-Russian Convention (1907)
* Treaty of friendship and alliance with Mongolia (1913)
* Simla Accord (1914)
* Seventeen Point Agreement (1951)
* Sino-Indian Trade Agreement over Tibetan Border (1954)
* 70,000 Character Petition (1962)
* Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy (2008)

Geography|

* Flora
* Fauna
* Environment
*   * Mountains
* Kailash
* Lhotse / Changtse
* Namcha Barwa
* Tanggula
* Rivers
* Yarlung Tsangpo
* Grand Canyon
* Rongbuk Glacier
* Tibetan Plateau
* Changtang
* Nature Reserve
* Valleys

Traditional regions|

* Amdo
* Kham
* Ü-Tsang
* Ngari

Politics|

* Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR)
* Tibet Autonomous Regional Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
* People's Government of the Tibet Autonomous Region
* Etymology of Tibet
* Foreign relations
* Patron and priest relationship
* Golden Urn
* Tibet Area
* Serfdom controversy
* Serfs' Emancipation Day
* Sovereignty debate
* CIA Tibetan program
* India–Tibet relations

Government|

* Central Tibetan Administration
* Regional Government
* TAR People's Government
* TAR People's Congress

Economy|

* Postage and postal history
* Qinghai-Tibet Highway
* Qinghai–Tibet railway

Society|

* Education
* Languages
* Religion
* Bon
* Tibetan Buddhism
* Sakya
* Imperial Preceptor
* Dpon-chen
* Nyingma
* Kagyu
* Jonang
* Gelug
* Ganden Tripa
* Dalai Lama
* list
* Lhamo La-tso
* Panchen Lama
* list
* Catholicism
* Islam
* Sinicization
* Social classes
* Tibetan people
* Changpa
* Yolmo
* Diaspora
* Names

Culture|

* Art
* rugs
* thangka
* tsakli
* sand mandala
* wall paintings
* wall murals
* Calendar
* Cuisine
* Dzong architecture
* Emblem
* Festivals
* Flag
* Historical and cultural sites
* Khata (ceremonial scarf)
* Literature
* Annals
* Chronicle
* writers
* Music
* Tibetology
* Traditional medicine

* Outline
* Index

* Category

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF
* FAST

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Japan
* Czech Republic
* Spain
* Greece
* Israel

Geographic|

* MusicBrainz area

Other|

* IdRef
* Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
* NARA
* Yale LUX

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*[lit.]: Literal translation