Timeline of Alberta history

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Timeline of Alberta history

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Below is a brief timeline covering the history of the province of Alberta and its history pre-1905.

## Pre-history

[edit]

Date  | Event  | Reference

|
|

c. 8000 BC  | Indigenous hunters killing bison at Head-Smashed-in-Buffalo-Jump, archaeology indicates. Continues in use until 1800s.  | [1]

## Pre-Confederation

[edit]

The watersheds of North America played important roles in the determination of political boundaries established across North America, including Alberta. The waterways in each served as important conduits for early explorers. The divides forced portages across the divides. Edmonton is along the northern-most major river of Hudson Bay's drainage at this longitude, close to the Arctic divide, giving rise to its role as "Gateway to the North."  Date  | Event  | Reference

|
|

May 2, 1670  | King Charles II of England grants the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) a royal charter for "the sole Trade and Commerce of all those Seas, Streights, Bays, Rivers, Lakes, Creeks, and Sounds, in whatsoever Latitude they shall be, that lie within the entrance of the Streights commonly called Hudson's Streights... which are not now actually possessed by any of our Subjects, or by the Subjects of any other Christian Prince or State... and that the said Land be from henceforth... called Rupert's Land". Part of Rupert's Land covered part of today's Alberta. (The Milk river valley in the extreme south of the province and the north half of the province were not part of the Hudsons Bay watershed.)  | [2]
1715  | Captain Swan reports finding "gum or pitch" in the region now known as the Athabasca oil sand. The Captain's report is the first known to mention the oil sands.  | [3]
September 11, 1754?  | Anthony Henday, believed to be the first European to explore the area, enters present day Alberta. Although the route of his journey is uncertain, his trip was significant as he ruled out the possibility of the existence of a great Inland sea west of Winnipeg that would serve as a Northwest Passage to the Orient.[4] He also reported the presence of friendly self-governing horse-riding Natives and huge herds of bison, and opened the way for others.  | [5]
1778  | Peter Pond and Alexander Mackenzie establish the first fur trading post in Alberta, Pond House near Lake Athabasca.[6] They are working for a group that forms the North West Company a short time later. Pond submits a map of the area to the United States Congress and Lt. Governor of Quebec in 1785.[7][6][7] Mackenzie records the presence of "bituminous" substances along the Athabasca River. [8]
July 3, 1789  | Alexander Mackenzie embarks from Fort Chipewyan on his 1789 expedition to the Arctic Ocean .  |
1793  | Alexander Mackenzie embarks from Fort Chipewyan, crosses present-day Alberta and BC, and achieves the first transcontinental journey across Canada (and of North America) by arriving at tidewater at Dean Channel in July 1793.[9][10] |
February 12, 1793  | Peter Fidler reports coal deposits on the banks of Kneehills Creek, near the Red Deer River, north of present-day Drumheller. Fidler is the first known to mention coal deposits on the Prairies.  | [11]
1795  | HBC establishes Fort Edmonton as a trading post at the present site of Fort Saskatchewan, at mouth of Sturgeon River on the North Saskatchewan River.  |
1799  | HBC establishes Rocky Mountain House as a trading post; the North West Company establishes Acton House nearby. David Thompson uses Acton House as base for explorations of the Rocky Mountains. It is also used as transshipment point for supplies to new NWC forts in BC.[12] |
December 20, 1803  | Mississippi drainage lands lying within present day Alberta are transferred to United States when the Louisiana Purchase, which was signed on April 30, 1803, comes into effect.  |
1810  | Yellowhead Pass is explored by fur-trading companies, assisted by local Natives. 1813 NWC Jasper House is established on Brule Lake. The route became well used to access furs in interior BC.[13] The lowest of the passes through the Canadian Rockies, it is used as the route of the CNR and the Yellowhead Highway today.  |
1811  | Peigan imposes a blockade on the North Saskatchewan preventing NWCo canoe brigade from using Howse Pass to deliver to NWCo forts in BC. David Thompson discovers another way through mountains - Athabasca Pass. Athabasca Pass becomes well used by the NWCo and the HBC's York Factory Express.  |
October 10, 1812  | HBC factor Jame Bird marks out the layout of Fort Edmonton IV. This marks the start of recorded permanent human occupancy on the site of the present City of Edmonton.[14] |
1821  | HBC and North-West Company amalgamate. Many forts in Alberta are put out of operation.[15] |
1823  | HBC establishes Fort Assiniboine as a trans-shipment point on the Athabasca River, part of the Mackenzie River watershed flowing to the Arctic. Starting in 1824–25, it serves as the north end of a 130-kilometre (80 mi) horse track from Fort Edmonton. (see 1898)  |
1830  | Flood of North Saskatchewan River causes Fort Edmonton to be rebuilt up the hill near the present site of the Legislative Building. This fort contains the head office of the entire Saskatchewan district, as well as gateway to the Columbia district across the Rockies and the Arctic district to the North.[16] |
October 18, 1840  | Methodist missionary Robert Rundle arrives at Fort Edmonton as the first permanent cleric to the area.  |
1862  | Methodist missionary George McDougall and his missionary family settle on the north bank of North Saskatchewan at a place they call Victoria Settlement. HBC fur trading post Fort Victoria is built there in 1864.  |
December 4/5, 1865  | Cree, Stoney and Ojibway fighters attack a Blackfoot tipi camp at Battle River. About a hundred Blackfoot dead or wounded, two children taken captive; the Cree side suffered about 60 dead or wounded.  | [17]
1866  | George McDougall, missionary at Victoria Settlement, organizes theft of the Manitou Stone, or Manitou Asinîy ('Creator's Stone') from its ancient site near Hardisty. (see 2022)  |

Copy of a map presented to the United States Congress and the Lt. Governor of Quebec by Peter Pond.

## Post-Confederation, in North-West Territories

[edit]

Territorial evolution of the province of Alberta within Canada since Confederation, 1867 Alberta's first legislature, Edmonton, 1906 Date  | Event  | Reference

|
|

July 15, 1870  | The Prairies and Great Northland become part of the young country of Canada, which had accomplished its Confederation in 1867. Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory are combined under the new name of the North-West Territories, part of which will become the province of Alberta.  | [18]
October 25, 1870  | Battle of the Belly River occurs. The battle is the last major conflict between the Cree (the Iron Confederacy) and the Blackfoot Confederacy, and the last major battle between First Nations on Canadian soil.  |
October 1, 1874  | First North-West Mounted Police outpost in Alberta at Fort Macleod is established. (The police force was legally established in 1873 and was staffed and put into the field in 1874, in response to the Cypress Hills Massacre of 1873.)  |
Spring, 1875  | Mounties establish a post at Fort Saskatchewan, outside Edmonton. This location is thought to be on the route of the transcontinental railway (CPR) expected to be built a few years later. But instead the route selected is through southern Alberta.  |
September 1875  | NWMP officer Éphrem-A. Brisebois establishes Fort Brisebois, at present site of Calgary. James Macleod renames it Fort Calgary in 1876.  | [19]
August 23, 1876  | Treaty 6 receives its first signatories, ceding much of north-central Alberta to the Crown. Treaty 6 land stretched from the Red Deer River to the Athabasca River.  | [20]
September 22, 1877  | Treaty 7 is signed between the Crown and Blackfoot people, led by Chief Crowfoot, ceding much of southern Alberta to the Crown and officially opening the territory to settlement.  |
May 2, 1882  | North-West Territories, which includes the land of today's province of Alberta, is divided into provisional districts, including districts Alberta, Athabasca, Saskatchewan and Assiniboia. But purpose of these districts queried at time as each is too small to be a future province and is too large to have just one NWT Assembly seat.  | [21][22]
October 13, 1882  | Alexander Galt's company, the North Western Coal and Navigation Company, opens its first drift mine. The community of Coalbanks, later named Lethbridge, establishes itself around the mine.  | [23][additional citation(s) needed]
1883  | Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) construction enters Alberta in early May. Line reaches Calgary, on August 10. CPR establishes new townsite west of Elbow River.The old Calgary settlement moves to the new site.  | [24]
1883  | CPR employees drilling for water at Langevin Siding (later renamed Carlstadt and later Alderson) discover natural gas.  | [25][additional citation(s) needed]
1883 May 26  | Edmonton elects its first member of the North-West Territorial Council \-- Frank Oliver | [26][27]
1884 June 28  | Calgary elects its first member of the North-West Territorial Council \-- James Davidson Geddes |
November 27, 1884  | Calgary is incorporated as a town. This is accomplished due to lobbying by an elected "Civic Committee", which includesMajor James Walker and James Murdoch. (Murdoch is elected Calgary's first mayor in December 1884.)  | [28][29]
April 2, 1885  | Frog Lake Massacre occurs as the North-West Rebellion stretches into modern day Alberta. Cree discontents belonging to Big Bear's band kill nine white officials, instructors and priests living in the small settlement of Frog Lake (at the time in the District of Saskatchewan). Several of the perpetrators later are hanged.  |
June 23, 1887  | Rocky Mountains Park (later renamed Banff National Park), is created by the Rocky Mountains Park Act.  | [30]
February 22, 1887  | District of Alberta elects its first MP, former whisky pedlar Donald Watson Davis.  |
1888  | Richard Hardisty is appointed Senator for District of Alberta. Served to his death, October 15, 1889. (Replaced by James Lougheed.)  |
1891  | Calgary and Edmonton Railway is completed, connecting Calgary to the south bank of North Saskatchewan River, opposite Edmonton. South Edmonton (later named Strathcona) grows up at the rail-head, the northern-most railway line in North America at the time.  |
1892  | Edmonton is incorporated as a town. Town council is elected. Matthew McCauley elected mayor by acclamation.  |
January 1, 1894  | Calgary is incorporated as a city. Town council is elected.  | [19]
1897  | Klondike Gold Rush occurs. Many use Calgary and Edmonton Railway and the South Edmonton railway station on way to goldfields, still thousands of kilometres to the northwest.  |
November 7, 1898  | Thomas Chalmers begins construction of the Klondike Trail on behalf of the North-West Territorial government. He extends the Edmonton–Fort Assiniboine trail to Lesser Slave Lake. Many who attempt to trek overland to the Yukon Gold Rush use this trail.  | [31]
June 21, 1899  | Treaty 8 is signed, ceding much of Northern Alberta to the Crown.  |
1899  | South Edmonton is incorporated as Town of Strathcona, named after Lord Strathcona, kingpin in both the Hudson's Bay Company and the CPR.  |
April 29, 1903  | Frank Slide, Canada's deadliest rockslide, destroys part of the town of Frank. Kills 70 to 90 or more.  |
November 7, 1904  | Edmonton incorporates as a city.  | [32]

## Provincehood 1905–1945

[edit]

Territorial evolution of the province of Alberta within Canada since Confederation, 1867 Alberta's first legislature, Edmonton, 1906 Date  | Event  | Reference

|
|

September 1, 1905  | Federal government's Alberta Act creates Alberta as a province separate from the North-West Territories. The whole district of Alberta, and parts of the districts of Assiniboine, Saskatchewan and Athabasca, combined to make new province.  |
November 9, 1905  | 1st Alberta general election. The Alberta Liberal Party is elected government with majority of the votes.  |
1906  | Edmonton is confirmed as capital city of province.  | "From the Press Gallery" Saturday News, April 28, 1906, p. 3  |
1907  | Strathcona incorporates as a city.  |  |
1907 June 8  | Strathcona mine disaster -- six are killed. It is the worst industrial disaster in Edmonton's history.[33] |  |
1906–1911  | Canadian Northern Railway and Grand Trunk Pacific Railway built through Edmonton and Jasper National Park. (The railways later were combined to form CN.)  |  |
1910 December 10  | Bellevue mine disaster, Crows Nest Pass. 30 dead  |  |
January 11, 1911  | Lowest temperature ever recorded in Alberta, −61.2 °C at Fort Vermilion.[34] |  |
September 3, 1912  | Alberta Legislature Building opens. Governor General of Canada, Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, cuts the ribbon.  | [35]
1912  | The cities of Edmonton and Strathcona amalgamate.  |
May 14, 1914  | A.W. Dingman strikes wet natural gas at Turner Valley. This produced gasoline. The Turner Valley/Black Diamond oilfield became a major supplier of oil and gas and the largest producer in the British Empire.[36] |
June 19, 1914  | Hillcrest mine disaster, Canada's deadliest coal mining accident, kills 189 workers.  |
1912–1913  | start of economic crash. (Edmonton's population did not grow substantially again until 1940s.)  |
June 19, 1914  | Hillcrest mine disaster, Canada's deadliest coal mining accident, kills 189 workers.  |
July 21, 1915  | 1915 Alberta liquor plebiscite. 61% vote in favour of Prohibition.  | [37] Prohibition (ban on sale of alcohol) goes into effect on July 1, 1916.
April 19, 1916  | Women's suffrage movement prevails in Alberta, women earn the right to vote, with the passage of the Equal Suffrage Statutory Law Amendment Act. Alberta is the third province to grant the right.  | [38]
1917  | 4th Alberta general election .Louise McKinney and Roberta MacAdams elected to the Alberta Legislature, the first women elected to a legislature in the British Empire.  |
October 1918  | Spanish Influenza.

Oct. 2 Alberta Board of Public Health order all citizens to be masked in public and theatres close. Around 4,700 Albertans die; more than 31,000 Albertans taken sick.

| [39][40]
1918–1922, especially 1919  | Great Labour Revolt[41] | General strikes in Edmonton, Calgary and more. One Big Union is founded in Calgary. Workers at all but one of Alberta coal mines are on strike in 1919.[42]
July 18, 1921  | 5th Alberta general election the United Farmers of Alberta win election to government, electing 45 of the 61 members of the Legislature. Four Labour MLAs were elected, two in Calgary.
December 6, 1921  | 1921 Canadian election the United Farmers of Alberta took ten of Alberta's 12 federal seats. Two Labour MPs are elected in Calgary to take the other two Alberta seats.
November 5, 1923  | 1923 Alberta prohibition plebiscite, on the cancellation of prohibition. 58% vote in favour of clause (d), ending Prohibition and enabling government sale of liquor and private operation of beerhalls. Prohibition had been in effect since 1916, following the 1915 Prohibition plebiscite.  | [43]
1924  | Alberta adopts proportional representation in the cities and instant-runoff voting elsewhere, the first province in Canada to elect all its MLAs using non-plurality systems. (The STV/IRV hybrid system is in use until 1956.)  | [44]
June 16, 1926  | The City of Edmonton receives a licence to operate airport, later named Blatchford Field, the first municipal airport in Canada.  | [45]
December 14, 1929  | Alberta Natural Resources Act transfers control of Alberta's natural resources and Crown land to the province.  | [46]
1929–1939  | Great Depression. Massive unemployment. Prices plummet for agricultural products and manufactured goods. Southern Alberta suffers from drought as well.  |
1932 December 20  | Edmonton Hunger March. A demonstration by struggling workers and farmers is repressed by billyclub-wielding police, some on horseback. Subsequently, police raid the Hunger March headquarters. 27 leaders and activists arrested.[47][48] |
July 2, 1934  | Brownlee sex scandal captures widespread attention, resulting in the premier's resignation. He is replaced by Richard Reid.  | [49]
1935  | Eighth Alberta general election. William Aberhart's Social Credit party wins majority government, defeating the UFA government. This was the first Social Credit government elected anywhere in the world.  |
1936 April 1  | Alberta became the first and only Canadian province to default on its bond payments. The province failed to redeem two bond issues totaling $3,200,000. (The bonds were eventually honored once the province's economy improved in the 1940s.)[50] |
1937  | Lieutenant Governor John C. Bowen refused to give royal assent to three pieces of legislation passed by the Social Credit government. Two of the bills would have impose government control over private banks operating in Alberta. The Accurate News and Information Act would have forced newspapers to print government rebuttals to stories the provincial cabinet deemed "inaccurate". The three bills were later declared unconstitutional (ultra vires) by the Supreme Court of Canada and the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council due to limits on the powers of provincial governments. The government's debt moratoriums intended to save homes and farms from foreclosure, were overturned by the federal government and the courts.[51] |
1938  | Alberta Treasury Branches established as a provincially owned bank, as part of the Social Credit government's monetary reform policies.  |
1939–1945  | Alberta plays a role in the WWII Allied war effort. This includes participation in the Commonwealth Air Training Plan, Edmonton being a base and administrative headquarters for construction of the Alaska Highway, and hundreds of planes being ferried through Alberta on their way to aid the Soviet Union's war effort.  |

## Post World War II

[edit]

Leduc No. 1 well Date  | Event  | Reference

|
|

February 13, 1947  | Leduc No. 1 strikes oil. it is the first major oil discovery in northern Alberta, growing the petroleum industry in Alberta.  |
August 30, 1971  | 17th Alberta general election . The Progressive Conservatives win a majority, led by Peter Lougheed — ending 36 years of the Social Credit party's successive victories and grip on majority power in the Legislature.  |
May 19, 1976  | Alberta Heritage Savings Trust Fund is created, after Alberta Heritage Savings Trust Fund Act receives royal assent. The Heritage fund is the only sovereign wealth fund in Canada.  | [52]
October 28, 1980  | National Energy Program. Pierre Trudeau's government announces the NEP, arousing anger and resentment in the West. It is set to take effect on January 1, 1981.  | [53]
September 15, 1981  | West Edmonton Mall, at the time the world's largest, opens.  |
September 25, 1985  | Royal Tyrell Museum of Palaeontology opens.  |
February 8, 1986  | The Hinton train disaster kills 23 people, the deadliest railway accident in Alberta history.  |
June 14, 1986  | The Mindbender derails, killing three people  |
July 31, 1987  | The Edmonton tornado kills 27 people and causes more than $330M in damage.  |
February 13, 1988  | 1988 Winter Olympics open in Calgary with closing ceremonies on February 28.  |
2011 October 7  | Alison Redford becomes first female premier of Alberta. She serves in that post to 2014.  |
June 19, 2013  | 2013 Alberta floods damage parts of Calgary and oher areas in south and central Alberta. Kills five. causes some of the worst flood damage in Alberta's history.  |
May 5, 2015  | 29th Alberta general election gives the Alberta New Democratic Party, led by Rachel Notley, a majority of seats in the Legislature — ending 44 years of Progressive Conservative party rule.  |
May 1, 2016  | 2016 Fort McMurray wildfire begins. It displaces more than 88,000 people from their homes.  |
December 2, 2018  | Rachel Notley#Oil_curtailments announced to take effect in January 2019, limiting production to 3.56 million barrels per day.  |
April 16, 2019  | 30th Alberta general election occurs. The United Conservative Party win a majority of seats in the Legislature, displacing the Alberta NDP government after one term.
January 8, 2020  | The shoot-down of Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 in Iran kills 51 Canadians, including 13 Edmontonians, of whom 10 were faculty at the University of Alberta. This is believed to be the most Edmontonians killed in a single event since the 1987 tornado, and deadliest day in the history of the university.
February 23, 2020  | Teck Resources withdraws its application to build the Frontier Mine in northern Alberta despite having spent more than one billion dollars on the project over a ten year period.
March 17, 2020  | COVID-19 causes the government of Alberta to declare a state of emergency.[54] The first person in Alberta dies from the virus on March 19.[55] Kills almost 5000 Albertans.
September 30, 2022  | On National Day for Truth and Reconciliation, the Alberta government and Manitou Asinîy-Iniskim-Tsa Xani Centre commits to returning the Manitou Stone (Creator Stone), a 145 kg meteorite, to its landing site near Hardisty. A $7.5-10 million geodesic dome designed by Indigenous architect Douglas Cardinal, will be a prayer healing facility and vesicle for the allegedly sacred stone. Former Poundmaker Chief Blaine Favel says land for the site and funding from corporate donors is being negotiated. The Royal Alberta Museum is tocontinue to curate the artifact until the site is constructed.[56]
2024  | Wildfire destroys a large portion of the Jasper townsite.

## Timeline of Alberta Premiers

[edit]

Main article: List of premiers of Alberta by time in office

## Other Alberta timelines

[edit]

* 2019 Alberta general election timeline
* Alberta Heritage Savings timeline
* Timeline of the petroleum industry in Alberta
* Timeline of labour issues and events in Canada
* Timeline of Edmonton history

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Buffalo Tracks: Educational and scientific studies from Head-Smashed-in-Buffalo-Jump (PDF). Alberta Government.
2. ^ "Text of HBC's Royal Charter". HBC Heritage. Retrieved Feb 14, 2020.
3. ^ Neatby, L.H. (1979) [1969]. "Swan (Captain Swan)". In Hayne, David (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. II (1701–1740) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
4. ^ Belyea, A Year Inland, p. 40
5. ^ "Peel 35, Henday, Anthony".
6. ^ a b "Biography — Peter Pond". Dictionary of Canadian Biography.
7. ^ a b "Peter Pond: Map Maker of the Northwest (1740-1807)" (PDF). UCalgary.
8. ^ Hein, Francis J. (2000). "Historical Overview of the Fort McMurray Area and Oil Sands Industry in Northeast Alberta" (PDF). Earth Sciences Report 2000–05. Alberta Geological Survey. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 February 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-17
9. ^ Map of Mackenzie's track... 1793 https://www.loc.gov/item/2002625188/
10. ^ Canadian Encyclopedia "Explorations of Alexander Mackenzie" https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/alexander-mackenzie-explorer-feature
11. ^ "Peter Fidler". Government of Alberta.
12. ^ Brink and Bown, Forgotten Highways, p. 24-25
13. ^ Esther Fraser Canadian Rockies, p. 27-29
14. ^ Edmonton House Journals, Correspondence and Reports, 1806-1821 (published by the Historical Society of Alberta), p. 182
15. ^ "Early Trading Networks". Canadian Geographic magazine
16. ^ Macdonald. The Northwest Fort. p. 25.
17. ^ [1]
18. ^ "Deed of Surrender". HBC Heritage. Retrieved Feb 14, 2020.
19. ^ a b "The City of Calgary - Historical Information". City of Calgary.
20. ^ Atlas of Alberta. 1984. p. 131.
21. ^ Canada (1886). Acts of the Parliament of the Dominion of Canada, Volumes 1-2. p. xviii.
22. ^ "It seems from our last week's telegrams that the NWT is to be divided...", Edmonton Bulletin, Jan. 27, 1883, p. 2
23. ^ "Alberta's First Coal Mining Community". Alberta Government.
24. ^ "The Canadian Pacific Railway in Western Canada". Atlas of Alberta Railways.
25. ^ "Alberta's First Natural Gas Discovery". Petroleum History Society.
26. ^ Edmonton Bulletin (May 26, 1883). `{{cite journal}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help)
27. ^ Maron and Mardon. Alberta Election Results. p. 197.
28. ^ MacEwan. Cavalry Cavalcade. p. 38.
29. ^ Calgary Herald (December 3, 1884). `{{cite journal}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help)
30. ^ "Rocky Mountains Park Act, 1887". Parks Canada History.
31. ^ "Chalmers Trail". Klondike Trail Society. Archived from the original on 2008-12-21.
32. ^ "CITY OF EDMONTON POPULATION, HISTORICAL". Government of Edmonton.
33. ^ Zdeb, Chris. "June 8, 1907 Six men killed in burning coal mine". Edmonton Journal.
34. ^ "Canadian Climate Normals 1961-1990 Station Data - Climate - Environment and Climate Change Canada". climate.weather.gc.ca. Retrieved 2025-06-30.
35. ^ "Alberta Legislature Building". Heritage Resources Management Information System.
36. ^ "Turner Valley Gas Plant". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved August 20, 2019.
37. ^ "The Edmonton Bulletin, July 21, 1915". Edmonton Peel Archive.
38. ^ "Equal Suffrage Statutory Law Amendment Act" (PDF). Alberta Legislature.
39. ^ Yousif, Nadine (Nov 26, 2018). "100 years later, Alberta remembers the devastation of the Spanish Flu". The Star.
40. ^ Zurowski, Monica (March 13, 2020). "In 1918, Spanish flu pulled into Calgary on a train. Here's how the city coped". Calgary Herald.
41. ^ [2]
42. ^ https://definingmomentscanada.ca/all-for-9/educational-resources/coal-mining-in-alberta/#:~:text=A seven-month strike involved all but one mine,RCMP were required to separate strikers and scabs.
43. ^ Hamill, Sarah (2015). "Prohibition Plebiscites on the Prairies: (Not-So) Direct Legislation and Liquor Control in Alberta, 1915–1932" (PDF). Law and History Review. 33 (2): 377–410\. doi:10.1017/S0738248015000097. S2CID 147335687.
44. ^ Report on Alberta Elections 1905-1982
45. ^ Tingley, Ken. "Blatchford Field: The Emergence of Aviation as a National Fact During the 1920s" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-07-16.
46. ^ "Alberta Natural Resources Act". Government of Canada. January 2003.
47. ^ "The Edmonton Hunger March of 1932". Forgotten Edmonton. 4 December 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2025.
48. ^ "The Alberta Hunger-March and the Trial of the Victims of Brownlee's Police Terror: A document to all workers and farmers to remember the events of December 20th, 1932". Edmonton: Canadian Labor Defense League, Hunger March Defense Committee. 1936 – via Internet Archive.
49. ^ "MacMillan v. Brownlee, 1934 CanLII 376 (AB QB)". CanLII.
50. ^ "Paige MacPherson: Let's avoid a rerun of Alberta's nasty history with debt" Edmonton Journal, March 25, 2016 https://edmontonjournal.com/opinion/columnists/paige-macpherson-lets-avoid-a-rerun-of-albertas-nasty-history-with-debt accessed June 25, 2025
51. ^ Canadian Encyclopedia: "William Aberhart" https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/william-aberhart
52. ^ "Alberta Heritage Savings Trust Fund Historical Timeline" (PDF). Alberta Government. February 28, 2020.
53. ^ The Budget 1980 (PDF). 1980. p. 9.
54. ^ "Update 4: COVID-19 pandemic in Alberta (March 17 at 3:30 p.m.)". Alberta Government. March 17, 2020.
55. ^ "Update 6: COVID-19 pandemic in Alberta (March 19 at 5 p.m.)". Alberta Government. Mar 19, 2020.
56. ^ Amato, A (2022-09-30). "Creator's Stone meteorite to be returned to original site in Alberta". Global News.

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