Timeline of LGBT history in Germany

You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Spanish.  (June 2014) Click [show] for important translation instructions.

* View a machine-translated version of the Spanish article.
* Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.
* Consider adding a topic to this template: there are already 958 articles in the main category, and specifying`|topic=` will aid in categorization.
* Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
* You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is `Content in this edit is translated from the existing Spanish Wikipedia article at [[:es:Historia de la homosexualidad en Alemania]]; see its history for attribution.`
* You may also add the template `{{Translated|es|Historia de la homosexualidad en Alemania}}` to the talk page.
* For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.

|

This is a list of events in Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer and Intersex (LGBTQ+) history in Germany.

## Ancient

[edit]

* 98 – Germanic tribes executing homosexuals and sinking them into swamps are reported by Tacitus. The remains of such corpses have been found in Denmark and Northern Germany. Some were strangled to death before being drowned, while others were drowned alive.[1][2][3]
* ca. 500 – As the Germanic tribes living south of Scandinavia convert to Christianity, their views are confirmed by the Roman Catholic condemnation of homosexuality. However, rather than adopting church- inspired edicts, they maintain their own legal practices.[1]

## Medieval and early modern periods

[edit]

* ca. 800 – Several laws against homosexual acts are put into effect in the Holy Roman Empire by the Frankish king Charlemagne. His son and successor Louis the Pious is especially homophobic, blaming Noah's flood on homosexuals and endorsing St. Paul's call for the death penalty.[1][4]
* 1007 – The Decretum of Burchard of Worms equates homosexual acts with other sexual transgressions such as adultery and argues, therefore, that it should have the same penance (generally fasting).[5]

"Sodom and Gomorrah" from the Nuremberg Chronicle by Hartmann Schedel, 1493

* 1328 – The German Law Book for Town and Country calls for burning at the stake of all lesbians and gay men within the towns and cities of the Holy Roman Empire. In practice though, milder sentences are sometimes carried out, especially for aristocrats: rapid execution (decapitation by sword) followed by burning. In most cases, all documents concerning the trial are also burned to expunge every trace of the deed, whose very mention is labeled sinful. Sodomy, a word not to be uttered among Christian folk, is linked with heresy.[1]
* 1493 – Hartmann Schedel illustrates Sodom and Gomorrah in Nuremberg Chronicle. The Book of Genesis 18 and 19 describes the destruction of Sodom as punishment for homosexuality.
* 1532 – The Holy Roman Empire makes sodomy punishable by death.[5]

## 17th century

[edit]

The Flight of Lot and His Family from-Sodom by Peter Paul Rubens, 1613-15

* 1615 – Peter Paul Rubens paints The Flight of Lot and his Family from Sodom.
* 1620 – Brandenburg-Prussia criminalizes sodomy, making it punishable by death.[5]

## 18th century

[edit]

* 1721 – Catharina Margaretha Linck is the last woman executed for female sodomy in what is Germany today.
* 1746 – Frederick the Great of the Kingdom of Prussia suspends use of the death penalty for sodomy.[6]
* 1794 – The Kingdom of Prussia officially abolishes the death penalty for sodomy. Long prison sentences with hard labour replace death as the punishment for homosexuality.[5]

## 19th century

[edit]

* 1852 – Johann Ludwig Casper writes an article about homosexuality, known as Über Nothzucht und Päderastie und deren Ermittlung Seitens des Gerichtsarztes.[7]
* 1854 – Wilhelm Gollmann writes about homosexuality in the Homeopathic Guide to all Diseases Urinary and Sexual Organs.[8]
* 1859 – Arthur Schopenhauer briefly writes about homosexuality in the chapter on the Metaphysics of Love in his third edition of The World as Will and Representation.[9]
* 1864 – Lawyer Karl Heinrich Ulrichs confesses, under the pseudonym Numa Numantius, his secret homosexual inclinations in his first two books in the 12 book series entitled Forschungen über das Räthsel der mannmännlichen Liebe (Researches on the Riddle of Male-Male Love). He proposes a concept of third gender identity through the term urning.[10]
* 1864 – Johann Ludwig Casper dedicated his third chapter to homosexuality in the first part of the Special Divisions section in the third edition (third volume) of A Handbook of the Practice of Forensic Medicine.[11]
* 1867 – On August 29, 1867, Karl Heinrich Ulrichs became the first self-proclaimed homosexual to speak out publicly for homosexual rights, when he pleaded at the Congress of German Jurists in Munich for a resolution urging the repeal of anti-homosexual laws.
* 1869 – The term "homosexuality" appears in print for the first time in a German-Hungarian pamphlet written by Karl-Maria Kertbeny (1824–1882).
* 1870 – Friedrich Christian Oppenhoff mentions Paragraph 175 in Das Strafgesetzbuch für den Norddeutschen Bund.[12]
* 1871 – Homosexuality is criminalized throughout the German Empire by Paragraph 175 of the Reich Criminal Code. Homosexuality was already a criminal offence in all territories of Germany, but it was regulated by the state authorities separately.[13]
* 1896 – The first worldwide gay magazine, Der Eigene, is founded in Berlin by Adolf Brand.
* 1897 – Founding of the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee. The first gay rights movement in history.

## 20th century

[edit]

### 1901–1930

[edit]

Main article: First homosexual movement

* 1903 \- The advocating organisation Gemeinschaft der Eigenen was founded in Berlin.
* 1906 – Brazilian countess Dina Alma de Paradeda poisons herself in Breslau, and a doctor reveals that her body was male, causing a media sensation. De Paradeda becomes one of the first transgender women known by name in the entirety of central Europe. Her history is later often recalled by Dr. Hirschfeld in his research and works.[14]
* 1907 – Adolf Brand, the activist leader of the Gemeinschaft der Eigenen working to overturn Paragraph 175, publishes a piece "outing" the Imperial Chancellor of Germany, Prince Bernhard von Bülow. The Prince sues Brand for libel; Brand is sentenced to 18 months in prison.[15]
* 1907–1909 – Harden-Eulenburg Affair in Germany[16]
* 1919 – In Berlin, Germany, Doctor Magnus Hirschfeld co-founds the Institut für Sexualwissenschaft (Institute for Sex Research), a pioneering private research institute and counseling office. Its library of thousands of books was destroyed by Nazis in May 1933.[17][18][19]
* 1919 – Different from the Others, one of the first explicitly gay films, is released. Magnus Hirschfeld has a cameo in the film and partially funded its production.
* 1919 \- In August, gay magazine Die Freundschaft is started by publisher Karl Schulz in Berlin.
* 1919 – The Bund für Menschenrecht (BfM), a gay rights organisation, is founded in Berlin under the name Deutscher Freundschaftsverband (DFV).[20]
* 1920 – Courts in Berlin and Leipzig judge the collection of short stories about sexually charged encounters between men authored by Granand indecent and order all copies destroyed.[21]
* 1922 – Dora Richter becomes the first transgender woman to undergo gender reassignment surgery in Hirschfeld's Institute, the first operation of its kind in the world.[22]
* 1924 \- The first worldwide lesbian magazine, Die Freundin, is founded in Berlin.
* 1929 – On October 16, a Reichstag Committee votes to repeal Paragraph 175. The Social Democrats and other leftist parties backed the repeal, while the Catholic Center party and other right-wing parties opposed the repeal. The Nazis' rise to power prevents the implementation of the vote.

### 1931–1970

[edit]

* 1931 – Mädchen in Uniform, one of the first explicitly lesbian films and the first pro-lesbian film, is released.

Students of the Deutsche Studentenschaft, organized by the Nazi party, parade in front of the Institute for Sexual Research in Berlin on May 6, 1933; they later attacked it, looting the archives, and setting afire much of the material.

* 1933 – The Nazi Party bans homosexual groups. Homosexuals are sent to concentration camps. Nazis burn the library of Institute for Sexual Research and destroy the Institute.
* 1937 – The first use of the pink triangle for gay men in Nazi concentration camps.
* 1945 – Upon the liberation of Nazi concentration camps by Allied forces, those interned for homosexuality are not freed, but required to serve out the full term of their sentences under Paragraph 175
* 1950 – East Germany partially abrogates the Nazis' emendations to Paragraph 175.
* 1951 – Die Freunde, a homophile magazine, is published by Johannes Dörrast.[23] In 1952, it is renamed Freond, and its content is edited to avoid local censorship. This was unsuccessful, and the magazine was no longer viable by 1952.[24]
* 1968 – Paragraph 175 is eased in East Germany, decriminalizing homosexual acts over the age of 18.[13]
* 1969 – Paragraph 175 is eased in West Germany.[13]

### 1971–2000

[edit]

* 1974 – General Gay Association, the second openly LGBT rights organization in German history, is established.
* 1985 – Herbert Rusche becomes the first openly gay member of the Bundestag.
* 1987 – Jutta Oesterle-Schwerin becomes the first openly lesbian member of the Bundestag.
* 1994 – After German reunifaction, the Supreme Court rules that the age of consent for sex must be equalized, although its unclear what part of the Constitution the court based its ruling on.
* 1994 \- On June 11, Germany deletes the Paragraph 175 StGB (Strafgesetzbuch), which under changing conditions made sexual acts between men a punishable crime.[25]
* 2000 – The Bundestag officially apologizes to gays and lesbians persecuted under the Nazi regime, and for "harm done to homosexual citizens up to 1969".

## 21st century

[edit]

* 2001 – Germany recognizes civil partnerships for same-sex couples (without joint adoption until Oct 2004, then with step-adoption); Klaus Wowereit becomes the first openly gay politician elected mayor of Berlin (and, by virtue of Berlin's status as a state, one of the two first openly gay premier of a German state; also makes Berlin the largest city in the world with an openly gay mayor); Ole von Beust becomes the first openly gay mayor of Hamburg.
* 2004 – Same-sex stepchild adoption is legalized; Guido Westerwelle, leader of the FDP, becomes the first leader of a major party to come out.
* 2008 – On May 27, the Memorial to the Homosexual Victims of Nazi Persecution is handed over to the public in Berlin.[26]
* 2009 – Westerwelle becomes the first openly gay member of the Federal Cabinet (Vice Chancellor and Foreign Minister under Angela Merkel's coalition government).
* 2013 – Barbara Hendricks becomes the first openly lesbian member of the Federal Cabinet (Federal Minister for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety under Angela Merkel's coalition government)
* 2017 – In June 2017, the pardoning of men convicted in the postwar era under Paragraph 175 was passed by law in the Bundestag. One week later, a majority of Bundestag MPs voted in favor of a bill legalizing same-sex marriage in Germany and granting homosexual couples full adoption rights.
* 2019 – Conversion therapy is completely banned for minors and partially banned for adults in December 2019.
* 2021 \- In May, a bill passes in the Bundestag that provides compensation to LGBT servicepeople in the military for past discrimination and harassment.

## See also

[edit]

* LGBT rights in Germany
* Violence against LGBT people
* Homophobia

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d Steakley, Jim (2017). "TIMELINE OF GERMAN LGBT HISTORY" (PDF).
2. ^ Gade, Kari Ellen. “HOMOSEXUALITY AND RAPE OF MALES IN OLD NORSE LAW AND LITERATURE.” Scandinavian Studies, vol. 58, no. 2, 1986, pp. 124–141. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/40918734.
3. ^ "Tacitus' Germania". facultystaff.richmond.edu. Retrieved 2019-05-27.
4. ^ Rom.1:27-32
5. ^ a b c d (Fone, 2000)
6. ^ Die Behördenorganisation und die allgemeine Staatsverwaltung Preussens im 18. Jahrhundert (in German). Verlag von Paul Parey. pp. 134–135.
7. ^ Casper, Johann Ludwig (1852). Über Nothzucht und Päderastie und deren Ermittlung Seitens des Gerichtsarztes. Vierteljahrsschrift für gerichtliche und öffentliche Medicin. Unter Mitwirkung der Königlichen wissenschaftlichen Deputation für das Medicinalwesen im Ministerium der geistlichen, Unterrichts- und Medicinal-Angelegenheiten.
8. ^ Gollmann, Wilhelm (1854). Homeopathic Guide to all Diseases Urinary and Sexual Organ. Charles Julius Hempel. Rademacher & Sheek.
9. ^ Schopenhauer, Arthur (1909). The World as Will and Representation. Richard Haldane, 1st Viscount Haldane and J. Kemp. Charles Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Company.
10. ^ Ulrichs, Karl Heinrich (1864). Forschungen über das Räthsel der mannmännlichen Liebe, Volume 1. Self-published; sold by Heinrich Matthes.
11. ^ Casper, Johann Ludwig (1864). A Handbook of the Practice of Forensic Medicine. Edition III. George William Balfour. The New Sydenham Society.
12. ^ Oppenhoff, Friedrich Christian (1870). Das Strafgesetzbuch für den Norddeutschen Bund. Bundesgesetzblatt des Norddeutschen Bundes Band 1870, Nr. 16, Seite 197–273.
13. ^ a b c "Where is it illegal to be gay?". BBC News. Retrieved 11 February 2014.
14. ^ Foit, Mathias (July 2019). ""Męska narzeczona" z Wrocławia" ["Male fiancee" from Wrocław]. Replika (in Polish). ISSN 1896-3617.
15. ^ Marc Vargo. Scandal: infamous gay controversies of the twentieth century Routledge, 2003. pp 165–7.
16. ^ Steakley, James D. (revised 1989). "Iconography of a Scandal: Political Cartoons and the Eulenburg Affair in Wilhelmin Germany", Hidden from History: Reclaiming the Gay & Lesbian Past (1990), Duberman, et al., eds. New York: Meridian, New American Library, Penguin Books. ISBN 0-452-01067-5.
17. ^ hirschfeld.in-berlin.de, The first Institute for Sexual Science
18. ^ Famous GLBT & GLBTI People - Dr. Magnus Hirschfeld stonewallsociety
19. ^ Atina Grossmann. Reforming Sex. Oxford University Press, 1995.
20. ^ Dawson, Leanne (2018). Queering German Culture. Boydell & Brewer. p. 63\. ISBN 978-1-57113-965-8.
21. ^ Manfred Herzer [in German] (2022). Afterword. Berlin Garden of Erotic Delights. By Granand. Warbler Press. pp. 79–84.
22. ^ Naples, Nancy A. (8 June 2020). Companion to Women's and Gender Studies. John Wiley & Sons. p. 94\. ISBN 978-1-119-31508-7. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
23. ^ Whisnant, Clayton J. (22 May 2012). Male Homosexuality in West Germany: Between Persecution and Freedom, 1945-69. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 80–81. ISBN 978-0-230-35500-2.
24. ^ Ramet, Sabrina P. (29 October 2020). Nonconformity, Dissent, Opposition, and Resistance in Germany, 1933-1990: The Freedom to Conform. Springer Nature. p. 234\. ISBN 978-3-030-55412-5.
25. ^ "Paragraph 175". Antidiskriminierungsstelle des Bundes. Antidiskriminierungsstelle des Bundes. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
26. ^ "Memorial to the Persecuted Homosexuals under National Socialism". Foundation Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe. Foundation Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe. Retrieved 30 August 2022.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Schwartz, Michael (2021). "Homosexuelle im modernen Deutschland". Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte (in German). 69 (3): 377–414. doi:10.1515/vfzg-2021-0028. ISSN 2196-7121.

* v
* t
* e

LGBT in Germany

History|

| Events|

* Krupp affair (1902)
* Eulenburg affair (1908)
* First homosexual movement

|

Historical institutions|

* Institut für Sexualwissenschaft
* Scientific-Humanitarian Committee

People|

* Politicians

Historic laws|

* Paragraph 175

Sexuality and Nazism|

* Gay Nazis myth
* Röhm scandal (1931–1932)
* Night of the Long Knives (victims)
* Blomberg–Fritsch affair (1938)
* The Malicious Practices Act 1933
* Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany
* Lesbians in Nazi Germany

Rights and law|

| Rights|

* Intersex
* LGBT
* Recognition of same-sex unions
* Transgender

|

Law|

* Third gender law (2018)
* Self-Determination Act (2024)

Organizations|

* Centrum Schwule Geschichte
* Schwules Museum
* Hirschfeld Eddy Foundation
* LSVD+
* Lesbenring
* German Society for Social-Scientific Sexuality Research

Locations|

| Gay villages|

* Motzstraße
* Nollendorfplatz
* St. Georg, Hamburg

|

Monuments|

* Frankfurter Engel (Frankfurt)
* Memorial to Homosexuals persecuted under Nazism (Berlin)
* Memorial to gay and lesbian victims of National Socialism (Cologne)
* Memorial to the first homosexual emancipation movement (Berlin)

Media|

| Publications|

* DU&ICH
* Hinnerk
* Männer
* Siegessäule

|

Works|

* Tabu Homosexualität
* Der Eigene
* Different from the Others
* Die Freundin

Other|

PlanetRomeo

* v
* t
* e

LGBTQ history

By regions|

| Africa|

* Kenya
* Niger
* Sudan
* Uganda

|

Asia|

* Bangladesh
* China
* India
* Iran
* Iraq
* Israel
* Nepal
* Pakistan
* Singapore
* South Korea
* Taiwan
* Thailand
* Turkey

Europe|

* Belgium
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Ireland
* Italy
* Latvia
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Russia
* violence [ru]
* Serbia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* United Kingdom
* violence
* Yugoslavia

North America|

* Bahamas
* Canada
* Cuba
* Dominican Republic
* Honduras
* Jamaica
* Mexico
* United States
* before Stonewall
* violence
* places
* at Brigham Young University

Oceania|

* Australia
* Nauru
* New Zealand

South America|

* Argentina
* Brazil
* Chile
* Peru

Timelines|

| By period|

* List of years in LGBT rights
* table
* Firsts by year
* 2010s
* Century
* 19th
* 20th
* 21st

|

Ethnic|

* South Asian and diaspora
* Asian and Pacific Islander diaspora
* African and diaspora

Region|

* Canadian
* Germany
* South African
* Turkey
* United Kingdom
* Manchester
* United States
* New York City

Religious|

* Christian
* Catholic Church
* Jewish
* Mormon

Topical|

* Journalism
* Policing
* Sexual orientation and medicine
* Same-sex marriage
* in the United States
* Intersex
* Asexual
* Transgender

By topic|

| General|

* Conversion therapy
* LGBT erasure
* Same-sex unions

|

Homosexuality|

| Pre-modern|

* Ancient Egypt
* Ancient Rome
* Ancient Peru
* Ancient Greece
* in militaries
* pederasty
* Medieval Europe

|

Gay men|

* Nazi Germany
* United States

Lesbians|

* France [fr]
* immigrants [fr]
* Medieval Islamic world [fr]
* Nazi Germany
* Spain
* Spanish Second Republic
* Francoist Spain
* Democratic transition
* González government
* Aznar government
* Zapatero government
* United States
* Erasure

Bisexuality|

* United States
* Erasure

Transgender|

* Argentina [es]
* Brazil
* Finland
* France [fr]
* Nazi Germany
* United Kingdom
* United States
* legal history

Intersex|

* Surgery
* United States

Cross-dressing|

* Drag
* Africa
* France [fr]

Related|

* LGBT History Month
* GLBT Historical Society
* Queers in History
* Transgender History
* Transgender Oral History Project
* Bloomsbury Group in LGBT history
* List of LGBTQ awareness periods
* History of LGBT animated characters
* 1990s
* 2000s
* 2010s
* 2020s

* Category

* v
* t
* e

LGBT history in Europe

Sovereign states|

* Albania
* Andorra
* Armenia
* Austria
* Azerbaijan
* Belarus
* Belgium
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Georgia
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Iceland
* Ireland
*   * Italy
* Kazakhstan
* Latvia
* Liechtenstein
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Moldova
* Monaco
* Montenegro
* Netherlands
* North Macedonia
* Norway
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Russia
* San Marino
* Serbia
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Turkey
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom

States with limited
recognition|

* Abkhazia
* Kosovo
* Northern Cyprus
* South Ossetia
* Transnistria

Dependencies and
other entities|

* Åland
* Faroe Islands
* Gibraltar
* Guernsey
* Isle of Man
* Jersey
* Svalbard

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template