Timeline of Luanda

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Luanda, Angola.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

## 16th–18th centuries

[edit]

Part of a series on the

History of Angola
|  Precolonial history|  to 1575

|

Colonization|  1575–1641
Dutch occupation|  1641–1648
Colonial history|  1648–1951
Portuguese province|  1951–1961
War of Independence|  1961–1974
Sovereign socialist state|  1975–1992
Civil War|  1975–2002
Post-war Angola

* 2000s
* 2010s
* 2020s

See also
Years in Angola

* v
* t
* e

* 1530s – "Portuguese establish a slave-trading station."[1]
* 1575 – Church built on Ilha de Luanda.[citation needed]
* 1576
* São Paulo da Assumpção de Loanda founded by Portuguese Paulo Dias de Novais.[2][3]
* Fortress of São Miguel built.
* 1605 – Settlement recognized as a city.[2]
* 1618 – Fortaleza São Pedro da Barra built.[citation needed]
* 1623 – Jesuit college founded.[4]
* 1634 – Fortress of São Miguel rebuilt.[citation needed]
* 1641 – Capture of Luanda by Dutch.[5][3]
* 1648 – Returned to being a Portuguese possession.[3]
* 1679 – Cathedral of Luanda built.
* 1684 – Bishop's seat relocated to Luanda from São Salvador.
* 1764 – Arquivo Historico de Angola organized.[6]
* 1766 – Fortress of São Francisco do Penedo rebuilt.[citation needed]
* 1769 – Aula de Geometria e Fortificacao (educational institution) founded.[2]
* 1781 – Population: 9,755.[7]
* 1796 – Population: 7,204.[7]

## 19th century

[edit]

* 1816 – Population: 4,689.[7]
* 1836 – Slave trade declared illegal.[8]
* 1844
* Port opens to foreign shipping.[8]
* Population: 5,605.[8]
* 1850 – Population: 12,565.[8]
* 1865 – Banco Nacional Ultramarino branch opens.[9]
* 1873 – Biblioteca Municipal established.[10]
* 1881 – O Echo de Angola begins publication.[11]
* 1889 – Luanda Railway and aqueduct begin operating.
* 1896 – Palácio de Ferro (iron palace) assembled.[12]

## 20th century

[edit]

Portuguese coat of arms of the city of Luanda

* 1908 – Voz de Angola newspaper begins publication.[13]
* 1910 – Population: 15,000 (approximate).[3]
* 1913 – Angolan League founded in Luanda.[5]
* 1923 – A Provincia de Angola newspaper begins publication.[13]
* 1930 – Diario de Luanda newspaper begins publication.[13]
* 1940
* Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Luanda established.[14]
* Population: 61,028.[15]
* 1942 – Liceu Salvador Correia de Sa (school) built.[16]
* 1950 – Population: 141,647.[17]
* 1951 – Mensagem literary magazine begins publication.[18]
* 1954 – General Craveiro Lopes Airport inaugurated.[19]
* 1956
* Museu Nacional de História Natural de Angola (Natural History Museum of Angola) built.[20]
* People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola headquartered in Luanda.
* 1958 – Petroleum refinery built by Fina Petroleos de Angola.[21]
* 1960 – Population: 224,540.[15]
* 1962 – Estudos Gerais Universitários de Angola founded.
* 1964 – Cine Atlântico [pt] (cinema) built.[19]
* 1969 – National Library of Angola founded.[10]
* 1970 – Population: 475,328 urban agglomeration.[22]
* 1975
* June: Angolan Civil War begins.[23]
* 11 November: City becomes part of independent Republic of Angola.[24]
* União dos Escritores Angolano (writer's union) established.[25]
* Televisao Publica de Angola headquartered in city.[23]
* 1976
* Museu Nacional de Antropologia (National Anthropology Museum) and Grupo Desportivo Interclube football club founded.
* National Bank of Angola headquartered in city.[9]
* 1978 – Angola Red Cross and Cinemateca Nacional de Angola headquartered in city.[26]
* 1979
* University of Angola established.
* 17 September: Funeral of Agostinho Neto.[27]
* 1980 – Empresa de Electricidade de Luanda (electricity company),[28] Atlético Petróleos de Luanda football club, and National Centre for Historical Documentation and Research established.[29]
* 1981 – August–September: Central African Games held in city.
* 1985 – City joins the newly formed União das Cidades Capitais Luso-Afro-Américo-Asiáticas [pt].
* 1988 – Elinga Theater established.[30]
* 1989 – October: International Países Africanos de Língua Oficial Portuguesa meets in Luanda.[31]
* 1991 – October: UNITA headquarters relocated to Luanda from Jamba.[23]
* 1992
* Luanda Antena Comercial (radio) begins broadcasting.[32]
* 30 October-1 November: Three Day War.[5]
* 1993 – Population: 1,822,407 (urban agglomeration).[33]
* 1997
* Jornal do Rangel newspaper begins publication.[34]
* National Museum of Slavery founded.
* 1999
* Catholic University of Angola and Cha de Caxinde publishing firm founded.[34]
* January: UNITA-R congress held in city.[23]
* 2000 – Population: 2,591,000 (urban agglomeration).[35]

## 21st century

[edit]

View of Luanda, 2007

* 2001 – Boa Vista shantytown residents evicted.[34]
* 2003 – Estádio Joaquim Dinis built.
* 2005 – Population: 3,533,000 (urban agglomeration).[35]
* 2006 – African Diamond Producers Association headquartered in city.[34]
* 2007
* Feira Internacional de Luanda (international fair) established.[36]
* January: Flooding.[37]
* Edificio GES, Edificio Sonangol, and Torres Atlantico towers built.
* 2008 – Construction of Angola International Airport begins.
* 2009
* Estádio 11 de Novembro opens.
* Luanda International Jazz Festival begins.
* March: Catholic pope visits city; stampede at Estádio dos Coqueiros.[38][39]
* Francisca Espírito Santo becomes governor of Luanda Province (approximate date).[citation needed]
* 2010
* Luanda Railway resumes operating.
* Edificio Zimbo Tower built.
* 2011
* Intercontinental Hotel built.
* Jose Maria dos Santos becomes governor of Luanda Province (approximate date).[citation needed]
* Population: 5,068,000.[40]
* 2012
* Angola Sovereign Wealth Fund headquartered in city.[41]
* Political protest.[41]
* Kilamba housing development built near city.[40][42]
* 2013 – 1 January: Stampede at Estádio da Cidadela.
* 2014 – Graciano Francisco Domingos becomes governor of Luanda Province (approximate date).[citation needed]
* 2018 – Population: 2,487,444 (estimate, urban agglomeration).[43]
* 2021 – Lusophony Games to be held in Luanda.

## See also

[edit]

* Luanda history
* History of Luanda (in Portuguese)
* List of newspapers in Luanda
* List of colonial governors of Angola, headquartered in Luanda (until 1975)
* Timeline of Benguela

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Toyin Falola and Amanda Warnock, ed. (2007). "Chronology". Encyclopedia of the Middle Passage. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-33480-1.
2. ^ a b c Santos 2008.
3. ^ a b c d Britannica 1910.
4. ^ Roquinaldo Amaral Ferreira (2012), Cross-cultural exchange in the Atlantic world: Angola and Brazil during the era of the slave trade, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521863308
5. ^ a b c W. Martin James (2011), "Chronology", Historical Dictionary of Angola (2nd ed.), US: Scarecrow Press, ISBN 9780810871939
6. ^ Miller 1974.
7. ^ a b c Curto 2001.
8. ^ a b c d Curto 1999.
9. ^ a b "Historia" (in Portuguese). Banco Nacional de Angola. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
10. ^ a b World Guide to Libraries (25th ed.), De Gruyter Saur, 2011, ISBN 9783110230710
11. ^ Russell G. Hamilton (1975). Voices from an Empire: A History of Afro-Portuguese Literature. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-5781-0.
12. ^ "Palácio de Ferro". Heritage of Portuguese Influence. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
13. ^ a b c "Luanda (Luanda, Angola) Newspapers". WorldCat. US: Online Computer Library Center. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
14. ^ "Chronology of Catholic Dioceses: Angola". www.katolsk.no. Norway: Oslo katolske bispedømme (Oslo Catholic Diocese). Retrieved 30 September 2014.
15. ^ a b Ilídio do Amaral [in Portuguese] (1978). "Contribuição para o conhecimento do fenómeno de urbanização em Angola". Finisterra (in Portuguese). 13 (25). Centro de Estudos Geográficos da Universidade de Lisboa. ISSN 0430-5027.
16. ^ C. Salvador; C. Rodrigues (2011), "Colonial Architecture in Angola", in Fassil Demissie (ed.), Colonial architecture and urbanism in Africa, UK: Ashgate, ISBN 9780754675129
17. ^ "Population of capital city and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 1955. New York: Statistical Office of the United Nations.
18. ^ Russel G. Hamilton (1986). "Class, Race, and Authorship in Angola". In Georg M. Gugelberger (ed.). Marxism and African literature. Africa World Press. ISBN 0865430314.
19. ^ a b "Luanda". Heritage of Portuguese Influence. Lisbon: Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
20. ^ "O Museu: Historial". Museu Nacional de História Natural. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
21. ^ "Petroleum in Angola". Luanda: Sonangol. Archived from the original on 31 December 2013. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
22. ^ United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office (1987). "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". 1985 Demographic Yearbook. New York. pp. 247–289.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
23. ^ a b c d "Angola: Directory". Africa South of the Sahara 2004. Regional Surveys of the World. Europa Publications. 2004. p. 62+. ISBN 1857431839.
24. ^ David Birmingham (2002). "Angola". In Patrick Chabal (ed.). History of Postcolonial Lusophone Africa. Indiana University Press. p. 157+. ISBN 978-0-253-21565-9.
25. ^ "Luanda, Angola". SIBMAS International Directory of Performing Arts Collections and Institutions. International Association of Libraries and Museums of the Performing Arts. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
26. ^ "A Cinemateca" (in Portuguese). Luanda: Cinemateca Nacional de Angola. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
27. ^ Jacqueline Audrey Kalley; et al., eds. (1999). Southern African Political History: A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997. Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-313-30247-3.
28. ^ J. Girod, ed. (1994). L'énergie en Afrique: la situation énergétique de 34 pays de l'Afrique subsaharienne et du Nord (in French). Karthala. ISBN 2865375498.
29. ^ Republica Popular de Angola: Centro Nacional de Documentação Histórica (PDF) (in Portuguese), Paris: Unesco, 1981
30. ^ "Last Place of Cultural Dynamism in Luanda is No More". 14 April 2014 - via Global Voices. `{{cite web}}`: Missing or empty `|url=` (help)
31. ^ Telse Diederichsen (1990). "Angola". In Institut für Afrika-Kunde; Rolf Hofmeier (eds.). Afrika Jahrbuch 1989: Politik, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft in Afrika südlich der Sahara (in German). Germany: Leske + Budrich. pp. 293–300\. ISBN 978-3-322-92639-5. OCLC 19093344. (Includes chronology)
32. ^ "LAC 20 Anos" (in Portuguese). Luanda Antena Comercial. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
33. ^ "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 2011. United Nations Statistics Division. 2012.
34. ^ a b c d W. Martin James (2011), Historical Dictionary of Angola (2nd ed.), US: Scarecrow Press, ISBN 9780810871939
35. ^ a b The State of African Cities 2010: Governance, Inequalities and Urban Land Markets. United Nations Human Settlements Programme. 2010. ISBN 9789211322910.
36. ^ "Quem Somos" (in Portuguese). Feira Internacional de Luanda. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
37. ^ "Dozens die in Angola flash floods". BBC News. 25 January 2007.
38. ^ "Deadly stampede at Pope speech". BBC News. 21 March 2009.
39. ^ "Angola Profile: Timeline". BBC News. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
40. ^ a b State of African Cities 2014. United Nations Human Settlements Programme. 10 September 2015. ISBN 978-92-1-132598-0. Archived from the original on 10 September 2014.
41. ^ a b Andreas Mehler; et al., eds. (2013). "Angola". Africa Yearbook: Politics, Economy and Society South of the Sahara in 2012. Vol. 9\. Koninklijke Brill. p. 444\. ISBN 978-90-04-25600-2.
42. ^ "(Luanda)". City Lab. US: The Atlantic. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
43. ^ "Table 8 – Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants", Demographic Yearbook – 2018, United Nations

This article incorporates information from the Portuguese Wikipedia.

## Bibliography

[edit]

### Published in 19th century

[edit]

* Richard Brookes (1820), "Loanda", The General Gazetteer (17th ed.), London: F.C. and J. Rivington
* "Loanda". Brockhaus' Konversations-Lexikon (in German) (14th ed.). Leipzig: Brockhaus. 1898.

### Published in 20th century

[edit]

* Esteves Pereira; Guilherme Rodrigues, eds. (1909). "Loanda". Portugal: Diccionario Historico... (in Portuguese). Vol. 4\. Lisbon: Joao Romano Torres. hdl:2027/gri.ark:/13960/t1xd4tg47. OCLC 865826167.
* "Loanda" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). 1910. pp. 834–835.
* C. R. Boxer (1965), Portuguese society in the tropics: the municipal councils of Goa, Macao, Bahia, and Luanda, 1510–1800, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, OCLC 518169
* Ilídio do Amaral [in Portuguese] (1968). Luanda: estudo de geografia urbana (in Portuguese). Lisboa.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* Michael Hugo-Brunt (1968), "Angola", Portuguese Planning and Architecture on the Sea Route to the Orient, Exchange Bibliography, US: Council of Planning Librarians, pp. 536–589, ISSN 0010-9959 (Includes Luanda)
* Joseph C. Miller (1974). "The Archives of Luanda, Angola". International Journal of African Historical Studies. 7.
* Ilídio do Amaral (1983). "Luanda e os seus 'muceques', problemas de Geografia usbuna". lt=Finisterra |Finisterra (journal) (in Portuguese). 18. Centro de Estudos Geográficos da Universidade de Lisboa. ISSN 0430-5027.
* David Birmingham (1988). "Carnival at Luanda". Journal of African History. 29.
* M.C. Mendes (1988). "Slum Housing in Luanda". In Robert A. Obudho and Constance C. Mhlanga (ed.). Slum and squatter settlements in Sub-Saharan Africa: toward a planning strategy. Praeger.
* Christine Messiant (1989). "Luanda 1945–1961: colonises, societe coloniale et engagement nationaliste". In M. Cahen (ed.). Bourgs et Villes en Afrique Lusophone (in French).
* L. Colaco (1992). "Luanda: Contexto Demografico e Desigualdades Espaciais". Cadernos Populacao e Desenvolvimento (in Portuguese). 1.
* José C. Curto (1992). "A Quantitative Reassessment of the Legal Portuguese Slave Trade from Luanda, Angola, 1710–1830". African Economic History. 20.
* P. Jenkins; et al. (1992). "City Profile: Luanda". Cities. 19. doi:10.1016/s0264-2751(02)00010-0.
* José C. Curto (1999). "Anatomy of a Demographic Explosion: Luanda, 1844-1850". International Journal of African Historical Studies. 32 (2/3): 381–405\. doi:10.2307/220347. JSTOR 220347. PMID 21812156.

### Published in 21st century

[edit]

2000s

* José C. Curto; Raymond R. Gervais (2001). "Population History of Luanda during the Late Atlantic Slave Trade, 1781-1844" (PDF). African Economic History. 29 (29): 1–59\. JSTOR 3601706 - via New York Public Library.
* Paul Robson (2001). "Communities and Community Institutions in Luanda, Angola". In Arne Tostensen; et al. (eds.). Associational Life in African Cities: Popular Responses to the Urban Crisis. Sweden: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet. p. 250+. ISBN 978-91-7106-465-3.
* Paul Tiyambe Zeleza; Dickson Eyoh, eds. (2003). "Luanda, Angola". Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century African History. Routledge. ISBN 0415234794.
* Marissa J. Moorman (2004). "Dueling Bands and Good Girls: Gender, Music, and Nation in Luanda's Musseques, 1961-1974". International Journal of African Historical Studies. 37.
* Marissa Moorman (2004). "Putting on a Pano and Dancing Like Our Grandparents: Nation and Dress in Late Colonial Luanda". In Jean Allman (ed.). Fashioning Africa: Power and the Politics of Dress. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253111043.
* Kevin Shillington, ed. (2005). "Luanda". Encyclopedia of African History. Fitzroy Dearborn. ISBN 978-1-57958-245-6.
* Cristina Udelsmann Rodrigues (2007). "From Family Solidarity to Social Classes: Urban Stratification in Angola (Luanda and Ondjiva)". Journal of Southern African Studies. 33.
* Marissa J. Moorman (2008). Intonations: A Social History of Music and Nation in Luanda, Angola, from 1945 to Recent Times. Ohio University Press. ISBN 978-0-8214-4304-0. (review in H-Luso-Africa)
* Catarina Madeira Santos (2008). "Luanda". In Liam Matthew Brockey (ed.). Portuguese Colonial Cities in the Early Modern World. Ashgate. ISBN 9780754663133.
* "Angola: The high cost of living in Luanda". Global Voices. 9 November 2009. `{{cite web}}`: Missing or empty `|url=` (help)

2010s

* P. Jenkins (2011), Simon Bekker and Goran Therborn (ed.), "Maputo and Luanda", Capital Cities in Africa: Power and Powerlessness, Dakar: Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa, ISBN 978-2-8697-8495-6
* Sílvia Leiria Viegas (2012), Urbanization in Luanda - via International Planning History Society
* Arlindo Manuel Caldeira (2013), "Luanda in the 17th Century: Diversity and Cultural Interaction in the Process of Forming an Afro-Atlantic City", Nordic Journal of African Studies, 22
* Roquinaldo Ferreira (2013). "Slavery and the Social and Cultural Landscapes of Luanda". In Jorge Canizares-Esguerra; et al. (eds.). Black Urban Atlantic in the Age of the Slave Trade. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-0813-9.
* Carlos Nunes Silva, ed. (2015). Urban Planning in Lusophone African Countries. UK: Ashgate. ISBN 978-1472444882. (Includes articles about Luanda)
* Sílvia Leiria Viegas (2016). "Urbanisation and Peri-Urbanisation in Luanda: A Geopolitical and Socio-Spatial Perspective from the Late Colonial Period to the Present". Journal of Southern African Studies. 42 (4).
* Vanessa de Pacheco Melo (2016). "Production of Urban Peripheries For and By Low-Income Populations at the Turn of the Millennium: Maputo, Luanda and Johannesburg". Journal of Southern African Studies. 42 (4).

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of Luanda.

* "(Luanda)". Directory of Open Access Journals. UK. (Bibliography of open access articles)
* "(Luanda)" - via Europeana. (Images, etc.)
* "(Luanda)" - via Digital Public Library of America. (Images, etc.)
* "(Luanda)". Internet Library Sub-Saharan Africa. Germany: Frankfurt University Library. (Bibliography)
* "(Luanda)". Connecting-Africa. Leiden, Netherlands: African Studies Centre. (Bibliography)
* "(Luanda)". AfricaBib.org. (Bibliography)
* "Luanda, Angola". BlackPast.org. US.
* Gonçalo Pires Carvalho (c. 1625). "Map of Luanda".

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