Timeline of Mekelle

Timeline of Ethiopian city

This is timeline of Mekelle, a city and capital of Tigray Region, Ethiopia.

## History[edit]

* 13th century – Mekelle believed to be evolved from hamlet called Enda Meskel, later Medhane Alem, becoming a town by the early 19th century, when Ras Wolde Selassie of Enderta made Antalo his seat power.[1][2]
* 1882–84 – the grand palace of Yohannes IV was built by Tigrayan engineer Engedashet Kassa Sehul and forms the historic center of Mekelle.[citation needed]
* 1871 – a church at Debre Gennet Medhane Alem, built after the return from Raya Azebo campaign.[3]
* 1880s – Mekelle became the capital of the Ethiopian Empire, and urbanized rapidly.[4]
* 1895–1896 – Mekelle was invited for conflict of the First Italo-Ethiopian War.
* October 1895 – the Italian army established their fort near the Enda Eyesus Church.
* January 1896 – the Italians surrendered; Menelik II allowed them to retreat their stronghold Adigrat.
* 1920s and 1930s – Mekelle emerged as a major trade center.
* 8 November 1935 – the Italians invaded Mekelle, contributed considerably to its modernization.[5]
* 1938 – two shops opened, two Italian restaurant and Hotel Amba Aradam with four rooms.[6]
* May 1943 – Mekelle was the epicentre of Woyane rebellion against the weak Haile Selassie government. From September–October, the British conducted air bombardment caused heavy damage.[7][8]
* 1942–74 – the third phase urbanization took place.[9]
* 1942 – Mekelle municipality was founded.[10]
* 1962 – Master plan for Mekelle issued.[11]
* 1983–1985 – the 1983–1985 famine ravaged the city, causing 75,000 refugees with 20,000 more waiting to enter.[12]
* February 1986 – The Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) released 1,800 political prisoners from Mekelle prison during the military action against the Derg.[13][14]
* 25 February 1988 – series of offensives launched as TPLF fighters bypassed Mekelle but took control Maychew, Korem and another place along Dessie–Mekelle Road.[15]
* June 1988 – The TPLF controlled Tigray except Mekelle.[16][17]
* 4 and 5 June 1988 – the Derg sacked villages around Mekelle, which included Addi Gera, Bahri, Goba Zena, Grarot, Issala and Rabea.[18][19]
* 25 February 1989 – Mekelle was occupied by TPLF, after the government position in Tigray collapsed.[20]
* 5 June 1998 – the Eritrean Air Force bombed Ayder School in Mekelle during the Eritrean–Ethiopian War killing twelve.[21]
* 29 December 2002 – a riot was occurred between Ethiopian Orthodox and Adventist followers as Adventist prayer service being conducted in a stadium.[22][23]
* 30 July 2008 – the United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea (UNMEE) headquarters was established in Mekelle in 2000 and continued to the date.[24]
* 17–28 November 2020 – Mekelle offensive was took place by joint Ethiopian and Eritrean military forces during the Tigray War, including aerial bombardment.[25][26][27]
* 20 December 2020 – witnesses from Mekelle stated that artillery shelling had taken place before 28 November.[28][29][30]
* 28 June 2021, Mekelle was recaptured by Tigray Defense Force after evacuated by the federal government for several months.[31][32]

## References[edit]

1. ^ Taddesse, Madhane (1995). Salt, Trade and Urbanization: the Story of Mäqälä Town, 1872-1935. Addis Ababa: Addis Ababa University.
2. ^ Sakkwar, Taddese (2000). የመቀሌ ከመሰራረትና እድገት [Foundation and Growth of Mäqälä Town]. Mekelle.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
3. ^ "Local history of Ethiopia : Debre Tabor - Delo wereda" (PDF). 7 October 2022.
4. ^ Okazaki, Rumi (November 2011). "Deterioration of Heritage by Informal Urbanization in Mekelle, Ethiopia". Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering. 10 (2): 343–350. doi:10.3130/jaabe.10.343. ISSN 1346-7581. S2CID 109528178.
5. ^ "Revisiting resistance in Italian-occupied Ethiopia". 7 October 2022.
6. ^ Marcus, Harold G. (2002-02-22). A History of Ethiopia. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-92542-7.
7. ^ Woldemariam, Michael, ed. (2018), "The Second Wave of Rebellion: Tigrayans, Oromos, Afars, and Somalis, 1973–2008", Insurgent Fragmentation in the Horn of Africa: Rebellion and its Discontents, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 185–208, ISBN 978-1-108-42325-0, retrieved 2022-10-07
8. ^ "When Britain bombed Tigray into submission". Martin Plaut. 2019-10-06. Retrieved 2022-10-07.
9. ^ "City profile Mekelle" (PDF). 7 October 2022.
10. ^ "City profile Mekelle" (PDF). 7 October 2022.
11. ^ Lockot, Hans Wilhelm (1998). Bibliographia Aethiopica II: The Horn of Africa in English Literature. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-03611-5.
12. ^ "11. starving tigray, 1984-88" (PDF). Human Rights Watch.
13. ^ "Ethiopia is situated in northeast Africa" (PDF). Amnesty International. 7 October 2022.
14. ^ "EVIL DAYS" (PDF). Human Rights Watch. 7 October 2022.
15. ^ "The Battle of Shire – February 1989 | Ethiopian Review | Page 2 - Ethiopian News". Retrieved 2022-10-07.
16. ^ Cooper, Tom; Fontanellaz, Adrien (2018-07-31). Ethiopian-Eritrean Wars. Volume 2: Eritrean War of Independence, 1988-1991 & Badme War, 1998-2001. Helion and Company. ISBN 978-1-913118-35-8.
17. ^ Dixon, Jeffrey S.; Sarkees, Meredith Reid (2015-10-22). A Guide to Intra-state Wars. SAGE. ISBN 978-0-87289-775-5.
18. ^ "15. ARMED DECISION: THE NORTH" (PDF). 7 October 2022.
19. ^ "Local history of Ethiopia" (PDF). 7 October 2022.
20. ^ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | Chronology for Tigreans in Ethiopia". Refworld. Retrieved 2022-10-07.
21. ^ "Eritrea/Ethiopia, Awards on Military Objectives | How does law protect in war? - Online casebook". casebook.icrc.org. Retrieved 2022-10-07.
22. ^ "ETHIOPIA COUNTRY REPORT OCTOBER 2003" (PDF). 7 October 2022.
23. ^ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | U.S. Department of State Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2002 - Ethiopia". Refworld. Retrieved 2022-10-07.
24. ^ "UNMEE: United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea". peacekeeping.un.org. Retrieved 2022-10-07.
25. ^ "Ethiopia says its military has taken control of capital in defiant Tigray region". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2022-10-07.
26. ^ "Ethiopia: Government launches offensive on Mekelle - Vatican News". www.vaticannews.va. 2020-11-28. Retrieved 2022-10-07.
27. ^ "Ethiopia's PM Abiy promises 'final' offensive in Tigray". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2022-10-07.
28. ^ "Ethiopia: Unlawful Shelling of Tigray Urban Areas". Human Rights Watch. 2021-02-11. Retrieved 2022-10-07.
29. ^ "Ethiopia's Tigray crisis: 'How we survived when Mekelle was shelled'". BBC News. 2020-12-20. Retrieved 2022-10-07.
30. ^ "Tigray conflict: Report calls for accountability for violations and abuses by all parties". Ethiopian Human Rights Commission - EHRC. 2021-11-03. Retrieved 2022-10-07.
31. ^ Paravicini, Giulia; Houreld, Katharine; Endeshaw, Dawit (2021-06-29). "Tigray's former rulers back in Mekelle, Ethiopian government declares ceasefire". Reuters. Retrieved 2022-10-07.
32. ^ "Interim government of Tigray flees as rebels seize capital". The Guardian. 2021-06-28. Retrieved 2022-10-07.