Timeline of extinctions in the Holocene

This article is a list of biological species, subspecies, and evolutionary significant units that are known to have become extinct during the Holocene, the current geologic epoch, ordered by their known or approximate date of disappearance from oldest to most recent.

The Holocene is considered to have started with the Holocene glacial retreat around 11650 years Before Present (c. 9700 BC). It is characterized by a general trend towards global warming, the expansion of anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens) to all emerged land masses, the appearance of agriculture and animal husbandry, and a reduction in global biodiversity. The latter, dubbed the sixth mass extinction in Earth history, is largely attributed to increased human population and activity, and may have started already during the preceding Pleistocene epoch with the demise of the Pleistocene megafauna.

The following list is incomplete by necessity, since the majority of extinctions are thought to be undocumented, and for many others there isn't a definitive, widely accepted last, or most recent record. According to the species-area theory, the present rate of extinction may be up to 140,000 species per year.[1]

## 10th millennium BC

[edit]

* Mounted skeleton of Teratornis merriami.

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Causes

|
|
|
|

10250-9180 BC[2] | Page's crane | Grus pagei | Rancho La Brea, California, United States  | Climate change at the LGM and competition with Homo Sapiens
La Brea owl | Oraristix brea | Southern California, United States
10210-9850 BC[2] | Errant vulture | Neogyps errans | California, United States
10045-9905 BC[3] | Eurasian cave lion | Panthera spelaea | Northern Eurasia and Beringia
10035-9845 BC[2] | Dow's puffin | Fratercula dowi | Channel Islands of California, United States
9948-9306 BC[4] | Northern glyptodont | Glyptotherium sp. | Florida and Texas to northeastern Brazil
9705-9545 BC[5] | Patagonian panther | Panthera onca mesembrina | Patagonia
9690-9040 BC[6] | Toronto subway deer | Torontoceros hypnogeos | Toronto, Canada
9610-9220 BC[7] | Haiti pine forest ground sloth | Neocnus dousman | Hispaniola
9580-8860 BC[8] | Dwarf pronghorn | Capromeryx minor | Southwestern United States and Mexico
9550 BC[9] | Chinese cave hyena  | Crocuta crocuta ultima | East Asia
9550 BC[10][11] | Shrub-ox | Euceratherium collinum | Southwestern North America
American mountain deer | Odocoileus lucasi | Oasisamerica[12] and Mexico[13] | Hunting?[11]
Stock's pronghorn | Stockoceros sp. | Mexico and Southwestern United States
c. 9515 BC[14] | Southeastern giant tortoise | Hesperotestudo crassiscutata | Southern United States | Hunting and competition with Homo Sapiens
9500-9300 BC[15] | Sardinian dhole | Cynotherium sardous | Corsica and Sardinia
9460-9350 BC[16][3] | American lion | Panthera atrox | North America;
Western South America?
9381-9281 BC[17] | Macrauchenia | Macrauchenia patachonica | Southwestern South America  | Hunting.[18]
9350 BC[19] | Long-nosed peccary | Mylohyus nasutus | Eastern United States | Habitat loss and competition with the American black bear.[11]
9200-9350 BC[20] | American mastodon | Mammut americanum | North America  | Overhunting
9190-8870 BC[11] | Jefferson's ground sloth | Megalonyx jeffersonii | North America  | Overhunting
9130-9030 BC[5] | Pygmy mammoth | Mammuthus exilis | Channel Islands of California, United States
9117-8793 BC[4] | Highland gomphothere | Cuvieronius hyodon | Central America, northern and central Andes[21] | Hunting?[22]
9110-9030 BC |  | Valgipes bucklandi | Brazil  | Hunting
9100-8380 BC[2] | Californian turkey | Meleagris californica | California, United States
c. 9050 BC[14] | Wilson's tortoise | Hesperotestudo wilsoni | Southwestern United States
Ryukyu tortoise | Manouria oyamai | Ryukyu, Japan
9050 BC[23] | Cypriot genet | Genetta plesictoides | Cyprus
9050-8050 BC[23][2] | Miyako roe deer | Capreolus tokunagai | Miyako Island, Ryukyu, Japan
Asphalt stork | Ciconia maltha | Americas
Miyako long-tailed rat | Diplothrix miyakoensis | Miyako Island, Ryukyu, Japan
Merriam's teratorn | Teratornis merriami | California, United States

## 9th millennium BC

[edit]

* Mounted skeleton of a North American short-faced bear.

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Causes

|
|
|
|

8995-8845 BC[5] | North American short-faced bear | Arctodus simus | North America  | Competition with the grizzly bear.[11]
8965-8875 BC[5][24] | Mexican horse | Equus conversidens | Hunting.[5]
8902-8638 BC |  | Damaliscus hypsodon | Kenya and Tanzania  | Undetermined.
8850-8750 BC[25] | Flat-headed peccary | Platygonus compressus | North America  | Possibly vegetation changes induced by climate change and competition with the American black bear.[11]
8800-8300 BC[2] | Schneider's duck | Anas schneideri | Converse County, Wyoming, United States  | Undetermined.
Large-billed blackbird | Euphagus magnirostris | California to Venezuela and Peru
8470-8320 BC[5] | Argentinian short-faced bear | Arctotherium tarijense | Argentina[26]
8430-8130 BC[27] | Stag-moose | Cervalces scotti | Eastern United States
8420 BC[8] | Woodland muskox | Bootherium bombifrons | North America
8350-7550 BC[27] | Shasta ground sloth | Nothrotheriops shastensis | Southwestern United States  | Hunting.[28]
8340-3950 BC | Giant Cape zebra | Equus capensis | Southern Africa | Reduction of grasslands after the end of the Last Glacial Period.[29]
8301-7190 BC[15] | Giant pika | Ochotona whartoni | Northern North America;
Eastern Siberia?  | Hunting
8250-8150 BC[25] | Giant beaver | Castoroides ohiensis | North America
8200-7660 BC[27] | Vero tapir | Tapirus veroensis | Southern United States  | Hunting.[11][28][18]
8100 BC[27] | Harrington's mountain goat | Oreamnos harringtoni | Southern Rocky Mountains
8059 BC[30] | Smaller South American horse | Hippidion saldiasi[31] | Eastern South America[32]
8050-5845 BC | South American palmate-antlered deer | Morenelaphus brachyceros | Temperate South America  | Undetermined.[33]
8050 BC or less |  | Hipposideros besaoka | Northern coast of Madagascar | Undetermined.[34]
8000 BC[15] | Glossothere | Glossotherium sp. | South America[21]

## 8th millennium BC

[edit]

* Tracing of paleo-American petroglyphs depicting two Columbian mammoths and an ancient bison.

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Causes

|
|
|
|

c. 7950 BC[35] | South American pointed-antlered deer | Antifer ultra | River Plate and central Chile | Undetermined.
7930 BC[11] | North American pampathere | Holmesina septentrionalis | Southeastern United States
7830-7430 BC[5][15] | Cuvier's small ground sloth | Catonyx cuvieri | Eastern South America
7820-7300 BC[36] | Woolly rhinoceros | Coelodonta antiquitatis | Northern Eurasia  | Shrinking of the mammoth steppe due to warmer and wetter climate conditions.[37]
7800-7740 BC[38] | Panamerican ground sloth | Eremotherium laurillardi[39] | Southern United States to Brazil  | Undetermined.
7615-7305 BC | North American sabertooth | Smilodon fatalis | Southern North America and northern South America  | Prey loss.[11]
7600-6245 BC[40] | Asian ostrich | Struthio asiaticus | Greece and Eastern Europe through Kazakhstan to India and China[41] | Undetermined.
7390-7320 BC |  | Xibalbaonyx oviceps | Quintana Roo, Mexico  | Hunting.[4]
7330-6250 BC (unconfirmed)[42] | Asian straight-tusked elephant | Palaeoloxodon namadicus | South and east Asia  | Undetermined.
7330-7030 BC[15] | South American sabertooth | Smilodon populator | Eastern South America  | Competition with human hunters.[18]
7250-5330 BC | American camel | Camelops hesternus | Western North America  | Hunting.[11]
7250-6750 BC[24][43] | Scott's horse | Equus scotti | Hunting
7160-6760 BC | Chilean scelidodont | Scelidodon chiliensis | Western South America[44] | Undetermined.[15]
7100-6300 BC[6][45] | Columbian mammoth | Mammuthus columbi | Northern Mexico, western and southern United States  | Hunting.[11]
7043-6507 BC[15] | Greater Cuban nesophontes | Nesophontes major | Cuba | Undetermined.
Cuban pauraque | Siphonorhis daiquiri
7043-6503 BC[15] | Giant ghost-faced bat | Mormoops magna

## 7th millennium BC

[edit]

* Mounted skeleton of Glyptodon asper.

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Causes

|
|
|
|

6833-6321 BC | Long-legged llama | Hemiauchenia macrocephala | North and Central America  | Hunting.[11][18]
6689 BC[11] | Darwin's mylodon | Mylodon darwini | Pampas and Patagonia
6660-4880 BC[15] | Larger South American horse | Equus neogeus | South America[46] | Hunting
6660-4880 BC[15][47] | Common glyptodont | Glyptodon sp. | Eastern South America  | Hunting
6660-4880 BC[15] | Brazilian glyptodont | Hoplophorus euphractus | Eastern Brazil  | Undetermined.[15]
Stout-legged llama | Palaeolama major | North and east South America  | Hunting.[18]
Eastern giant armadillo | Propraopus sulcatus | Eastern South America[48] | Undetermined.[15]
6389-6060 BC | Pampean giant armadillo | Eutatus seguini | Northern Argentina and Uruguay[49] | Hunting
6150-5750 BC[50] | Yukon horse | Equus lambei | Eastern Beringia | Reduction of grasslands after the end of the Last Glacial Period.[37][29]
6130-3950 BC | Giant hartebeest | Megalotragus priscus | Southern Africa;
Eastern Africa?
6050-5050 BC[27] | Dire wolf | Aenocyon dirus | North America and western South America  | Competition with the gray wolf and Homo Sapiens.[11]

## 6th millennium BC

[edit]

* Mounted skeleton of Megatherium.

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Causes

|
|
|
|

5941-5596 BC | Kambuaya's triok | Dactylopsila kambuayai | New Guinea | Undetermined.[15]
New Guinea greater glider | Petauroides ayamaruensis
5790-5658 BC | Beringian wolf | Canis lupus | Northwestern North America  | Prey loss.[51] The eastern wolf, a descendant hybridized with coyotes, survives.[52]
5740-5500 BC | Bond's springbok | Antidorcas bondi | Southern Africa  | Reduction of grasslands after the end of the Last Glacial Period.[29]
5660-5540 BC[53] | Narrow-headed ground sloth | Scelidotherium leptocephalum | Southern South America  | Hunting?[11]
5550 BC | Sardinian giant deer | Praemegaceros cazioti | Corsica and Sardinia[54] | Undetermined.[55]
5483-5221 BC | Unnamed South African caprine | ?Makapania sp. | South African mountains  | Reduction of grasslands after the end of the Last Glacial Period.[29]
5295-4848 BC | Ibiza rail | Rallus eivissensis | Ibiza, Spain  | Undetermined, but presumably a result of human colonization.[56]
Ibiza dwarf viper | Vipera latastei ebusitana
5271-5131 BC[57] | Ancient bison | Bison antiquus | North America  | Possibly hybridisation with western bison resulting in modern American bison.[27]
5270-4310 BC[58] | Giant ground sloth | Megatherium americanum | Temperate South America and the Andes  | Hunting.[18]
5120 BC |  | Neosclerocalyptus paskoensis | Southern South America  | Undetermined.[59] [60]
5050-4050 BC[61] | Giant Cuban owl | Ornimegalonyx oteroi | Cuba

## 5th millennium BC

[edit]

* Tracings of male and female Irish elk cave art from Cougnac Caves.

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Causes

|
|
|
|

4901-4831 BC[62] | Irish elk | Megaloceros giganteus | Europe and southern Siberia  | Reduction of grasslands after the end of the Last Glacial Period, and possibly hunting.[63]
4855-4733 BC | North African horse | Equus algericus | Maghreb | Aridification.[29]
4840-4690 BC | Majorcan giant dormouse | Hypnomys morpheus | Mallorca, Spain  | Possibly disease spread by introduced rodents.[64]
4765-4445 BC[58][65] | Club-tailed glyptodont[66] | Doedicurus clavicaudatus | South American Pampas | Hunting and habitat loss.
4691-4059 BC | Algerian giant deer | Megaceroides algericus | Northern Maghreb  | Possibly habitat fragmentation.[67]
4650-1450 BC[15] | Toxodont | Toxodon platensis | South America  | Undetermined.
4570 BC - 130 CE[68] | Jamaican caracara | Caracara tellustris | Jamaica
4170-4050 BC[69] | Lowland gomphothere | Notiomastodon platensis | South America  | Hunting?[11]
c. 4000 BC | North African aurochs | Bos primigenius africanus | North Africa | Aridification. Domestic descendants survive in captivity.[29]
North African zebra | Equus mauritanicus | Aridification.[29]

## 4th millennium BC

[edit]

* Tracing of a petroglyph representing giant long-horned buffalo from North Africa.

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Causes

|
|
|
|

3570-3630 BC[70] | Malagasy crowned eagle | Stephanoaetus mahery | Central and southern Madagascar  | Possibly natural aridification or habitat degradation and prey loss caused by human activity.[71]
3540-3355 BC[72] | Kauaʻi mole duck | Talpanas lippa | Kaua'i, Hawaii, United States  | Undetermined.
3340-2890 BC[73] | Radofilao's sloth lemur | Babakotia radofilai | Northern coast of Madagascar
3290-2730 BC[5] | Smaller Cuban ground sloth | Parocnus brownii | Cuba  | Hunting.[7]
3060-2470 BC | Giant long-horned buffalo | Syncerus antiquus | Africa and the Arabian Peninsula[74] | Aridification and competition with domestic cattle for water and pastures.[15]
3050 BC[23] | Sardinian shrew | Asoriculus similis | Sardinia, Italy  | Undetermined.
Buka Island mosaic-tailed rat | Melomys spechti | Buka Island, Papua New Guinea
Buka Island solomys | Solomys spriggsarum
3040-1840 BC[75] (tentative)  | Tilos dwarf elephant | Palaeoloxodon tiliensis | Tilos, Greece
3030-2690 BC | Balearic giant shrew | Nesiotites hidalgo | Gymnesian Islands, Spain  | Possibly disease spread by introduced rodents.[64]

## 3rd millennium BC

[edit]

* "Blue Babe", a mummy of a male Steppe bison discovered north of Fairbanks, Alaska in 1979.

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Causes

|
|
|
|

2830-2470 BC | Balearic cave goat | Myotragus balearicus | Gymnesian Islands, Spain  | Likely vegetation changes related to aridification or human activity.[76][77]
2550 BC | Bennu heron | Ardea bennuides | Arabian Peninsula  | Wetland degradation.[15]
2550-2450 BC[78] | Steppe bison | Bison priscus | Northern Eurasia and North America  | Hunting[79] and habitat loss due to climate change.[37]
2550-1550 BC[15] | Niue night heron | Nycticorax kalavikai | Niue | Undetermined.
2508-2116 BC[80] | Hispaniola monkey | Antillothrix bernensis | Hispaniola
2483-2399 BC[5] | Lesser Haitian ground sloth | Neocnus comes
2280-2240 BC[81] | Cuban giant sloth | Megalocnus rodens | Cuba
2134-1408 BC[15][82] | Chatham raven | Corvus moriorum | Chatham Islands, New Zealand

## 2nd millennium BC

[edit]

* Woolly mammoth cave art from Grotte de Rouff, depicting it alongside extant Alpine ibexes.

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Causes

|
|
|
|

1950-1050 BC[83] | New Caledonian terrestrial crocodile | Mekosuchus inexpectatus | Grande Terre and Isle of Pines, New Caledonia  | Hunting.
1935-1700 BC | Sumba Island giant rat  | Raksasamys tikusbesar | Sumba Island, Indonesia | Undetermined.[23]
1900-1600 BC | Noel's barn owl | Tyto noeli | Cuba, Jamaica, and Bermuda | Undetermined.[84]
1800 BC | Indian aurochs | Bos primigenius namadicus | Indian Subcontinent | Undetermined. Domestic descendants survive in captivity and as feral populations.[85]
1795-1675 BC[86][87][88][89] | Woolly mammoth | Mammuthus primigenius | Northern Eurasia and North America  | Hunting[90] and habitat loss due to climate change.[37]
1750-1650 BC[91] | Short-horned water buffalo | Bubalus mephistopheles | South, central, and east China[66] | Undetermined.
1738-1500 BC[15] | Puerto Rican ground sloth | Acratocnus odontrigonus | Puerto Rico
1738-1385 BC[15] | Christensen's pademelon | Thylogale christenseni | New Guinea
1666-1506 BC | Ovodov's horse | Equus ovodovi | North and East Asia  | Undetermined.[92]
1581 BC[93] | Hawaiian eagle | Haliaeetus sp. | Hawaii, United States  | Possibly deforestation, loss of prey, and predation of chicks by introduced rats and pigs.[71]
1500 BC | New Caledonian giant megapode | Sylviornis neocaledoniae | Grande Terre and Isle of Pines, New Caledonia  | Hunting.[94]
c. 1500 BC | Puerto Rican flower bat | Phyllonycteris major | Puerto Rico and Antigua | Undetermined.[95]
Leeward Islands curlytail | Leiocephalus cuneus | Antigua and Barbuda
1400-1190 BC | Greater Azores bullfinch | Pyrrhula crassa | Azores, Spain  | Human settlement.[96]
1294-1035 BC | European wild ass | Equus hydruntinus | Southern Europe and Southwest Asia; Northern Europe (Pleistocene) | Hunting and habitat fragmentation after the end of the Last Glacial Period.[97]
1159-790 BC | Dune shearwater | Puffinus holeae | Canary Islands, Spain;
mainland Portugal (Pleistocene) | Predation by introduced house mice.[98]
c. 1050 BC[14] | Mona Island tortoise | Chelonoidis monensis | Mona Island of Puerto Rico  | Undetermined.
1050 BC[23] | Alor Island giant rat  | Alormys aplini | Alor Island, Indonesia
Hooijer's giant rat  | Hooijeromys nusantenggara | Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia
Vanuatu terrestrial crocodile | Mekosuchus kalpokasi | Efate, Vanuatu | Hunting.[83]
Verhoeven's giant tree rat | Papagomys theodorverhoeveni | Flores, Indonesia  | Undetermined.
1050-850 BC | Lini's megapode | Mwalau walterlinii | Efate, Vanuatu

## 1st millennium BC

[edit]

* A Sardinian pika's mounted skeleton.

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Causes

|
|
|
|

c. 950 BC | Noble megapode | Megavitiornis altirostris | Fiji | Hunting.[99]
Fiji giant iguana | Lapitiguana impensa
Fiji terrestrial crocodile | Volia athollandersoni
900-750 BC | Tongan tooth-billed pigeon | Didunculus placopedetes | Tonga | Undetermined.[15]
c. 850 BC | Lakeba pigeon | Ducula lakeba | Lakeba and Aiwa, Fiji
821-171 BC | Balsam shrew | Crocidura balsamifera | Nile gallery forests, Egypt | Habitat destruction.[15]
820-680 BC | Eurasian muskox | Ovibos moschatus[100] | Northern Eurasia  | Hunting.[79] The same species survived in North America and was reintroduced to Eurasia in the 20th century.[101]
c. 810 BC[14] | Vanuatu horned turtle | ?Meiolania damelipi | Vanuatu and Viti Levu, Fiji  | Hunting.[102]
800-700 BC | Syrian elephant | Elephas maximus asurus | Mesopotamia | Hunting and habitat loss due to agriculture and aridification. However, it's been suggested that it was introduced by humans in the area, which would not make it a valid subspecies.[103]
790-410 BC | MacPhee's shrew tenrec | Microgale macpheei | Southeastern Madagascar  | Aridification.[104]
8787-320 BC | Jamaican ibis | Xenicibis xympithecus | Jamaica  | Undetermined.[15]
770-400 BC | Law's diving-goose | Chendytes lawi | Coastal California and Oregon, United States  | Hunting.[105][106]
760-660 BC | Consumed scrubfowl | Megapodius alimentum | Tonga and Fiji
744-202 BC | Kaua'i stilt-owl | Grallistrix auceps | Kaua'i, Hawaii, United States  | Undetermined.[15]
701-119 BC[107] | Chatham coot | Fulica chathamensis | Chatham Islands, New Zealand  | Probably hunting and predation by introduced mammals.[71]
700-400 BC | Bahaman caracara | Caracara creightoni | Cuba and Bahamas | Undetermined.[108]
550-50 BC[15] | David's imperial pigeon | Ducula david | Ouvéa Island, New Caledonia  | Hunting.[71]
511-407 BC | Plate-toothed giant hutia | Elasmodontomys obliquus | Puerto Rico  | Undetermined.[109]
440-280 BC[110] | Lena horse | Equus lenensis | Northern Siberia  | Hunting.[79][111]
412-199 BC[73] | Gorilla lemur | Archaeoindris fontoynontii | Central Madagascar
404 BC[112] | Wild dromedary camel | Camelus dromedarius | Arabian Peninsula  | Desertification, hunting, and capture to replenish domestic herds. Domestic and feral descendants survive.[113]
c. 350 BC | Tongan giant iguana | Brachylophus gibbonsi | Tonga and Fiji  | Hunting.[106][114]
348 BC - 283 BC | Corsican giant shrew | Asoriculus corsicanus | Corsica, France  | Introduced black rats and human-induced habitat loss.[115]
Sardinian pika | Prolagus sardus | Corsica and Sardinia  | Hunting, predation and competition with introduced mammals.[116][117]
Hensel's field mouse | Rhagamys orthodon | Introduced black rats and human-induced habitat loss.[115]
Tyrrhenian vole | Tyrrhenicola henseli
c. 240 BC | Imperial gibbon | Junzi imperialis | Shaanxi?, China  | Possibly capture as pets and deforestation.[118]
170 BC - 370 CE[119] | Maui flightless ibis | Apteribis brevis | Maui, Hawaii, United States  | Undetermined.
130 BC | Gran Canaria giant rat | Canariomys tamarani | Gran Canaria, Canary Islands  | Hunting or predation by introduced dogs?[120]
110 BC - 130 BC[73] | Ancient coua | Coua primaeva | Madagascar  | Undetermined.
50 BC[23] | Buhler's coryphomys | Coryphomys buehleri | Timor
Timor giant rat | Coryphomys musseri
49 BC - 125 BC | São Miguel scops owl | Otus frutuosoi | São Miguel Island, Azores, Portugal  | Introduced predators?[121]

## 1st millennium CE

[edit]

### 1st–5th centuries

[edit]

* Roman bronze statue of a war elephant, probably the North African elephant.

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Causes

|
|
|
|

1-1000[122] | Eyles's harrier | Circus teauteensis | New Zealand  | Prey loss and habitat alteration.[71][123]
South Island goose | Cnemiornis calcitrans | South Island, New Zealand  | Undetermined.[124]
54-68 | Silphium | ?Ferula sp. | Cyrenaica coast  | Aridification, overgrazing, and overharvesting.[125]
86-428[15] | Powerful goshawk | Accipiter efficax | New Caledonia  | Undetermined.
Gracile goshawk | Accipiter quartus
Kanaka pigeon | Caloenas canacorum | New Caledonia and Tonga; Vanuatu and Fiji?  | Probably hunting.[71]
Pile-builder megapode | Megapodius molistructor | New Caledonia and Tonga  | Undetermined.
New Caledonian ground dove | Pampusana longitarsus | New Caledonia
New Caledonian gallinule[126] | Porphyrio kukwiedei
150-1100 | Great Maui crake | Porzana severnsi | Maui, Hawaii, United States  | Hunting by native birds.[citation needed]
200-1200 | Great Oʻahu crake | Porzana ralphorum | Oahu, Hawaii, United States
210[127] | Giant fossa | Cryptoprocta spelaea | Madagascar  | Undetermined.
220[128] | Western bison | Bison occidentalis | Alaska and Yukon
220-320 | Waitomo frog | Leiopelma waitomoensis | North Island, New Zealand  | Predation by polynesian rats.[129]
245-429[73] | Ball-headed sloth lemur | Mesopropithecus globiceps | Southwestern Madagascar  | Hunting and aridification.[111]
c. 300 | Atlas wild ass | Equus africanus atlanticus | North Africa  | Undetermined. Domestic descendants survive in captivity.[130]
300-1200[15] | Marquesas cuckoo-dove | Macropygia heana | Nuku Hiva and Ua Huka, Marquesas Islands  | Undetermined.
347-535[15] | New Ireland forest rat | Rattus sanila | New Ireland, Papua New Guinea
370[131] | North African elephant | Loxodonta africana pharaoensis | Northwest Africa | Hunting and aridification.[132]
428-618[73] | Southern Malagasy giant rat | Hypogeomys australis | Central and southern Madagascar  | Undetermined.
439-1473[80] | Jamaican monkey | Xenothrix mcgregori | Jamaica
440-639[15] | Oʻahu moa-nalo | Thambetochen xanion | Oahu, Hawaii, United States
448-657[133] | Chatham duck | Pachyanas chathamica | Chatham Islands, New Zealand  | Hunting?[15]
c. 450 | New Caledonian horned turtle | Meiolania mackayi | New Caledonia  | Hunting.[134]

### 6th–10th centuries

[edit]

* A Malagasy pygmy hippopotamus skeleton compared to a common hippopotamus skull.

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Causes

|
|
|
|

530-590 | Cuban spectacled owl | Pulsatrix arredondoi | Cuba  | Undetermined.[84]
530-860[73] | Malagasy shelduck | Alopochen sirabensis | Madagascar  | Possibly hunting and aridification.[71]
535-876[66] | Large baboon lemur | Hadropithecus stenognathus | Central and southern Madagascar  | Hunting and aridification.[111]
586-670 | Horned crocodile | Voay robustus | Madagascar  | Possibly overexploitation of eggs for consumption, environmental changes (natural or caused by human activity), and competition with the Nile crocodile.[135]
c. 600 | Ua Huka rail | Gallirallus gracilitibia | Ua Huka, Marquesas Islands  | Human settlement.[136]
600-765[66] | Monkey-like sloth lemur | Mesopropithecus pithecoides | Central Madagascar  | Hunting and aridification.[111]
650-780[73] | Forsyth Major's baboon lemur | Archaeolemur majori | Madagascar
650-869 | Small O'ahu crake | Porzana ziegleri | Oahu, Hawaii, United States  | Undetermined.[15]
664-773 | Hildebrandt's elephant bird | Aepyornis hildebrandti | Central Madagascar  | Deforestation.[137]
666-857[138] | Cayman Islands geocapromys | Geocapromys caymanensis | Cayman Islands | Undetermined.
Cayman Islands nesophontes | Nesophontes hemicingulus
670-836 | Malagasy dwarf hippopotamus | Hippopotamus lemerlei | Southwestern Madagascar[139] | Deforestation,[137] hunting, competition with, and changes to vegetation caused by livestock.[111]
680-880[137] | Lesser elephant bird | Mullerornis modestus | Central and southern Madagascar  | Hunting, aridification,[111] and deforestation.[137]
687-880 | Malagasy pygmy hippopotamus | Hippopotamus madagascariensis | Northwestern and central Madagascar[139] | Deforestation,[137] hunting, competition with, and changes to vegetation caused by livestock.[111]
700-1150[15] | Huahine starling | Aplonis diluvialis | Huahine, Society Islands, French Polynesia  | Undetermined.
Huahine gull | Chroicocephalus utunui
Huahine rail | Gallirallus storrsolsoni | Possibly hunting and predation by introduced animals.[71]
Huahine cuckoo-dove | Macropygia arevarevauupa | Undetermined.
Huahine swamphen | Porphyrio mcnabi | Possibly hunting and introduced predators.[71]
760 | Cuban cave rail | Nesotrochis picapicensis | Cuba  | Undetermined.[84][140]
761-954 |  | Astrochelys rogerbouri | Central and southern Madagascar
771-952 | Titan elephant bird | Vorombe titan | Deforestation.[137]
772-870 | Insular cave rat | Heteropsomys insulans | Puerto Rico  | Undetermined.[109]
810-1025 | Sinoto's lorikeet | Vini sinotoi | Marquesas and Society Islands, French Polynesia  | Hunting.[141]
Conquered lorikeet | Vini vidivici | Marquesas, Society, and Cook Islands
865-965 | Malagasy aardvark | Plesiorycteropus madagascariensis | Central and southern Madagascar  | Undetermined.[11]
c. 884[14] | Grandidier's giant tortoise | Aldabrachelys grandidieri | Madagascar  | Hunting and aridification.[111]
890-990[66] | Southern giant ruffed lemur | Pachylemur insignis | Southwestern Madagascar
900-1150 | Giant aye-aye | Daubentonia robusta | Southern Madagascar  | Hunting, expansion of grasses and deforestation caused by domestic cattle and goat grazing.[111]
c. 950 | Giant island deer mouse | Peromyscus nesodytes | Channel Islands of California, United States  | Possibly habitat loss through overgrazing and erosion.[142]
Nuku Hiva rail | Gallirallus epulare | Nuku Hiva, Marquesas Islands  | Undetermined.[136]
Tahuata rail | Gallirallus roletti | Tahuata, Marquesas Islands
980-1170 | Grandidier's koala lemur | Megaladapis grandidieri | Madagascar  | Hunting and vegetation changes caused by livestock.[111]

## 2nd millennium CE

[edit]

### 11th-12th century

[edit]

* A skeleton of giant elephant bird (Aepyornis maximus) and its egg (right) compared to eggs of extant bird species.

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Causes

|
|
|
|

c. 1000 | North Island adzebill | Aptornis otidiformis | North Island, New Zealand  | Hunting and predation by introduced Polynesian rats.[71]
1000-1600[15] | Henderson archaic pigeon | Bountyphaps obsoleta | Henderson Island, Pitcairn  | Undetermined.
Henderson imperial pigeon | Ducula harrisoni | Probably hunting and predation by introduced animals.[71]
Henderson ground dove | Pampusana leonpascoi | Undetermined.
1015-1147[109] | Puerto Rican nesophontes | Nesophontes edithae | Puerto Rico
1015-1155 | Cape Verde quail | Coturnix centensis | São Vicente, Cape Verde
1020-1260 | Lava shearwater | Puffinus olsoni | Lanzarote and Fuerteventura, Canary Islands  | Predation by introduced black rats and cats.[143]
1040-1380[71][144] | Giant elephant bird | Aepyornis maximus | Southern Madagascar  | Hunting, competition with, and changes to vegetation caused by livestock.[111]
1046-1380[15] | Nēnē-nui | Branta hylobadistes | Oahu, Hawaii, United States  | Probably hunting or introduced predators.[71]
1047-1280[73] | Edwards' baboon lemur | Archaeolemur edwardsi | Central Madagascar[145] | Hunting and changes to vegetation caused by livestock.[111]
1057-1375[15] | Maui Nui moa-nalo | Thambetochen chauliodous | Molokai and Maui, Hawaii, United States  | Undetermined.
1057-1440[15] | Maui stilt-owl | Grallistrix erdmani | Maui, Hawaii, United States
1059-1401 | New Zealand swan | Cygnus sumnerensis/chathamicus | New Zealand? and the Chatham Islands  | Hunting.[15] It was suggested that the material from the main islands is conspecific with the extant black swan, while that from the Chathams represents a truly different, extinct species.[71]
1100-1300 | Tenerife giant rat | Canariomys bravoi | Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain  | Hunting.[146]
1170[147] | Bahaman tortoise | Chelonoidis alburyorum | Bahamas  | Undetermined.
1173-1385[15] | Barbuda giant rice rat | Megalomys audreyae | Barbuda
1175-1295[148] | Atalaye nesophontes | Nesophontes hypomicrus | Hispaniola
1183 | New Zealand owlet-nightjar | Aegotheles novaezealandiae | New Zealand  | Predation by introduced Polynesian rats.[149]

### 13th-14th century

[edit]

* Skeleton of Edwards' koala lemur.

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Causes

|
|
|
|

c. 1200[14] | Abrupt giant tortoise | Aldabrachelys abrupta | Madagascar  | Hunting and aridification.[111]
Ua Huka Booby | Papasula abbotti costelloi | Marquesas Islands, French Polynesia  | Hunting and possibly also deforestation.[71]
1200-1600 | Chatham kaka | Nestor chathamensis | Chatham Islands, New Zealand  | Probably hunting, deforestation, and predation by introduced Polynesian rats.[71]
1206-1427[66] | Common koala lemur | Megaladapis madagascariensis | Madagascar  | Hunting.[111]
1234-1445[122] | South Island adzebill | Aptornis defossor | South Island, New Zealand  | Hunting and predation by introduced Polynesian rats.[71]
1265-1400 | St. Michel nesophontes | Nesophontes paramicrus | Hispaniola  | Undetermined.[148]
1270 | Lava mouse | Malpaisomys insularis | Lanzarote and Fuerteventura, Canary Islands  | Possibly disease spread by introduced rats.[150]
1278-1415 | Mantell's moa | Pachyornis geranoides | North Island, New Zealand  | Hunting.[15][151]
1286-1390 | North Island giant moa | Dinornis novaezelandiae
1292-1630 | Chinese gharial | Hanyusuchus sinensis | South China and Hainan | Extermination campaign.[152]
1294-1438 | Heavy-footed moa | Pachyornis elephantopus | Eastern South Island, New Zealand  | Hunting.[153]
1295-1430[148][15] | Western Cuban nesophontes | Nesophontes micrus | Cuba  | Undetermined.
Haitian nesophontes | Nesophontes zamicrus | Hispaniola
c. 1300[71] | Tabuai rail  | Hypotaenidia steadmani | Tabuai, Austral Islands, French Polynesia
After 1300 | Chatham penguin[154] | Eudyptes warhami | New Zealand  | Hunting.[155][153]
Dwarf yellow-eyed penguin | Megadyptes antipodes richdalei
1300-1422 | Upland moa | Megalapteryx didinus | South Island, New Zealand
1300-1430 | Edwards' koala lemur | Megaladapis edwardsi | Madagascar  | Hunting and vegetation changes caused by livestock.[111]
1300-1800 | Eua rail | Hypotaenidia vekamatolu | Eua, Tonga  | Undetermined.[71]
1310-1420 | Bush moa | Anomalopteryx didiformis | New Zealand  | Hunting.[153][156]
1320-1350[156] | Eastern moa | Emeus crassus | South Island, New Zealand
Haast's eagle[157] | Hieraaetus moorei | Deforestation and loss of prey. Possibly also predation of nests by introduced pigs and rats.[71]
1320-1630 | Southern sloth lemur | Palaeopropithecus ingens | Southwestern Madagascar  | Hunting and vegetation changes caused by livestock.[111]
1320-1380 | Hispaniola woodcock | Scolopax brachycarpa | Hispaniola  | Undetermined.[158]
1347-1529 | Waitaha penguin | Megadyptes waitaha | Coastal South Island, New Zealand  | Hunting.[159]
1350 | Scarlett's shearwater | Puffinus spelaeus | Western South Island, New Zealand  | Predation by Polynesian rats.[143]
1375-1610 | Kaua'i palila | Loxioides kikuchi | Kaua'i, Hawaii, United States  | Human settlement and farming.[160]
1380-1500[161] | Giant Hawaii goose | Branta rhuax | Hawai'i, Hawaii, United States  | Probably hunting.[71]
1390-1470 | Great ground dove | Pampusana nui | French Polynesia and Cook Islands  | Undetermined.[15]
1396-1442 | Crested moa | Pachyornis australis | Subalpine South Island, New Zealand  | Hunting.[153]

### 15th-16th century

[edit]

* Skeletal mounts of various moa species (1868).

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Declared extinct  | Causes

|
|
|
|
|

1400-1450 | Pico rail  | Rallus montivagorum | Pico Island, Açores, Portugal  |  | Undetermined.[71]
1400-1500 | Tenerife giant lizard | Gallotia goliath | Tenerife and La Palma, Canary Islands  |  | Hunting.[146]
1425-1660 | Kauaʻi finch | Telespiza persecutrix | Kaua'i and Oahu, Hawaii, United States  |  | Undetermined.[15]
1451-1952[153]
(1558–1728)[162] | South Island giant moa | Dinornis robustus | South Island, New Zealand  |  | Hunting.[153]
1454-1626[163] | South American wolf | Dusicyon avus | Argentina and Uruguay  | 2015 (IUCN) | Possibly climate change, hunting, and competition with domestic dogs.[164]
1460-1660 | Dwarf thick-knee | Burhinus nanus | Bahamas  |  | Undetermined.[165]
1464-1637[153]
(1542–1618)[166] | Broad-billed moa | Euryapteryx curtus | North, South, and Stewart Island of New Zealand  |  | Hunting.[153]
1500-1600 | Finsch's duck | Chenonetta finschi | New Zealand  | 2014 (IUCN) | Hunting and predation by introduced Polynesian rats.[167]
1502 | Olson's petrel | Bulweria bifax | Saint Helena | 1988 (IUCN) | Hunting and introduced predators?[168]
1503 | Vespucci's giant rat | Noronhomys vespucii | Fernando de Noronha Island, Brazil  | 2008 (IUCN) | Undetermined.[169]
1520-1950[15] | Galápagos giant rat | Megaoryzomys curioi | Santa Cruz, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador  | Possibly introduced predators.[170]
1525 | Puerto Rican hutia | Isolobodon portoricensis | Hispaniola and Gonâve;
Introduced to Puerto Rico, Mona, and U.S. Virgin Islands | 1994-2008 (IUCN) | Possibly predation by introduced black rats.[171]
1525-1625[5] | Cayman Islands hutia | Capromys sp. | Cayman Islands  |  | Possibly hunting, introduced predators, and habitat loss caused by introduced ungulates.[138]
1550-1670[5] | Hispaniolan edible rat | Brotomys voratus | Hispaniola  | 1994 (IUCN) | Introduced rats.[172]
1555 | Ascension night heron | Nycticorax olsoni | Ascension Island |  | Probably predation by introduced cats and rats.[71]

### 17th century

[edit]

* Depiction of a live dodo by Ustad Mansur, c. 1625.

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Declared extinct  | Causes

|
|
|
|
|

c. 1600 | Mauritian giant skink | Leiolopisma mauritiana | Mauritius | 2021 (IUCN) | Probably introduced predators.[173][174]
1600-1700 | Hoffstetter's worm snake | Madatyphlops cariei | 1994 (IUCN)
Hodgens's waterhen | Tribonyx hodgenorum | New Zealand  | 2014 (IUCN) | Hunting and predation by Polynesian rats.[175]
1601? | Rodrigues blue pigeon | Alectroenas payandeei | Rodrigues | Possibly predation by introduced rats.[71]
1602 | Mauritius white-throated rail | Dryolimnas sp. | Mauritius  | 1638  | Hunting and predation by introduced mammals.[71]
1603 | Bermuda hawk | Bermuteo avivorus | Bermuda  | 2014 (IUCN) | Possibly hunting and predation by introduced feral pigs and other animals.[176]
1609-1610 | Bermuda saw-whet owl | Aegolius gradyi | 1623
2014 (IUCN)[177] | Habitat destruction and introduced predators.[71]
Bermuda towhee | Pipilio naufragus |  | Undetermined.[71]
1610 | Bermuda night heron | Nyctanassa carcinocatactes | 2014 (IUCN) | Possibly hunting and introduced predators.[178]
1623 | Bermuda flicker | Colaptes oceanicus | 2014 (IUCN) | Probably predation by introduced cats.[71]
1627[179] | Eurasian aurochs | Bos primigenius primigenius | Mid-latitude Eurasia  | 2008 (IUCN) | Hunting, competition with, and diseases from domestic cattle. Domestic descendants survive worldwide, including feral populations.[180]
c. 1640[181] | Saint Helena rail | Aphanocrex podarces | Saint Helena  | 1988 (IUCN) | Probably hunting[182] and predation by introduced cats, rats, and other mammals.[181]
Saint Helena cuckoo | Nannococcyx psix | Possibly deforestation.[181]
Saint Helena petrel | Pterodroma rupinarum | Probably deforestation and introduced mammals.[71]
Saint Helena hoopoe | Upupa antaios | Possibly hunting and introduced predators.[183]
Saint Helena crake | Zapornia astrictocarpus | Probably introduced predators.[184]
1656 | Ascension crake | Mundia elpenor | Ascension Island  | Possibly introduction of rats and cats, although it is not attested by the time they arrived in the 18th and 19th centuries.[185]
1670-1950[73][186] | Larger Malagasy hippopotamus | Hippopotamus laloumena | Eastern Madagascar  |  | Increased human and cattle pressure after the introduction of prickly pear farming.[111] Its specific separation from the common hippopotamus has been questioned.[187]
1671-1672 | Réunion blue pigeon | Alectroenas sp. | Réunion | 1704  | Probably hunting and predation by introduced cats.[71]
Réunion sheldgoose | Alopochen kervazoi | 1710
1988 (IUCN) | Hunting and habitat destruction.[188]
Réunion kestrel | Falco duboisi | 2004 (IUCN) | Undetermined.[189]
1672[71] | Réunion fody | Foudia delloni | 2016 (IUCN) | Probably predation by introduced rats.[190]
1673-1675 | Broad-billed parrot | Lophopsittacus mauritianus | Mauritius  | 1693
1988 (IUCN) | Hunting.[191]
1674 | Réunion rail | Dryolimnas augusti | Réunion  | 2014 (IUCN) | Probably hunting and introduced rats and cats.[192]
Réunion pigeon | Nesoenas duboisi | 1988 (IUCN) | Probably introduced rats and cats.[193]
Réunion night heron | Nycticorax duboisi | Hunting.[194]
1675-1755 | Giant vampire bat | Desmodus draculae | Eastern South America;
Central America (Pleistocene)[195] |  | Undetermined.[196]
1688 | Dodo | Raphus cucullatus | Mauritius  | 1988 (IUCN) | Hunting.[197][198]
1693 | Mauritius sheldgoose | Alopochen mauritiana | 1698
1988 (IUCN)
Red rail | Aphanapteryx bonasia | 1988 (IUCN) | Hunting and predation by introduced cats.[199]
Mascarene coot[200] | Fulica newtonii | Mauritius and Réunion  | Hunting.[201]
Mauritius night heron | Nycticorax mauritianus | Mauritius  | Probably hunting.[202]
1696 | Mascarene teal | Anas theodori | Mauritius; Réunion?  | Hunting.[203]

### 18th century

[edit]

* Drawing of Steller's sea cow by Sven Larsson Waxell (1742).

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Declared extinct  | Causes

|
|
|
|
|

1700-1800 | Imber's petrel | Pterodroma imberi | Chatham Islands, New Zealand  |  | Hunting and predation by introduced cats.[71]
1705 | Mascarene reed cormorant | Phalacrocorax africanus nanus | Mauritius and Réunion  |  | Probably hunting and predation by introduced cats.[71]
1724 | Guadeloupe parakeet | Psittacara labati | Guadeloupe | 1988 (IUCN) | Probably hunting.[204]
1725-1726 | Rodrigues petrel | Pterodroma sp. | Rodrigues  |  | Predation by introduced cats and rats.[71]
1726 | Rodrigues rail | Erythromachus leguati | 1988 (IUCN) | Hunting.[205]
Rodrigues owl | Mascarenotus murivorus | Probably hunting, deforestation, and predation by introduced animals.[206]
Rodrigues starling | Necropsar rodericanus | 1761
1988 (IUCN) | Undetermined.[207]
Rodrigues pigeon | Nesoenas rodericanus | 1988 (IUCN) | Probably predation by introduced black rats.[208]
Rodrigues night heron | Nycticorax megacephalus | 1761
1988 (IUCN) | Hunting.[209]
c. 1730 | Mauritius wood pigeon | Columba thiriouxi | Mauritius  | 2014 (IUCN) | Hunting, predation by introduced black rats, and deforestation.[71]
Mauritius turtle dove | Nesoenas cicur | Hunting, predation by introduced mammals, and deforestation.[71]
Réunion swamphen | Porphyrio caerulescens | Réunion  | 1988 (IUCN) | Hunting.[210]
1732 | Réunion parakeet | Psittacula eques eques | 1732  | Hunting and deforestation.[211]
c. 1735-1844?[14][212] | Saddle-backed Mauritius giant tortoise | Cylindraspis inepta | Mauritius  | 1994 (IUCN) | Possibly hunting and introduced predators and competitors.[213][214]
Domed Mauritius giant tortoise | Cylindraspis triserrata
1742[215] | Lesser Antillean macaw | Ara guadeloupensis | Guadeloupe  |  | Undetermined.[71]
1746 |  | Corynanthe brachythyrsus | Cameroon | 1998 (IUCN) | Undetermined.[216]
1760[217] | Atlantic gray whale | Eschrichtius robustus | North Atlantic and the Mediterranean | 2007 (IUCN) | Whaling. The same species survives in the Pacific Ocean.[218]
1761 | Rodrigues parrot | Necropsittacus rodricanus | Rodrigues  | 1988 (IUCN) | Hunting.[219]
Rodrigues solitaire | Pezophaps solitaria | 1778
1988 (IUCN) | Hunting and predation by introduced cats.[220]
1762-1763 | Steller's sea cow | Hydrodamalis gigas | Bering Sea; Northern Pacific coasts from Japan to Baja California (Pleistocene) | 1768
1986 (IUCN) | Hunting and reduction of kelp as a result of sea otter hunting, which caused proliferation of kelp-eating sea urchins.[221]
1763 | Réunion ibis | Threskiornis solitarius | Réunion  | 1988 (IUCN) | Hunting.[222][223][71]
1764 | Mauritius grey parrot | Lophopsittacus bensoni | Mauritius and Réunion
1770 | Ancient Polydamas swallowtail | Battus polydamas antiquus | Antigua  | 2018  | Undetermined.[224]
Seychelles purple swamphen | Porphyrio sp. | Mahé, Seychelles |  | Hunting.[71]
1773 | Raiatea parakeet | Cyanoramphus ulietanus | Raiatea, Society Islands, French Polynesia | 1988 (IUCN) | Possibly deforestation, hunting, and predation by introduced species.[225]
1774 | Tanna ground dove | Alopecoenas ferrugineus | Tanna, Vanuatu  | Hunting?[226]
Raiatea starling | ?Aplonis ulietensis | Raiatea, Society Islands, French Polynesia  | 1850
2016 (IUCN) | Possibly predation by introduced rats.[227]
1777 | Tongatapu rail | Hypotaenidia hypoleucus | Tongatapu, Tonga  |  | Undetermined.[71]
Moorea sandpiper | Prosobonia ellisi | Moorea, Society Islands, French Polynesia  | 1988 (IUCN) | Predation by introduced rats.[228][229]
Tahiti sandpiper | Prosobonia leucoptera | Tahiti, Society Islands, French Polynesia
1779 | Martinique amazon | Amazona martinicana | Martinique | Probably hunting.[230]
Guadeloupe amazon | Amazona violacea | Guadeloupe  | Hunting.[231]
1784 | Tahiti crake | Zapornia nigra | Tahiti, Society Islands, French Polynesia  | Possibly introduced predators.[232]
1790 | White swamphen | Porphyrio albus | Lord Howe Island, Australia  | 1834
1988 (IUCN) | Hunting.[233]
1793 | Amsterdam wigeon | Mareca marecula | Amsterdam Island, French Southern and Antarctic Lands | 1874
1988 (IUCN) | Hunting and predation by introduced rats.[71]
Oceanic eclectus parrot | Eclectus infectus | Tonga and Vanuatu; Fiji?  | 2014 (IUCN) | Probably hunting and predation by introduced mammals.[234]
Vava'u rail | Hypotaenidia sp. | Vava'u, Tonga  |  | Possibly habitat destruction and introduced predators.[71]
1799-1800 | Bluebuck | Hippotragus leucophaeus | Overberg;
South Africa (Pleistocene) | 1986 (IUCN)[235] | Vegetation change and disruption of migration routes after the Last Glacial Period, competition with domestic cattle, overhunting, and further habitat loss due to agriculture.[29]

### 19th century

[edit]

#### 1800s-1820s

[edit]

* Drawing of a spotted green pigeon by John Latham (1823).

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Declared extinct  | Causes

|
|
|
|
|

c. 1800[14] | Domed Rodrigues giant tortoise | Cylindraspis peltastes | Rodrigues  | 1994 (IUCN) | Possibly hunting and introduced predators and competitors.[236][237]
Saddle-backed Rodrigues giant tortoise | Cylindraspis vosmaeri
19th century | Sooty crayfish  | Pacifastacus nigrescens | San Francisco Bay, California, United States  | 2010  | Invasive fish and crayfish species, and urban development[238]
1802 | Smooth handfish | Sympterichthys unipennis | Southeastern Tasmania?  | 2020 (IUCN) | Fishing?[239]
1806 | Wynberg conebush | Leucadendron grandiflorum | Cape Peninsula, South Africa  | Probably habitat destruction.[240]
1807 | St. Paul Island duck | Mareca sp. | Île Saint-Paul, French Southern and Antarctic Lands  |  | Hunting.[71]
1819[241] | Kangaroo Island emu | Dromaius baudinianus | Kangaroo Island, Australia  | 1837
1988 (IUCN)[242]
1822[243] | King Island emu | Dromaius minor | King Island, Australia  | 1988 (IUCN)
1823 | Spotted green pigeon | Caloenas maculata | Tahiti, French Polynesia?  | 2008 (IUCN) | Hunting?[244]
Madeira finch  | Goniaphea leucocephala | Madeira, Portugal  | 1853  | Undetermined.[71]
Maupiti monarch | Pomarea pomarea | Maupiti, Society Islands, French Polynesia  | 1988 (IUCN) | Probably introduced species.[245]
1825 | Mysterious starling | Aplonis mavornata | Mauke, Cook Islands | Predation by introduced brown rats.[246]
ʻĀmaui | Myadestes woahensis | Oahu, Hawaii, United States  | Possibly habitat destruction and introduced avian malaria.[247]
1826[248] | Mauritius blue pigeon | Alectroenas nitidissimus | Mauritius  | Deforestation.[71]
1827-1828 | Kosrae crake | Zapornia monasa | Kosrae, Micronesia | Predation by introduced rats.[249]
1828 | Kosrae starling | Aplonis corvina | 1880
1988 (IUCN) | Probably predation by introduced rats.[250]
Bonin grosbeak | Carpodacus ferreorostris | Bonin Islands, Japan  | 1854
1988 (IUCN) | Possibly deforestation and predation by introduced cats and rats.[251]
Bonin thrush | Zoothera terrestris | 1889
1988 (IUCN) | Probably predation by introduced cats and rats.[252]
c. 1829[253] | Tonga ground skink | Tachygyia microlepis | Tonga  | 1996 (IUCN) | Habitat loss and predation by introduced dogs, pigs, and rats.[254]

#### 1830s-1840s

[edit]

* Engraving of a Réunion giant tortoise by Johann David Schoepf (1792).

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Declared extinct  | Causes

|
|
|
|
|

1834 | Delalande's coua | Coua delalandei | Nosy Boraha, Madagascar  | 1994 (IUCN) | Deforestation.[255]
Mascarene parrot[256] | Mascarinus mascarin | Réunion  | 1804 (wild)
1988 (IUCN) | Hunting.[257]
Atlas bear | Ursus arctos crowtheri | Northern Maghreb  |  | Possibly habitat fragmentation.[258] Two haplotypes are found in remains from the Vandal and Byzantine periods: one shared with Iberian bears that could have been introduced by humans, and another unique to Africa.[259] It is not known which type survived until more recent times.
1835 | Darwin's large ground finch | Geospiza magnirostris magnirostris | Floreana and San Cristóbal, Galápagos Islands  | 1838  | Habitat destruction and introduced predators.[71]
1837 | Oʻahu ʻakialoa | Akialoa ellisiana[260] | Oahu, Hawaii, United States  | 2016 (IUCN) | Possibly habitat destruction and introduced disease.[261]
Hoopoe starling | Fregilupus varius | Réunion  | 1988 (IUCN) | Possibly introduced disease, hunting, and habitat degradation.[262]
Oʻahu ʻōʻō | Moho apicalis | Oahu, Hawaii, United States  | 1890
1988 (IUCN) | Habitat loss and introduction of disease-carrying mosquitos.[263]
Mauritius owl | Mascarenotus sauzieri | Mauritius  | 1859
1988 (IUCN) | Possibly deforestation, hunting, and predation by introduced mammals.[264]
1838-1841[265] | Oʻahu nukupuʻu | Hemignathus lucidus | Oahu, Hawaii, United States  | 1890  | Undetermined.
1839 | Réunion slit-eared skink | Gongylomorphus borbonicus | Réunion  |  | Probably predation by introduced snakes.[266]
1839-1841 | Large Samoan flying fox | Pteropus coxi | Samoan Islands | 2020 (IUCN)[267] | Undetermined.
c. 1840[14] | Réunion giant tortoise | Cylindraspis indica | Réunion  | 1994 (IUCN)[268]
1840 | Dieffenbach's Rail | Hypotaenidia dieffenbachii | Chatham Islands, New Zealand  | 1872
1988 (IUCN) | Possibly introduced predators and habitat loss from fire.[269]
1842 | Rodrigues giant day gecko | Phelsuma gigas | Rodrigues  | 1874  | Possibly introduced Norway rats.[266]
1844 | Black-fronted parakeet | Cyanorhamphus zealandicus | Tahiti, Society Islands, French Polynesia  | 1988 (IUCN) | Possibly deforestation, hunting, and predation by introduced species.[270]

#### 1850s-1860s

[edit]

* Painting of great auks by John James Audubon (1827-1838).

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Declared extinct  | Causes

|
|
|
|
|

c. 1850 | Daudin's giant tortoise | Aldabrachelys gigantea daudinii | Mahé, Seychelles  |  | Undetermined.[14]
Floreana giant tortoise | Chelonoidis niger | Floreana, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador  | 1996 (IUCN) | Probably hunting and introduced species. Hybrid descendants of C. niger and C. becki survive in nearby Isabela Island.[271]
Southern black rhinoceros | Diceros bicornis bicornis | Southwestern Africa  |  | Undetermined.[272]
Christmas sandpiper | Prosobonia cancellata | Kiritimati, Kiribati  | 2014 (IUCN) | Probably predation by introduced cats and rats.[273]
1850 | Turquoise-throated puffleg | Eriocnemis godini | Northern Ecuador  |  | Habitat destruction.[274]
Spectacled cormorant | Phalacrocorax perspicillatus | Commander Islands, Russia; Northeast Japan (Pleistocene)[275] | 1882
1988 (IUCN) | Hunting.[276]
1850-1875[277] | String tree | Acalypha rubrinervis | Central ridge of St Helena island  | 1998 (IUCN) | Undetermined.[278]
1851 | Belido | Chitala lopis | Northwestern Java, Indonesia  | 2020 (IUCN) | Overfishing, pollution, and habitat destruction for agriculture and urban development.[279]
Tasmanian emu | Dromaius novaehollandiae diemenensis | Tasmania, Australia  |  | Hunting.[280]
Norfolk kaka[281] | Nestor productus | Norfolk Island, Australia  | 1988 (IUCN) | Hunting[282] and habitat destruction by introduced rabbits, pigs, and goats.[71]
Jamaican giant galliwasp | Celestus occiduus | Jamaica  |  | Extermination by introduced predators such as mongooses. [283]
Before 1852 | Letitia's thorntail | Discosura letitiae | Bolivia |  | Undetermined.[71]
1852 | Great auk | Pinguinus impennis | North Atlantic and western Mediterranean  | 1988 (IUCN) | Hunting.[284][285][71]
Carpathian wisent | Bison bonasus hungarorum | Carpathian Mountains, Eastern Europe  | 1852
1853 | Lord Howe pigeon | Columba vitiensis godmanae | Lord Howe Island, Australia  |
1856 | Small Samoan flying fox | Pteropus allenorum | Upolu, Samoa  | 2020 (IUCN) | Undetermined.[286]
1859 | Kioea | Chaetoptila angustipluma | Hawai'i, Oahu, and Maui, Hawaii, United States  | 1988 (IUCN) | Possibly deforestation, hunting, and introduced predators.[287]
c. 1860[288] | Sea mink | Neovison macrodon | Atlantic coast of Canada and New England | 2002 (IUCN) | Hunting for the fur trade.[289]
1860 |  | Pseudoyersinia brevipennis | Hyères, France  | 2020 (IUCN)[290] | Undetermined.
Gould's emerald | Riccordia elegans | Jamaica?  | 1988 (IUCN)[291]
Jamaican poorwill | Siphonorhis americana | Jamaica  |  | Predation by introduced black rats, brown rats, and small Indian mongooses.[292]
1862[293] | Small Mauritian flying fox | Pteropus subniger | Mauritius and Réunion  | 1988 (IUCN) | Hunting and deforestation.[294]
1863 | Mbashe River buff | Deloneura immaculata | Eastern Cape Province, South Africa  | 1994 (IUCN) | Undetermined.[295]
1865 | Cape lion | Panthera leo melanochaita | Cape Province, South Africa  |  | Extermination campaign.[296] Genetics do not support subspecific differentiation between the Cape lion and living lions in Eastern Africa; if placed in a single subspecies, it would be P. l. melanochaita because of being the older name.[297]
1866[298] | Siau scops owl | Otus manadensis siaoensis | Siau Island, Indonesia  |  | Deforestation.[71]
1867[299] | Eastern elk | Cervus canadensis canadensis | Eastern North America  | 1880[300] | Hunting. It's been argued (based on genetic data) that most or all elk subspecies in North America are actually the same, which would be C. c. canadensis due to being named first.[301][302]
1868[303] | Kawaihae hibiscadelphus | Hibiscadelphus bombycinus | Kawaihae, Hawaii, United States[304] | 1998 (IUCN) | Undetermined.
1869 | Huahine warbler | Acrocephalus musae garretti | Huahine, Society Islands, French Polynesia  | 1921  | Possibly predation by introduced rats.[71]

#### 1870s

[edit]

* A drawing of a Falkland Islands wolf published in The Illustrated London News (1873).

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Declared extinct  | Causes

|
|
|
|
|

1870 | North Island snipe | Coenocorypha barrierensis | North Island, New Zealand  | 2014 (IUCN) | Predation by introduced Polynesian rats and feral cats.[305]
1870-1873 | Raiatea warbler | Acrocephalus musae musae | Raiatea, Society Islands, French Polynesia  |  | Undetermined.[71]
1871 | Spined dwarf mantis | Ameles fasciipennis | Tolentino, Italy  | 2020 (IUCN) | Possibly habitat loss to agriculture.[306]
Cape warthog | Phacochoerus aethiopicus aethiopicus | Cape Province, South Africa  |  | Undetermined.[307]
1873 | Tristan moorhen[71] | Gallinula nesiotis | Tristan da Cunha | 1988 (IUCN) | Hunting, predation by introduced cats, rats, and pigs; and habitat destruction by fire.[308]
Samoan woodhen[309] | Pareudiastes pacificus | Savai'i, Samoa  |  | Hunting and predation by introduced cats, rats, pigs, and dogs.[310]
Before 1874 | Large Palau flying fox | Pteropus pilosus | Palau | 1988 (IUCN) | Possibly hunting and habitat degradation.[311]
1874 | Coues's gadwall | Mareca strepera couesi | Teraina, Line Islands, Kiribati  | 1924  | Probably hunting and introduced predators.[71]
Percy Island flying fox | Pteropus brunneus | Percy Islands, Australia  | 1996 (IUCN) | Possibly habitat loss.[312]
1875 | Newton's parakeet | Alexandrinus exsul | Rodrigues  | 1988 (IUCN) | Probably habitat loss and hunting. The last pairs may have been killed by the 1876 cyclone season.[313]
North Island little spotted kiwi | Apteryx owenii iredalei | North Island, New Zealand  |  | Hunting, habitat degradation, and predation by introduced mammals.[71]
Labrador duck[314] | Camptorhynchus labradorius | Atlantic coast of Canada and New England  | 1988 (IUCN) | Hunting, egg harvesting, and habitat loss.[315]
New Zealand quail | Coturnix novaezelandiae | New Zealand  | Introduced diseases?[316]
Broad-faced potoroo | Potorous platyops | Western Australia | 1982 (IUCN) | Predation by feral cats and habitat loss.[317]
1876 | Falkland Islands wolf | Dusicyon australis | Falkland Islands | 1986 (IUCN) | Extermination campaign.[318]
Kermadec megapode | Megapodius sp. | Raoul, Kermadec Islands, New Zealand  |  | Volcanic eruption.[71]
Himalayan quail[319] | Ophrysia superciliosa | Uttarakhand, India  |  | Hunting and habitat loss.[320]
1877 | Brace's emerald | Riccordia bracei | New Providence, Bahamas  | 1988 (IUCN) | Undetermined.[321]
Jamaican rice rat | Oryzomys antillarum | Jamaica  | 2008 (IUCN) | Competition with introduced rats,[80] or predation by introduced mongooses.[322]
1878 | Navassa Island iguana | Cyclura cornuta onchiopsis | Navassa Island | 2011 (IUCN) | Probably hunting.[323]
Antioquia brown-banded antpitta | Grallaria milleri gilesi | Santa Elena, Antioquia, Colombia  |  | Probably deforestation.[71]
Madeiran land snail  | Leiostyla lamellosa | Madeira, Portugal  | 1996 (IUCN) | Undetermined.[324]
| Pseudocampylaea lowii |  | Undetermined.[325]
1879 | Macquarie Island banded rail | Hypotaenidia philippensis macquariensis | South Macquarie Island, Australia  | 1894  | Predation by introduced cats, rats, weka, and overgrazing by introduced rabbits.[71]
Jamaican petrel[326] | Pterodroma caribbaea | Jamaica; Dominica and Guadeloupe?  |  | Hunting and predation by introduced rats, mongooses, pigs, and dogs.[327]
Morant's blue | Lepidochrysops hypopolia | South Africa  | 2020 (IUCN) | Undetermined. [328]

#### 1880s

[edit]

* Only quagga photographed alive, at London Zoo in 1870.

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Declared extinct  | Causes

|
|
|
|
|

1880-1889?[329] | Parras characodon | Characodon garmani | Southern Coahuila, Mexico  | 1953[330]
1988 (IUCN) | Probably habitat loss.[329]
c. 1881 | Saint Lucia giant rice rat | Megalomys luciae | Saint Lucia | 1994 (IUCN) | Predation by introduced mongooses.[331]
1881 | Jamaican wood rail | Amaurolimnas concolor concolor | Jamaica  |  | Possibly predation by introduced mongooses, cats, and rats.[71]
1883[332] | Quagga | Equus quagga quagga | Cape Province, South Africa  | 1889[333]
1986 (IUCN)[334] | Hunting.
1884 | Hawaiian rail | Zapornia sandwichensis | Eastern Hawai'i (and Molokai?), United States  | 1988 (IUCN) | Possibly hunting and predation by introduced rats, cats, and dogs.[335]
1886 | Martinique house wren | Troglodytes aedon martinicensis | Martinique  |  | Undetermined.[71]
Bennett's seaweed | Vanvoorstia bennettiana | Port Jackson, Australia  | 2003 (IUCN) | Habitat loss and pollution.[336]
1886-1888 | Emperor rat | Uromys imperator | Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands  |  | Undetermined.[337] [338]
Guadalcanal rat | Uromys porculus |
1888 | Lesser Indian rhinoceros | Rhinoceros sondaicus inermis | Northeast India, Bangladesh, and Myanmar  |  | Habitat loss, poaching, and deforestation.[339]
c. 1889 | Hokkaido wolf | Canis lupus hattai | Hokkaido, Sakhalin, Kamchatka, Iturup and Kunashir[340] |  | Extermination campaign.[341][better source needed]
1889 | Cuban macaw | Ara tricolor | Cuba and Juventud | 2000 (IUCN) | Hunting for food and the exotic pet trade.[71]
Bonin wood pigeon | Columba versicolor | Bonin Islands, Japan  | 1988 (IUCN) | Deforestation and predation by introduced cats and rats.[342]
Whiteline topminnow | Fundulus albolineatus | Huntsville, Alabama, United States  | 1986 (IUCN) | Habitat destruction.[329]
Eastern hare-wallaby | Lagorchestes leporides | Interior southeastern Australia  | 1982 (IUCN) | Possibly habitat loss due to livestock grazing and wildfires.[343][344]
Bonin nankeen night heron | Nycticorax caledonicus crassirostris | Chichi-jima and Nakōdo-jima, Bonin Islands, Japan  |  | Undetermined.[71][345]
Sturdee's pipistrelle | Pipistrellus sturdeei | Haha-jima, Bonin Islands, Japan  | 1994 (IUCN)

#### 1890s

[edit]

* Kauaʻi nukupuʻu by J. G. Keulemans (1893-1900).

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Declared extinct  | Causes

|
|
|
|
|

c. 1890[346] | Portuguese ibex | Capra pyrenaica lusitanica | Portuguese-Galician border  |  | Hunting.
1890 | New Caledonian rail[347] | Cabalus lafresnayanus | New Caledonia  |  | Probably predation by introduced dogs, cats, pigs, and rats.[348]
Macquarie parakeet[349] | Cyanoramphus erythrotis | Macquarie Island, Australia  | 1894  | Increased predation by introduced cats and weka after rabbits were introduced, boosting their numbers.[350]
Kauaʻi nukupuʻu[351] | Hemignathus hanapepe | Kaua'i, Hawaii, United States  |  | Undetermined.
1890-1899 | New Zealand bittern | Ixobrychus novaezelandiae | New Zealand  | 1988 (IUCN)[352]
1891 | Sulu bleeding-heart[353] | Gallicolumba menagei | Tawi-tawi, Sulu archipelago, Philippines  |  | Possibly deforestation and hunting.[71]
Raoul Island banded rail | Hypotaenidia sp. | Raoul, Kermadec Islands, New Zealand  | 1944  | Predation by introduced cats or rats.[71]
Lesser koa finch | Rhodacanthis flaviceps | Hawai'i Island, Hawaii, United States  | 1893
1988 (IUCN) | Undetermined.[354]
1892 | Maui Nui ʻakialoa | Akialoa lanaiensis | Lana'i, Hawaii, United States  | 2016 (IUCN) | Possibly habitat destruction and introduced disease.[355]
ʻUla-ʻai-hawane[356] | Ciridops anna | Hawai'i Island, Hawaii, United States  | 1988 (IUCN) | Undetermined.[357]
Nendo tube-nosed fruit bat[358] | Nyctimene sanctacrucis | Santa Cruz Islands, Solomon Islands | 1994 (IUCN) | Undetermined. Could be conspecific with the Island tube-nosed fruit bat.[359]
St. Vincent pygmy rice rat | Oligoryzomys victus | St. Vincent | 2008 (IUCN) | Probably predation by introduced brown rats, black rats, and mongooses.[360]
Chatham fernbird | Poodytes rufescens | Chatham Islands, New Zealand  | 1988 (IUCN) | Possibly habitat loss and predation by introduced cats.[361]
Puerto Rican parakeet | Psittacara maugei | Puerto Rico and Mona Island  |  | Possibly deforestation, hunting, and disease.[71]
Marianne white-eye | Zosterops semiflavus | Marianne Island, Seychelles  | 1940
2016 (IUCN) | Deforestation, competition with introduced birds and predation by back rats.[71]
1893-1895 | Chatham rail | Cabalus modestus | Chatham Islands, New Zealand  | 1988 (IUCN) | Habitat destruction, predation and competition with introduced mammals.[362]
1893 | Harelip sucker | Lagochila lacera | Southeastern United States  | 1986 (IUCN) | Possibly water siltation and pollution.[329]
Seychelles parakeet | Psittacula wardi | Seychelles | 1906
1988 (IUCN) | Hunting and habitat loss to agriculture.[363]
1894-1908[364] | Sloane's urania | Urania sloanus | Jamaica  | 1908  | Habitat loss and natural disasters.[365]
1894 | Kona grosbeak | Chloridops kona | Hawai'i Island, Hawaii, United States  | 1988 (IUCN) | Undetermined.[366]
North Island takahē | Porhyrio mantelli | North Island, New Zealand  | 2000 (IUCN) | Climate-induced reduction of grasslands and hunting.[367]
1895 | Hawkins's rail | Diaphorapteryx hawkinsi | Chatham Islands, New Zealand  | 2005 (IUCN) | Hunting.[368]
Lyall's wren | Traversia lyalli | New Zealand  | 1895
1988 (IUCN) | Habitat loss and predation by introduced cats.[369]
1896 | Greater koa finch | Rhodacanthis palmeri | Hawai'i Island, Hawaii, United States  | 1906
1988 (IUCN) | Possibly habitat destruction and introduced avian malaria.[370]
Newfoundland wolf[371] | Canis lupus beothucus | Newfoundland, Canada  |  | Hunting.[372]
1896-1906 | Madeiran wood pigeon | Columba palumbus maderensis | Madeira, Portugal  | 1924  | Undetermined.[373]
1897 | Gull Island vole | Microtus pennsylvanicus nesophilus | Great Gull and Little Gull Islands, New York  |  | Habitat destruction.[374]
Martinique giant rice rat | Megalomys desmarestii | Martinique  | 1994 (IUCN) | Predation by introduced mongooses.[375]
Nelson's rice rat | Oryzomys nelsoni | Central María Madre Island, Mexico  | 1996 (IUCN) | Competition with introduced black rats.[376]
Guadalupe towhee | Pipilio maculatus consobrinus | Guadalupe Island, Mexico  | 1954  | Habitat destruction by introduced goats and predation by cats.[71]
Guadalupe wren | Thryomanes bewickii brevicauda | 1906  | Habitat destruction by introduced goats.[71]
Stephens Island piopio | Turnagra capensis minor | Stephens Island, New Zealand | 1898  | Predation by introduced cats.[71]
1899 | Culebra Island amazon | Amazona vittata gracilipes | Culebra Island of Puerto Rico  | 1912  | Deforestation and persecution by crop farmers.[71]
Hawaii mamo | Drepanis pacifica | Hawai'i Island, Hawaii, United States  | 1988 (IUCN) | Hunting, habitat destruction, and introduced disease.[377]

### 20th century

[edit]

#### 1900s

[edit]

* Painting of pig-footed bandicoots by John Gould.

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Declared extinct  | Causes

|
|
|
|
|

c. 1900 | Caucasian moose | Alces alces caucasicus | Northern Caucasus and Transcaucasian shore of the Black Sea[378] |  | Hunting. The subspecies' validity is questioned because moose from Russia recolonized the Caucasian moose's former range naturally over the 20th century.[379]
Saint Croix racer | Borikenophis sanctaecrucis | Saint Croix, United States Virgin Islands |  | Undetermined.[380]
Gravenche | Coregonus hiemalis | Lake Geneva | 2008 (IUCN) | Eutrophication and overfishing.[381]
c. 1900-1950 | Lord Howe long-eared bat | Nyctophilus howensis | Lord Howe Island, Australia  | 2020 (IUCN) | Possibly predation by introduced owls and rats.[382]
1900 | Leafshell | Epioblasma flexuosa | Tennessee, Cumberland, and Ohio River systems, United States  | 1983 (IUCN) | Undetermined.[383]
1901 | Car Nicobar sparrowhawk[384] | Accipiter butleri butleri | Car Nicobar, Nicobar Islands | 1995  | Habitat destruction.[71]
Southern pig-footed bandicoot[385] | Chaeropus ecaudatus | Interior Australia  | 1982 (IUCN) | Predation by feral cats and red foxes.[386]
Tennessee riffleshell | Epioblasma propinqua | Tennessee, Cumberland, Wabash, and Ohio River systems, United States  | 1983 (IUCN) | Undetermined.[387]
Greater ʻamakihi | Viridonia sagittirostris | Wailuku river, Hawai'i Island, United States  | 1988 (IUCN) | Habitat destruction for sugarcane agriculture.[388]
1902 | Rocky Mountain locust | Melanoplus spretus | Rocky Mountains and North American Prairie | 2014 (IUCN)[389] | Breeding habitat loss due to irrigation and cattle ranching.
Auckland merganser | Mergus australis | South, Stewart, and Auckland Island, New Zealand  | 1910
1988 (IUCN) | Hunting and predation by introduced animals.[390]
North Island piopio[391] | Turnagra tanagra | North Island, New Zealand  | 1988 (IUCN) | Possibly habitat destruction, hunting, and predation by introduced cats and rats.[392]
1902-1903 | Bulldog rat | Rattus nativitatis | Christmas Island, Australia  | 2016 (IUCN) | Introduction of black rats.[393]
1903 | Guadalupe caracara | Caracara lutosa | Guadalupe Island, Mexico  | 1988 (IUCN) | Extermination campaign.[394]
Stumptooth minnow | Stypodon signifer | Southern Coahuila, Mexico  | 1983 (IUCN) | Habitat degradation and pollution.[329]
1904 | Choiseul pigeon | Microgoura meeki | Choiseul, Solomon Islands  | 1994 (IUCN) | Predation by feral dogs and cats.[395]
1905 | Japanese wolf[396][397][398] | Canis lupus hodophilax | Honshū, Shikoku and Kyūshū, Japan  |  | Hunting and a rabies-like epidemic.[341]
South Island piopio[399] | Turnagra capensis | South Island, New Zealand  | 1988 (IUCN) | Possibly habitat destruction and predation by introduced rats.[400]
1906 | Chatham bellbird | Anthornis melanocephala | Chatham Islands, New Zealand  | 1938
1988 (IUCN) | Possibly habitat destruction, predation by rats and cats, and overhunting by collectionists.[401]
Guadalupe flicker | Colaptes auratus rufipileus | Guadalupe Island, Mexico  | 1922  | Habitat destruction and predation by introduced goats and cats.[71]
1907 | Black mamo | Drepanis funerea | Molokai and Maui, Hawaii, United States  | 1988 (IUCN) | Habitat destruction by introduced cattle and deer, and predation by introduced rats and mongooses.[402]
Huia[403][404] | Heteralocha acutirostris | North Island, New Zealand  | Hunting and deforestation of old growth forests to make pastures for livestock.
Huia louse | Rallicola extinctus | 1990  | Extinction of its host.[405]
1908 | Assumption rail | Dryolimnas cuvieri abbotti | Assumption Island, Seychelles  | 1937  | Hunting, habitat destruction, and predation by introduced rats.[71]
Siquijor hanging parrot | Loriculus philippensis siquijorensis | Siquijor, Philippines  |  | Possibly deforestation and capture for the pet trade.[71]
| Persoonia laxa | Sydney's Northern Beaches, Australia  | 2020 (IUCN) | Probably habitat destruction.[406]
Alejandro Selkirk firecrown | Sephanoides fernandensis leyboldi | Alejandro Selkirk Island?, Juan Fernández Archipelago, Chile  |  | Probably deforestation, predation and erosion caused by introduced cats, rats, goats, and rabbits, and competition of introduced plants with the nesting tree Luma apiculata.[71]
Dawson's caribou | Rangifer tarandus dawsoni | Graham Island, British Columbia, Canada  | 2016 (IUCN) | Hunting by indigenous people and European settlers, habitat loss via clearcutting, and competition with black-tailed deer.[407]
1909 | Cumberland leafshell | Epioblasma stewardsonii | Tennessee and Coosa River systems, United States  | 1983 (IUCN) | Undetermined.[408]
Bogotá sunangel | Heliantelus zusii | Northern Andes?  |  | Possibly deforestation.[71]
Tarpan | Equus ferus ferus | Europe  |  | Hunting and hybridization with domestic horses.[409]

#### 1910s

[edit]

* Depiction of juvenile, male, and female passenger pigeons, by Louis Agassiz Fuertes (1910).

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Declared extinct  | Causes

|
|
|
|
|

1910 | Southwestern thick-billed grasswren | Amytornis textilis macrourus | Southwest Australia  |  | Drought and overgrazing by livestock and introduced mammals.[71]
Maui hau kuahiwi[304] | Hibiscadelphus wilderianus | Maui, Hawaii, United States  | 1978 (IUCN) | Undetermined.[410]
Yellowfin cutthroat trout | Oncorhynchus clarki macdonaldi | Twin Lakes, Colorado, United States  |  | Hybridization with rainbow trout and competition with lake trout, both introduced.[329]
Slender-billed grackle | Quiscalus palustris | Lerma River and Xochimilco, Mexico  | 1988 (IUCN) | Draining of marshlands.[411]
1911 | Iwo Jima rail | Amaurornis cinerea breviceps | Naka Iwo Jima and Minami Iwo Jima, Bonin Islands, Japan  |  | Habitat clearance for agriculture and predation by introduced cats and rats.[71]
New Caledonian buttonquail | Turnix novaecaledoniae | New Caledonia  |  | Hunting, habitat degradation and predation by introduced animals.[412]
1912 | Namoi Valley thick-billed grasswren | Amytornis textilis inexpectatus | Central New South Wales, Australia  |  | Undetermined.[71]
Cape Verde giant skink[413] | Chioninia coctei | Cape Verde | 1996 (IUCN) | Predation by feral cats.[414]
Guadalupe storm petrel | Oceanodroma macrodactyla | Guadalupe Island, Mexico  |  | Predation by feral cats, and habitat degradation by goat grazing.[415]
Bornean Baillon's crake | Porzana pusilla mira | Borneo |  | Deforestation?[71]
1913 | Laysan millerbird | Acrocephalus familiaris familiaris | Laysan, Hawaii, United States  | 1923  | Habitat destruction by introduced rabbits.[71]
New Caledonian lorikeet[416] | Charmosyna diadema | New Caledonia  | 1998  | Undetermined.[417]
1914 | Passenger pigeon[418][419] | Ectopistes migratorius | Eastern North America  | 1988 (IUCN) | Hunting and habitat loss.
Laughing owl[420] | Ninox albifacies | New Zealand  | Competition or predation by introduced stoats and cats.[421]
c. 1915[422] | Kenai Peninsula wolf | Canis lupus alces | Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, United States  |  | Extermination campaign.
1915[423] | New Caledonian owlet-nightjar | Aegotheles savesi | Southwestern New Caledonia  |  | Undetermined.[71]
1917 | Cayenne nightjar | Antrostomus maculosus | Northwestern French Guiana |
Rodrigues day gecko | Phelsuma edwardnewtonii | Rodrigues  | 2021 (IUCN) | Possibly deforestation and predation by introduced rats and cats.[424]
1918 | Dirk Hartog thick-billed grasswren | Amytornis textilis carteri | Dirk Hartog Island, Western Australia  |  | Predation by introduced rats.[71]
Lord Howe starling[71] | Aplonis fusca hulliana | Lord Howe Island, Australia  | 1928
1988 (IUCN) | Predation by introduced black rats.[425][426]
Robust white-eye | Zosterops strenuus
Carolina parakeet[427] | Conuropsis carolinensis | Eastern and central United States  | 1988 (IUCN) | Hunting, habitat loss, and competition with introduced bees.[428]
Lānaʻi hookbill | Dysmorodrepanis munroi | Lana'i, Hawaii, United States  | Habitat destruction for pineapple agriculture, and predation by introduced cats and rats.[429]
1918-1952[430] | Bernard's wolf | Canis lupus bernardi | Banks Island, Canada  |  | Undetermined. It's been suggested that Bernard's wolf should be merged with the extant arctic wolf[431] or other wolves from the continent.[430]
1919 | Appalachian Barbara's buttons | Marshallia grandiflora | Henderson and Polk counties, North Carolina, United States  | 2020  | Undetermined.[432]

#### 1920s

[edit]

* A paradise parrot photographed next to its burrow in 1922.

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Declared extinct  | Causes

|
|
|
|
|

c. 1920 | Florida black wolf | Canis rufus floridanus | Eastern United States |  | Hunting and habitat loss.[433]
1920 | True fera | Coregonus fera | Lake Geneva  | 2008 (IUCN) | Eutrophication and overfishing.[434]
1922 | Great Plains wolf[435] | Canis lupus nubilus | North American prairie  | 1926[436] | Extermination campaign. The Great Plains wolf has been later determined to be continuous morphologically[431] and genetically[437] with the still existing Mexican wolf, which would use the name C. l. nubilus if placed in the same subspecies, due to being the older one.
Red-moustached fruit dove | Ptilinopus mercierii | Marquesas, French Polynesia  | 1994 (IUCN) | Predation by introduced great horned owls, rats, and cats.[438]
1923 | Norfolk Island starling | Aplonis fusca fusca | Norfolk Island, Australia  | 1968
1988 (IUCN) | Undetermined.[425]
Laysan honeycreeper | Himatione fraithii | Laysan, Hawaii, United States  | 2016 (IUCN) | Habitat destruction by introduced rabbits.[439]
Nazareno | Monteverdia lineata | Western Cuba  | 2020 (IUCN) | Possibly habitat degradation.[440]
1924 | Round combshell | Epioblasma personata | Tennessee, Wabash, and Ohio River systems, United States  |  | Undetermined.[441]
Lord Howe fantail | Rhipidura fuliginosa cervina | Lord Howe Island, Australia  | 1928  | Probably predation by introduced rats.[71]
California grizzly bear | Ursus arctos californicus | California, United States  |  | Hunting.[442]
1925 | Bubal hartebeest | Alcelaphus buselaphus buselaphus | North Africa and Southern Levant |  | Hunting.[443]
1926 | Anthony's woodrat | Neotoma bryanti anthonyi | Isla Todos Santos, Mexico  | 2008 (IUCN) | Predation by feral cats.[444]
1927 | Thick-billed ground dove | Alopecoenas salamonis | Solomon Islands  | 2005 (IUCN) | Probably habitat destruction, hunting, and predation by introduced cats and rats.[445]
Caucasian wisent[446] | Bison bonasus caucasicus | Caucasus Mountains |  | Hunting. Hybrid descendants exist in captivity, and have been reintroduced to the wild.[447]
Snake River sucker | Chasmistes muriei | Snake River, United States  |  | Hybridization with the Utah sucker after dams changed the river's flow.[329]
Syrian wild ass | Equus hemionus hemippus | Near East |  | Hunting.[448]
Hawaii yellowwood | Ochrosia kilaueaensis | Hawai'i, Hawaii, United States  | 2020 (IUCN) | Habitat degradation by introduced plants, goats, and fires.[449]
Cry pansy | Viola cryana | Cry, Yonne, France  | 2011 (IUCN) | Overcollection by botanists and limestone quarrying.[450]
1928 | Utah Lake sculpin | Cottus echinatus | Utah Lake, Utah, United States  |  | Increased water pollution and salinity caused by agriculture, and introduced fishes. The last individuals may have been killed by drought in the 1930s.[329]
Lord Howe gerygone | Gerygone insularis | Lord Howe Island, Australia  | 1936
1988 (IUCN) | Predation by introduced rats.[451]
Ethiopian amphibious rat | Nilopegamys plumbeus | Northwestern Ethiopia  |  | Habitat destruction.[452][453]
Paradise parrot | Psephotellus pulcherrimus | Eastern Australia  | 1994 (IUCN) | Probably habitat degradation.[454]
Eastwood's long-tailed seps | Tetradactylus eastwoodae | Limpopo, South Africa  | 1996 (IUCN) | Habitat loss.[455]
Guadeloupe ameiva | Pholidoscelis cineraceus | Guadeloupe  | 2015 (IUCN) | Hurricane.[456]
1929 |  | Acalypha wilderi | Northwestern Rarotonga, Cook Islands | 2014 (IUCN) | Deforestation for agriculture and housing development. Doubts exist about it being distinct from still living A. raivavensis and A. tubuaiensis; if indeed the same, the older name A. wilderi prevails.[457]
St. Kitts bullfinch | Melopyrrha grandis | Saint Kitts | 1972  | Deforestation?[71]
Makira woodhen[458] | Pareudiastes silvestris | Makira, Solomon Islands  |  | Probably predation by introduced cats and rats.[71]
| Scleria chevalieri | Western Senegal | 2020 (IUCN) | Draining of wetland habitat.[459]

#### 1930s

[edit]

* "Benjamin", the last known thylacine, photographed in 1933.

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Declared extinct  | Causes

|
|
|
|
|

c. 1930 | Western rufous bristlebird | Dasyornis broadbenti littoralis | Southwestern Australia  |  | Burning of shrublands for pasture and predation by introduced cats.[71]
1930-1939 | Tahiti rail | Hypotaenidia pacifica | Tahiti and Mehetia?, French Polynesia[71] | 1988 (IUCN) | Probably predation by introduced cats and rats.[460]
Nuku Hiva monarch[461] | Pomarea nukuhivae | Nuku Hiva, Marquesas Islands, French Polynesia  | 1972
2006 (IUCN) | Probably habitat destruction and predation by introduced species.[462]
1930 | St Kilda house mouse | Mus musculus muralis | St Kilda, Scotland |  | Complete evacuation of St Kilda's human population, which it depended on.[463]
Darwin's Galápagos mouse | Nesoryzomys darwini | Santa Cruz, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador  | 1994 (IUCN) | Competition, predation, and exotic pathogens from introduced black rats.[464]
Silver trout | Salvelinus agassizi | Dublin Pond and Christine Lake, New Hampshire, United States  | 1986 (IUCN) | Overfishing and introduction of exotic fish.[329]
1931 | Bunker's woodrat | Neotoma bryanti bunkeri | Coronados Islands, Mexico  | 2008 (IUCN) | Depletion of food resources and predation by feral cats.[465]
1932 | Roosevelt's giant anole | Anolis roosevelti | Virgin Islands |  | Possibly deforestation.[466]
Western Lewin's rail | Lewinia pectoralis clelandii | Southwest Australia  | 1980s  | Drainage and burning of wetlands for agriculture and settlement.[71]
Heath hen | Tympanuchus cupido cupido | East Coast of the United States |  | Hunting, predation by feral cats, wildfires, and histomoniasis transmitted by domestic poultry.[467][468]
1933 | Wolseley conebush | Leucadendron spirale | Breede River Valley, South Africa  | 2020 (IUCN) | Habitat destruction for timber plantations and agriculture, competition with invasive plants.[469]
1934 | Lost shark | Carcharhinus obsoletus | Southern South China Sea |  | Fishing.[470]
Hawaiʻi ʻōʻō | Moho nobilis | Hawai'i Island, Hawaii, United States  | 1988 (IUCN) | Possibly habitat loss and disease.[471]
Indefatigable Galápagos mouse | Nesoryzomys indefessus | Santa Cruz and Baltra, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador  | 2008 (IUCN) | Introduction of black rats.[472]
Aguelmame Sidi Ali trout[473] | Salmo pallaryi | Lake Aguelmame Sidi Ali, Morocco  | 2006 (IUCN) | Introduction of the common carp.[474]
1935[475][better source needed] | Desert rat-kangaroo[476] | Caloprymnus campestris | Central Australia  | 1994 (IUCN) | Predation by introduced red foxes and cats.[477]
Mogollon mountain wolf | Canis lupus mogollonensis | Arizona, United States  |  | Hunting. The subspecific differences between extinct Great Plains wolf, Mogollon mountain wolf, Southern Rocky Mountain wolf, and surviving Mexican wolf have been denied on morphological grounds.[431]
Southern Rocky Mountain wolf | Canis lupus youngi | Southern Rocky Mountains  |
Roque Chico de Salmor giant lizard | Gallotia simonyi simonyi | Off El Hierro, Canary Islands  |  | Undetermined.[478]
1935-1950 | Ratas Island lizard | Podarcis lilfordi rodriquezi | Ratas Island off Mahón, Gymensian Islands, Spain  |  | Explosion of Ratas Island during the rebuilding of Port Mahon.[479]
1936 | Ryukyu wood pigeon | Columba jouyi | Ryukyu, Japan  | 1988 (IUCN)[480] | Possibly deforestation.[71]
Virgin Islands screech owl[481] | Megascops nudipes newtoni | Virgin Islands |  | Deforestation for agriculture.[71]
Thylacine[277][482][483][484][485] | Thylacinus cynocephalus | Australia and New Guinea  | 1982 (IUCN)[486] | Competition with humans and dingos, extermination campaign (in Tasmania).
1937  | Bali tiger[487] | Panthera tigris balica | Bali, Indonesia  |  | Hunting and habitat loss. Genetics do not support a subspecific differentiation with the living Sumatran tiger.[297]
Marquesas swamphen | Porphyrio paepae | Hiva Oa and Tahuata, Marquesas, French Polynesia  | 2014 (IUCN) | Probably hunting and predation by rats and cats.[488]
1938 |  | Banara wilsonii | Puerto Padre, Cuba  | 2020 (IUCN) | Habitat destruction for sugarcane cultivation.[489]
McGregor's house finch | Carpodacus mexicanus mcgregori | San Benito Island, Mexico  |  | Undetermined.[71]
Grand Cayman oriole[490] | Icterus leucopteryx bairdi | Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands  |  | Deforestation.[71]
Pahranagat spinedace | Lepidomeda altivelis | Pahranagat Valley, Nevada, United States  | 1986 (IUCN) | Competition and predation by introduced common carps, mosquitofish, and American bullfrogs.[329]
Bougainville black-faced pitta | Pitta anerythra pallida | Bougainville Island, Papua-New Guinea  |  | Undetermined.[71]
Eastern cougar[491] | Puma concolor couguar | Eastern North America  | 2011[492] | Hunting. Genetics do not support subspecies differentiation between the eastern cougar and living cougars in Florida and Western North America;[297] if placed under a single subspecies, this would have the name P. c. couguar because of being older.
Grass Valley speckled dace | Rhynichthys osculus reliquus | Lander County, Nevada, United States  |  | Introduction of the rainbow trout.[329]
Daito varied tit | Sittiparus varius orii | Kitadaitōjima, Okinawa, Japan  | 1984-1986  | Habitat destruction for agriculture and military infrastructure.[71]
Schomburgk's deer[493] | Rucervus schomburgki | Central Thailand | 1994 (IUCN) | Hunting.[494]
Grand Cayman thrush | Turdus ravidus | Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands  | 1965
1988 (IUCN) | Probably habitat loss.[495]
Mount Kenya potto | Perodicticus ibeanus stockleyi  | Mount Kenya,Kenya  |  | Most likely habitat loss for agriculture.[496]
1939 | New Caledonian nightjar | Eurostopodus exul | Northwestern New Caledonia  |  | Undetermined.[71]
Toolache wallaby[497] | Notamcropus greyi | Southeastern Australia  | 1982 (IUCN) | Habitat loss to agriculture, hunting, and predation by introduced red fox.[498]
| Roystonea stellata | Baracoa, eastern Cuba  | 2020 (IUCN) | Habitat destruction for coffee cultivation.[499]

#### 1940s

[edit]

* Laysan rail photographed in 1913.

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Declared extinct  | Causes

|
|
|
|
|

c. 1940 | Sugarspoon | Epioblasma arcaeformis | Cumberland and Tennessee river systems, United States  | 1983 (IUCN) | Damming.[500]
1940 | Lesser ʻakialoa | Akialoa obscura | Hawai'i Island, Hawaii, United States  | 1994 (IUCN) | Possibly deforestation and introduced disease-carrying mosquitos.[501]
Cascade mountain wolf[475][better source needed] | Canis lupus fuscus | Continental Cascadia[431] |  | Hunting.
Las Vegas dace | Rhinichthys deaconi | Las Vegas Valley, Nevada, United States  | 1965
1986 (IUCN)  | Habitat destruction.[329]
Javan lapwing | Vanellus macropterus | Java, Indonesia  |  | Hunting and habitat loss to agriculture.[502]
c. 1941[503] | Arabian ostrich | Struthio camelus syriacus | Arabian Peninsula and the Near East  |  | Hunting.[504]
1941-1943 | Xerces blue | Glaucopsyche xerces | San Francisco Peninsula, California, United States  | 1996 (IUCN) | The absence of Lotus and Lupinus plants in the area due to human development.[505]
1942 | Texas gray wolf[475][better source needed] | Canis lupus monstrabilis | Texas, United States  |  | Hunting. The Texas gray wolf has been at times included within either the extinct Great Plains wolf or the living Mexican wolf on morphological grounds.[431]
Chapin's crombec | Sylvietta leucophrys chapini | Lendu Plateau, Democratic Republic of the Congo |  | Deforestation.[71]
1943 |  | Eriocaulon inundatum | Senegal coast  | 2020 (IUCN) | Habitat destruction for salt mining.[506]
Cebu hanging parrot[507] | Loriculus philippensis chrysonotus | Cebu, Philippines  |  | Deforestation.[71]
Barbary lion[508] | Panthera leo leo | North Africa  |  | Habitat loss from desertification and human activities, followed by extermination campaign. Hybrid descendants are believed to exist in captivity.[509] However, genetics do not support subspecies differentiation with living wild lions in Asia, West and Central Africa,[297] which would be named P. l. leo if placed within a single subspecies.
Desert bandicoot[510] | Perameles eremiana | Central Australia  | 1982 (IUCN) | Predation by cats and foxes, competition with European rabbits, and changes to the fire regime after the British colonization of Australia.[511]
1944 | American ivory-billed woodpecker[512][513] | Campephilus principalis principalis | Southern United States  |  | Logging and hunting.[514]
Laysan rail | Zapornia palmeri | Laysan, Hawaii, United States  | 1988 (IUCN) | Habitat destruction by introduced rabbits and guinea pigs, and predation by introduced rats.[515]
1944-1947 | Aruba amazon | Amazona barbadensis canifrons | Aruba |  | Persecution by farmers and exotic pet trade.[71]
1945 | Wake Island rail | Hypotaenidia wakensis | Wake Island, United States  | 1988 (IUCN) | Hunting and destruction caused by fighting in World War II.[516]
1946 | Pallid beach mouse | Peromyscus polionotus decoloratus | Volusia and Flagler Counties, Florida, United States  |  | Habitat loss.[517]
1948 | Ash Meadows killifish | Empetrichthys merriami | Ash Meadows, Nevada, United States  | 1986 (IUCN) | Predation by introduced American Bullfrogs and red swamp crayfish.[329]
1949 | Sinú parakeet | Pyrrhura subandina | Sinú Valley, Córdoba, Colombia  |  | Possibly hunting and habitat loss.[71]
Pink-headed duck[518] | Rhodonessa caryophyllacea | Northeast India, Bangladesh, and northern Myanmar |  | Habitat loss to agriculture.[519]

#### 1950s

[edit]

* Japanese sea lion drawn by Philipp Franz von Siebold (1823-1829).

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Declared extinct  | Causes

|
|
|
|
|

c. 1950 | Little Swan Island hutia | Geocapromys thoracatus | Little Swan Island, Honduras  | 1996 (IUCN) | Introduced rats.[520]
1950-1959 |  | Barbus microbarbis | Lake Luhondo, Rwanda | 2006 (IUCN) | Introduced Tilapia and Haplochromis.[521]
| Eriocaulon jordanii | Sierra Leone coast  | 2020 (IUCN) | Possibly habitat destruction for rice cultivation.[522]
San Martín Island woodrat | Neotoma bryanti martinensis | Isla San Martín, Mexico  | 2008 (IUCN) | Predation by feral cats.[523]
Tawi-tawi buttonquail | Turnix sylvaticus suluensis | Jolo and Tawi-tawi, Sulu, Philippines  |  | Possibly deforestation and predation by introduced animals.[71]
1951 |  | Afrocyclops pauliani | Antananarivo, Madagascar  | 1996 (IUCN) | Undetermined.[524]
Japanese sea lion[525] | Zalophus japonicus | Japanese Islands and Korea | 1994 (IUCN) | Hunting.[526]
1952 | Niceforo's pintail | Anas georgica niceforoi | Central Colombia |  | Possibly hunting and habitat degradation.[71]
Deepwater cisco | Coregonus johannae | Lakes Michigan and Huron | 1986 (IUCN) | Overfishing, predation by introduced lampreys, and hybridization with more common ciscoes.[329]
Caribbean monk seal[527] | Neomonachus tropicalis | Caribbean Sea, Bahamas, and Gulf of Mexico | 1994 (IUCN)
2008[528] | Hunting.[529]
San Benedicto rock wren | Salpinctes obsoletus exsul | San Benedicto, Revillagigedo Islands, Mexico  |  | Eruption of the El Boquerón vent.[71]
New Mexico sharp-tailed grouse | Tympanuchus phasianellus hueyi | New Mexico (and Colorado?), United States  |  | Aridification and habitat destruction.[71]
1953 | Ilin Island cloudrunner[530] | Crateromys paulus | Mindoro and Ilin Islands, Philippines  |  | Deforestation?[531]
Raycraft Ranch killifish | Empetrichthys latos concavus | Pahrump Valley, Nevada, United States  |  | Predation by introduced carps and bullfrogs.[329]
| Faramea chiapensis | Selva Negra, Chiapas, Mexico  | 2020 (IUCN) | Deforestation for agriculture.[532]
Negros fruit dove | Ptilinopus arcanus | Negros Island, Philippines  |  | Deforestation?[71]
| Schizothorax saltans | Talas River basin, Kazakhstan  | 2020 (IUCN) | Water extraction, pollution, and fisheries.[533]
1954 | Maravillas red shiner | Cyprinella lutrensis blairi | Maravillas Creek, Texas, United States  | 1987  | Introduction of plains killifish.[329]
Plateau chub | Evarra eigenmanni | Chalco and Xochimilco-Tlahuac channels, Valley of Mexico | 1986 (IUCN) | Habitat destruction and pollution.[534]
1955[535] | Itombwe nightjar | Caprimulgus prigoginei | Central Africa?  |  | Deforestation?[71]
1956 | Coosa elktoe | Alasmidonta mccordi | Coosa River, Alabama, United States  | 2000 (IUCN) | Impoundment of the Coosa River.[536]
Imperial woodpecker | Campephilus imperialis | North-Central Mexico  |  | Hunting and habitat loss.[537]
Levuana moth[538] | Levuana iridescens | Viti Levu, Fiji  | 1994 (IUCN)[539] | Introduction of the parasitic fly Bessa remota by coconut farmers, as a form of biological pest control. However, it's been argued that L. iridescens was not actually native to Fiji and that lack of post-1956 records is the result of diminished enthomological research after Fiji's independence.[538]
Crescent nail-tail wallaby[540] | Onychogalea lunata | Western and central Australia  | 1982 (IUCN) | Predation by introduced foxes and feral cats, human-induced habitat degradation.[541]
1957 | Thicktail chub | Gila crassicauda | California Central Valley and San Francisco Bay, United States  | 1986 (IUCN) | Habitat destruction for agriculture and introduced fish.[329]
Scioto madtom | Noturus trautmani | Big Darby Creek, Ohio, United States  | 2013 (IUCN) | Undetermined.[542]
Hainan ormosia[543] | Ormosia howii | Hainan and Guangdong, China  | 1998 (IUCN) | Possibly deforestation for agriculture.[544]
1958 | Pahrump Ranch poolfish | Empetrichthys latos pahrump | Nye County, Nevada, United States  |  | Habitat destruction by excessive water pumping.[329]
Blue Pike | Stizostedion vitreum glaucum | Lake Erie, Ontario, and Niagara River | 1983  | Overfishing and hybridization with walleye.[545]
Sandhills crayfish  | Procambarus angustatus | Sand Hills, Georgia, United States  | 2010 (IUCN) | [546]
1959 | Rennell Island teal | Anas gibberifrons remissia | Rennell Island, Solomon Islands  |  | Competition with introduced Tilapia.[71]
Santa Barbara song sparrow | Melospiza melodia graminea | Santa Barbara Island, California, United States  | 1983  | Wildfire.[545]

#### 1960s

[edit]

* Syr Darya sturgeon by K.T. Kessler (1874).

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Declared extinct  | Causes

|
|
|
|
|

c. 1960 | Lesser bilby | Macrotis leucura | Deserts of Australia | 1982 (IUCN) | Probably predation by introduced cats and red foxes, and changes to the fire regime.[547]
1960 | Candango mouse | Juscelinomys candango | Brasília, Brazil  | 2008 (IUCN) | Urban sprawl.[548]
1960-1969 |  | Pantanodon madagascariensis | Mahambo, Madagascar  | 2004 (IUCN) | Introduced Gambusia.[549]
Syr Darya sturgeon | Pseudoscaphirhynchus fedtschenkoi | Syr Darya river  |  | Draining of the Aral Sea.[550]
1961 | Northern white-winged apalis | Apalis chariessa chariessa | Lower Tana river, Kenya  |  | Deforestation.[71]
Viesca mud turtle | Kinosternon hirtipes megacephalum | Southwestern Coahuila, Mexico  |  | Aridification.[551]
Semper's warbler[552] | Leucopeza semperi | St Lucia mountains  |  | Predation by introduced Javan mongooses.[553]
Durango shiner | Notropis aulidion | Tunal river, Durango, Mexico  | 1990 (IUCN) | Pollution and introduced species.[329]
Zacatecas Worthen's sparrow | Spizella wortheni browni | Northwest Zacatecas, Mexico  | 1991  | Habitat destruction caused by agriculture, overgrazing, cattle-induced erosion, and decline of native herbivores.[71]
1961-1963 | Molokai Creeper | Paroreomyza flammea | Molokai, Hawaii, United States  | 1979
1994 (IUCN) | Probably habitat destruction and introduced disease.[554]
1962 | Du Toit's torrent frog | Arthroleptides dutoiti | Kenya-Uganda border  |  | Possibly habitat degradation and chytridiomycosis.[555]
Red-bellied gracile opossum | Cryptonanus ignitus | Jujuy, Argentina  | 2008 (IUCN) | Habitat loss to agriculture and industry development.[556]
Saint Helena darter | Sympetrum dilatatum | Saint Helena  | 1996-2021 (IUCN) | Probably deforestation and predation by extinct aquatic carnivores including the African clawed frog.[557]
1963 | Eskimo curlew[558] | Numenius borealis | Northwestern Canada and Alaska, and Southern Cone  |  | Hunting and habitat destruction.[559][560]
| Ptychochromis onilahy | Onilahy River, Madagascar  | 2004 (IUCN) | Overfishing, deforestation leading to increased sedimentation, and competition with introduced tilapias.[561]
1964 | Hawaii chaff flower | Achyranthes atollensis | The atolls Kure, Midway, Pearl and Hermes, and Laysan of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, United States  | 2003 (IUCN) | Habitat loss due to the construction of military installations.[562]
| Barbodes disa | Lake Lanao, Mindanao, Philippines  | 2020 (IUCN) | Overfishing and predation by introduced tank goby and ornate sleeper.[563][564][565][566][567][568]
Katapa-tapa | Barbodes flavifuscus
Kandar | Barbodes lanaoensis
Bitungu | Barbodes pachycheilus
| Barbodes palata
Bagangan | Barbodes resimus
South Island snipe | Coenocorypha iredalei | South and Stewart islands, New Zealand  | 2014 (IUCN) | Predation by introduced animals.[569]
Lake Ontario kiyi | Coregonus kiyi orientalis | Lake Ontario  |  | Overfishing, introduction of exotic species, eutrophication, and water pollution.[329]
Goldman's yellow rail | Coturnicops noveboracensis goldmani | Lerma River, Mexico  |  | Undetermined.[71]
Rio Grande bluntnose shiner | Notropis simus simus | Upper Rio Grande |  | Possibly habitat degradation and introduced species.[329]
Crested shelduck[570] | Tadorna cristata | Primorye, Hokkaido, and Korea;
Northeastern China?  |  | Undetermined.[571]
1965 | Turgid blossom | Epioblasma turgidula | Southern Appalachians and Cumberland Plateau, United States  |  | Damming and water pollution.[572]
1966 | Independence Valley tui chub | Gila bicolor isolata | Warm Springs, Nevada, United States  |  | Predation by introduced species.[329]
1967 | Narrow catspaw | Epioblasma lenior | Tennessee River system, United States  | 1983-2000 (IUCN) | Damming.[573]
Saint Helena earwig | Labidura herculeana | Saint Helena  | 2014 (IUCN) | Predation by introduced animals.[574]
New Zealand greater short-tailed bat | Mystacina robusta | New Zealand  | 1988 (IUCN) | Predation by introduced Polynesian and black rats.[575]
1968 | Amistad gambusia | Gambusia amistadensis | Goodenough Spring, Texas, United States  | 1986 (IUCN)
1987  | Flooding of the spring by the Amistad Reservoir, hybridization and predation.[545][329]
San Clemente wren | Thryomanes bewickii leucophrys | San Clemente, Channel Islands of California, United States  |  | Vegetation destruction by introduced goats and sheep.[71]
Guam flying fox | Pteropus tokudae | Guam | 2020 (IUCN) | Hunting and predation by the introduced brown tree snake.[576][577]
1969 | Kauaʻi ʻakialoa | Akialoa stejnegeri | Kaua'i, Hawaii, United States  | 2016 (IUCN) | Possibly habitat destruction and introduced disease.[578]
Blackfin cisco | Coregonus nigripinnis | Lakes Michigan and Huron  | 1996 (IUCN) | Overfishing, predation by introduced sea lampreys, and hybridization with other ciscoes.[329]
Tubercled blossom | Epioblasma torulosa torulosa | Tennessee and Ohio River systems, United States  |  | Impoundment, siltation, and pollution.[579]
1969-1970[580] | Kouprey | Bos sauveli | Northeastern Cambodia |  | Hunting.[581]

#### 1970s

[edit]

* Yunnan lake newts by George Albert Boulenger (1905).

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Declared extinct  | Causes

|
|
|
|
|

c. 1970 | Socorro elf owl | Micrathene whitneyi graysoni | Socorro, Revillagigedo Islands, Mexico  |  | Habitat degradation.[71]
1970 | Mexican dace | Evarra bustamantei | Xochimilco-Tlahuac channels, Valley of Mexico  | 1986 (IUCN) | Habitat destruction and pollution.[582][583]
Endorheic chub | Evarra tlahuacensis | Lake Chalco, Valley of Mexico
Saudi gazelle | Gazella saudiya | Arabian Peninsula  | 2008 (IUCN) | Hunting.[584]
Clear Lake splittail | Pogonichthys ciscoides | Clear Lake and its tributaries, California, United States  | 1986 (IUCN) | Habitat destruction and pollution from agriculture.[329]
1970-1979 | Pagan reed warbler | Acrocephalus yamashinae | Pagan, Northern Mariana Islands  | 1981
2016 (IUCN) | Habitat destruction and predation by introduced rats and cats.[71]
Acornshell | Epioblasma haysiana | Tennessee and Cumberland River systems, United States  | 1994 (IUCN) | Exposure to domestic sewage.[585]
Western Turner's eremomela | Eremomela turneri kalindei | Southeast D. R. Congo and southwest Uganda |  | Deforestation.[71]
Nubian wild ass | Equus africanus africanus  | Nubian Desert |  | Hunting and competition with livestock.[586]
1970-1989 |  | Aplocheilichthys sp. nov. 'Naivasha' | Lake Naivasha, Kenya  | 2004 (IUCN) | Competition and predation by introduced fish.[587]
c. 1971 | Santa Cruz pupfish | Cyprinodon arcuatus | Santa Cruz River, Arizona, United States  | 2011 (IUCN) | Introduction of largemouth bass in 1968-1969.[329]
1971 | Ticao Tarictic hornbill | Penelopidis panini ticaensis | Ticao Island, Philippines  |  | Habitat destruction.[71]
1972 | Tecopa pupfish | Cyprinodon nevadensis calidae | Tecopa Hot Springs, California, United States  | 1982  | Habitat degradation and introduced bluegill sunfish and mosquito fish.[545]
Tropical acidweed | Desmarestia tropica | Galápagos Islands, Ecuador  |  | Undetermined.[588][589]
Mason River myrtle | Myrcia skeldingii | Mason River, Jamaica  | 1998 (IUCN)
Bushwren | Xenicus longipes | New Zealand  | 1994 (IUCN) | Predation by introduced cats, rats, weasels, and stoats.[71]
1973 | Moorea reed warbler | Acrocephalus longirostris | Moorea, Society Islands, French Polynesia  | 1987  | Possibly predation by introduced animals, deforestation, or avian malaria.[71]
Bitungu | Barbodes truncatulus | Lake Lanao, Mindanao, Philippines  | 2020 (IUCN) | Predation by introduced tank goby and ornate sleeper.[590]
Bar-winged rail | Hypotaenidia poeciloptera | Fiji  | 1994 (IUCN) | Predation by introduced cats and mongooses.[591]
Guadeloupe house wren | Troglodytes aedon guadeloupensis | Guadeloupe  |  | Deforestation.[71]
1974 |  | Barbodes herrei | Lake Lanao, Mindanao, Philippines  | 2020 (IUCN) | Predation by introduced tank goby and ornate sleeper.[592]
Vanua Levu long-legged thicketbird[593] | Cincloramphus rufus cluniei | Vanua Levu, Fiji  |  | Undetermined.[71]
Flores rail | Lewinia pectoralis exsul | South and west Flores, Indonesia  |
Aragua robber frog | Pristimantis anotis | Henri Pittier National Park, Aragua, Venezuela  |  | Chytridiomycosis?[594]
1975 | Bagangan | Barbodes clemensi | Lake Lanao, Mindanao, Philippines  | 2020 (IUCN) | Predation by introduced tank goby and ornate sleeper.[595][596]
Bitungu | Barbodes palaemophagus
Round Island burrowing boa | Bolyeria multocarinata | Round Island, Mauritius?  | 1996 (IUCN) | Habitat degradation by introduced goats and rabbits.[597]
Longjaw cisco | Coregonus alpenae | Lakes Michigan, Huron, and Erie  | 1986 (IUCN) | Overfishing, predation by introduced sea lampreys, and hybridization with introduced ciscoes.[329]
Phantom shiner | Notropis orca | Rio Grande  | Possibly habitat loss, hybridization with the bluntnose shiner, and introduction of exotic fishes.[329]
1976 |  | Barbodes tras | Lake Lanao, Mindanao, Philippines  | 2020 (IUCN) | Predation by introduced tank goby and ornate sleeper.[598]
Jalpa false brook salamander | Pseudoeurycea exspectata | Cerro Miramundo, Jalapa, Guatemala  | Possibly logging and cattle grazing.[599]
Mexican grizzly bear | Ursus arctos nelsoni | Aridoamerica |  | Hunting.[600]
1977 |  | Barbodes katolo | Lake Lanao, Mindanao, Philippines  | 2020 (IUCN) | Predation by introduced tank goby and ornate sleeper.[601][602]
| Barbodes manalak
Gonâve eastern chat-tanager | Calyptophilus frugivorus abbotti | Gonâve Island, Haiti |  | Deforestation.[71]
Colombian grebe | Podiceps andinus | Bogotá wetlands, Colombia  | 1994 (IUCN) | Habitat loss, pollution, hunting, and predation of chicks by introduced rainbow trout.[603]
Eiao monarch | Pomarea fluxa | Eiao, Marquesas Islands, French Polynesia  | 2006 (IUCN) | Possibly predation by introduced cats, black rats, and Polynesian rats; disease transmitted by introduced chestnut-breasted mannikin, and habitat loss due to grazing by sheep.[604]
1978 |  | Craugastor myllomyllon | Finca Volcán, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala  | 2020 (IUCN) | Habitat destruction for agriculture.[605]
White-eyed river martin | Eurochelidon sirintarae | Central Thailand  |  | Hunting and habitat loss.[606]
Little earth hutia | Mesocapromys sanfelipensis | Key Juan García, Cuba  |  | Hunting, man-made fires, and competition with black rats.[607]
1979 | Yunnan lake newt | Cynops wolterstorffi | Kunming Lake, Yunnan, China  | 2004 (IUCN) | Pollution, habitat destruction, and introduced fish and frog species.[608]
Caspian tiger[609] | Panthera tigris virgata | Transcaucasia, Kurdistan, Hyrcania, Afghanistan, and Turkestan |  | Hunting and desertification.[296] Genetics do not support subspecific differentiation with extant mainland tigers.[297]
Mount Glorious day frog | Taudactylus diurnus | Southeast Queensland, Australia  | 2002 (IUCN) | Undetermined.[610]

#### 1980s

[edit]

* Ivory-billed woodpecker pair photographed in 1935.

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Declared extinct  | Causes

|
|
|
|
|

1980[611] | Olomaʻo | Myadestes lanaiensis | Maui, Lana'i, and Molokai, Hawaii  |  | Disease and habitat degradation caused by introduced pigs, axis deer, and mosquitos.[612]
1980-1985 | Roberts's lechwe | Kobus leche robertsi | Luongo and Kalungwishi drainage systems, Luapula, Zambia  | 1994 (IUCN) | Undetermined.[613]
1981 |  | Anabarilius macrolepis | Yilong Lake, Yunnan, China  | 2011 (IUCN) | Drying of the lake for 20 days, after excessive water abstraction for agriculture.[614]
Mariana mallard[615] | Anas platyrhynchos oustaleti | Mariana Islands | 2004  | Hunting and habitat loss to agriculture.[616]
Yilong carp | Cyprinus yilongensis | Yilong Lake, Yunnan, China  | 1996 (IUCN) | Drying of the lake after excessive water abstraction for agriculture.[617]
Canary Islands oystercatcher | Haematopus meadewaldoi | Lanzarote and Fuerteventura, Spain; Senegal  | 1994 (IUCN) | Overharvesting of intertidal invertebrates.[618]
Puhielelu hibiscadelphus | Hibiscadelphus crucibracteatus | Lana'i, Hawaii, United States  | 1998 (IUCN) | Predation by introduced axis deer.[304]
Bishop's ʻōʻō | Moho bishopi | Molokai, Hawaii, United States  | 2000 (IUCN) | Habitat loss to agriculture and livestock grazing, followed by the introduction of black rats and disease-carrying mosquitos.[619]
Southern gastric-brooding frog | Rheobatrachus silus | Southeast Queensland, Australia  | 2002 (IUCN) | Undetermined, possibly chytridiomycosis.[620]
1982-1983 | Galápagos damsel | Azurina eupalama | Galápagos Islands, Ecuador  |  | 1982-83 El Niño event.[621]
1982 | Pait | Barbodes amarus | Lake Lanao, Mindanao, Philippines  | 2020 (IUCN) | Predation by introduced fishes.[622]
Samaná eastern chat-tanager | Calyptophilus frugivorus frugivorus | Samaná Peninsula, Dominican Republic  |  | Deforestation.[71]
1983 | San Marcos gambusia | Gambusia georgei | San Marcos spring and river, Texas, United States  | 1990 (IUCN) | Reduced flow and pollution from agriculture, introduced fishes and plants (Colocasia esculenta), and hybridization with Gambusia affinis.[623]
24-rayed sunstar | Heliaster solaris | Galápagos Islands, Ecuador  |  | 1982-83 El Niño event.[624]
Japanese otter | Lutra nippon[625] | Honshu, Kyushu, and Shikoku, Japan  | 2012  | Hunting and habitat loss.[626]
Guam flycatcher | Myiagra freycineti | Guam | 1994 (IUCN)
2004[616] | Predation by the introduced brown tree snake.[627]
Formosan clouded leopard[628][better source needed] | Neofelis nebulosa brachyura | Taiwan | 2013  | Hunting. Subspecific status has been denied on morphological and genetic grounds.[297]
Aldabra brush-warbler | Nesillas aldabrana | Malabar Island, Seychelles  | 1994 (IUCN) | Possibly predation by introduced cats and rats, and habitat degradation by goats and tortoises.[629]
Guam bridled white-eye | Zosterops conspicillatus conspicillatus | Guam  |  | Predation by introduced brown tree snakes.[71]
1983-1986 | Atitlán grebe | Podilymbus gigas | Lake Atitlán, Guatemala  | 1994 (IUCN) | Predation and competition with introduced largemouth bass, water level fall after the 1976 Guatemala earthquake, and degradation of breeding sites due to reed-cutting and tourism development.[630]
1984 | Green blossom | Epioblasma torulosa gubernaculum | Tennessee River system, United States  |  | Impoundment, siltation, and pollution.[579]
Javan tiger | Panthera tigris sondaica | Java, Indonesia  | 1994  | Hunting and habitat loss.[296] Genetics do not support subspecies differentiation with the extant Sumatran tiger; if placed in the same subspecies, this would have the name P. t. sondaica due to being older.[297]
Guam rufous fantail | Rhipidura rufifrons uraniae | Guam  |  | Predation by introduced brown tree snakes.[71]
c. 1985 | California condor louse | Colpocephalum californici | North America  |  | Delousing of all surviving California condors before beginning their captive breeding program.[15]
1985 | Timucua heart lichen | Cora timucua | Florida, United States  |  | Habitat destruction for urban development.[631]
Christmas Island shrew | Crocidura trichura | Christmas Island, Australia  |  | Undetermined.[632]
Kāmaʻo[633] | Myadestes myadestinus | Kaua'i, Hawaii, United States  | 2004 (IUCN) | Habitat loss and disease spread by introduced mosquitos.[634]
Ua Pou monarch[319] | Pomarea mira | Ua Pou, Marquesas, French Polynesia  |  | Deforestation and predation by introduced black rats.[635]
Northern gastric-brooding frog | Rheobatrachus vitellinus | Mid-eastern Queensland, Australia  | 2002 (IUCN) | Undetermined, possibly chytridiomycosis.[636]
Alaotra grebe[637] | Tachybaptus rufolavatus | Lake Alaotra, Madagascar  | 2010 (IUCN) | Hunting, accidental capture in nylon gillnets, predation and competition with introduced largemouth bass, striped snakehead, and Tilapia; habitat degradation from agriculture, and hybridization with the little grebe.[638]
1986 | Pass stubfoot toad | Atelopus senex | Central Costa Rica | 2020 (IUCN) | Possibly chytridiomycosis or climate change.[639]
Zanzibar leopard[640] | Panthera pardus adersi | Unguja Island, Tanzania  |  | Extermination campaign.[296] The subspecies has been subsumed into the extant African leopard on morphological grounds.[641]
Eastern Canary Islands chiffchaff | Phylloscopus canariensis exsul | Lanzarote and Fuerteventura?, Canary Islands  |  | Habitat loss?[71]
Banff longnose dace | Rhinichthys cataractae smithi | Banff National Park, Alberta, Canada  | 1987  | Habitat degradation, competition and hybridization with introduced fishes.[642]
1987 | Dusky seaside sparrow[643] | Ammospiza maritima nigrescens | Merritt Island and the St. Johns River, Florida, United States  | 1990  | Flooding and draining of marshes to reduce mosquito population.[644]
Cuban ivory-billed woodpecker[645] | Campephilus principalis bairdii | Cuba  |  | Habitat loss.[514]
Kauaʻi ʻōʻō | Moho braccatus | Kauaʻi, Hawaii, United States  | 2000 (IUCN) | Habitat loss and introduced black rats, pigs, and disease-carrying mosquitos. The last female was killed by Hurricane Iwa during the 1982-1983 El Niño event.[646]
| Namibcypris costata | Southern Kaokoveld, Namibia  | 1996 (IUCN) | Habitat destruction.[647]
1988 | Maui ʻakepa | Loxops ochraceus | Maui, Hawaii, United States  |  | Undetermined.[648]
Bachman's warbler[649] | Vermivora bachmanii | Southeastern United States and Cuba  |  | Habitat destruction from swampland draining and sugarcane agriculture.[650]
1989 | Golden toad | Incilius periglenes | Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve, Costa Rica  | 2020 (IUCN) | Anthropogenic global warming, chytridiomycosis, and airborne pollution.[651]
Jamaican golden swallow | Tachycineta euchrysea euchrysea | Jamaica  |  | Deforestation?[71]
Malabar large-spotted civet | Viverra civettina | Western Ghats, India  |  | Possibly deforestation, hunting, and predation by domestic dogs.[652]

#### 1990s

[edit]

* A Chiriqui harlequin frog, one of several recent amphibian extinctions.

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Declared extinct  | Causes

|
|
|
|
|

1990[653] | Nechisar nightjar | Caprimulgus solala | Nechisar National Park, Ethiopia  |  | Undetermined.[71]
Long jaw tristamella | Tristramella sacra | Sea of Galilee, Israel  | 2014 (IUCN) | Drying of the marshy northern part of the lake, destroying its spawning ground and breeding habitat.[654]
1990-1999[655] | Magdalena tinamou | Crypturellus erythropus saltuarius | Magdalena River Valley, Colombia  |  | Undetermined.[71]
1991 | Baolan | Barbodes baoulan | Lake Lanao, Mindanao, Philippines  | 2020 (IUCN) | Predation by introduced fishes.[656]
Alvarez's dwarf crayfish | Cambarellus alvarezi | Potosí Spring, Nuevo León, Mexico  | 2010 (IUCN) | Water abstraction[657]
1992 | Splendid poison frog | Oophaga speciosa | Western Panama |  | Chytridiomycosis.[658]
1993 | Moroccan bustard | Ardeotis arabs lynesi | Western Morocco  |  | Undetermined.[71]
Angel Island mouse | Peromyscus guardia | Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Baja California, Mexico  |  | Competition with introduced rodents and predation by cats.[659]
1994 |  | Pachnodus velutinus | Mahé, Seychelles  | 2000 (IUCN) | Hybridization with Pachnodus niger.[660]
1995 | Aguijan reed warbler | Acrocephalus nijoi | Aguijan, Mariana Islands  | 2000-2009
2016 (IUCN) | Habitat destruction.[71]
Maui nukupu'u | Hemignathus affinis | Maui, Hawaii, United States  |  | Undetermined.[71]
1996 | Chiriqui harlequin frog | Atelopus chiriquiensis | Talamanca-Chiriqui mountains, Costa Rica  | 2020 (IUCN) | Chytridiomycosis.[661]
Norfolk Island boobook | Ninox novaeseelandiae undulata | Norfolk Island, Australia  |  | Deforestation leading to increased competition for nest-hollows with honeybees and crimson rosellas. Descendants of hybrids with the New Zealand subspecies survive in the island.[71]
Barbary leopard | Panthera pardus panthera | Atlas Mountains |  | Hunting.[296] The subspecies has been subsumed into the extant African leopard on morphological grounds.[641]
Swollen Raiatea Tree Snail[662] | Partula turgida | Raiatea, Society Islands, French Polynesia  | 1996 (IUCN) | Predation by introduced rosy wolfsnails.[663]
1997 | Green and red venter harlequin toad | Atelopus pinangoi | Mérida, Venezuela  |  | Chytridiomicosis, habitat destruction, and predation by introduced trout.[664]
Sangihe dwarf kingfisher | Ceyx fallax sangirensis | Sangihe Islands, Indonesia  |  | Habitat destruction.[71]
Sakaraha pygmy kingfisher | Corythornis madagascariensis dilutus | Southwestern Madagascar  |  | Undetermined.[71][665]
Iberian lynx louse | Felicola isidoroi | Iberian Peninsula |

## 3rd millennium CE

[edit]

### 21st century

[edit]

#### 2000s

[edit]

* Illustration of a baiji (Lipotes vexillifer)

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Declared extinct  | Causes

|
|
|
|
|

2000-2006 | White-chested white-eye | Zosterops albogularis | Norfolk Island, Australia  | 2024 (IUCN) | Deforestation and competition with the silvereye, introduced in 1904.[71]
2000 | Pyrenean ibex[666] | Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica | Pyrenees;[346]
Cantabrian Mountains?[667] | 2000 (IUCN)[668] | Hunting, competition for pastures and diseases from exotic and domestic ungulates.[669][670]
2001 | Glaucous macaw | Anodorhynchus glaucus | Border area of Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil, and Uruguay  |  | Deforestation for agriculture and livestock grazing, particularly of the Yatay palm in which it fed.[671]
Slender-billed curlew | Numenius tenuirostris | Western Eurasia and northern Africa  |  | Hunting and habitat destruction.[71]
Pernambuco pygmy owl | Glaucidium mooreorum | Pernambuco, Brazil  |  | Habitat destruction.[672]
Giant Atlas barbel | Labeobarbus reinii | Oued Ksob and Tensift Rivers, Morocco  | 2022 (IUCN) | Water pollution and unsustainable water extraction.[citation needed]
2002 | Chinese river dolphin[673] | Lipotes vexillifer | Middle and lower Yangtze, China  | 2007[674] | Fishing, habitat destruction, and vessel strikes.[675]
Polynesian tree snail[662] | Partula labrusca | Raiatea, Society Islands, French Polynesia  | 2007 (IUCN) | Predation by introduced rosy wolfsnails.[676]
2003 | Osgood's Ethiopian toad | Altiphrynoides osgoodi | South-central Ethiopian mountains  |  | Habitat degradation.[677]
Saint Helena olive[678] | Nesiota elliptica | Saint Helena  | 2004 (IUCN) | Deforestation for fuel and timber, and use of the land for plantations of New Zealand flax, leading to inbreeding depression and fungal infections from reduced numbers.[679]
Chinese paddlefish | Psephurus gladius | Yangtze and Yellow River basins, China  | 2019 (IUCN) | Overfishing and construction of the Gezhouba Dam blocking the anadromous spawning migration[680][681]
2004 | Po'ouli | Melamprosops phaeosoma | Eastern Maui, Hawaii, United States  | Introduced avian malaria and predators.[682]
2006 | Western black rhinoceros | Diceros bicornis longipes | South Sudan to Nigerian-Niger border area  | 2011 (IUCN) | Hunting.[683]
2007 | South Island kōkako[684] | Callaeas cinereus | South Island, New Zealand  |  | Habitat destruction from logging and grazing ungulates, and predation by introduced black rats, brush-tailed possums, and stoats.[685]
Cryptic Treehunter | Cichlocolaptes mazarbarnetti  | Northeastern Brazil  | 2019 (IUCN) | Extensive habitat loss due to logging and sugar cane production.[686]
2008 | Lindog | Barbodes lindog | Lake Lanao, Mindanao, Philippines  | 2020 (IUCN) | Predation by introduced tank goby and ornate sleeper.[687]
2009 | Bramble Cay melomys | Melomys rubicola | Bramble Cay, Australia  | 2015 (IUCN)[688] | Sea level rise as a consequence of global warming.[689]
Christmas Island pipistrelle | Pipistrellus murrayi | Christmas Island, Australia  | 2017 (IUCN) | Undetermined.[690]

#### 2010s

[edit]

* "Lonesome George", the last full-blooded Pinta Island tortoise, photographed in 2006.

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Declared extinct  | Causes

|
|
|
|
|

2010 | Vietnamese rhinoceros | Rhinoceros sondaicus annamiticus | South China and Indochina | 2011  | Hunting.[691]
2011 | Alagoas foliage-gleaner | Philydor novaesi | Alagoas and Pernambuco, Brazil  | 2019 (IUCN) | Deforestation.[71]
2012[692] | Pinta Island tortoise | Chelonoidis abingdonii | Pinta, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador  | 2012 (IUCN)[693] | Hunting and overgrazing by introduced goats. Hybrid descendants exist in other Galapagos islands, as a result of human intervention.[694]
2014[695][696] | Christmas Island forest skink | Emoia nativitatis | Christmas Island, Australia  | 2017 (IUCN) | Habitat loss to mining and predation by introduced Indian wolf snake and yellow crazy ant.[697]
Catarina pupfish | Megupsilon aporus | Nuevo León, Mexico  | 2018 (IUCN) | Overexploitation and habitat disruption.[698]
2016[699][700][701] | Rabbs' fringe-limbed treefrog | Ecnomiohyla rabborum | El Valle de Antón, Panama  | 2016  | Chytridiomycosis.[702]
Captain Cook's bean snail | Partula faba | Raiatea and Tahaʻa, Society Islands, French Polynesia  | Introduction of the Giant African land snail, an invasive species.[703]
2019[704] | Oahu treesnail | Achatinella apexfulva | Oahu, Hawaii, United States  | 2019  | Predation by introduced rosy wolfsnails.[705]

#### 2020s

[edit]

* Shells of Garrett's rustic tree snail, one of many recent extinctions from the genus Partula.

Last record  | Common name  | Binomial name  | Former range  | Declared extinct  | Causes

|
|
|
|
|

c. 2020 | Garrett's rustic tree snail | Partula garrettii rustica | Raiatea, Society Islands, French Polynesia  | 2022 (IUCN) | Predation by introduced rosy wolfsnails.[706]

## See also

[edit]

* List of extinct animals
* Extinction event
* Quaternary extinction event
* Holocene extinction
* Timeline of the evolutionary history of life
* Timeline of environmental history
* Index of environmental articles
* List of environmental issues

## References

[edit]

1. ^ S.L. Pimm, G.J. Russell, J.L. Gittleman and T.M. Brooks, The Future of Biodiversity, Science 269: 347–350 (1995)
2. ^ a b c d e f Tyrberg, T. (2008). The Late Pleistocene continental avian extinction—An evaluation of the fossil evidence. Oryctos, 7, 249-269.
3. ^ a b A previously obtained 8580-8260 BCE date is considered dubious. Barnett, R.; Shapiro, B.; Barnes, I. A. N.; Ho, S. Y. W.; Burger, J.; Yamaguchi, N.; Higham, T. F. G.; Wheeler, H. T.; Rosendahl, W.; Sher, A. V.; Sotnikova, M.; Kuznetsova, T.; Baryshnikov, G. F.; Martin, L. D.; Harington, C. R.; Burns, J. A.; Cooper, A. (2009). "Phylogeography of lions (Panthera leo ssp.) reveals three distinct taxa and a late Pleistocene reduction in genetic diversity". Molecular Ecology. 18 (8): 1668–1677\. Bibcode:2009MolEc..18.1668B. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04134.x. PMID 19302360. S2CID 46716748.1668-1677&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04134.x&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46716748#id-name=S2CID&rft_id=info:pmid/19302360&rft_id=info:bibcode/2009MolEc..18.1668B&rft.aulast=Barnett&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Shapiro,+B.&rft.au=Barnes,+I.+A.+N.&rft.au=Ho,+S.+Y.+W.&rft.au=Burger,+J.&rft.au=Yamaguchi,+N.&rft.au=Higham,+T.+F.+G.&rft.au=Wheeler,+H.+T.&rft.au=Rosendahl,+W.&rft.au=Sher,+A.+V.&rft.au=Sotnikova,+M.&rft.au=Kuznetsova,+T.&rft.au=Baryshnikov,+G.+F.&rft.au=Martin,+L.+D.&rft.au=Harington,+C.+R.&rft.au=Burns,+J.+A.&rft.au=Cooper,+A.&rft_id=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/24216045&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Timeline+of+extinctions+in+the+Holocene" class="Z3988">
4. ^ a b c Stinnesbeck, S.R. (2020) Mexican fossil ground sloths. A case study for Late Pleistocene megafaunal turnover in the Mexican Corridor. Doctoral dissertation.
5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Haynes, Gary (2009). American megafaunal extinctions at the end of the Pleistocene. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-8792-9. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
6. ^ a b Naughton, D. (2003). Annotated bibliography of Quaternary vertebrates of northern North America: with radiocarbon dates. University of Toronto Press, 539 pages.
7. ^ a b Steadman, David W.; Martin, Paul S.; MacPhee, Ross D. E.; Jull, A. J. T.; McDonald, H. Gregory; Woods, Charles A.; Iturralde-Vinent, Manuel; Hodgins, Gregory W. L. (16 August 2005). "Asynchronous extinction of late Quaternary sloths on continents and islands". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 102 (33): 11763–8\. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10211763S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0502777102. PMC 1187974. PMID 16085711.11763-8&rft.date=2005-08-16&rft_id=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1187974#id-name=PMC&rft_id=info:pmid/16085711&rft_id=info:doi/10.1073/pnas.0502777102&rft_id=info:bibcode/2005PNAS..10211763S&rft.aulast=Steadman&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rft.au=Martin,+Paul+S.&rft.au=MacPhee,+Ross+D.+E.&rft.au=Jull,+A.+J.+T.&rft.au=McDonald,+H.+Gregory&rft.au=Woods,+Charles+A.&rft.au=Iturralde-Vinent,+Manuel&rft.au=Hodgins,+Gregory+W.+L.&rft_id=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1187974&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Timeline+of+extinctions+in+the+Holocene" class="Z3988">
8. ^ a b Huenneke, L.F. & Mooney, H.A. (2012) Grassland structure and function: California annual grassland. Springer Science & Business Media, 222 pages.
9. ^ A 5850 BCE datation needs further confirmation. Sheng, G.L. et al. (2014) Pleistocene Chinese cave hyenas and the recent Eurasian history of the spotted hyena, Crocuta crocuta. Molecular Ecology, 23(3), 522-533.
10. ^ Kropf, M., Mead, J. I., & Anderson, R. S. (2007). Dung, diet, and the paleoenvironment of the extinct shrub-ox (Euceratherium collinum) on the Colorado Plateau, USA. Quaternary Research, 67(1), 143-151.
11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Martin, Paul S.; Klein, Richard G. (1989). Quaternary Extinctions: A Prehistoric Revolution. University of Arizona Press. ISBN 978-0-231-03733-4.
12. ^ "Navahoceros fricki".
13. ^ Bravo-Cuevas, V. M., & Jiménez-Hidalgo, E. (2018). Advances on the paleobiology of late Pleistocene mammals from central and southern Mexico. In The Pleistocene, Geography, Geology and Fauna, eds G. Huard and J. Gareau (New York, NY: Nova Science Publishers), 277-313.
14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. A.G.J. Rhodin, P.C.H. Pritchard, P.P. van Dijk, R.A. Saumure, K.A. Buhlmann, J.B. Iverson, and R.A. Mittermeier, Eds. Chelonian Research Monographs (ISSN 1088-7105) No. 5, doi:10.3854/crm.5.000e.fossil.checklist.v1.2015
15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as Turvey, Sam (2009). Holocene extinctions. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-953509-5. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
16. ^ A previous datation to 8570-8270 BCE is considered dubious.
17. ^ Prado, J. L., Martinez-Maza, C., & Alberdi, M. T. (2015). Megafauna extinction in South America: A new chronology for the Argentine Pampas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 425, 41-49.
18. ^ a b c d e f Tonni, E. P., Cione, A. L., & Soibelzon, L. H. (2003). The broken zig-zag: late Cenozoic large mammal and tortoise extintion in South America. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, 5.
19. ^ A datation to 9050-7550 BCE is considered dubious. Koch, P. L., Hoppe, K. A., & Webb, S. D. (1998). The isotopic ecology of late Pleistocene mammals in North America: Part 1. Florida. Chemical Geology, 152(1-2), 119-138.
20. ^ Woodman, N., & Athfield, N. B. (2009). Post-Clovis survival of American mastodon in the southern Great Lakes region of North America. Quaternary Research, 72(3), 359-363.
21. ^ a b Mothé, D. et al. (2017). Sixty years after 'The mastodonts of Brazil': The state of the art of South American proboscideans (Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae). Quaternary International, 443, 52-64.
22. ^ Correal Urrego, G. et al. (1990) Evidencias culturales durante el Pleistoceno y Holoceno de Colombia. Revista de Arqueología Americana, 1, 68-69.
23. ^ a b c d e f Louys, J.; Braje, T. J.; Chang, C.-H.; Cosgrove, R.; Fitzpatrick, S. M.; Fujita, M.; Hawkins, S.; Ingicco, T.; Kawamura, A.; MacPhee, R. D. E.; McDowell, M. C.; Meijer, H. J. M.; Piper, P. J.; Roberts, P.; Simmons, A. H.; van den Bergh, G.; van der Geer, A.; Kealy, S.; O'Connor, S. (2021). "No evidence for widespread island extinctions after Pleistocene hominin arrival". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 118 (20): e2023005118. Bibcode:2021PNAS..11823005L. doi:10.1073/pnas.2023005118. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 8157961. PMID 33941645.
24. ^ a b Younger remains dated to 7250-6750 BCE could be E. conversidens or E. francisci. Toomey, R. S. (1993). Late Pleistocene and Holocene faunal and environmental changes at Hall's Cave, Kerr County, Texas (Doctoral dissertation).
25. ^ a b Feranec, R.S., & Kozlowski, A.L. (2010) AMS radiocarbon dates from Pleistocene and Holocene mammals housed in the New York state museum, Albany, New York, USA. Radiocarbon, 52(1), 205-208.
26. ^ Cione, A.L. et al. (2015). The GABI in southern South America. In The great American biotic interchange (pp. 71-96). Springer, Dordrecht.
27. ^ a b c d e f Kurtén, Björn; Anderson, Elaine (1980). Pleistocene mammals of North America. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-03733-4. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
28. ^ a b Mead, J.I. et al. (1986) Extinction of Harrington's mountain goat. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 83(4), 836-839.
29. ^ a b c d e f g h Faith, J.T. (2014) Late Pleistocene and Holocene mammal extinctions on continental Africa. Earth-Science Reviews, 128, 105-121.
30. ^ Barnosky, A. D., & Lindsey, E. L. (2010). Timing of Quaternary megafaunal extinction in South America in relation to human arrival and climate change. Quaternary International, 217(1-2), 10-29.
31. ^ Der Sarkissian, C. et al. (2015). Mitochondrial genomes reveal the extinct Hippidion as an outgroup to all living equids. Biology Letters, 11(3), 20141058.
32. ^ Villavicencio, N. A., Corcoran, D., & Marquet, P. A. (2019). Assessing the causes behind the Late Quaternary extinction of horses in South America using Species Distribution Models. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 7, 226.
33. ^ Ubilla, M., et al. (2018) Mammals in last 30 to 7 ka interval (Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene) in southern Uruguay (Santa Lucía River Basin): last occurrences, climate, and biogeography. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 25(2), 291-300.
34. ^ Samonds, K.E. 2007. Late Pleistocene bat fossils from Anjohibe Cave, northwestern Madagascar. Acta Chiropterologica 9(1):39–65.
35. ^ Labarca, R., & Alcaraz, M. A. (2011). Presencia de Antifer ultra Ameghino (= Antifer niemeyeri Casamiquela)(Artiodactyla, Cervidae) en el Pleistoceno tardío-Holoceno temprano de Chile central (30-35° S). Andean geology, 38(1), 156-170.
36. ^ Kosintsev, P. (2007). Late Pleistocene large mammal faunas from the Urals. Quaternary International, 160(1), 112-120.
37. ^ a b c d Wang, Y., Pedersen, M.W., Alsos, I.G. et al. Late Quaternary dynamics of Arctic biota from ancient environmental genomics. Nature (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04016-x
38. ^ Dantas, M.A.T., & Cozzuol, M.A. (2016) The Brazilian intertropical fauna from 60 to about 10 ka BP: taxonomy, dating, diet, and Paleoenvironments. In Marine Isotope Stage 3 in Southern South America, 60 KA BP-30 KA BP, pages 207-226.
39. ^ Cartelle, C., De Iuliis, G., & Pujos, F. (2015). Eremotherium laurillardi (Lund, 1842) (Xenarthra, Megatheriinae) is the only valid megatheriine sloth species in the Pleistocene of intertropical Brazil: A response to Faure et al., 2014. Comptes Rendus Palevol, 14(1), 15-23.
40. ^ Routledge, J. (2020). Ostrich Eggshell from the Far Eastern Steppe: Stable Isotopic Exploration of Range, Commodification, and Extirpation (Doctoral dissertation, Trent University (Canada)).
41. ^ Farmer, D. (2012) Avian Biology. Elsevier.
42. ^ Turvey, S.T. et al. (2021). Late Quaternary megafaunal extinctions in India: How much do we know?. Quaternary Science Reviews, 252, p. 106740.
43. ^ Remains assigned to Equus sp.; E. scotti is considered likely on the basis of size. A younger datation of E. scotti to 900-720 BCE is dubious according to Naughton (2003).
44. ^ Miño-Boilini, A. R., Carlini, A. A., Chiesa, J. O., Lucero, N. P., & Zurita, A. E. (2009). First record of Scelidodon chiliense (Lydekker)(Phyllophaga, Scelidotheriinae) from the Lujanian stage (late Pleistocene-early Holocene) of Argentina. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie-Abhandlungen, 253, 373-381.
45. ^ A younger datation to 3095-2775 BCE is considered dubious.
46. ^ Machado, H., & Avilla, L. (2019). The diversity of south American Equus: did size really matter?. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 7, 235.
47. ^ Younger datations to 5850-4350 BCE and 2350 BCE are considered unconfirmed and dubious by Tonni et al. (2003), respectively.
48. ^ Cordeiro de Castro, M. (2015). Sistemática y evolución de los armadillos Dasypodini (Xenarthra, Cingulata, Dasypodidae). Revista del Museo de La Plata|Sección Paleontología, 15.
49. ^ Krmpotic, C.M., Carlini, A.A., & Scillato-Yané, G.J. (2009) The species of Eutatus (Mammalia, Xenarthra): Assessment, morphology and climate. Quaternary International, 210(1-2), 66-75.
50. ^
A younger datation to 3750 BCE is not confirmed. Murchie, T.J., et al. (2021) Collapse of the mammoth-steppe in central Yukon as revealed by ancient environmental DNA. Nature Communications, vol. 12, no 1, p. 1-18.
51. ^ Leonard, J. A., Vilà, C., Fox-Dobbs, K., Koch, P. L., Wayne, R. K., & Van Valkenburgh, B. (2007). Megafaunal extinctions and the disappearance of a specialized wolf ecomorph. Current Biology, 17(13), 1146-1150.
52. ^ Wilson, Paul J.; Rutledge, Linda Y. (2021). "Considering Pleistocene North American wolves and coyotes in the eastern Canis origin story". Ecology and Evolution. 11 (13): 9137–9147.
53. ^ Cruz, L. E., Bargo, M. S., Tonni, E. P., & Figini, A. J. (2010). Radiocarbon date on megafauna from the late Pleistocene-early Holocene of Córdoba province, Argentina: stratigraphic and paleoclimatic significance. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas, 27(3), 470-476.
54. ^ Melis, S., Salvadori, S., & Pillola, G. L. (2010). SARDINIAN DEER: DERIVATIONS, FOSSIL DISCOVERIES AND CURRENT DISTRIBUTION. Present Environment & Sustainable Development, 4(2).
55. ^ Benzi, V. et al. (2007). Radiocarbon and U-series dating of the endemic deer Praemegaceros cazioti (Depéret) from "Grotta Juntu", Sardinia. Journal of archaeological science, 34(5), 790-794.
56. ^ Guerra Rodríguez, Carmen. "Avifauna del pleistoceno superior-holoceno de las Pitiusas: passeriformes y sus depredadores." (2015). Unpublished.
57. ^ Díaz-Sibaja, R. et al. (2020) A fossil Bison antiquus from Puebla, Mexico and a new minimum age for the Valsequillo fossil area. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 103, 102766.
58. ^ a b Gutiérrez, M.A. et al. (2010). Supervivencia diferencial de mamíferos de gran tamaño en la región pampeana en el Holoceno temprano y su relación con aspectos paleobiológicos. Zooarqueología a principios del siglo XXI: Aportes teóricos, metodológicos y casos de estudio. Ediciones del Espinillo, Buenos Aires, 231-242.
59. ^ Zurita, A. E. (2007). Sistemática y evolución de los Hoplophorini (Xenarthra: glyptodontidae: hoplophorinae. Mioceno tardío-Holoceno temprano). Importancia bioestratigráfica, paleobiogeográfica y paleoambiental. (Doctoral dissertation, Universidad Nacional de La Plata).
60. ^ Olson, Storrs L.; Suárez, William (20 April 2007). "The Cuban fossil eagle Aquila borrasi Arredondo: A scaled-up version of the Great Black-Hawk Buteogallus urubitinga (Gmelin)" (PDF). Journal of Raptor Research. 41 (4). Raptor Research Foundation: 288. doi:10.3356/0892-1016(2007)41[288:TCFEAB]2.0.CO;2.
61. ^ Orihuela, J., Viñola, L. W., Vázquez, O. J., Mychajliw, A. M., de Lara, O. H., Lorenzo, L., & Soto-Centeno, J. A. (2020). Assessing the role of humans in Greater Antillean land vertebrate extinctions: New insights from Cuba. Quaternary Science Reviews, 249, 106597.
62. ^ Stuart, A. J., Kosintsev, P. A., Higham, T. F., & Lister, A. M. (2004). Pleistocene to Holocene extinction dynamics in giant deer and woolly mammoth. Nature, 431(7009), 684-689. Claims of survival to 600-500 BCE are based on dubious interpretations of Scythian art.
63. ^ Lister, A. M., & Stuart, A. J. (2019). The extinction of the giant deer Megaloceros giganteus (Blumenbach): New radiocarbon evidence. Quaternary International, 500, 185-203.
64. ^ a b Bover, P. (2011). La paleontologia de vertebrats insulars de les Balears: la contribució de les excavacions recents. Endins: publicació d'espeleologia, 299-316.
65. ^ A datation to 3023-2809 BCE is considered dubious. Soibelzon, L.H. et al. (2012) Un Glyptodontidae de gran tamaño en el Holoceno temprano de la región Pampeana, Argentina. Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia, 15(1): 105-112.
66. ^ a b c d e f Stuart, A.J. (2021) Vanished Giants: The Lost World of the Ice Age. University of Chicago Press, 288 pages.
67. ^ Fernandez, P. et al. (2015). The last occurrence of Megaceroides algericus Lyddekker, 1890 (Mammalia, Cervidae) during the middle Holocene in the cave of Bizmoune (Morocco, Essaouira region). Quaternary International, 374, 154-167.
68. ^ Olson, S. L. (2008). A new species of large, terrestrial caracara from Holocene deposits in southern Jamaica (Aves: Falconidae). Journal of Raptor Research, 42(4), 265-272.
69. ^ Rodríguez-Flórez, C. D., Rodríguez-Flórez, E. L., & Rodríguez, C. A. (2009). Revisión de la fauna pleistocénica Gomphotheriidae en Colombia y reporte de un caso para el Valle del Cauca. Boletín Científico. Centro de Museos. Museo de Historia Natural, 13(2), 78-85
70. ^ Goodman, S. M., & Muldoon, K. M. (2016). A new subfossil locality for the extinct large Malagasy eagle Stephanoaetus mahery (Aves: Falconiformes): implications for time of extinction and ecological specificity. The Holocene, 26(6), 985-989. Claims of survival to 1500-1600 CE are not confirmed.
71. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg Hume, J.P. (2017) Extinct Birds. Bloomsbury Publishing, 560 pages.
72. ^ Iwaniuk, A.N., Olson, S.L., & James, H.F. (2009). Extraordinary cranial specialization in a new genus of extinct duck (Aves: Anseriformes) from Kauai, Hawaiian Islands. Zootaxa.
73. ^ a b c d e f g h i Burney, David A., et al. "A chronology for late prehistoric Madagascar." Journal of Human Evolution 47.1-2 (2004): 25-63.
74. ^ Stewart, M. et al. A taxonomic and taphonomic study of Pleistocene fossil deposits from the western Nefud Desert, Saudi Arabia. Quaternary Research, 2020, vol. 95, p. 1-22.
75. ^ Claims of survival to 1470-1445 BCE are based on interpretations of a painting from the Tomb of Rekhmire. Masseti, M. (2008). The most ancient explorations of the Mediterranean. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 4th Ser, 59(Suppl I), 1-18.
76. ^ Bover, P., et al. (2016). Closing the gap: new data on the last documented Myotragus and the first human evidence on Mallorca (Balearic Islands, Western Mediterranean Sea). The Holocene, 26(11), 1887-1891.
77. ^ Welker, F. et al. (2014). Analysis of coprolites from the extinct mountain goat Myotragus balearicus. Quaternary Research, 81(1), 106-116.
78. ^ Markova, A. K., Puzachenko, A. Y., Van Kolfschoten, T., Kosintsev, P. A., Kuznetsova, T. V., Tikhonov, A. N., ... & Kuitems, M. (2015). Changes in the Eurasian distribution of the musk ox (Ovibos moschatus) and the extinct bison (Bison priscus) during the last 50 ka BP. Quaternary International, 378, 99-110.
79. ^ a b c Boeskorov, G. G. (2006). Arctic Siberia: refuge of the Mammoth fauna in the Holocene. Quaternary International, 142, 119-123.
80. ^ a b c Cooke, S. B., Mychajliw, A. M., Southon, J., & MacPhee, R. D. (2017). The extinction of Xenothrix mcgregori, Jamaica's last monkey. Journal of Mammalogy, 98(4), 937-949.
81. ^ MacPhee, R.D., Iturralde-Vinent, M.A., & Vázquez, O.J. (2007). Prehistoric sloth extinctions in Cuba: Implications of a new "last" appearance date. Caribbean Journal of Science, 43(1), 94-98.
82. ^ Survival to 1350 CE reported by Turvey is not confirmed.
83. ^ a b Survival until 140-180 CE is not confirmed. Mead, J. I. et al. (2002) New extinct mekosuchine crocodile from Vanuatu, South Pacific. Copeia, 2002(3), 632-641.
84. ^ a b c Orihuela, J. (2019). An annotated list of Late Quaternary extinct birds of Cuba. Ornitología Neotropical, 30, 57-67.
85. ^ Chen, S. et al. (2010) Zebu cattle are an exclusive legacy of the South Asia Neolithic. Molecular biology and evolution, 27(1), 1-6.
86. ^ In Wrangel Island. Stuart, A.J. et al. (2002). The latest woolly mammoths (Mammuthus primigenius Blumenbach) in Europe and Asia: a review of the current evidence. Quaternary Science Reviews, 21(14-15), 1559-1569.
87. ^ Last dated in continental North America at 6390-6270 BCE (Naughton, 2003), with another unconfirmed record at 3750 BCE (Murchie et al., 2021).
88. ^ Last dated 3580-3480 BCE in Saint Paul Island. Graham, R.W. et al. (2016). Timing and causes of mid-Holocene mammoth extinction on St. Paul Island, Alaska. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(33), 9310-9314.
89. ^ Last dated 2150-1750 BCE in continental Eurasia (Wang et al., 2021).
90. ^ Nogués-Bravo, D., Rodríguez, J., Hortal, J., Batra, P., & Araújo, M. B. (2008). Climate change, humans, and the extinction of the woolly mammoth. PLoS Biol, 6(4), e79.
91. ^ Yang, D.Y. et al. (2008). Wild or domesticated: DNA analysis of ancient water buffalo remains from north China. Journal of Archaeological Science, 35(10), 2778-2785.
92. ^ Eisenmann, Véra; Sergej, Vasiliev (September 2011). "Unexpected finding of a new Equus species (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) belonging to a supposedly extinct subgenus in late Pleistocene deposits of Khakassia (Southwestern Siberia)". Geodiversitas. 33 (3): 519–530\. doi:10.5252/g2011n3a5. ISSN 1280-9659. S2CID 128625427.519-530&rft.date=2011-09&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128625427#id-name=S2CID&rft.issn=1280-9659&rft_id=info:doi/10.5252/g2011n3a5&rft.aulast=Eisenmann&rft.aufirst=Véra&rft.au=Sergej,+Vasiliev&rft_id=http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/g2011n3a5&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Timeline+of+extinctions+in+the+Holocene" class="Z3988">
93. ^ Hailer, F., James, H.F., Olson, S.L., & Fleischer, R.C. (2015). Distinct and extinct: genetic differentiation of the Hawaiian eagle. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 83, 40-43
94. ^ Anderson, A.; Sand, C.; Petchey, F.; Worthy, T. H. (2010). "Faunal extinction and human habitation in New Caledonia: Initial results and implications of new research at the Pindai Caves". Journal of Pacific Archaeology. 1 (1): 89–109. hdl:10289/5404.
95. ^ Steadman, D. W., Pregill, G. K., & Olson, S. L. (1984). Fossil vertebrates from Antigua, Lesser Antilles: evidence for late Holocene human-caused extinctions in the West Indies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 81(14), 4448-4451.
96. ^ "A new bird which humans drove to extinction discovered in Azores". Phys.org. 27 July 2017. Retrieved 22 October 2018.
97. ^ Crees, Jennifer J.; Turvey, Samuel T. (May 2014). "Holocene extinction dynamics of Equus hydruntinus, a late-surviving European megafaunal mammal". Quaternary Science Reviews. 91: 16–29\. Bibcode:2014QSRv...91...16C. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.03.003. ISSN 0277-3791.16-29&rft.date=2014-05&rft.issn=0277-3791&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.03.003&rft_id=info:bibcode/2014QSRv...91...16C&rft.aulast=Crees&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+J.&rft.au=Turvey,+Samuel+T.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Timeline+of+extinctions+in+the+Holocene" class="Z3988">
98. ^ Rando, J. C., & Alcover, J. A. (2010). On the extinction of the Dune Shearwater (Puffinus holeae) from the Canary Islands. Journal of Ornithology, 151(2), 365-369.
99. ^ Irwin, G. et al. (2011). Further investigations at the Naigani Lapita site (VL 21/5), Fiji: excavation, radiocarbon dating and palaeofaunal extinction. Journal of Pacific Archaeology, 2(2), 66-78.
100. ^ Raufuss, I., & von Koenigswald, W. (1999). New remains of Pleistocene Ovibos moschatus from Germany and its geographic and stratigraphic occurrence in Europe. Geologie en Mijnbouw, 78(3), 383-394.
101. ^ Gunn, A.; Forchhammer, M. (2016) [errata version of 2008 assessment]. "Ovibos moschatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T29684A86066477. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
102. ^ Hawkins, S. et al. (2016) Ancient tortoise hunting in the southwest Pacific. Scientific reports, 6(1), 1-6
103. ^ Çakırlar, C., & Ikram, S. (2016). 'When elephants battle, the grass suffers.' Power, ivory and the Syrian elephant. Levant, 48(2), 167-183.
104. ^ Goodman, S.M., Vasey, N., & Burney, D.A. (2007). Description of a new species of subfossil shrew tenrec (Afrosoricida: Tenrecidae: Microgale) from cave deposits in southeastern Madagascar. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 120(4), 367-376.
105. ^ Jones, T.L. et al. (2008) The protracted Holocene extinction of California's flightless sea duck (Chendytes lawi) and its implications for the Pleistocene overkill hypothesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(11), 4105-4108.
106. ^ a b Steadman, David W.; Pregill, Gregory K.; Burley, David V. (19 March 2002). "Rapid prehistoric extinction of iguanas and birds in Polynesia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 99 (6): 3673–7\. Bibcode:2002PNAS...99.3673S. doi:10.1073/pnas.072079299. PMC 122582. PMID 11904427.3673-7&rft.date=2002-03-19&rft_id=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC122582#id-name=PMC&rft_id=info:pmid/11904427&rft_id=info:doi/10.1073/pnas.072079299&rft_id=info:bibcode/2002PNAS...99.3673S&rft.aulast=Steadman&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rft.au=Pregill,+Gregory+K.&rft.au=Burley,+David+V.&rft_id=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC122582&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Timeline+of+extinctions+in+the+Holocene" class="Z3988">
107. ^ Survival to c. 1350 CE mentioned by Turvey not confirmed.
108. ^ Oswald, J. A., Allen, J. M., Witt, K. E., Folk, R. A., Albury, N. A., Steadman, D. W., & Guralnick, R. P. (2019). Ancient DNA from a 2,500-year-old Caribbean fossil places an extinct bird (Caracara creightoni) in a phylogenetic context. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 140, 106576.
109. ^ a b c Turvey, S.T; Oliver, J.R; Storde, Y.M Narganes; Rye, P (22 April 2007). "Late Holocene extinction of Puerto Rican native land mammals". Biology Letters. 3 (2): 193–6\. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0585. PMC 2375922. PMID 17251123.193-6&rft.date=2007-04-22&rft_id=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2375922#id-name=PMC&rft_id=info:pmid/17251123&rft_id=info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2006.0585&rft.aulast=Turvey&rft.aufirst=S.T&rft.au=Oliver,+J.R&rft.au=Storde,+Y.M+Narganes&rft.au=Rye,+P&rft_id=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2375922&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Timeline+of+extinctions+in+the+Holocene" class="Z3988">
110. ^ It is unconfirmed if remains of Equus sp. found in Bolshoy Baranov Cape and dated to 701-900 CE belong to this taxon (Boeskorov, 2006).
111. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Crowley, B. E. (2010). A refined chronology of prehistoric Madagascar and the demise of the megafauna. Quaternary Science Reviews, 29(19-20), 2591-2603.
112. ^ von den Driesch, A. et al. (2008). The hunt for wild dromedaries at the United Arab Emirates coast during the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC. Camel bones from the excavations at Al Sufouh 2, Dubai, UAE. MOM Éditions, 49(1), 487-497.
113. ^ Thomsen, S. B. K. The Mysterious Origins of the Dromedary.
114. ^ Pregill, G. K., & Steadman, D. W. (2014). The prehistory of terrestrial reptiles and birds in the Central Lau Group, Fiji. Bull. Fla. Mus. Nat. Hist., 53, 1-25.
115. ^ a b Vigne, Jean-Denis, Salvador Bailon, and Jacques Cuisin. "Biostratigraphy of amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals in Corsica and the role of man in the Holocene faunal turnover." Anthropologica 25.26 (1997): 587-604.
116. ^ Smith, A.T. & Johnston, C.H. (2008). "Prolagus sardus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T18338A8103116. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T18338A8103116.en.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
117. ^ Claimed survival until 1774 CE in Tavolara Island is based on the mention of 'giant burrow-making rats' by Francesco Cetti.
118. ^ Samuel T. Turvey; Kristoffer Bruun; Alejandra Ortiz; James Hansford; Songmei Hu; Yan Ding; Tianen Zhang; Helen J. Chatterjee (2018). "New genus of extinct Holocene gibbon associated with humans in Imperial China" (PDF). Science. 360 (6395): 1346–1349\. Bibcode:2018Sci...360.1346T. doi:10.1126/science.aao4903. PMID 29930136.1346-1349&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info:pmid/29930136&rft_id=info:doi/10.1126/science.aao4903&rft_id=info:bibcode/2018Sci...360.1346T&rft.au=Samuel+T.+Turvey&rft.au=Kristoffer+Bruun&rft.au=Alejandra+Ortiz&rft.au=James+Hansford&rft.au=Songmei+Hu&rft.au=Yan+Ding&rft.au=Tianen+Zhang&rft.au=Helen+J.+Chatterjee&rft_id=http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10047879/17/Turvey_gibbon_text_revised_20Apr2018%20Combined.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Timeline+of+extinctions+in+the+Holocene" class="Z3988">
119. ^ James, H. F., Stafford, T. W., Steadman, D. W., Olson, S. L., Martin, P. S., Jull, A. J., & McCoy, P. C. (1987). Radiocarbon dates on bones of extinct birds from Hawaii. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 84(8), 2350-2354.
120. ^ López-Jurado, L. F., & López Martínez, N. (1991). Presencia de la rata gigante extinguida de Gran Canaria (Canariomys tamarani) en una cueva de habitación aborigen.
121. ^ Rando, J.C. et al. (2013) A new species of extinct scops owl (Aves: Strigiformes: Strigidae: Otus) from São Miguel island (Azores archipelago, north Atlantic ocean). Zootaxa, 3647(2), 343-357.
122. ^ a b Wood, J.R., Scofield, R.P., Hamel, J., Lalas, C., & Wilmshurst, J.M. (2017). Bone stable isotopes indicate a high trophic position for New Zealand's extinct South Island adzebill (Aptornis defossor) (Gruiformes: Aptornithidae). New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 41(2), 240-244.
123. ^ Sometimes reported to have survived until Polynesian arrival c. 1280, though there is no direct dating to confirm this (Turvey, 2009); or the 1870s, following dubious reports of observations by Europeans (Hume, 2017).
124. ^ Claims of survival until Polynesian arrival c. 1280 not confirmed with direct dating (Turvey, 2009).
125. ^ Parejko, K. (2003). Pliny the Elder's silphium: first recorded species extinction. Conservation Biology, 17(3), 925-927.
126. ^ Unconfirmed live observation in 1860 (Turvey, 2009).
127. ^ Meador, L.R., et al. (2019) Cryptoprocta spelea (Carnivora: Eupleridae): what did it eat and how do we know?. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 26(2), 237-251.
128. ^ Zver, L., Toškan, B., & Bužan, E. (2021). Phylogeny of Late Pleistocene and Holocene Bison species in Europe and North America. Quaternary International, 595, 30-38.
129. ^ Worthy, Trevor H. (1 December 1987). "Palaeoecological information concerning members of the frog genus Leiopelma: Leiopelmatidae in New Zealand". Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 17 (4): 409–420\. Bibcode:1987JRSNZ..17..409W. doi:10.1080/03036758.1987.10426482. ISSN 0303-6758.409-420&rft.date=1987-12-01&rft.issn=0303-6758&rft_id=info:doi/10.1080/03036758.1987.10426482&rft_id=info:bibcode/1987JRSNZ..17..409W&rft.aulast=Worthy&rft.aufirst=Trevor+H.&rft_id=https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03036758.1987.10426482&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Timeline+of+extinctions+in+the+Holocene" class="Z3988">
130. ^ Youcef, S. A. M. (2020). African origins of modern asses as seen from paleontology and DNA: what about the Atlas wild ass?. Geobios, 58, 73-84.
131. ^ BollóK, Á., & Koncz, I. (2020). Sixth- and Seventh-Century Elephant Ivory Finds from the Carpathian Basin. The Sources, Circulation and Value of Ivory in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. Archaeologiai Értesítő, Vol. 1: 39-68.
132. ^ Espérandieu, G. (1996). Éléphant. Encyclopédie berbère, (17), 2596-2606.
133. ^ Survival until Polynesian arrival c. 1350 not confirmed (Turvey, 2009).
134. ^ MacPhee, R.D. E. (1999). Extinctions in near time: causes, contexts, and consequences. Springer. pp. 19–28, 394. ISBN 978-0-306-46092-0. Retrieved 29 February 2012.19-28,+394&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-306-46092-0&rft.aulast=MacPhee&rft.aufirst=R.D.+E.&rft_id=https://books.google.com/books?id=UZLuF1YXYTcC&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Timeline+of+extinctions+in+the+Holocene" class="Z3988">
135. ^ Hekkala, E., et al. Paleogenomics illuminates the evolutionary history of the extinct Holocene “horned” crocodile of Madagascar, Voay robustus (2021). Communications Biology, vol. 4, no 1, p. 1-11.
136. ^ a b Kirchman, Jeremy J. & Steadman, David. (2007). "New species of extinct rails (Aves: Rallidae) from archaeological sites in the Marquesas Islands, French Polynesia". Pacific Science. 61 (1): 145–163\. doi:10.1353/psc.2007.0008. hdl:10125/22605. S2CID 86793953. Archived from the original on 11 June 2014.145-163&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info:hdl/10125/22605&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86793953#id-name=S2CID&rft_id=info:doi/10.1353/psc.2007.0008&rft.au=Kirchman,+Jeremy+J.&rft.au=Steadman,+David.&rft_id=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-154868123.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Timeline+of+extinctions+in+the+Holocene" class="Z3988">(subscription required)
137. ^ a b c d e f Hansford, J.P. et al. (2021). Simultaneous extinction of Madagascar's megaherbivores correlates with late Holocene human-caused landscape transformation. Quaternary Science Reviews, 263, 106996.
138. ^ a b Morgan, Gary S., et al. "Late Quaternary fossil mammals from the Cayman Islands, West Indies." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2019.428 (2019): 1-82.
139. ^ a b Williams, E. (2017) Hippopotamus. Reaktion Books, 224 pages.
140. ^ Kehlmaier, Christian; Graciá, Eva; Ali, Jason R.; Campbell, Patrick D.; Chapman, Sandra D.; Deepak, V.; Ihlow, Flora; Jalil, Nour-Eddine; Pierre-Huyet, Laure; Samonds, Karen E.; Vences, Miguel; Fritz, Uwe (13 January 2023). "Ancient DNA elucidates the lost world of western Indian Ocean giant tortoises and reveals a new extinct species from Madagascar". Science Advances. 9 (2): eabq2574. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abq2574. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 9833658. PMID 36630487.
141. ^ Steadman, D., & Rolett, B. (1996). A chronostratigraphic analysis of landbird extinction on Tahuata, Marquesas Islands. Journal of Archaeological Science, 23(1), 81-94.
142. ^ Ainis, A. F., & Vellanoweth, R. L. (2012). Expanding the chronology for the extinct giant island deer mouse (Peromyscus nesodytes) on San Miguel Island, California, USA. The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology, 7(1), 146-152.
143. ^ a b Rando, J.C., & Alcover, J.A. (2008) Evidence for a second western Palaearctic seabird extinction during the last Millennium: the Lava Shearwater Puffinus olsoni. Ibis, 150(1), 188-192.
144. ^ A commonly cited 1658 account by Étienne de Flacourt could as well be of Mullerornis, or based on second-hand reports of fossil eggs. Buffetaut, E. (2018). Elephant Birds Under the Sun King? Etienne de Flacourt and the Vouron patra. Boletim do Centro Português de Geo-História e Pré-História, 1, 1.
145. ^ Tattersall, I. (1973) Cranial anathomy of the Archaeolemurinae (Lemuridae, Primates). American Museum of Natural History, 110 pages.
146. ^ a b Morales, J. et al. (2009) The impact of human activities on the natural environment of the Canary Islands (Spain) during the pre-Hispanic stage (3rd–2nd Century BC to 15th Century AD): an overview. Environmental Archaeology, 14(1), 27-36.
147. ^ Kehlmaier, C., Barlow, A., Hastings, A. K., Vamberger, M., Paijmans, J. L., Steadman, D. W., ... & Fritz, U. (2017). Tropical ancient DNA reveals relationships of the extinct Bahamian giant tortoise Chelonoidis alburyorum. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 284(1846), 20162235.
148. ^ a b c MacPhee, Ross DE, Clare Flemming, and Darrin P. Lunde. ""Last occurrence" of the Antillean insectivoran Nesophontes: new radiometric dates and their interpretation. American Museum novitates; no. 3261." (1999).
149. ^ Holdaway, R.N., Jones, M.D., & Athfield, N.R.B. (2002) Late Holocene extinction of the New Zealand owlet‐nightjar Aegotheles novaezealandiae. Journal of The Royal Society of New Zealand, 32(4), 653-667.
150. ^ Rando, Juan Carlos, et al. "Chronology and causes of the extinction of the Lava Mouse, Malpaisomys insularis (Rodentia: Muridae) from the Canary Islands." Quaternary Research 70.2 (2008): 141-148.
151. ^ Wood, J. R., and J. M. Wilmshurst. "Age of North Island giant moa (Dinornis novaezealandiae) bones found on the forest floor in the Ruahine Range." Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 43.4 (2013): 250-255.
152. ^ Iijima, M. et al. (2022) An intermediate crocodylian linking two extant gharials from the Bronze Age of China and its human-induced extinction. The Royal Society Publishing.
153. ^ a b c d e f g h Rawlence, N. J., and A. Cooper. "Youngest reported radiocarbon age of a moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) dated from a natural site in New Zealand." Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 43.2 (2013): 100-107.
154. ^ A 1872 report of a pet penguin in the Chathams has been sometimes interpreted as a member of this species, but this is not confirmed (Hume, 2017).
155. ^ Cole, Theresa L., et al. "Mitogenomes uncover extinct penguin taxa and reveal island formation as a key driver of speciation." Molecular biology and evolution 36.4 (2019): 784-797.
156. ^ a b Jacomb, Chris, et al. "High-precision dating and ancient DNA profiling of moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) eggshell documents a complex feature at Wairau Bar and refines the chronology of New Zealand settlement by Polynesians." Journal of Archaeological Science 50 (2014): 24-30
157. ^ A dubious observation of giant eagles in the 1870s has been claimed sometimes to be either this, or Eyles's harrier (Hume, 2017).
158. ^ Steadman, D. W., & Takano, O. M. (2013). A late-Holocene bird community from Hispaniola: refining the chronology of vertebrate extinction in the West Indies. The Holocene, 23(7), 936-944.
159. ^ Rawlence, Nicolas J., et al. "Radiocarbon-dating and ancient DNA reveal rapid replacement of extinct prehistoric penguins." Quaternary Science Reviews 112 (2015): 59-65.
160. ^ James, Helen F, Olson, Storrs L (2006) "A new species of Hawaiian finch (Drepanidini: Loxioides) from Makauwahi Cave. Auk 123(2): 335–344
161. ^ Paxinos, Ellen E., et al. mtDNA from fossils reveals a radiation of Hawaiian geese recently derived from the Canada goose (Branta canadensis). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2002, vol. 99, no 3, p. 1399-1404.
162. ^ "307±85 yr BP (95.4% AD 1451-1952)" (Rawlence & Cooper, 2013)
163. ^ In Tierra del Fuego. Last attested in the continent in 1232-1397 (Prevosti et al., 2015).
164. ^ Prevosti, Francisco J.; Ramírez, Mariano A.; Schiaffini, Mauro; Martin, Fabiana; Udrizar Sauthier, Daniel E.; Carrera, Marcelo; Sillero-Zubiri, Claudio; Pardiñas, Ulyses F. J. (November 2015). "Extinctions in near time: new radiocarbon dates point to a very recent disappearance of the South American fox Dusicyon avus (Carnivora: Canidae)". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 116 (3): 704–720\. doi:10.1111/bij.12625. hdl:11336/46106.704-720&rft.date=2015-11&rft_id=info:hdl/11336/46106&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111/bij.12625&rft.aulast=Prevosti&rft.aufirst=Francisco+J.&rft.au=Ramírez,+Mariano+A.&rft.au=Schiaffini,+Mauro&rft.au=Martin,+Fabiana&rft.au=Udrizar+Sauthier,+Daniel+E.&rft.au=Carrera,+Marcelo&rft.au=Sillero-Zubiri,+Claudio&rft.au=Pardiñas,+Ulyses+F.+J.&rft_id=https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fbij.12625&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Timeline+of+extinctions+in+the+Holocene" class="Z3988">
165. ^ Oswald, J. A., & Steadman, D. W. (2018). The late Quaternary bird community of New Providence, Bahamas. The Auk: Ornithological Advances, 135(2), 359-377.
166. ^ "370±38yr BP (95.4% AD 1464-1637)" (Rawlence & Cooper, 2013)
167. ^ BirdLife International (2017). "Chenonetta finschi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T62239833A119205634. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T62239833A119205634.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
168. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Bulweria bifax". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22728804A94997177. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728804A94997177.en. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
169. ^ Weksler, M.; Costa, L.M. (2019). "Noronhomys vespuccii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T136692A22333193. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T136692A22333193.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
170. ^ Weksler, M.; Tirira, D.G. (2019). "Megaoryzomys curioi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T136657A22330270. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T136657A22330270.en.
171. ^ Turvey, S.T.; Dávalos, L. (2018). "Isolobodon portoricensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T10860A22186876. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T10860A22186876.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
172. ^ Turvey, S.; Helgen, K. (2016). "Brotomys voratus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T3121A22205792. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T3121A22205792.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
173. ^ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Leiolopisma mauritiana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T11410A3277412. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T11410A3277412.en.
174. ^ IUCN
175. ^ BirdLife International (2017). "Tribonyx hodgenorum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T62274163A119207810. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T62274163A119207810.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
176. ^ BirdLife International (2017). "Bermuteo avivorus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T62183030A119208276. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T62183030A119208276.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
177. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Aegolius gradyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T62184893A95192681. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T62184893A95192681.en.
178. ^ BirdLife International (2017). "Nyctanassa carcinocatactes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T62286255A119207935. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T62286255A119207935.en. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
179. ^ In Poland. A possible but unconfirmed horncore dated to 1650-1750 was found in Bulgaria. Boev, Z. (2022) "The last Bos primigenius survived in Bulgaria (Cetartiodactyla: Bovidae)." Lynx, n.s., Vol. 52: 139-142 pgs.
180. ^ Tikhonov, A. (2008). "Bos primigenius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T136721A4332142. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T136721A4332142.en.
181. ^ a b c Lewis, C. A. (2008). The Late Glacial and Holocene avifauna of the island of St Helena, South Atlantic Ocean. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 63(2), 128-144.
182. ^ BirdLife International (2012). "Atlantisia podarces". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.{{cite iucn}}: old-form url (help)
183. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Upupa antaios". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22728670A94993541. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728670A94993541.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
184. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Zapornia astrictocarpus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22728760A94995685. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728760A94995685.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
185. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Mundia elpenor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22728746A94995240. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728746A94995240.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
186. ^ A 1976 sighting is unconfirmed (Burney et al., 2004).
187. ^ Van der Geer, A. et al. (2011) Evolution of Island Mammals: Adaptation and Extintion of Placental Mammals on Islands. John Wiley & Sons, 496 pages.
188. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Alopochen kervazoi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22729490A95017764. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22729490A95017764.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
189. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Falco duboisi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22731930A95038951. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22731930A95038951.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
190. ^ BirdLife International (2017). "Foudia delloni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T103811601A119552278. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T103811601A119552278.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
191. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Lophopsittacus mauritianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22728847A94998733. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728847A94998733.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
192. ^ BirdLife International (2017). "Dryolimnas augusti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T62258591A119207514. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T62258591A119207514.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
193. ^ BirdLife International (2017). "Nesoenas duboisi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
194. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Nycticorax duboisi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22728781A94996515. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728781A94996515.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
195. ^ Arroyo-Cabrales, J., & Polaco, O.J. (2008) Fossil bats from Mesoamerica. Arquivos do Museu Nacional, 66(1), 155-160.
196. ^ Pardiñas, U.F.J., & Tonni, E.P. (2000) A giant vampire (Mammalia, Chiroptera) in the Late Holocene from the Argentinean pampas: paleoenvironmental significance. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 160(3-4), 213-221.
197. ^ Hume, Julian Pender, David M. Martill, and Christopher Dewdney. "Dutch diaries and the demise of the dodo." Nature 429.6992 (2004): 1-1.
198. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Alopochen mauritiana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22728658A94993056. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728658A94993056.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
199. ^ BirdLife International (2012). "Aphanapteryx bonasia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012: e.T22728884A39099824. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22728884A39099824.en.
200. ^ Last reported in Mauritius in 1693 and in Réunion in 1672. http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/mascarene-coot-fulica-newtonii/text
201. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Fulica newtonii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22728769A94996050. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728769A94996050.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
202. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Nycticorax mauritianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22728777A94996372. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728777A94996372.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
203. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Anas theodori". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22728662A94993214. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728662A94993214.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
204. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Psittacara labati". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22728696A94993878. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728696A94993878.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
205. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Erythromachus leguati". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22728889A94999834. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728889A94999834.en.
206. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Mascarenotus murivorus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22728856A94999047. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728856A94999047.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
207. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Necropsar rodericanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22710836A94263302. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
208. ^ BirdLife International (2017). "Nesoenas rodericanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22728722A119206485. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22728722A119206485.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
209. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Nycticorax megacephalus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22728787A94996659. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728787A94996659.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
210. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Porphyrio caerulescens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728726A94994728.en. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
211. ^ Cheke, A. S. (1987). "An ecological history of the Mascarene Islands, with particular reference to extinctions and introductions of land vertebrates". In Diamond, A. W. (ed.). Studies of Mascarene Island Birds. Cambridge University Press. pp. 45–46\. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511735769.003. ISBN 978-0-521-11331-1.45-46&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info:doi/10.1017/CBO9780511735769.003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-11331-1&rft.aulast=Cheke&rft.aufirst=A.+S.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Timeline+of+extinctions+in+the+Holocene" class="Z3988">
212. ^ Tortoises were found in Round Island in 1844 and one was captured and transported to Mauritius, where it had hatchlings. The species and fate of these animals is unknown (Cheke & Hume, 2009).
213. ^ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Cylindraspis inepta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T6062A12385198. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T6062A12385198.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
214. ^ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Cylindraspis triserrata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T6064A12390055. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T6064A12390055.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
215. ^ A 1779 painting by Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton could depict this species (Hume, 2017).
216. ^ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1998). "Pausinystalia brachythyrsum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1998: e.T36157A9978900. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T36157A9978900.en. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
217. ^ In North America. Last remains in Europe date to 550 AD (Jones et al., 2012).
218. ^ Jones, M.L. et al. (2012) The Gray Whale: Eschrichtius robustus. Academic Press, 600 pages.
219. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Necropsittacus rodricanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22728851A94998888. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
220. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Pezophaps solitaria". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22690062A93259685. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22690062A93259685.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
221. ^ Domning, D. (2016). "Hydrodamalis gigas". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T10303A43792683. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T10303A43792683.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
222. ^ BirdLife International (2017). "Threskiornis solitarius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22728791A119423949. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22728791A119423949.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
223. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Lophopsittacus bensoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22728844A94998578. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728844A94998578.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
224. ^ Grice, H., Hall, P., Mega, N., Nunez-Bustos, E. & Freitas, A.V.L. 2018. Battus polydamas. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T110520503A110520514. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T110520503A110520514.en. Accessed on 27 June 2023.
225. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Cyanoramphus ulietanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22728673A94993704. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728673A94993704.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
226. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Alopecoenas ferrugineus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22691052A93301514. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22691052A93301514.en.
227. ^ BirdLife International (2017). "Raiatea Starling". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22734867A119212332. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22734867A119212332.en.
228. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Prosobonia ellisi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22728772A94996223. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728772A94996223.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
229. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Prosobonia leucoptera". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22693330A93396439. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22693330A93396439.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
230. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Amazona martinicana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22728705A94994181. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728705A94994181.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
231. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Amazona violacea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22728701A94994037. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728701A94994037.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
232. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Zapornia nigra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22728757A94995544. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728757A94995544.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
233. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Porphyrio albus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22692801A93370193. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22692801A93370193.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
234. ^ BirdLife International (2017). "Eclectus infectus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T62307504A119208554. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T62307504A119208554.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
235. ^ Kerley, G.; Child, M.F. (2017). "Hippotragus leucophaeus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T10168A50188573. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T10168A50188573.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
236. ^ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Cylindraspis peltastes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T6063A12388776. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T6063A12388776.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
237. ^ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Cylindraspis vosmaeri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T6065A12391587. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T6065A12391587.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
238. ^ Schuster, G.A.; Taylor, C.A.; Cordeiro, J. (2010). "Pacifastacus nigrescens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T15867A5247659. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T15867A5247659.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
239. ^ International), Graham Edgar (Conservation; Last (CSIRO), Peter; Tasmania), Rick Stuart-Smith (University of (1 May 2018). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Sympterichthys unipennis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018-05-01. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
240. ^ Rebelo, A.G. (2020). "Leucadendron grandiflorum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T113168368A185558142. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T113168368A185558142.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
241. ^ One egg was found in 1830, but it could have been from an Australian emu introduced in 1826, or a hybrid (Hume, 2017).
242. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Dromaius baudinianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22724449A94867311. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22724449A94867311.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
243. ^ In captivity. Last recorded in the wild in 1805 (Hume, 2017).
244. ^ Type specimen of unknown provenance. Birds of similar color were described by Tahiti natives in 1928, but were not observed by scientists. BirdLife International (2016). "Caloenas maculata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22734732A95095848. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22734732A95095848.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
245. ^ BirdLife International (2017). "Pomarea pomarea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22724444A119193265. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22724444A119193265.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
246. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Aplonis mavornata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22710499A94248417. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22710499A94248417.en.
247. ^ BirdLife International (2017). "Myadestes woahensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22708564A111775767. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22708564A111775767.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
248. ^ Unconfirmed sighting from 1837. Hume, J. P. (2011). "Systematics, morphology, and ecology of pigeons and doves (Aves: Columbidae) of the Mascarene Islands, with three new species". Zootaxa. 3124: 1–62. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3124.1.1. ISBN 978-1-86977-825-5. S2CID 86886330.
249. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Zapornia monasa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22692708A93366211. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22692708A93366211.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
250. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Aplonis corvina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22710496A94248268. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22710496A94248268.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
251. ^ There were unconfirmed reports from locals in 1890. BirdLife International (2017). "Carpodacus ferreorostris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22720622A111776645. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22720622A111776645.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
252. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Zoothera terrestris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22708535A94163698. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22708535A94163698.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
253. ^ The Reptile Database. The only known specimens were collected by Jules Dumont d'Urville during the Astrolabe expedition, which returned to France in that year.
254. ^ Allison, A., Hamilton, A. & Tallowin, O. (2012). "Tachygyia microlepis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012: e.T21286A2775072. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T21286A2775072.en.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
255. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Coua delalandei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22684143A93016420. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22684143A93016420.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
256. ^ Captive individual. Last seen in the wild in 1775 (IUCN).
257. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Mascarinus mascarin". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22685258A93065531. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22685258A93065531.en. (old version)
258. ^ Hamdine, W. et al. (1998) "Histoire récente de l'ours brun au Maghreb". C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Sciences de la Vie / Life Sciences, Vol. 321, pp. 565-570.
259. ^ Calvignac, S. et al. (2008) "Ancient DNA evidence for the loss of a highly divergent brown bear clade during historical times." Molecular Ecology, Vol. 17: 1962-1970.
260. ^ Unconfirmed sightings in 1937 and 1940 (IUCN).
261. ^ "Oahu Akialoa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Retrieved 4 July 2022.
262. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Fregilupus varius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22710840A94263439. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22710840A94263439.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
263. ^ BirdLife International (2017). "Moho apicalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22704329A111776064. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22704329A111776064.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
264. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Mascarenotus sauzieri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22728861A94999192. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728861A94999192.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
265. ^ Unconfirmed reports by natives until 1860. Pyle, R.L., and P. Pyle. 2017. The Birds of the Hawaiian Islands: Occurrence, History, Distribution, and Status. B.P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, HI, U.S.A. Version 2 (1 January 2017) http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/birds/rlp-monograph/pdfs/08-DREP/NUKU.pdf
266. ^ a b Cheke, A. & Hume, J.P. (2009) Lost land of the dodo: The ecological history of Mauritius, Réunion and Rodrigues. T & AD Poyser, London, 480 pages.
267. ^ Tsang, S.M. (2020). "Pteropus coxi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T84931267A95642285. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T84931267A95642285.en. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
268. ^ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Cylindraspis indica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T6061A12383518. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T6061A12383518.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
269. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Hypotaenidia dieffenbachii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22692455A93354540.
270. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Cyanoramphus zealandicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22685182A93061882. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22685182A93061882.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
271. ^ van Dijk, P.P.; Rhodin, A.G.J.; Cayot, L.J.; Caccone, A. (2017). "Chelonoidis niger". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T9023A3149101. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T9023A3149101.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
272. ^ Rookmaaker, L.C. & Groves, C.P. (1977) The extinct Cape rhinoceros, Diceros bicornis bicornis (Linnaeus, 1758). In Szugetierkundliche Mitteilwnge, pg. 117-126.
273. ^ BirdLife International (2017). "Prosobonia cancellata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T62289108A119208101. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T62289108A119208101.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
274. ^ There was an unconfirmed sighting in 1976. BirdLife International (2020). "Eriocnemis godini". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22687922A182244989. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22687922A182244989.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
275. ^ Watanabe, J., Matsuoka, H., & Hasegawa, Y. (2018). Pleistocene fossils from Japan show that the recently extinct Spectacled Cormorant (Phalacrocorax perspicillatus) was a relict. The Auk: Ornithological Advances, 135(4), 895-907.
276. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Urile perspicillatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22696750A93584099. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
277. ^ a b In captivity (IUCN).
278. ^ Lambdon, P.W. & Ellick, S. (2016). "Acalypha rubrinervis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T37854A67371775. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T37854A67371775.en.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
279. ^ Ng, H.H. (2020). "Chitala lopis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T157719927A89815479. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T157719927A89815479.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
280. ^ Some animals were said to survive in captivity until the 1870s, but these could have been imported from Australia (Hume, 2017).
281. ^ Captive individual. Last sightings in the wild happened between 1825 and 1854 (Hume, 2017).
282. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Nestor productus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22684834A93049105. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22684834A93049105.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
283. ^ Celestus occiduus at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 1 January 2022.
284. ^ BirdLife International. (2016). "Pinguinus impennis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22694856A93472944. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22694856A93472944.en. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
285. ^ "După 200 de ani, zimbrul se întoarce în Carpaţi FOTOGALERII". archive.is (in Romanian). 23 March 2012. Archived from the original on 23 March 2012.
286. ^ Tsang, S.M. (2020). "Pteropus allenorum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T84882966A84882990. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T84882966A84882990.en. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
287. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Chaetoptila angustipluma". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22704348A93964400. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22704348A93964400.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
288. ^ Reports from 1894 are likely of American mink expanding into the sea mink's former range (IUCN).
289. ^ Helgen, K. & Turvey, S.T. (2016). "Neovison macrodon". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T40784A45204492. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T40784A45204492.en.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
290. ^ Battiston, R. (2020). "Pseudoyersinia brevipennis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T44792108A44798207. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T44792108A44798207.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
291. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Chlorostilbon elegans". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22728709A94994346. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728709A94994346.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
292. ^ BirdLife International (2020). "Siphonorhis americana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22689738A178420953. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22689738A178420953.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
293. ^ In Réunion. Last seen in Mauritius in 1859 (IUCN).
294. ^ Mickleburgh, S.; Hutson, A.M.M.; Bergmans, W. & Howell, K. (2008). "Pteropus subniger". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T18761A8580195. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T18761A8580195.en. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
295. ^ Williams, M.C. (2020). "Deloneura immaculata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T6331A168301470. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T6331A168301470.en. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
296. ^ a b c d e Rossi, L., Scuzzarella, C. M., & Angelici, F. M. (2020). Extinct or Perhaps Surviving Relict Populations of Big Cats: Their Controversial Stories and Implications for Conservation. In Problematic Wildlife II (pp. 393-417). Springer, Cham.
297. ^ a b c d e f g Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O'Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.; Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z.; Tobe, S. (2017). "A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group" (PDF). Cat News (Special Issue 11).
298. ^ Only known by the holotype, though a scops owl of unknown species was filmed in Siau in 2017. http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/siau-scops-owl-otus-siaoensis/text
299. ^ Annual Report of the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture (1897), p. 334.
300. ^ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (2016).  "Cervus canadensis canadensis (Eastern Elk)" , fws.gov; retrieved 23 June 2017.
301. ^ Brook, S.M.; Pluháček, J.; Lorenzini, R.; Lovari, S.; Masseti, M.; Pereladova, O.; Mattioli, S. (2018). "Cervus canadensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T55997823A142396828. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T55997823A142396828.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
302. ^ Gill et al. (2013) Are elk native to Texas?
303. ^ "Hibiscadelphus bombycinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1998: e.T30774A9577547. 1998. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T30774A9577547.en.
304. ^ a b c Champion, J.H. (2020) Biogeography and phylogenetics of the Hawaiian endemic Hibiscadelphus, Hau Kuahiwi (Malvaceae).
305. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Coenocorypha barrierensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T62178398A95191768. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T62178398A95191768.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
306. ^ Battiston, R. (2020). "Ameles fasciipennis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T44791445A170111359. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T44791445A170111359.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
307. ^ Grubb, P., & d'Huart, J.P. (2010) Rediscovery of the Cape warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus: a review. Journal of East African Natural History, 99(2), 77-102.
308. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Gallinula nesiotis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22728763A94995836. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728763A94995836.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
309. ^ Two unconfirmed sightings in 2003 (IUCN).
310. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Pareudiastes pacificus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22692854A129449004. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22692854A129449004.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
311. ^ Bonaccorso, F.J.; Helgen, K.; Allison, A. (2019). "Pteropus pilosus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T18749A22086230.
312. ^ Tsang, S.M. (2020). "Pteropus brunneus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T18718A22078015. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18718A22078015.en. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
313. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Psittacula exsul". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22685465A93074571. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22685465A93074571.en.
314. ^ Unconfirmed kill in 1878. Renko, Amanda. "EXTINCT: Seeking a bird last seen in 1878". Star Gazette. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
315. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Camptorhynchus labradorius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22680418A92862623. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22680418A92862623.en.
316. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Coturnix novaezelandiae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22678955A92795779. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22678955A92795779.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
317. ^ Burbidge, A.A.; Woinarski, J. (2016). "Potorous platyops". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T18103A21960570. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T18103A21960570.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021. Database entry includes justification for why this species is listed as extinct
318. ^ Sillero-Zubiri, C. (2015). "Dusicyon australis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T6923A82310440. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T6923A82310440.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
319. ^ a b Unconfirmed sighting in 2010 (IUCN).
320. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Ophrysia superciliosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22679141A132051220. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22679141A132051220.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
321. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Chlorostilbon bracei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22687333A93148138. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22687333A93148138.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
322. ^ Turvey, S.T.; Helgen, K. (2017). "Oryzomys antillarum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T136540A22388029. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T136540A22388029.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
323. ^ Powell, R. (2011). "Cyclura onchiopsis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011. Retrieved 1 June 2019.
324. ^ Seddon, M.B. (2011). "Leiostyla lamellosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011: e.T11459A3279758. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T11459A3279758.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
325. ^ Seddon, M.B. (2011) [amended version of 2019 assessment]. "Pseudocampylaea lowii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011: e.T18487A152186128. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T18487A152186128.en. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
326. ^ Unconfirmed sighting in 1936 (Hume, 2017).
327. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Pterodroma caribbaea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22698097A132625182. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22698097A132625182.en.
328. ^ Cockburn, K.N.A. (2020). "Lepidochrysops hypopolia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T11537A168301541. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T11537A168301541.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
329. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab Miller, R.R., Williams, J.D., & Williams, J.E. (1989). Extinctions of North American fishes during the past century. Fisheries, 14(6), 22-38.
330. ^ Koeck, M. (2019). "Characodon garmani". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T4530A3000349. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T4530A3000349.en.
331. ^ Turvey, S.T.; Helgen, K. (2017). "Megalomys luciae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T12981A22377126. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T12981A22377126.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
332. ^ In captivity. Last seen in the wild between 1860 and 1865 (Bryden, 1889).
333. ^ Bryden, H. (1889). Kloof and Karoo. London: Longmans, Green and Co. pp. 393–403\. ASIN B00CNE0EZC.393-403&rft.pub=Longmans,+Green+and+Co&rft.date=1889&rft_id=https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00CNE0EZC#id-name=ASIN&rft.aulast=Bryden&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https://archive.org/details/kloofkarroosport00brydiala/page/392/mode/2up?q=quagga&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Timeline+of+extinctions+in+the+Holocene" class="Z3988">
334. ^ Hack, M.A.; East, R.; Rubenstein, D.I. (2008). "Equus quagga ssp. quagga". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T7957A12876306. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T7957A12876306.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
335. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Zapornia sandwichensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22692693A93364994. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22692693A93364994.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
336. ^ Millar, A.J.K. (Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney, Australia) (2003). "Vanvoorstia bennettiana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2003: e.T43993A10838671. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2003.RLTS.T43993A10838671.en.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
337. ^ Helgen, K.; Leary, T.; Wright, D (2016). "Uromys imperator". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22803A22447074. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T22803A22447074.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
338. ^ Helgen, K.; Leary, T.; Wright, D (2016). "Uromys porculus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22805A22446647. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T22805A22446647.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
339. ^ "Rhinoceros sondaicus Desmarest, 1822". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 13 May 2023.
340. ^ Walker, Brett (2008). The Lost Wolves of Japan. University of Washington Press.
341. ^ a b Knight, J. (1997) "On the extinction of the Japanese wolf." Asian Folklore Studies, Vol. 56, Nº1.
342. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Columba versicolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22690218A93265793. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22690218A93265793.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
343. ^ Burbidge, A.A.; Woinarski, J. (2016). "Lagorchestes leporides". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T11163A21954274. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T11163A21954274.en. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
344. ^ Tim Flannery; Peter Schouten (2001). A gap in nature. Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN 9780871137975.
345. ^ Fukui, D. & Sano, A. (2020). "Pipistrellus sturdeei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T17365A22123157. Retrieved 10 July 2020.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
346. ^ a b Acevedo, P., & Cassinello, J. (2009). Biology, ecology and status of Iberian ibex Capra pyrenaica: a critical review and research prospectus. Mammal Review, 39(1), 17-32.
347. ^ Unconfirmed report in 1984 (IUCN).
348. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Gallirallus lafresnayanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22692388A93351848. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22692388A93351848.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
349. ^ 1891 reports were based on hearsay (Taylor, 1979).
350. ^ Taylor, R.H. (1979) "How the Macquarie Island parakeet became extinct." New Zealand Journal of Ecology, pp. 42-45.
351. ^ Unconfirmed report from 2007. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/103823616/125584125#geographic-range
352. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Ixobrychus novaezelandiae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22697307A93607264. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697307A93607264.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
353. ^ Unconfirmed reports until 1995 (Hume, 2017).
354. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Rhodacanthis flaviceps". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22720745A94681389. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22720745A94681389.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
355. ^ BirdLife International (2017). "Akialoa lanaiensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T103823431A119549974. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T103823431A119549974.en. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
356. ^ Unconfirmed sighting in 1937 (IUCN).
357. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Ciridops anna". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22720840A94686158. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22720840A94686158.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
358. ^ A 1907 sighting is considered erroneous (IUCN).
359. ^ Leary, T.; Helgen, K.; Hamilton, S. (2020). "Nyctimene sanctacrucis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T14961A22008025. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T14961A22008025.en. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
360. ^ Turvey, S.T.; Dávalos, L. (2019). "Oligoryzomys victus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T15255A22357957. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T15255A22357957.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
361. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Poodytes rufescens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22728902A95000164. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728902A95000164.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
362. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Cabalus modestus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22728873A94999473. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728873A94999473.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
363. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Palaeornis wardi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22685437A93073309. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22685437A93073309.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
364. ^ Lees, D.C. (2010). "Urania sloanus Natural History Museum Species of the Day", April 16, 2010. Archived from the original February 21, 2015.
365. ^ Lees, D.C. & Smith, N.G. (1991). "Foodplants of the Uraniinae (Uraniinae) and their Systematic, Evolutionary and Ecological Significance". Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society. 45: 297-347. Retrieved August 3, 2015.
366. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Chloridops kona". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22728825A94998118. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728825A94998118.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
367. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Porphyrio mantelli". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22728833A94998264. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728833A94998264.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
368. ^ BirdLife International (2017). "Diaphorapteryx hawkinsi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22733394A119260892. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22733394A119260892.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
369. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Traversia lyalli". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22698593A93691279. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22698593A93691279.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
370. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Rhodacanthis palmeri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22720749A94681538. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22720749A94681538.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
371. ^ Unconfirmed sighting in 1911 (Glover, 1942).
372. ^ Glover, A. (1942), Extinct and vanishing mammals of the western hemisphere, with the marine species of all the oceans, American Committee for International Wild Life Protection, pp. 205-206.
373. ^ Prins, G. "Columba palumbus maderensis". Zoological Museum Amsterdam. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2010
374. ^ Heywood, N. C. "Gull Island Vole". Archived from the original on 17 March 2005.
375. ^ Turvey, S.T.; Helgen, K. (2017). "Megalomys desmarestii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T12980A22377057. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T12980A22377057.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
376. ^ Timm, R.; Álvarez-Castañeda, S.T.; Lacher, T. (2017). "Oryzomys nelsoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T15583A22388135. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T15583A22388135.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
377. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Drepanis pacifica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22720848A94686625. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22720848A94686625.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
378. ^ Boeskorov, G.G. (2003) The genetics of the modern moose and a review of its taxonomy. Cranium 20, Vol. 2: 31-45.
379. ^ Sipko, T.P. & Kholodova, M.V. (2009) Fragmentation of Eurasian moose populations during periods of population depression. Alces, Vol. 45: 25-34
380. ^ Platenberg R., Powell R. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Borikenophis sanctaecrucis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T40791A115177079. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T40791A71740001.en. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
381. ^ Freyhof, J.; Kottelat, M. (2008). "Coregonus hiemalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T135671A4175929. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T135671A4175929.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
382. ^ Lumsden, L.F.; Reardon, T.B. (2020). "Nyctophilus howensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T15006A22009211.
383. ^ NatureServe Explorer
384. ^ Unconfirmed report from 1977 (Hume, 2017).
385. ^ Unconfirmed reports from natives until the 1950s (IUCN).
386. ^ Burbidge, A.A.; Woinarski, J. (2016). "Chaeropus ecaudatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T4322A21965168. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T4322A21965168.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
387. ^ NatureServe
388. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Viridonia sagittirostris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22720784A94682950. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22720784A94682950.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
389. ^ Hochkirch, A. (2014). "Melanoplus spretus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T51269349A55309428.en.
390. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Mergus australis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22680496A92864737. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22680496A92864737.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
391. ^ Unconfirmed reports until 1970 (IUCN).
392. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Turnagra tanagra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22728820A94997902. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728820A94997902.en. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
393. ^ Wyatt KB, Campos PF, Gilbert MT, Kolokotronis SO, Hynes WH, et al. (2008). "Historical mammal extinction on Christmas Island (Indian Ocean) correlates with introduced infectious disease". PLOS ONE. 3 (11): e3602. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.3602W. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003602. PMC 2572834. PMID 18985148.
394. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Caracara lutosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22728892A94999996. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728892A94999996.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
395. ^ BirdLife International (2012). "Microgoura meeki". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012: e.T22691086A39248835. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22691086A39248835.en.
396. ^ Unconfirmed reports between 1910 and 1996. Yoshiyuki M., Imaizumi Y., Record of Canis hodophirax Temminck, 1839 captured in the garden of the Castle of Fukui, Fukui Prefecture, Japan.
397. ^ Ishiguro, Naotaka; Inoshima, Yasuo; Shigehara, Nobuo (2009). "Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of the Japanese Wolf (Canis Lupus Hodophilax Temminck, 1839) and Comparison with Representative Wolf and Domestic Dog Haplotypes". Zoological Science. 26 (11): 765–70
398. ^ Morita M., Yagi H., 2015, Size estimation of so-called "Chichibu wild dog" from photographs: comparison with known structures and application of super-impose method., ISSN 1345-1987, Animate (12), pp. 1–10 (pdf)
399. ^ Unconfirmed reports until 1963 (IUCN).
400. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Turnagra capensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22705595A94026176. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22705595A94026176.en. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
401. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Anthornis melanocephala". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22728814A94997726. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728814A94997726.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
402. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Drepanis funerea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22720852A94686803. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22720852A94686803.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
403. ^ Barrie, Heather; Robertson, Hugh (2005). The Field Guide to the Birds of New Zealand (Revised ed.). Viking.
404. ^ Unconfirmed sighting in 1963. Higgins, Peter Jeffrey; Peter, John M; Cowling, SJ, eds. (2006). Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Volume 7: Boatbill to Starlings, Part A: Boatbill to Larks. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
405. ^ Mey, Eberhard (1990): Eine neue ausgestorbene Vogel-Ischnozere von Neuseeland, Huiacola extinctus (Insecta, Phthiraptera). Zoologischer Anzeiger 224(1/2): 49-73
406. ^ Auld, T.; Weston, P. (2020). "Persoonia laxa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T113204000A113309830. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T113204000A113309830.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
407. ^ Day, David (1989). Vanished Animals. Gallery Books. p. 196\. ISBN 978-0-8317-2782-6.
408. ^ NatureServe
409. ^ In captivity. Last seen in the wild in 1879. Tadeusz Jezierski, Zbigniew Jaworski: Das Polnische Konik. Die Neue Brehm-Bücherei Bd. 658, Westarp Wissenschaften, Hohenwarsleben 2008
410. ^ "Hibiscadelphus wilderianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1998: e.T30397A9536660. 1998. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T30397A9536660.en.
411. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Quiscalus palustris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22724314A94859972. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22724314A94859972.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
412. ^ BirdLife International (2012). "Turnix novaecaledoniae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 18 July 2021.
413. ^ Possible but unconfirmed remains were found in the excrement of a cat in 2005 (IUCN).
414. ^ Vasconcelos, R. (2013). "Chioninia coctei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T13152363A13152374. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T13152363A13152374.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
415. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Hydrobates macrodactylus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22698530A132651919. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22698530A132651919.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
416. ^ Unconfirmed report in 1976 (IUCN).
417. ^ BirdLife International (2019). "Charmosyna diadema". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T22684689A156512185. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22684689A156512185.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
418. ^ In captivity. Last confirmed sighting in the wild in 1901. Greenberg, J. (2014) A Feathered River Across the Sky: The Passenger Pigeon's Flight to Extinction. New York: Bloomsbury USA. ISBN 978-1-62040-534-5.
419. ^ Unconfirmed sightings in the wild between 1902 and 1907. Fuller, E. (2014). The Passenger Pigeon. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-16295-9.
420. ^ Unidentified calls heard in 1960 could be of this species. Williams, G. R. & Harrison, M. (1972): The Laughing Owl Sceloglaux albifacies (Gray. 1844): A general survey of a near-extinct species. Notornis 19(1): 4-19.
421. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Sceloglaux albifacies". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22689496A93232295. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22689496A93232295.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
422. ^ Bangs, E.E. et al. (1982) "Effects of increased human populations on wildlife resources of the Kenai Peninsula." In Transsactions of the Forty-Seventh North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference, ed. Kenneth Sabol (Washington, D.C., 1982)
423. ^ Unconfirmed sighting in 1998 (Hume, 2017).
424. ^ IUCN
425. ^ a b BirdLife International (2016). "Aplonis fusca". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22710511A94249210. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
426. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Zosterops strenuus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22714223A94406811. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22714223A94406811.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
427. ^ In captivity. Last confirmed sighting in the wild in 1910, with unconfirmed reports until the 1930s (IUCN).
428. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Conuropsis carolinensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22685776A93087087. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22685776A93087087.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
429. ^ BirdLife International (2017). "Dysmorodrepanis munroi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22720738A111776369. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22720738A111776369.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
430. ^ a b Carbyn, L.N. et al. (1995) Ecology and conservation of wolves in a changing world. University of Alberta Press, 620 pages.
431. ^ a b c d e Chambers, S. M., Fain, S. R., Fazio, B., & Amaral, M. (2012). An account of the taxonomy of North American wolves from morphological and genetic analyses. North American Fauna, (77), 1-67.
432. ^ Marshallia grandiflora NatureServe
433. ^ Parker, W.T. (1990) Red Wolf Recovery Plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 110 pages.
434. ^ Freyhof, J.; Kottelat, M. (2008). "Coregonus fera". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T135627A4165119. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T135627A4165119.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
435. ^ A Biological Survey of North Dakota, Vernon, B. (1926) North American Fauna, Number 49: pp. 150–156.
436. ^ Cook (6 July 1964). "News Release" (PDF). Fish and Wildlife Service. United States Department of the Interior. p. I. Retrieved 26 January 2018. "Extinct Mammals of the United States: Plains wolf, Canus lupus nubilus (1926) — Great Plains"
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438. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Ptilinopus mercierii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22691495A93314660. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22691495A93314660.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
439. ^ BirdLife International (2017). "Himatione fraithii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T103829706A119553201. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T103829706A119553201.en.
440. ^ Gonzalez-Oliva, L. (2020). "Monteverdia lineata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T147088627A149821996. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T147088627A149821996.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
441. ^ NatureServe
442. ^ Storer, T.I. & Tevis, L.P. (1996) California Grizzly. University of California Press, 335 pages.
443. ^ Harper, F. (1945) Extinct and vanishing mammals of the Old World. American Committee for International Wild Life Protection, 850 pages.
444. ^ Álvarez-Castañeda, S.T.; Castro-Arellano, I. (2018). "Neotoma bryanti ssp. anthonyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T14576A124171511. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T14576A124171511.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
445. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Alopecoenas salamonis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22691056A93301654. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22691056A93301654.en. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
446. ^ Bashkirov, I. S. (1939). "Caucasian European Bison". Moscow: Central Board for Reserves, Forest Parks and Zoological Gardens, Council of the People's Commissars of the RSFSR: 1–72. [In Russian.]
447. ^ Puzek, Z.; et al. (2002). European Bison Bison bonasus: Current State of the Species and an Action Plan for Its Conservation. Bialowieza: Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences.
448. ^ Peter Maas. "Equus hemionus hemippus". The Extinction Website. Archived from the original on 6 May 2010. Retrieved 20 November 2009.
449. ^ Keir, M. (2020). "Ochrosia kilaueaensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T33562A83804687. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T33562A83804687.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
450. ^ Juillet, N. (2011). "Viola cryana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011: e.T165210A5990668. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T165210A5990668.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
451. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Gerygone insularis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22704724A93982219. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22704724A93982219.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
452. ^ "Scientific Illustration". Scientific Illustration. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
453. ^ Kerbis Peterhans, J. & Lavrenchenko, L. (2008). "Nilopegamys plumbeus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T40766A10363474. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T40766A10363474.en.
454. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Psephotellus pulcherrimus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22685156A93061054. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22685156A93061054.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
455. ^ Bates, M.F.; Jacobsen, N. (2018). "Tetradactylus eastwoodae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T21663A115653635. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T21663A115653635.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
456. ^ Lorvelec, Olivier; Pascal, Michel; Pavis, Claudie & Feldmann, Philippe (2007), "Amphibians and reptiles of the French West Indies: Inventory, threats and conservation", Applied Herpetology, 4 (2): 131–161, doi:10.1163/157075407780681356, S2CID 54651514131-161&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info:doi/10.1163/157075407780681356&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54651514#id-name=S2CID&rft.aulast=Lorvelec&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rft.au=Pascal,+Michel&rft.au=Pavis,+Claudie&rft.au=Feldmann,+Philippe&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Timeline+of+extinctions+in+the+Holocene" class="Z3988">
457. ^ de Lange, P.; Martin, T.; McCormack, G. (2014). "Acalypha wilderi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T199821A2612719. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T199821A2612719.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
458. ^ Unconfirmed report in 2002 (Hume, 2017).
459. ^ Mesterházy, A. (2020). "Scleria chevalieri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T140414966A140414986. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T140414966A140414986.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
460. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Hypotaenidia pacifica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
461. ^ Unconfirmed sightings in 1975 (IUCN).
462. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Pomarea nukuhivae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22732936A95052074. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22732936A95052074.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
463. ^ "People and nature on St Kilda". www.ihbc.org.uk. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
464. ^ Tirira, D.G.; Weksler, M. (2019). "Nesoryzomys darwini". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T14706A22390382. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T14706A22390382.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
465. ^ Álvarez-Castañeda, S.T.; Castro-Arellano, I.; Lacher, T. (2018). "Neotoma bryanti ssp. bunkeri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T14577A124171652. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T14577A124171652.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
466. ^ Platenberg, R.; de Queiroz, K.; Mahler, D.L. (2020). "Anolis roosevelti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T1319A18967413. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T1319A18967413.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
467. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Tympanuchus cupido". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22679514A92817099. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22679514A92817099.en.
468. ^ Rebecca Heisman (2016).  "Tympanuchus cupido cupido (Heath Hen)" , jstor.org; retrieved 23 June 2017.
469. ^ Rebelo, A.G.; Mtshali, H.; von Staden, L. (2020). "Leucadendron spirale". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T113166006A185559739. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T113166006A185559739.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
470. ^ Dulvy, N.K.; Kyne, P.M.; Finucci, B.; White, W.T. (2020). "Carcharhinus obsoletus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T115696622A115696628. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T115696622A115696628.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
471. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Moho nobilis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22704342A93964244. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22704342A93964244.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
472. ^ Tirira, D.G.; Weksler, M. (2019). "Nesoryzomys indefessus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T14708A22390443. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T14708A22390443.en. Retrieved 29 January 2025.
473. ^ Marini, A. & Talbi, M. (2008) Desertification and Risk Analysis Using High and Medium Resolution Satellite Data: Training Workshop on Mapping Desertification, Springer Science & Business Media, 274 pages.
474. ^ Freyhof, J.; Ford, M. (2022). "Salmo pallaryi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T61190A137327627. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T61190A137327627.en. Retrieved 29 January 2025.
475. ^ a b c Bergman, C. (2003). "10 - Partial List of Extinctions". Wild Echoes: Encounters with the Most Endangered Animals in North America. University of Illinois Press. p. 256\. ISBN 0-252-07125-5.
476. ^ Unconfirmed sightings between 1977 and 2011 (IUCN).
477. ^ Woinarski, J.; Burbidge, A.A. (2016). "Caloprymnus campestris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T3626A21961545. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T3626A21961545.en. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
478. ^ Salvador, A. (1985). Guía de campo de los anfibios y reptiles de la Península Ibérica, Islas Baleares y Canarias. Santiago García.
479. ^ La Isla de Las Ratas, Illa Redona, S'illa des Morts... Menorca.info
480. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Columba jouyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22690222A93265958. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22690222A93265958.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
481. ^ Unconfirmed reports in 1985 (Hume, 2017).
482. ^ Last dated in New Guinea in 3050 BCE. Louys, J.; Braje, T. J.; Chang, C.-H.; Cosgrove, R.; Fitzpatrick, S. M.; Fujita, M.; Hawkins, S.; Ingicco, T.; Kawamura, A.; MacPhee, R. D. E.; McDowell, M. C.; Meijer, H. J. M.; Piper, P. J.; Roberts, P.; Simmons, A. H.; van den Bergh, G.; van der Geer, A.; Kealy, S.; O'Connor, S. (2021). "No evidence for widespread island extinctions after Pleistocene hominin arrival". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 118 (20): e2023005118. Bibcode:2021PNAS..11823005L. doi:10.1073/pnas.2023005118. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 8157961. PMID 33941645.
483. ^ Last dated in mainland Australia in 1277-1229 BCE. White, L.C. et al. (2018) High-quality fossil dates support a synchronous, Late Holocene extinction of devils and thylacines in mainland Australia. Biology Letters, 14(1), 20170642.
484. ^ Last confirmed wild sighting in Tasmania in 1931. Sleightholme, Stephen R.; Gordon, Tammy J.; Campbell, Cameron R. (2020). "The Kaine capture - questioning the history of the last Thylacine in captivity". Australian Zoologist. 41: 1–11.
485. ^ Unconfirmed sightings between 1937 and 2000. Brook, Barry W.; Sleightholme, Stephen R.; Campbell, Cameron R.; Jarić, Ivan; Buettel, Jessie C. (2021). "Extinction of the Thylacine" (PDF). doi:10.1101/2021.01.18.427214. S2CID 231714223. `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)
486. ^ Burbidge, A.A.; Woinarski, J. (2016). "Thylacinus cynocephalus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T21866A21949291. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T21866A21949291.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
487. ^ Unconfirmed sighting in 1972 (Rossi, 2020).
488. ^ BirdLife International (2017). "Porphyrio paepae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T62263064A119207668. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T62263064A119207668.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
489. ^ Gonzalez-Oliva, L. (2020). "Banara wilsonii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T35254A149816104. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T35254A149816104.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
490. ^ Unconfirmed sighting in 1967 (Hume, 2017).
491. ^ Unconfirmed sighting in 1992. Bolgiano, C. & Roberts, J. (2005) The Eastern Cougar: Historic Accounts, Scientific Investigations, and New Evidence. Stackpole Books, 246 pages.
492. ^ "Northeast Region, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service".
493. ^ In captivity. Last seen in the wild in 1932 (IUCN).
494. ^ Duckworth, J.W.; Robichaud, W.; Timmins, R. (2015). "Rucervus schomburgki". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T4288A79818502. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-3.RLTS.T4288A79818502.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
495. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Turdus ravidus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22708835A129654803. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22708835A129654803.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
496. ^ Jong, Yvonne (28 October 2017). "Mount Kenya potto, a 'lost' subspecies". Wild Solutions.
497. ^ In captivity. Last confirmed wild sighting in 1924; unconfirmed sightings between 1943 and the 1970s (IUCN).
498. ^ Burbidge, A.A.; Woinarski, J. (2018) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Macropus greyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T12625A128952836. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T12625A21953169.en. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
499. ^ Verdecia, R. (2020). "Roystonea stellata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T38690A87708976. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
500. ^ Bogan, A.E.; et al. (Mollusc Specialist Group) (2000). "Epioblasma arcaeformis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2000: e.T7863A12858623. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T7863A12858623.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
501. ^ BirdLife International (2017). "Akialoa obscura". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22728910A119550231. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22728910A119550231.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
502. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Vanellus macropterus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22693962A129590644. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22693962A129590644.en.
503. ^ Unconfirmed sighting in 1966 (Boug & Islam, 2018).
504. ^ Boug, A. & Islam, M.Z. (2018) "Dating Saudi Arabian Desert Surface Assemblages with Arabian Ostrich Struthio camelus syriacus Eggshell by C14: Propositions for Palaeoecology and Extinction". Biodiversity International Journal, Vol. 2, Issue 1: 107-113.
505. ^ Tilden, J. W. (1956). "San Francisco's Vanishing Butterflies" (PDF). The Lepidopterists' News: 113–115.113-115&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Tilden&rft.aufirst=J.+W.&rft_id=http://images.peabody.yale.edu/lepsoc/jls/1950s/1956/1956-10(3-4)113-Tilden.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Timeline+of+extinctions+in+the+Holocene" class="Z3988">
506. ^ Mesterházy, A. (2020). "Eriocaulon inundatum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T140416589A140416594. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T140416589A140416594.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
507. ^ In captivity. Last confirmed sighting in the wild in 1929, a dubious one in 2004 (Hume, 2017).
508. ^ Unconfirmed sighting in 1956 (Rossi, 2020).
509. ^ Barnett, R.; Yamaguchi, N.; Barnes, I.; Cooper, A. (2006). "Lost populations and preserving genetic diversity in the lion Panthera leo: Implications for its ex situ conservation" (PDF). Conservation Genetics. 7 (4): 507–514\. Bibcode:2006ConG....7..507B. doi:10.1007/s10592-005-9062-0. S2CID 24190889. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 August 2006.507-514&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24190889#id-name=S2CID&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007/s10592-005-9062-0&rft_id=info:bibcode/2006ConG....7..507B&rft.au=Barnett,+R.&rft.au=Yamaguchi,+N.&rft.au=Barnes,+I.&rft.au=Cooper,+A.&rft_id=http://abc.zoo.ox.ac.uk/Papers/consgen06_lion.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Timeline+of+extinctions+in+the+Holocene" class="Z3988">
510. ^ Unconfirmed sightings in the 1960s (IUCN).
511. ^ Burbidge, A.A.; Woinarski, J. (2016). "Perameles eremiana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T16570A21965953. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T16570A21965953.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
512. ^ Unconfirmed recordings in 2008. Collins, Michael D. (2011). "Putative audio recordings of the Ivory-billed Woodpecker (Campephilus principalis)" (PDF). Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 129 (3): 1626–1630\. Bibcode:2011ASAJ..129.1626C. doi:10.1121/1.3544370. PMID 21428525.1626-1630&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info:pmid/21428525&rft_id=info:doi/10.1121/1.3544370&rft_id=info:bibcode/2011ASAJ..129.1626C&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rft_id=http://fishcrow.com/JASAv129p1626.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Timeline+of+extinctions+in+the+Holocene" class="Z3988"> supplemental material Archived 4 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine
513. ^ Collins, Michael D. (2017). "Video evidence and other information relevant to the conservation of the Ivory-billed Woodpecker (Campephilus principalis)". Heliyon. 3 (1): e00230. Bibcode:2017Heliy...300230C. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00230. PMC 5282651. PMID 28194452.
514. ^ a b BirdLife International (2020). "Campephilus principalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22681425A182588014. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
515. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Zapornia palmeri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22692672A93363618. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22692672A93363618.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
516. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Hypotaenidia wakensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22692447A93354203. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22692447A93354203.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
517. ^ Álvarez-Castañeda, S.T. (2018). "Peromyscus mekisturus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T16675A22362990. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T16675A22362990.en. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
518. ^ Unconfirmed sighting in 2011 (IUCN).
519. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Rhodonessa caryophyllacea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22680344A125558688. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22680344A125558688.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.{{cite iucn}}: |volume= / |doi= mismatch, |date= / |doi= mismatch (help)
520. ^ Turvey, S. & Helgen, K. (2008). "Geocapromys thoracatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T9003A12949306. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T9003A12949306.en. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
521. ^ FishBase team RMCA.; Geelhand, D. (2016). "Barbus microbarbis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T61247A47242030. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T61247A47242030.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
522. ^ Mesterházy, A. (2020). "Eriocaulon jordanii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T140416686A140416698. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T140416686A140416698.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
523. ^ Álvarez-Castañeda, S.T.; Castro-Arellano, I.; Lacher, T. (2018). "Neotoma bryanti ssp. martinensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T14580A124171713. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T14580A124171713.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
524. ^ Reid, J.W. (1996). "Afrocyclops pauliani". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T611A13066717. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T611A13066717.en. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
525. ^ Unconfirmed sighting in 1975 (IUCN).
526. ^ Lowry, L. (2017). "Zalophus japonicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T41667A113089431. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T41667A113089431.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
527. ^ Unconfirmed sighting in 1962. Adam, P.J. (2004) "Monachus tropicalis". Mammalian Species, Vol. 747, pp. 1-9.
528. ^ Kyle Baker; Jason Baker; Larry Hanse; Gordon T. Waring (March 2008). "Endangered Species Act 5-Year Review Caribbean Monk Seal (Monachus tropicalis)". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service.
529. ^ Lowry, L. (2015). "Neomonachus tropicalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T13655A45228171. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T13655A45228171.en.
530. ^ In Ilin. Last dated in Mindoro in 50 BCE (Louys et al., 2021).
531. ^ Gerrie, R. & Kennerley, R. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Crateromys paulus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T5501A115071934. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T5501A22415490.en.
532. ^ Fuentes, A.C.D.; Martínez Salas, E.; Samain, M.-S. (2020). "Faramea chiapensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T126612753A126613426. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T126612753A126613426.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
533. ^ Mamilov, N. (2020). "Schizothorax saltans". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T169838762A169838772. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T169838762A169838772.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
534. ^ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Evarra eigenmanni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T8432A12911760. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T8432A12911760.en. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
535. ^ Unconfirmed recording in 1997 (Hume, 2017).
536. ^ Cummings, K.; Cordeiro, J. (2011). "Alasmidonta mccordi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011: e.T780A13078346. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T780A13078346.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
537. ^ BirdLife International (2020). "Campephilus imperialis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22681417A179185354. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22681417A179185354.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
538. ^ a b Hoddle, M. A critical analysis of the extinction of Levuana iridescens in Fiji by Bessa remota. Department of Enthomology at U.C. Riverside.
539. ^ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Levuana irridescens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T11919A3315160. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T11919A3315160.en. As of 06/03/2020, IUCN's page lists this species name, last collection, and original range incorrectly.
540. ^ Finlayson, H.H. (1961). "On central Australian mammals. Part IV-The distribution and status of central Australian species". Records of the South Australian Museum. 14: 141–191.
541. ^ Burbidge, A.A.; Woinarski, J. (2016). "Onychogalea lunata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T15331A21957917. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T15331A21957917.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
542. ^ NatureServe (2013). "Noturus trautmani". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T14908A19032932. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T14908A19032932.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
543. ^ De-Yuan Hong & Stephen Blackmore (2015). The Plants of China. Cambridge University Press. p. 407\. ISBN 978-1107070172. Retrieved 1 May 2015.
544. ^ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1998). "Ormosia howii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1998: e.T32433A9706669. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T32433A9706669.en.
545. ^ a b c d Noecker, Robert J. "Endangered Species List Revisions: A Summary of Delisting and Downlisting" (PDF). CRS Report for Congress. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
546. ^ R. F. Thoma; J. Cordeiro & T. Jones (2010). "Procambarus angustatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010. Retrieved 4 October 2010.{{cite iucn}}: old-form url (help)
547. ^ Burbidge, A.A.; Woinarski, J. (2016). "Macrotis leucura". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T12651A21967376. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T12651A21967376.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
548. ^ Leite, Y. & Patterson, B. (2008). "Juscelinomys candango". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T10946A3228892. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T10946A3228892.en. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
549. ^ Sparks, J.S. (2016). "Pantanodon madagascariensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T15949A58297104. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T15949A58297104.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
550. ^ Nedoluzhko, A. V., Sharko, F. S., Tsygankova, S. V., Boulygina, E. S., Barmintseva, A. E., Krasivskaya, A. A., ... & Mugue, N. S. (2020). Molecular phylogeny of one extinct and two critically endangered Central Asian sturgeon species (genus Pseudoscaphirhynchus) based on their mitochondrial genomes. Scientific reports, 10(1), 1-7.
551. ^ Legler, J. & Vogt, R.C. (2013) The turtles of Mexico: Land and freshwater forms. University of California Press, 416 pages.
552. ^ Unconfirmed sighting in 2015 (IUCN).
553. ^ BirdLife International (2020). "Leucopeza semperi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22721873A180049729. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22721873A180049729.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
554. ^ BirdLife International (2017). "Paroreomyza flammea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22720823A119118273. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22720823A119118273.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
555. ^ "Du Toit's Torrent Frog". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). 18 December 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2022.
556. ^ Flores, D. (2016). "Cryptonanus ignitus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41320A22177809. Retrieved 30 January 2020.
557. ^ Pryce, D. (2021). "Sympetrum dilatatum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T21226A193512121. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
558. ^ Unconfirmed sighting in 2006 (Hume, 2017).
559. ^ "Eskimo Curlew Species Profile". Alaska Department of Fish and Game. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
560. ^ Smith, A. (2007). Eskimo Curlew.
561. ^ Sparks, J.S. (2016). "Ptychochromis onilahy". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T44504A58308545. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T44504A58308545.en. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
562. ^ Bruegmann, M.M. & Caraway, V. (2003). "Achyranthes atollensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2003: e.T44074A10847953. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2003.RLTS.T44074A10847953.en.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
563. ^ Torres, A.G.; Guerrero, R.D. III, Nacua, S.S.; Gimena, R.V.; Eza, N.D.; Kesner-Reyes, K.; Villanueva, T.R.; Alcantara, A.J.; Rebancos, C.M. (2020). "Barbodes disa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T18888A192625192. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18888A192625192.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
564. ^ Torres, A.G.; Guerrero, R.D. III, Nacua, S.S.; Gimena, R.V.; Eza, N.D.; Kesner-Reyes, K.; Villanueva, T.R.; Alcantara, A.J.; Rebancos, C.M. (2020). "Barbodes flavifuscus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T18889A192625334. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18889A192625334.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
565. ^ Torres, A.G.; Guerrero, R.D. III, Nacua, S.S.; Gimena, R.V.; Eza, N.D.; Kesner-Reyes, K.; Villanueva, T.R.; Alcantara, A.J.; Rebancos, C.M. (2020). "Barbodes lanaoensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T18892A192625785. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18892A192625785.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
566. ^ Torres, A.G.; Guerrero, R.D. III, Nacua, S.S.; Gimena, R.V.; Eza, N.D.; Kesner-Reyes, K.; Villanueva, T.R.; Alcantara, A.J.; Rebancos, C.M. (2020). "Barbodes pachycheilus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T4135A192624182. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T4135A192624182.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
567. ^ Torres, A.G.; Guerrero, R.D. III, Nacua, S.S.; Gimena, R.V.; Eza, N.D.; Kesner-Reyes, K.; Villanueva, T.R.; Alcantara, A.J.; Rebancos, C.M. (2020). "Barbodes palata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T20687A192626734. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T20687A192626734.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
568. ^ Torres, A.G.; Guerrero, R.D. III, Nacua, S.S.; Gimena, R.V.; Eza, N.D.; Kesner-Reyes, K.; Villanueva, T.R.; Alcantara, A.J.; Rebancos, C.M. (2020). "Barbodes resimus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T12751A192624320. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T12751A192624320.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
569. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Coenocorypha iredalei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22727515A94951415. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22727515A94951415.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
570. ^ Unconfirmed sighting in 1971 (IUCN).
571. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Tadorna cristata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22680021A92839214. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22680021A92839214.en.
572. ^ NatureServe
573. ^ NatureServe
574. ^ D. Pryce & L. White (2014). "Labidura herculeana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T11073A21425735. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T11073A21425735.en.
575. ^ IUCN (2008). "Mystacina robusta: O'Donnell, C". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2008.rlts.t14260a4427606.en.
576. ^ Bonaccorso, F.J.; Helgen, K.; Allison, A.; Wiles, G. (2020). "Pteropus tokudae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T18763A22088402. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18763A22088402.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
577. ^ "Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Removal of 23 Extinct Species From the Lists of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants". www.regulations.gov. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
578. ^ BirdLife International (2017). "Akialoa stejnegeri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T103823250A119550506. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T103823250A119550506.en. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
579. ^ a b Cummings, K.; Cordeiro, J. (2012). "Epioblasma torulosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012: e.T62262A3111385. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T62262A3111385.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
580. ^ Unconfirmed sightings in 1982-1983. "Search for the kouprey: trail runs cold for Cambodia's national animal". Phnom Penh Post, April 2006. Archived from the original on 2 February 2009. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
581. ^ Timmins, R.J.; Burton, J. & Hedges, S. (2016). "Bos sauveli". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T2890A46363360. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
582. ^ Mejía Guerrero, O. (2019). "Evarra bustamantei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T8431A3145702. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T8431A3145702.en. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
583. ^ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Evarra tlahuacensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T8433A12911859. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T8433A12911859.en. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
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590. ^ Torres, A.G.; Guerrero, R.D. III, Nacua, S.S.; Gimena, R.V.; Eza, N.D.; Kesner-Reyes, K.; Villanueva, T.R.; Alcantara, A.J.; Rebancos, C.M. (2020). "Barbodes truncatulus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T15634A192624604. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T15634A192624604.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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593. ^ Unconfirmed sighting in 1990 (Hume, 2017).
594. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Pristimantis anotis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T56423A109538689. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T56423A109538689.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
595. ^ Torres, A.G.; Guerrero, R.D. III, Nacua, S.S.; Gimena, R.V.; Eza, N.D.; Kesner-Reyes, K.; Villanueva, T.R.; Alcantara, A.J.; Rebancos, C.M. (2020). "Barbodes clemensi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T18886A192625045. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18886A192625045.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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598. ^ Torres, A.G., Guerrero, R.D. III, Nacua, S.S., Gimena, R.V., Eza, N.D., Kesner-Reyes, K., Villanueva, T.R., Alcantara, A.J. & Rebancos, C.M. (2020). "Barbodes tras". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T18901A90997500. Retrieved 3 January 2021.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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601. ^ Torres, A.G.; Guerrero, R.D. III, Nacua, S.S.; Gimena, R.V.; Eza, N.D.; Kesner-Reyes, K.; Villanueva, T.R.; Alcantara, A.J.; Rebancos, C.M. (2020). "Barbodes katolo". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T18891A192625645. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18891A192625645.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
602. ^ Torres, A.G.; Guerrero, R.D. III, Nacua, S.S.; Gimena, R.V.; Eza, N.D.; Kesner-Reyes, K.; Villanueva, T.R.; Alcantara, A.J.; Rebancos, C.M. (2020). "Barbodes manalak". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T18904A192626589. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18904A192626589.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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604. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Pomarea fluxa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22732926A95051671. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22732926A95051671.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
605. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Craugastor myllomyllon". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T56782A54369332.
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608. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Cynops wolterstorffi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T59445A63869216. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T59445A63869216.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
609. ^ In captivity. Last confirmed sighting in the wild in 1972; unconfirmed in 2007 (Rossi, 2020).
610. ^ Jean-Marc Hero, Sarah May, David Newell, Harry Hines, John Clarke, Ed Meyer (2004). "Taudactylus diurnus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004: e.T21530A9298760. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T21530A9298760.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
611. ^ Unconfirmed sighting in 2005 (IUCN).
612. ^ BirdLife International (2019). "Myadestes lanaiensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T22708574A155254449. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22708574A155254449.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
613. ^ "Roberts' Lechwe". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Retrieved 4 July 2022.
614. ^ Zhou, W. (2011). "Anabarilius macrolepis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011: e.T166049A6178632. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T166049A6178632.en. Retrieved 5 January 2018.
615. ^ In captivity. Last captured in the wild in 1979. Reichel, James D.; Lemke, Thomas O. (April 1994). "Ecology and Extinction of the Mariana Mallard". The Journal of Wildlife Management. Wiley. 58 (2): 199–205
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618. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Haematopus meadewaldoi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22693621A93415935. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22693621A93415935.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
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620. ^ Ed Meyer, David Newell, Harry Hines, Sarah May, Jean-Marc Hero, John Clarke, Frank Lemckert (2004). "Rheobatrachus silus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004: e.T19475A8896430. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T19475A8896430.en.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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622. ^ Torres, A.G.; Guerrero, R.D. III, Nacua, S.S.; Gimena, R.V.; Eza, N.D.; Kesner-Reyes, K.; Villanueva, T.R.; Alcantara, A.J.; Rebancos, C.M. (2020). "Barbodes amarus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T18882A192624745. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18882A192624745.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
623. ^ NatureServe (2013). "Gambusia georgei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T8891A18233501. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T8891A18233501.en.
624. ^ Alvarado, J.J. & Solis-Marin, F.A. (2012) Echinoderm research and diversity in Latin America. Springer Science & Business Media, 658 pages.
625. ^ Conroy, J., Melisch, R., & Chanin, P. (1998). The distribution and status of the Eurasian Otter (Lutra lutra) in Asia—a preliminary review. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin, 15(1), 15-30.
626. ^ "Japanese river otter declared extinct". Mainichi jp. Japan: The Mainichi Newspapers. 28 August 2012. Archived from the original on 1 September 2012. Retrieved 28 August 2012.
627. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Myiagra freycineti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22707354A94119161. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22707354A94119161.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
628. ^ Unconfirmed sighting in 2019. Everington, K. (2019). "'Extinct' Formosan clouded leopard spotted in E. Taiwan". Taiwan News.
629. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Nesillas aldabrana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22714587A94421643. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22714587A94421643.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
630. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Podilymbus gigas". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22696577A93572322. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22696577A93572322.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
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632. ^ Woinarski, J.; Burbidge, A.A.; Lumsden, L. (2016). "Crocidura trichura". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T136379A22304640. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T136379A22304640.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
633. ^ Unconfirmed reports until 1991 (IUCN).
634. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Myadestes myadestinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22708559A94165256. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22708559A94165256.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
635. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Pomarea mira". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22732931A95051873. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22732931A95051873.en.
636. ^ Jean-Marc Hero; Keith McDonald; Ross Alford; Michael Cunningham; Richard Retallick (2004). "Rheobatrachus vitellinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004: e.T19476A8897826. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T19476A8897826.en.
637. ^ Unconfirmed sighting in 1988 (IUCN).
638. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Tachybaptus rufolavatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22696558A93570744. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22696558A93570744.en.
639. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Atelopus senex". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T54549A54358350.
640. ^ Unconfirmed recording in 2018 (Rossi, 2020).
641. ^ a b Miththapala, S., Seidensticker, J., & O'Brien, S. J. (1996). Phylogeographic subspecies recognition in leopards (Panthera pardus): molecular genetic variation. Conservation Biology, 10(4), 1115-1132.
642. ^ Canada.ca
643. ^ In captivity. Last seen in the wild in 1980 (Walter, 1992).
644. ^ Walter, M.J. (1992) A Shadow and a Song: the struggle to save an endangered species. Chelsea Green Publishing Company, 238 pages.
645. ^ Unconfirmed sighting in 1998 (IUCN).
646. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Moho braccatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22704323A93963628. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22704323A93963628.en.
647. ^ Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group (1996). "Namibcypris costata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T14316A4431325. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T14316A4431325.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
648. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Loxops ochraceus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T103824084A104236054. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103824084A104236054.en. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
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651. ^ Savage, J., Pounds, J. & Bolaños, F. (2008). "Incilius periglenes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T3172A9654595. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T3172A9654595.en.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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653. ^ Unconfirmed sighting in 2009 (Hume, 2017).
654. ^ Goren, M. (2014). "Tristramella sacra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T61372A19010617. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T61372A19010617.en. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
655. ^ In captivity. Last confirmed sighting in the wild in 1943; unconfirmed sighting in 2008 (Hume, 2017).
656. ^ Torres, A.G.; Guerrero, R.D. III, Nacua, S.S.; Gimena, R.V.; Eza, N.D.; Kesner-Reyes, K.; Villanueva, T.R.; Alcantara, A.J.; Rebancos, C.M. (2020). "Barbodes baoulan". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T18884A192624901. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18884A192624901.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
657. ^ Alvarez, F.; López-Mejía, M.; Pedraza Lara, C. (2010). "Cambarellus alvarezi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T153825A4550209. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T153825A4550209.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
658. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group. (2020). "Oophaga speciosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T55201A54344718.
659. ^ Álvarez-Castañeda, S.T.; Lacher, T.; Vázquez, E. (2018). "Peromyscus guardia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T16664A22359973. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T16664A22359973.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
660. ^ Gerlach, J. (2009). "Pachnodus velutinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009: e.T40091A10304648. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T40091A10304648.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
661. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Atelopus chiriquiensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T54498A54340769.
662. ^ a b In captivity. Last captured in the wild in 1992 (IUCN).
663. ^ Coote, T. (2009). "Partula turgida". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009: e.T16331A5603037. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T16331A5603037.en.
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672. ^ Butchart, Stuart H.M.; Lowe, Stephen; Martin, Rob W.; Symes, Andy; Westrip, James R.S.; Wheatley, Hannah (1 November 2018). "Which bird species have gone extinct? A novel quantitative classification approach". Biological Conservation. 227: 9–18\. Bibcode:2018BCons.227....9B. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2018.08.014. ISSN 0006-3207. S2CID 91481736.9-18&rft.date=2018-11-01&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/j.biocon.2018.08.014&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:91481736#id-name=S2CID&rft.issn=0006-3207&rft_id=info:bibcode/2018BCons.227....9B&rft.aulast=Butchart&rft.aufirst=Stuart+H.M.&rft.au=Lowe,+Stephen&rft.au=Martin,+Rob+W.&rft.au=Symes,+Andy&rft.au=Westrip,+James+R.S.&rft.au=Wheatley,+Hannah&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Timeline+of+extinctions+in+the+Holocene" class="Z3988">
673. ^ In captivity. Unconfirmed wild sighting in 2018. https://www.theworldofchinese.com/2019/02/the-search-for-the-river-goddess/
674. ^ Turvey, Samuel T.; Pitman, Robert L.; Taylor, Barbara L.; Barlow, Jay; Akamatsu, Tomonari; Barrett, Leigh A.; Zhao, Xuijiang; Reeves, Randall R.; Stewert, Brent S.; Wang, Kexiong; Wei, Zhuo; Zhang, Xianfeng; Pusser, L.T.; Richlen, Michael; Brandon, John R. & Wang, Ding (7 August 2007). "First human-caused extinction of a cetacean species?". Biology Letters. 3 (5). Royal Society Publishing: 537–40\. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0292. PMC 2391192. PMID 17686754.537-40&rft.date=2007-08-07&rft_id=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2391192#id-name=PMC&rft_id=info:pmid/17686754&rft_id=info:doi/10.1098/rsbl.2007.0292&rft.aulast=Turvey&rft.aufirst=Samuel+T.&rft.au=Pitman,+Robert+L.&rft.au=Taylor,+Barbara+L.&rft.au=Barlow,+Jay&rft.au=Akamatsu,+Tomonari&rft.au=Barrett,+Leigh+A.&rft.au=Zhao,+Xuijiang&rft.au=Reeves,+Randall+R.&rft.au=Stewert,+Brent+S.&rft.au=Wang,+Kexiong&rft.au=Wei,+Zhuo&rft.au=Zhang,+Xianfeng&rft.au=Pusser,+L.T.&rft.au=Richlen,+Michael&rft.au=Brandon,+John+R.&rft.au=Wang,+Ding&rft_id=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2391192&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Timeline+of+extinctions+in+the+Holocene" class="Z3988">
675. ^ "Lipotes vexillifer (Baiji)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). 20 August 2017. Retrieved 4 July 2022.
676. ^ Coote, T. (2009). "Partula labrusca". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009: e.T16290A5597584. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T16290A5597584.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
677. ^ "Osgood's Ethiopian Toad". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Retrieved 4 July 2022.
678. ^ In captivity. Last wild individual died in 1994 (IUCN).
679. ^ Lambdon, P.W. & Ellick, S. (2016). "Nesiota elliptica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T37598A67372241. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T37598A67372241.en.
680. ^ "Psephurus gladius (Chinese Paddlefish)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). 24 October 2009. Retrieved 4 July 2022.
681. ^ "The Chinese paddlefish was reevaluated to be extinct". IUCN. 3 February 2016. Archived from the original on 23 August 2020.
682. ^ BirdLife International (2019). "Melamprosops phaeosoma". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T22720863A153774712. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22720863A153774712.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
683. ^ Emslie, R. (2020). "Diceros bicornis ssp. longipes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T39319A45814470. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T39319A45814470.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
684. ^ An unconfirmed sighting and recorded call took place in 2021. Ridout, Amy (12 January 2022). "Bird call raises hopes of finding the elusive kōkako". Stuff.
685. ^ BirdLife International (2019). "Callaeas cinereus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T103730380A156237250. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T103730380A156237250.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
686. ^ Kirwan, Guy (25 March 2022). "Cryptic Treehunter". Birds of the World.
687. ^ Torres, A.G.; Guerrero, R.D. III, Nacua, S.S.; Gimena, R.V.; Eza, N.D.; Kesner-Reyes, K.; David, E.B.; Bactong Jr.; M.A.; Villanueva, T.R.; Alcantara, A.J.; Rebancos, C.M. (2020). "Barbodes lindog". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T18903A192626347. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18903A192626347.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
688. ^ Woinarski, J.; Burbidge, A.A. (2016). "Melomys rubicola". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T13132A97448475. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T13132A97448475.en. Retrieved 20 February 2019.
689. ^ Purtill, James (20 February 2019). "An Australian rodent has become the first climate change mammal extinction". Triple J Hack. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 21 February 2019.
690. ^ Lumsden, L.F.; Racey, P.A.; Hutson, A.M. (2017). "Pipistrellus murrayi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T136769A518894. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T136769A518894.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
691. ^ Gersmann, Hanna (25 October 2011). "Javan rhino driven to extinction in Vietnam, conservationists say". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 October 2011.
692. ^ In captivity. Last individual captured from the wild in 1971 (IUCN).
693. ^ Cayot LJ, Gibbs JP, Tapia W, Caccone, A (2016). "Chelonoidis abingdonii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T9017A65487433.
694. ^ "Galápagos experts find a tortoise related to Lonesome George". The Guardian. 2 February 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
695. ^ In captivity. Last seen in the wild in 2010 (IUCN).
696. ^ González, A.V.; L.M. Estévez; Ma.E.A. Villeda; G. Ceballos (2018). "The extinction of the Catarina pupfish Megupsilon aporus and the implications for the conservation of freshwater fish in Mexico". Oryx. 54 (2): 1–7\. doi:10.1017/S003060531800056X.1-7&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info:doi/10.1017/S003060531800056X&rft.au=González,+A.V.&rft.au=L.M.+Estévez&rft.au=Ma.E.A.+Villeda&rft.au=G.+Ceballos&rft_id=https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS003060531800056X&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Timeline+of+extinctions+in+the+Holocene" class="Z3988">
697. ^ Cogger, H; Woinarski, J (2017). "Emoia nativitatis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T178595A101749951.en.
698. ^ Contreras-Balderas, S.; Ruiz-Campos, G.; Schmitter-Soto, J. J.; Díaz-Pardo, E.; Contreras-Mcbeath, T.; Medina-Soto, M.; Zambrano-González, L.; Varela-Romero, A.; Mendoza-Alfaro, R.; Ramírez-Martínez, C.; Leija-Tristán, M. A.; Almada-Villela, P.; Hendrickson, D. A.; Lyons, J. (2008). "Freshwater fishes and water status in México: A country-wide appraisal" (PDF). Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management. 11 (3): 246. doi:10.1080/14634980802319986. S2CID 85831531.
699. ^ In captivity. https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/extinction-countdown/rabbs-tree-frog-extinct/
700. ^ Call last heard in the wild in 2008 (IUCN).
701. ^ "Captain Cook's bean snail Partula faba".
702. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2019). "Ecnomiohyla rabborum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T85341796A54357363. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T85341796A54357363.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
703. ^ "Captain Cook's bean snail." Island Biodiversity. Accessed July 31, 2022.
704. ^ In captivity. Last captured in the wild in 1997 (Bowler, 2019).
705. ^ "Lonely George – A Hawaiian Tree Snail – Has Died, Taking His Species with Him". 9 January 2019.
706. ^ Gerlach, J. (2022). "Partula garrettii ssp. rustica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T16328A221882510. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T16328A221882510.en.

* v
* t
* e

Extinction

Phenomena|

* Background extinction rate
* Coextinction
* De-extinction
* Ecological extinction
* Extinct in the wild
* Functional extinction
* Genetic pollution
* Lazarus taxon
* Local extinction
* Pseudoextinction

Models|

* Extinction vortex

Causes|

* Climate variability and change
* Genetic erosion
* Invasive species
* Habitat destruction
* Human impact on the environment
* Muller's ratchet
* Mutational meltdown
* Overabundant species
* Overexploitation
* Overshoot
* Paradox of enrichment

Theories
and concepts|

* Extinction debt
* Extinction risk from climate change
* Extinction threshold
* Quasi-extinction
* Field of bullets
* Hypothetical species
* Latent extinction risk
* Living fossil

Extinction events|

| Major|

* Ordovician–Silurian
* Late Devonian
* Permian–Triassic
* Triassic–Jurassic
* Cretaceous–Paleogene
* Holocene
* Timeline

|

Other|

* Great Oxidation
* End-Ediacaran
* End-Botomian
* Dresbachian
* Cambrian–Ordovician
* Ireviken
* Mulde
* Lau
* Carboniferous
* Olson's
* End-Capitanian
* Carnian Pluvial
* Toarcian
* End-Jurassic or Tithonian
* Aptian
* Cenomanian-Turonian
* Eocene–Oligocene
* Middle Miocene
* Pliocene–Pleistocene
* Quaternary

Extinct species|

* Lists of extinct species
* IUCN Red List extinct species

Organizations|

* International Union for Conservation of Nature
* IUCN Species Survival Commission
* Extinction Rebellion
* Voluntary Human Extinction Movement

See also|

* Anthropocene
* Decline in amphibian populations
* Decline in insect populations
* Endling
* Extinction symbol
* Human extinction
* The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History

* Category
* Commons

*[c.]: circa
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