Timeline of longest spaceflights

Cosmonaut Valeri Polyakov looks out space station Mir's window during his 438-day flight in 1994–1995

Many of the first human spaceflights set records measured in hours and days, the space station missions of the 1970s and 1980s pushed this to weeks and months, and by the 1990s the record was pushed to over a year and has remained there into the 21st century.

A modern long-duration mission was the ISS year-long mission (2015–2016) aboard the International Space Station. The most significant issue in such missions is the effect of spaceflight on the human body, due to such factors as zero-g and elevated radiation.

## Record setting single-mission human stays

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Duration (days)  | Astronaut/Cosmonaut(s)  | Mission(s)  | Mission start  | Flight up  | Space Station  | Flight down  | Record achieved  | Mission end  | Record held (days)  | Source  | Notes

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437.75  | Valeri Polyakov | Mir EO-15  | January 8, 1994  | Soyuz TM-18 | Mir | Soyuz TM-20 | January 9, 1995  | March 22, 1995  | 11,147  | [1] | Current record
365.94  | Vladimir Titov
Musa Manarov | Mir EO-3 | December 21, 1987  | Soyuz TM-4 | Mir | Soyuz TM-6 | November 11, 1988  | December 21, 1988  | 2,250  | [2] |
326.48  | Yuri Romanenko | Mir EO-2 | February 5, 1987  | Soyuz TM-2 | Mir | Soyuz TM-3 | September 30, 1987  | December 29, 1987  | 408  | [3] |
236.95  | Leonid Kizim
Vladimir Solovyov
Oleg Atkov | Salyut 7 EO-3  | February 8, 1984  | Soyuz T-10 | Salyut 7 | Soyuz T-11 | September 6, 1984  | October 2, 1984  | 1,119  | [4] |
211.38  | Anatoly Berezovoy
Valentin Lebedev | Salyut 7 EO-1  | May 13, 1982  | Soyuz T-5 | Salyut 7 | Soyuz T-7 | November 14, 1982  | December 10, 1982  | 662  | [5] |
184.84  | Leonid Popov
Valery Ryumin | Salyut 6 EO-4  | April 9, 1980  | Soyuz 35 | Salyut 6 | Soyuz 37 | October 1, 1980  | October 11, 1980  | 774  | [6] |
175.02  | Vladimir Lyakhov
Valery Ryumin | Salyut 6 EO-3  | February 25, 1979  | Soyuz 32 | Salyut 6 | Soyuz 34 | July 15, 1979  | September 3, 1979  | 444  | [6] |
139.62  | Vladimir Kovalyonok
Aleksandr Ivanchenkov | Salyut 6 EO-2  | June 15, 1978  | Soyuz 29 | Salyut 6 | Soyuz 31 | September 20, 1978  | November 2, 1978  | 298  | [6] |
96.42  | Yuri Romanenko
Georgi Grechko | Salyut 6 EO-1 | December 10, 1977  | Soyuz 26 | Salyut 6 | Soyuz 27 | March 4, 1978  | March 16, 1978  | 200  | [7][8] |
84.05  | Gerald P. Carr
Edward G. Gibson
William R. Pogue | Skylab 4 | November 16, 1973  | CSM-118  | Skylab | CSM-118  | January 15, 1974  | February 8, 1974  | 1,509  | [9] |
59.46  | Alan L. Bean
Owen K. Garriott
Jack R. Lousma | Skylab 3 | July 28, 1973  | CSM-117  | Skylab | CSM-117  | August 25, 1973  | September 25, 1973  | 143  | [10] |
28.03  | Charles "Pete" Conrad, Jr.
Joseph P. Kerwin
Paul J. Weitz | Skylab 2 | May 25, 1973  | CSM-116  | Skylab | CSM-116  | June 17, 1973  | June 22, 1973  | 69  | [11][12] |
23.32  | Georgy Dobrovolsky
Vladislav Volkov
Viktor Patsayev | Soyuz 11 | June 6, 1971  | Soyuz 11 | Salyut 1 | Soyuz 11 | June 23, 1971  | June 29, 1971  | 725  | [11] | All three crewmembers died on return to Earth.[13][14]
17.71  | Andriyan Nikolayev
Vitaly Sevastyanov | Soyuz 9 | June 1, 1970  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | June 15, 1970  | June 19, 1970  | 373  | [15][16] | Soyuz 9 continues to hold the record for longest manned flight by a solo spacecraft.
13.77  | Frank Borman
Jim Lovell | Gemini 7 | December 4, 1965  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | December 12, 1965  | December 18, 1965  | 1,646  | [15][17] |
7.96  | L. Gordon Cooper, Jr.
Charles "Pete" Conrad, Jr. | Gemini 5 | August 21, 1965  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | August 26, 1965  | August 29, 1965  | 108  | [15][18][19] |
4.96  | Valery Bykovsky | Vostok 5 | June 14, 1963  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | June 18, 1963  | June 19, 1963  | 800  | [20][21] |
3.93  | Andriyan Nikolayev | Vostok 3 | August 11, 1962  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | August 12, 1962  | August 15, 1962  | 310  | [22][23] |
1.05  | Gherman Titov | Vostok 2 | August 6, 1961  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | August 6, 1961  | August 7, 1961  | 371  | [22][24] |
0.075  | Yuri Gagarin | Vostok 1 | April 12, 1961  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | April 12, 1961  | April 12, 1961  | 116  | [22][25] | First human spaceflight

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Hall, Rex & Shayler, David (2003). Soyuz: A Universal Spacecraft. Springer-Praxis. ISBN 978-1-85233-657-8.
2. ^ Pearlman, Robert (26 March 2015). "One Year in Space: A History of Ultra-Long Missions Off Planet Earth". Space.com. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
3. ^ Carroll, Michael (2015). Living Among Giants: Exploring and Settling the Outer Solar System. Springer. p. 195\. ISBN 978-3319106731.
4. ^ Pearlman, Robert (17 June 2010). "Cosmonaut Leonid Kizim, Who Visited 2 Space Stations in 1 Mission, Dies". Space.com. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
5. ^ "Soviet-era cosmonaut Anatoly Berezovoy, commanded Salyut space station, dies". collectSpace. 20 Sep 2014. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
6. ^ a b c Häuplik-Meusburger, Sandra (18 October 2011). Architecture for Astronauts: An Activity-based Approach. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9783709106679 – via Google Books.
7. ^ Kerrod, Robin (14 June 2017). Space Stations. Gareth Stevens. ISBN 9780836857108 – via Google Books.
8. ^ Pike, John. "Soyuz 26 and Soyuz 27". www.globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 2017-01-05.
9. ^ "Skylab Flight Summary". www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 2001-02-20. Retrieved 2017-01-04.
10. ^ "Second crew on Skylab: Breaking all records - Sen.com". Retrieved 2017-01-04.
11. ^ a b Time Magazine (12 July 1971). "Triumph and Tragedy of Soyuz 11". Time Magazine. Archived from the original on March 18, 2008. Retrieved 20 October 2007.
12. ^ "Skylab Mission 2". www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 2001-02-20. Retrieved 2017-01-04.
13. ^ "Salyut 1: The First Space Station". Space.com. Retrieved 2017-01-05.
14. ^ "The Soyuz 11 Decompression Accident: Death in Space". Space Safety Magazine. 2013-04-28. Retrieved 2017-01-05.
15. ^ a b c Belew, L. F.; Stuhlinger, E. (January 1973). "ch9". history.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2017-02-03.
16. ^ "Soyuz-9: New flight-duration record - Sen.com". Retrieved 2017-01-05.
17. ^ "Gemini 7". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 27, 2016. Retrieved 2017-01-05.
18. ^ Granath, Bob (3 August 2015). "Gemini V: Paving the Way for Long Duration Spaceflight".
19. ^ "Gemini 5". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on September 1, 2016.
20. ^ "Astronautic World Records: Spacecraft with one astronaut – General category". Fédération Aéronautique Internationale. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24.
21. ^ "NASA – NSSDCA – Spacecraft – Details". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2017-01-05.
22. ^ a b c Belew, L. F.; Stuhlinger, E. (January 1973). "ch9". history.nasa.gov.
23. ^ "Vostok 3". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on December 27, 2016. Retrieved 2017-01-05.
24. ^ "Vostok 2". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on October 30, 2016. Retrieved 2017-01-05.
25. ^ "The Most Extreme Human Spaceflight Records". Space.com. Retrieved 2017-01-05.

## See also

[edit]

* List of spaceflight records
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* Skylab 4

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