Timeline of science fiction

The starting point of science fiction depends on the definition used. By the broadest definition it began with the Epic of Gilgamesh (c. 2100 BCE), the oldest surviving work of fiction.[1] Seen here is the so-called Flood tablet.

This is a timeline of science fiction. While the date of the start of science fiction is debated, this list includes events included in timelines published by expert sources.[a]

## 16th century

[edit]

Year  | Event  | Ref.

|
|

1516  | Utopia by Thomas More is published.  | [C]: xx [E]: 16 [G]: XXII

## 17th century

[edit]

Year  | Event  | Ref.

|
|

1627  | New Atlantis by Francis Bacon is published.  | [C]: xx [G]: XXII
1634  | Somnium by Johannes Kepler is published.  | [C]: xx [E]: 16 [G]: XXII
1638  | The Man in the Moone by Francis Godwin is published.  | [C]: xx [E]: 16 [G]: XXII
1686  | Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds by Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle is published.  | [C]: xx [G]: XXII

## 18th century

[edit]

Lemuel Gulliver encountering the flying island of Laputa in Jonathan Swift's 1726 novel Gulliver's Travels Year  | Event  | Ref.

|
|

1726  | Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift is published.  | [D]: xiii [E]: 16 [F]: xix
1741  | Niels Klim's Underground Travels by Ludvig Holberg is published.  | [C]: xx [G]: XXII
1752  | Micromégas by Voltaire is published.  | [C]: xx [D]: xiii [G]: XXII
1771  | The Year 2440 by Louis-Sébastien Mercier is published.  | [C]: xx [D]: xiii [F]: xix [G]: XXII

## 19th century

[edit]

Mary Shelley, author of the 1818 novel Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus An alien invasion as featured in H. G. Wells' 1897 novel The War of the Worlds. Year  | Event  | Ref.

|
|

1805  | The Last Man by Jean-Baptiste Cousin de Grainville is published.  | [A]: 11 [B]: 36 [C]: xx [G]: XXII
1818  | Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus by Mary Shelley is published.  | [A]: 11 [B]: 36 [C]: xx [D]: xiv [E]: 16 [F]: xix [G]: XXII [H]: xv
1826  | The Last Man by Mary Shelley is published.  | [B]: 36 [C]: xx [D]: xiv [F]: xix [G]: XXII
1838  | The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket by Edgar Allan Poe is published.  | [A]: 11 [B]: 36 [G]: XXII
1864  | Journey to the Center of the Earth by Jules Verne is published.  | [A]: 11 [D]: xv [E]: 17 [F]: xix [G]: XXII
1865  | From the Earth to the Moon by Jules Verne is published.  | [A]: 11 [B]: 37 [C]: xx [E]: 17 [G]: XXII
1868  | The Steam Man of the Prairies by Edward S. Ellis, the first SF dime novel, is published.  | [A]: 11 [B]: 37 [D]: xv [G]: XXII
1869–1870  | Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas by Jules Verne is published in serial form.  | [A]: 11 [C]: xx [E]: 17 [F]: xix [G]: XXII
1871  | The Battle of Dorking by George Tomkyns Chesney is published.  | [A]: 11 [B]: 37 [C]: xx
The Coming Race by Edward Bulwer-Lytton is published.  | [A]: 11 [B]: 37 [C]: xx [G]: XXII
1872  | Erewhon by Samuel Butler is published.  | [A]: 11 [B]: 37 [E]: 17
Récits de l'infini by Camille Flammarion, a work of fiction expanding upon the concepts of extraterrestrial life previously covered in his 1864 non-fiction book Real and Imaginary Worlds, is published; these works are later compiled and published as Lumen in 1887.  | [C]: xx [D]: xv [F]: xix–xx [G]: XXII [2]
1876 onwards  | The Frank Reade dime novel series by Harry Enton, and later Luis Senarens, is published.  | [A]: 11 [B]: 37 [G]: XXII
1884  | Flatland by Edwin Abbott Abbott is published.  | [A]: 11 [D]: xvi [F]: xix
1886  | Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson is published.  | [A]: 11 [B]: 37 [D]: xvi [E]: 17 [F]: xix
1887  | A Crystal Age by W. H. Hudson is published.  | [A]: 11 [C]: xx [D]: xvi [G]: XXII
1888  | Looking Backward, 2000–1887 by Edward Bellamy is published.  | [A]: 11 [B]: 37 [C]: xx [D]: xvi [E]: 17 [F]: xx [G]: XXII
1889  | A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court by Mark Twain is published.  | [A]: 11 [C]: xx [D]: xvi [F]: xx [G]: XXII
1890  | News from Nowhere by William Morris is published.  | [C]: xx [D]: xvi [E]: 17 [F]: xx [G]: XXII
1895  | The Time Machine by H. G. Wells is published.  | [A]: 12 [B]: 37 [C]: xx [D]: xvii [E]: 17 [F]: xx [G]: XXIII [H]: xv
1896  | The Island of Doctor Moreau by H. G. Wells is published.  | [A]: 12 [C]: xx [D]: xvii [E]: 17 [F]: xx [G]: XXIII
1898  | The War of the Worlds by H. G. Wells is published.  | [A]: 12 [C]: xx [D]: xvii [E]: 17 [F]: xx [G]: XXIII [H]: xv

## 1900s

[edit]

Hand-coloured still frame from Georges Méliès's 1902 short film Le Voyage dans la Lune Year  | Event  | Ref.

|
|

1901  | The First Men in the Moon by H. G. Wells is published.  | [A]: 12 [B]: 42 [C]: xx [D]: xvii [F]: xx [G]: XXIII
The Purple Cloud by M. P. Shiel is published.  | [A]: 12 [C]: xx [D]: xvii [G]: XXIII
1902  | Georges Méliès shows the film A Trip to the Moon (Le Voyage dans la Lune).  | [A]: 12 [B]: 42 [E]: 17 [F]: xx [H]: xv
1904  | "The Country of the Blind" by H. G. Wells is published.  | [A]: 12 [B]: 42 [E]: 17
1905  | A Modern Utopia by H. G. Wells is published.  | [A]: 12 [D]: xvii [F]: xx
1907  | The Iron Heel by Jack London is published.  | [A]: 12 [B]: 43 [C]: xxi [G]: XXIII
1909  | The Machine Stops by E. M. Forster is published.  | [A]: 12 [C]: xxi [D]: xvii [F]: xx [G]: XXIII

## 1910s

[edit]

Modern Electrics, February 1912, featuring the serialization of Hugo Gernsback's Ralph 124C 41+ Year  | Event  | Ref.

|
|

1910  | Thomas Edison's film company produces Frankenstein.  | [A]: 12 [B]: 46 [F]: xx [H]: xv
1911  | Ralph 124C 41+ by Hugo Gernsback is published in serial form in Modern Electrics; it is published in book form in 1925.  | [A]: 12 [B]: 46, 51 [C]: xxi [D]: xviii [F]: xxi [G]: XXIII
The Hampdenshire Wonder by J. D. Beresford is published.  | [A]: 12 [B]: 46 [C]: xxi [D]: xviii [G]: XXIII
1912  | Under the Moons of Mars by Edgar Rice Burroughs is published.  | [A]: 12 [B]: 46 [C]: xxi [D]: xviii [G]: XXIII
The Lost World by Arthur Conan Doyle, which gives the name to the lost world subgenre of science fiction, is published.  | [A]: 12 [B]: 46 [D]: xviii [E]: 18 [G]: XXIII
1912–1914  | Darkness and Dawn by George Allan England is published in three separate serializations across 1912 and 1913, and in book form in 1914.  | [A]: 12 [C]: xxi [D]: xviii [G]: XXIII [3]
1918  | The Moon Pool by A. Merritt is published.  | [A]: 13 [C]: xxi [D]: xviii [G]: XXIII

## 1920s

[edit]

The Maschinenmensch from the 1927 film Metropolis Year  | Event  | Ref.

|
|

1920  | The play R.U.R. by Karel Čapek is published, introducing the word "robot". It is first performed in 1921.  | [A]: 13 [B]: 50 [C]: xxi [D]: xviii [E]: 18 [F]: xxi [G]: XXIII
1923  | The Clockwork Man by E. V. Odle is published.  | [B]: 50 [C]: xxi [G]: XXIII
Men Like Gods by H. G. Wells is published.  | [A]: 13 [B]: 50 [D]: xviii
Weird Tales is launched.  | [A]: 13 [D]: xviii [E]: 18 [G]: XXIII
Hugo Gernsback dedicates the August issue of Science and Invention to "scientifiction".  | [A]: 13 [B]: 50 [D]: xviii–xix [F]: xxi
1924  | We by Yevgeny Zamyatin is published.  | [C]: xxi [D]: xix [E]: 18 [F]: xxi [G]: XXIII
The film Aelita, based on the 1922 novel Aelita by Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy, is released.  | [B]: 50 [F]: xxi [H]: xv
1926  | Hugo Gernsback launches Amazing Stories, the first specialized science fiction magazine.  | [A]: 14 [B]: 51 [C]: xxi [D]: xix [E]: 18 [F]: xxi [G]: XXIII
1927  | Fritz Lang releases the film Metropolis.  | [A]: 14 [B]: 51 [C]: xxi [E]: 18 [F]: xxi [G]: XXIII [H]: xv
1928  | The Skylark of Space by E. E. Smith is published, launching the Skylark series.  | [A]: 15 [C]: xxi [D]: xix [E]: 19 [F]: xxi [G]: XXIII
1929  | Buck Rogers in the 25th Century begins publication as a comic strip.  | [B]: 51 [D]: xix [F]: xxi
Fritz Lang releases the film Woman in the Moon.  | [A]: 15 [B]: 51 [H]: xvi
Hugo Gernsback loses control of Amazing Stories alongside his other magazines as Experimenter Publishing goes bankrupt. He then launches the Wonder Stories family of magazines consisting of Science Wonder Stories, Air Wonder Stories, and Science Wonder Quarterly.  | [A]: 15 [D]: xix [F]: xxi

## 1930s

[edit]

First issue of Astounding Stories of Super-Science, dated January 1930. The cover art is by Hans Waldemar Wessolowski. Orson Welles interviewed by reporters after his 1938 radio adaptation of The War of the Worlds caused a panic. Year  | Event  | Ref.

|
|

1930  | Last and First Men by Olaf Stapledon is published.  | [A]: 16 [B]: 56 [C]: xxi [D]: xix [E]: 19 [F]: xxii [G]: XXIV
The Iron Star by John Taine is published.  | [C]: xxi [D]: xix [G]: XXIV
Astounding Stories of Super-Science begins publication.  | [A]: 16 [B]: 56 [C]: xxi [D]: xix [F]: xxii [G]: XXIV
The film Just Imagine is released.  | [B]: 56 [E]: 19 [F]: xxii [H]: xvi
The Comet, the first science-fiction fanzine, is launched.  | [A]: 16 [D]: xix [G]: XXIV
1931  | Abel Gance's film End of the World is released.  | [A]: 16 [G]: XXIV [H]: xvi
James Whale releases the film Frankenstein.  | [A]: 17 [B]: 56 [E]: 19 [G]: XXIV [H]: xvi
Astounding Stories of Super-Science changes its title to Astounding Stories.  | [A]: 17 [B]: 56 [F]: xxii
1932  | Brave New World by Aldous Huxley is published.  | [A]: 17 [B]: 56 [C]: xxi [D]: xix [E]: 19 [F]: xxii [G]: XXIV
1933  | "Shambleau" by C. L. Moore is published.  | [A]: 18 [D]: xx [F]: xxii
The film The Invisible Man, directed by James Whale and based on the 1897 novel by H. G. Wells, is released.  | [A]: 18 [B]: 56 [E]: 19
1934  | "Twilight" by John W. Campbell is published.  | [A]: 19 [D]: xx [G]: XXIV
"Sidewise in Time" by Murray Leinster is published.  | [A]: 18 [C]: xxi [D]: xx [F]: xxii [G]: XXIV
"A Martian Odyssey" by Stanley G. Weinbaum is published.  | [A]: 19 [C]: xxi [D]: xx [F]: xxii [G]: XXIV
"Triplanetary" by E. E. Smith is published, launching the Lensman series.  | [A]: 18 [B]: 56 [G]: XXIV
The Legion of Space by Jack Williamson is published, launching the Legion of Space series.  | [A]: 18 [B]: 56 [F]: xxii
The Flash Gordon comic strip begins publication.  | [B]: 56 [F]: xxii [G]: XXIV
1935  | Odd John by Olaf Stapledon is published.  | [C]: xxi [G]: XXIV [E]: 19
1936  | Things to Come, directed by William Cameron Menzies, is released.  | [A]: 20 [C]: xxi [E]: 19 [F]: xxii [G]: XXIV [H]: xvi
War with the Newts by Karel Čapek is published.  | [A]: 24 [B]: 57 [F]: xxiii
The first Flash Gordon film serial is released.  | [A]: 20 [B]: 57 [F]: xxii [H]: xvii
At the Mountains of Madness by H. P. Lovecraft is published.  | [A]: 20 [D]: xx [F]: xxii
Hugo Gernsback sells Wonder Stories, which is retitled Thrilling Wonder Stories.  | [A]: 20 [B]: 57 [F]: xxii–xxiii
1937  | John W. Campbell becomes editor of Astounding Stories, launching the so-called Golden Age of Science Fiction.  | [A]: 21 [B]: 57 [D]: xx [F]: xxiii [G]: XXIV
Star Maker by Olaf Stapledon is published.  | [A]: 21 [D]: xx [E]: 19 [F]: xxiii
1938  | "Helen O'Loy" by Lester del Rey is published.  | [A]: 23 [C]: xxi [G]: XXIV [E]: 19
Orson Welles produces a radio adaptation of The War of the Worlds, resulting in panic when it is mistaken for a news broadcast.  | [A]: 23 [B]: 57 [G]: XXIV
Superman first appears in the first issue of Action Comics.  | [D]: xx [E]: 19 [F]: xxiii [G]: XXIV
"The Legion of Time" by Jack Williamson is published.  | [A]: 22 [D]: xx [F]: xxiii
1939  | "Lest Darkness Fall" by L. Sprague de Camp is published in Unknown. It is published in an expanded novel form in 1941.  | [A]: 25 [C]: xxi [D]: xx [F]: xxiii [G]: XXIV [4]
The first annual World Science Fiction Convention is held in conjunction with the 1939 New York World's Fair.  | [A]: 25 [D]: xx [E]: 19 [F]: xxiii [G]: XXIV

## 1940s

[edit]

A depiction of Big Brother from a comic adaptation of George Orwell's 1949 novel Nineteen Eighty-Four Year  | Event  | Ref.

|
|

1940  | The Future History stories "If This Goes On—" and "The Roads Must Roll" by Robert A. Heinlein are published in Astounding Science Fiction.  | [A]: 26–27 [C]: xxi [D]: xx [F]: xxiii [G]: XXIV [5]
Slan by A. E. van Vogt is published as a serial; it is later published in book form in 1946.  | [A]: 27, 32 [B]: 65 [C]: xxi [D]: xx [F]: xxiii [G]: XXIV
1941  | "Nightfall" by Isaac Asimov is published.  | [A]: 28 [C]: xxi [F]: xxiii [G]: XXV
1942  | "Foundation" by Isaac Asimov, the first story in what would become the 1951 fix-up novel Foundation and later the broader Foundation series, is published.  | [A]: 29 [C]: xxi [D]: xxi [E]: 20 [F]: xxiv [G]: XXV
Beyond This Horizon by Robert A. Heinlein is published.  | [B]: 64 [C]: xxi [G]: XXV
1944  | "City" by Clifford D. Simak, the first story in what would become the 1952 fix-up novel City, is published.  | [A]: 31 [B]: 64 [C]: xxii [D]: xxi [F]: xxiv [G]: XXV
Sirius by Olaf Stapledon is published.  | [A]: 31 [B]: 64 [E]: 19
1945  | "First Contact" by Murray Leinster is published.  | [A]: 31 [C]: xxii [F]: xxiv [G]: XXV
The World of Null-A by A. E. van Vogt is published as a serial; it is later published in book form in 1948.  | [A]: 31 [B]: 65 [F]: xxiv
1946  | The Best of Science Fiction anthology, edited by Groff Conklin, is published.  | [A]: 32 [C]: xxii [D]: xxi [G]: XXV
Adventures in Time and Space, an anthology edited by Raymond J. Healy and J. Francis McComas, is published.  | [A]: 32 [B]: 65 [C]: xxii [D]: xxi [G]: XXV
1947  | Rocket Ship Galileo by Robert A. Heinlein, the first of his juvenile novels, is published.  | [C]: xxii [F]: xxiv [G]: XXV
1949  | The Best Science Fiction Stories, an anthology edited by E. F. Bleiler and T. E. Dikty, is published.  | [A]: 35 [C]: xxii [G]: XXV
Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell is published.  | [A]: 35 [B]: 65 [C]: xxii [D]: xxi [E]: 20 [F]: xxiv [G]: XXV
Earth Abides by George R. Stewart is published.  | [B]: 65 [C]: xxii [G]: XXV
The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction begins publication.  | [A]: 35 [B]: 65 [C]: xxii [D]: xxi [F]: xxiv [G]: XXV

## 1950s

[edit]

Year  | Event  | Ref.

|
|

1950  | I, Robot by Isaac Asimov, a fix-up of stories in his Robot series, is published.  | [C]: xxii [E]: 20 [F]: xxv [G]: XXV
The Martian Chronicles by Ray Bradbury is published.  | [A]: 36 [C]: xxii [D]: xxi [E]: 20 [F]: xxv [G]: XXV
Galaxy Science Fiction begins publication.  | [A]: 37 [B]: 68 [C]: xxii [D]: xxi [G]: XXV
The film Destination Moon, directed by Irving Pichel, is released.  | [A]: 36 [B]: 68 [C]: xxii [E]: 20 [F]: xxv [G]: XXV [H]: xvii
1951  | The Day of the Triffids by John Wyndham is published.  | [A]: 39 [C]: xxii [E]: 20 [G]: XXV
The film The Day the Earth Stood Still is released.  | [A]: 38 [E]: 20 [G]: XXV [H]: xvii
The film When Worlds Collide is released.  | [A]: 38 [E]: 20 [H]: xvii
1952  | The Space Merchants by Frederik Pohl and Cyril M. Kornbluth is published in serial form as Gravy Planet; it is published in book form in 1953.  | [A]: 40 [C]: xxii [D]: xxii [F]: xxv [G]: XXVI
1953  | The Demolished Man by Alfred Bester is published and wins the first Hugo Award for Best Novel.  | [D]: xxii [E]: 20 [F]: xxv [G]: XXV
Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury is published.  | [A]: 42 [C]: xxii [E]: 20 [F]: xxv [G]: XXV
Childhood's End by Arthur C. Clarke is published.  | [A]: 42 [C]: xxii [E]: 20 [F]: xxv [G]: XXV
Mission of Gravity by Hal Clement is published in serial form; it is published in book form in 1954.  | [A]: 42 [C]: xxii [D]: xxii [F]: xxvi [G]: XXV–XXVI
Bring the Jubilee by Ward Moore is published.  | [A]: 42 [C]: xxii [F]: xxv [G]: XXV
More Than Human by Theodore Sturgeon is published.  | [A]: 42 [C]: xxii [D]: xxii [G]: XXVI
The 11th World Science Fiction Convention awards the first Hugo Awards (named after Hugo Gernsback).  | [A]: 43 [B]: 68 [F]: xxv
The film The War of the Worlds is released.  | [A]: 43 [E]: 20 [G]: XXVI [H]: xvii
1954  | The Caves of Steel by Isaac Asimov is published.  | [C]: xxii [F]: xxv–xxvi [G]: XXVI
I Am Legend by Richard Matheson is published.  | [A]: 44 [F]: xxvi [G]: XXVI
"The Cold Equations" by Tom Godwin is published.  | [A]: 45 [C]: xxii [D]: xxii [G]: XXVI
The film Them! is released.  | [A]: 45 [B]: 68 [H]: xviii
1955  | Earthman, Come Home by James Blish is published.  | [A]: 46 [C]: xxii [E]: 20 [G]: XXVI
"A Canticle for Leibowitz" by Walter M. Miller Jr., the first story in what would become the 1959 fix-up novel A Canticle for Leibowitz, is published.  | [A]: 46, 51 [C]: xxiii [D]: xxiii [E]: 21 [F]: xxvii [G]: XXVII [6]
The End of Eternity by Isaac Asimov is published.  | [A]: 46 [F]: xxvi [G]: XXVI
The film This Island Earth is released.  | [A]: 46 [B]: 69 [E]: 20 [G]: XXVI [H]: xviii
1956  | The Stars My Destination (a.k.a. Tiger! Tiger!) by Alfred Bester is published.  | [A]: 47 [B]: 69 [C]: xxiii [D]: xxii [F]: xxvi [G]: XXVI
Double Star by Robert A. Heinlein is published.  | [A]: 47 [C]: xxiii [F]: xxvi [G]: XXVI
The film Invasion of the Body Snatchers is released.  | [A]: 47 [C]: xxiii [E]: 21 [G]: XXVI [H]: xviii
The film Forbidden Planet is released.  | [A]: 46 [B]: 69 [C]: xxiii [E]: 21 [G]: XXVI [H]: xviii
The first annual Milford Science Fiction Writers' Conference is organized by Damon Knight, James Blish, and Judith Merril.  | [A]: 47 [D]: xxii [F]: xxvi
1957  | Atlas Shrugged by Ayn Rand is published.  | [A]: 48 [D]: xxii [G]: XXVI
1958  | Non-Stop (a.k.a. Starship) by Brian Aldiss is published.  | [C]: xxiii [F]: xxvi [G]: XXVI
Andromeda: A Space-Age Tale by Ivan Yefremov is published.  | [C]: xxiii [D]: xxii [F]: xxvi [G]: XXVI
1959  | Time Out of Joint by Philip K. Dick is published.  | [C]: xxiii [E]: 21 [F]: xxvi [G]: XXVI
Starship Troopers by Robert A. Heinlein is published.  | [A]: 50 [B]: 69 [C]: xxiii [D]: xxiii [E]: 21 [F]: xxvi [G]: XXVI
"Flowers for Algernon" by Daniel Keyes is published as a novella; it is published in expanded novel form in 1966.  | [A]: 50 [C]: xxiii [D]: xxiii [G]: XXVI
The Sirens of Titan by Kurt Vonnegut is published.  | [A]: 50 [C]: xxiii [D]: xxiii [F]: xxvi [G]: XXVI
Dorsai! by Gordon R. Dickson is published.  | [A]: 50 [D]: xxiii [F]: xxvi [G]: XXVI
The journal Extrapolation begins publication.  | [A]: 50 [E]: 21 [G]: XXVI

## 1960s

[edit]

Year  | Event  | Ref.

|
|

1960  | The film The Time Machine is released.  | [A]: 50 [B]: 72 [G]: XXVII [H]: xix
Astounding Science Fiction is retitled Analog Science Fact and Fiction.  | [A]: 50–51 [B]: 72 [D]: xxiii [F]: xxvii [G]: XXVII
1961  | The Stainless Steel Rat by Harry Harrison is published.  | [C]: xxiii [F]: xxvii [G]: XXVII
Stranger in a Strange Land by Robert A. Heinlein is published.  | [A]: 51 [B]: 72 [C]: xxiii [D]: xxiii [E]: 21 [F]: xxvii [G]: XXVII
Solaris by Stanisław Lem is published.  | [A]: 51 [C]: xxiii [D]: xxiv [F]: xxvii [G]: XXVII
The film The Day the Earth Caught Fire is released.  | [A]: 51 [B]: 72 [H]: xix
1962  | The Drowned World by J. G. Ballard is published.  | [C]: xxiii [E]: 21 [G]: XXVII
The Man in the High Castle by Philip K. Dick is published.  | [A]: 52 [B]: 72 [C]: xxiii [E]: 21 [F]: xxvii [G]: XXVII
A Wrinkle in Time by Madeleine L'Engle is published.  | [D]: xxiii [F]: xxvii [G]: XXVII
1963  | Planet of the Apes by Pierre Boulle is published.  | [A]: 53 [B]: 72 [F]: xxvii
Cat's Cradle by Kurt Vonnegut is published.  | [A]: 53 [F]: xxvii [G]: XXVII
Doctor Who begins airing.  | [A]: 53 [B]: 72 [C]: xxiii [E]: 22 [G]: XXVII
1964  | Martian Time-Slip by Philip K. Dick is published.  | [C]: xxiii [E]: 22 [G]: XXVII
Farnham's Freehold by Robert A. Heinlein is published.  | [A]: 54 [C]: xxiii [E]: 22 [F]: xxviii [G]: XXVII
Michael Moorcock becomes editor of New Worlds.  | [A]: 54 [B]: 72 [D]: xxiii [E]: 22 [F]: xxviii
The film Dr. Strangelove is released.  | [A]: 53 [G]: XXVII [H]: xx
1965  | Dr. Bloodmoney, or How We Got Along After the Bomb by Philip K. Dick is published.  | [C]: xxiii [F]: xxviii [G]: XXVII
Dune by Frank Herbert is published and wins the first Nebula Award for Best Novel.  | [A]: 53, 55 [B]: 73 [C]: xxiii [D]: xxiii [E]: 22 [F]: xxviii [G]: XXVII
""Repent, Harlequin!" Said the Ticktockman" by Harlan Ellison is published.  | [A]: 55 [B]: 73 [G]: XXVII
The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress by Robert A. Heinlein is published.  | [A]: 55 [B]: 73 [C]: xxiv [E]: 22 [G]: XXVII
The Science Fiction Writers of America is founded.  | [A]: 55 [D]: xxiii [F]: xxviii
1966  | Babel-17 by Samuel R. Delany is published.  | [A]: 56 [C]: xxiii [D]: xxiv [E]: 22 [F]: xxviii [G]: XXVII
Make Room! Make Room! by Harry Harrison is published.  | [A]: 56 [C]: xxiii [F]: xxviii [G]: XXVII
Orbit 1, the first in a series of anthologies edited by Damon Knight, is published.  | [B]: 73 [C]: xxiv [G]: XXVII
The film Fahrenheit 451 is released.  | [A]: 56 [E]: 22 [H]: xx
Star Trek begins airing.  | [A]: 55 [B]: 73 [C]: xxiv [E]: 23 [G]: XXVII
1967  | Dangerous Visions, a New Wave anthology edited by Harlan Ellison, is published.  | [A]: 57 [B]: 73 [C]: xxiv [D]: xxiv [F]: xxviii [G]: XXVIII
1968  | Stand on Zanzibar by John Brunner is published.  | [A]: 58 [C]: xxiv [E]: 23 [F]: xxviii [G]: XXVIII
Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? by Philip K. Dick is published.  | [A]: 58 [C]: xxiv [D]: xxiv [E]: 22 [F]: xxviii [G]: XXVIII
Camp Concentration by Thomas M. Disch is published.  | [A]: 57 [C]: xxiv [D]: xxiv [G]: XXVIII
The film 2001: A Space Odyssey, directed by Stanley Kubrick, is released.  | [A]: 58 [B]: 73 [C]: xxiv [F]: xxviii [G]: XXVIII [H]: xxi
The film Planet of the Apes is released.  | [E]: 22 [F]: xxviii [G]: XXVIII [H]: xxi
Locus begins publication.  | [A]: 58 [B]: 73 [D]: xxiv [F]: xxviii
1969  | The Left Hand of Darkness by Ursula K. Le Guin is published.  | [A]: 59 [C]: xxiv [D]: xxiv [E]: 23 [F]: xxviii–xxix [G]: XXVIII
Slaughterhouse-Five by Kurt Vonnegut is published.  | [C]: xxv [F]: xxviii [G]: XXVIII

## 1970s

[edit]

Star Wars was released in 1977. Year  | Event  | Ref.

|
|

1970  | Ringworld by Larry Niven is published.  | [C]: xxiv [D]: xxiv [E]: 23 [F]: xxix [G]: XXVIII
The Science Fiction Research Association is founded.  | [A]: 60 [D]: xxiv [F]: xxix [G]: XXVIII
1971  | The Lathe of Heaven by Ursula K. Le Guin is published.  | [A]: 61 [E]: 23 [F]: xxix [G]: XXVIII
Donald A. Wollheim founds DAW Books.  | [A]: 61 [B]: 78 [D]: xxiv
The film THX 1138, directed by George Lucas, is released.  | [A]: 60 [B]: 78 [E]: 23 [H]: xxi
The film A Clockwork Orange, directed by Stanley Kubrick, is released.  | [A]: 61 [B]: 78 [E]: 23 [G]: XXVIII [H]: xxi
1972  | The Word for World Is Forest by Ursula K. Le Guin is published.  | [C]: xxiv [E]: 23 [G]: XXVIII
"When It Changed" by Joanna Russ is published.  | [C]: xxiv [E]: 23 [G]: XXVIII
Dying Inside by Robert Silverberg is published.  | [A]: 62 [D]: xxiv [F]: xxix
Roadside Picnic by Arkady and Boris Strugatsky is published.  | [C]: xxiv [F]: xxix [G]: XXVIII
The Science Fiction Foundation begins publishing the journal Foundation.  | [A]: 62 [C]: xxiv [E]: 23 [G]: XXVIII
The film Solaris is released.  | [A]: 62 [B]: 78 [E]: 23 [H]: xxi
1973  | Rendezvous with Rama by Arthur C. Clarke is published.  | [A]: 63 [C]: xxiv [E]: 23 [F]: xxix [G]: XXVIII
"The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas" by Ursula K. Le Guin is published.  | [A]: 64 [F]: xxix [G]: XXIX
"The Girl Who Was Plugged In" by James Tiptree Jr. is published.  | [A]: 64 [E]: 24 [F]: xxix
The journal Science Fiction Studies begins publication.  | [A]: 63 [C]: xxiv [D]: xxiv [E]: 24 [F]: xxix [G]: XXIX
The film Soylent Green is released.  | [A]: 63 [G]: XXIX [H]: xxi–xxii
1974  | The Forever War by Joe Haldeman is published.  | [C]: xxiv [D]: xxv [F]: xxix [G]: XXIX
The Dispossessed by Ursula K. Le Guin is published.  | [A]: 64 [B]: 78 [C]: xxiv [D]: xxv [E]: 24 [F]: xxix [G]: XXIX
1975  | Dhalgren by Samuel R. Delany is published.  | [C]: xxiv [E]: 24 [F]: xxx [G]: XXIX
The Female Man by Joanna Russ is published.  | [C]: xxiv [D]: xxv [E]: 24 [F]: xxix–xxx [G]: XXIX
1976  | Triton by Samuel R. Delany is published.  | [C]: xxv [D]: xxv [E]: 24 [F]: xxx [G]: XXIX
Woman on the Edge of Time by Marge Piercy is published.  | [C]: xxv [D]: xxv [F]: xxx [G]: XXIX
The film Logan's Run is published.  | [A]: 66 [G]: XXIX [H]: xxii
1977  | The film Close Encounters of the Third Kind, directed by Steven Spielberg, is released.  | [C]: xxv [G]: XXIX [H]: xxii
The film Star Wars, directed by George Lucas, is released.  | [A]: 66 [B]: 79 [C]: xxv [G]: XXIX [H]: xxii
Gateway by Frederik Pohl is published.  | [C]: xxv [F]: xxx [G]: XXX
Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine begins publication.  | [B]: 79 [D]: xxv [F]: xxx
1979  | The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy by Douglas Adams, adapted from the 1978 radio series, is published.  | [B]: 79 [C]: xxv [E]: 24 [F]: xxx [G]: XXIX
Kindred by Octavia E. Butler is published.  | [C]: xxv [E]: 24 [G]: XXIX
The film Alien, directed by Ridley Scott, is released.  | [B]: 79 [C]: xxv [E]: 24 [G]: XXX [H]: xxiii
The film Star Trek: The Motion Picture is released.  | [E]: 24 [G]: XXX [H]: xxiii
Metamorphoses of Science Fiction by Darko Suvin, translated from the original 1977 French version, is published.  | [B]: 79 [D]: xxv [E]: 24 [F]: xxx

## 1980s

[edit]

Year  | Event  | Ref.

|
|

1980  | Timescape by Gregory Benford is published.  | [C]: xxv [D]: xxv [G]: XXX
The film The Empire Strikes Back is released.  | [B]: 86 [G]: XXIX [H]: xxiii
1981  | Downbelow Station by C. J. Cherryh is published.  | [C]: xxv [F]: xxx [G]: XXX
VALIS by Philip K. Dick is published.  | [E]: 25 [F]: xxx [G]: XXX
"True Names" by Vernor Vinge is published.  | [C]: xxv [D]: xxv [F]: xxx [G]: XXX
The film Mad Max 2 is released.  | [B]: 86 [G]: XXX [H]: xxiii
1982  | Helliconia Spring by Brian Aldiss is published.  | [C]: xxv [F]: xxx [G]: XXX
The film Blade Runner, directed by Ridley Scott, is released.  | [B]: 86 [C]: xxv [E]: 25 [F]: xxxi [G]: XXX [H]: xxiii
The film E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, directed by Steven Spielberg, is released.  | [B]: 86 [E]: 25 [G]: XXX [H]: xxiii
The film The Thing, directed by John Carpenter, is released.  | [B]: 86 [G]: XXX [H]: xxiii
1983  | Startide Rising by David Brin is published.  | [C]: xxv [F]: xxxi [G]: XXX
The film Return of the Jedi is released.  | [B]: 86 [G]: XXX [H]: xxiv
1984  | "Bloodchild" by Octavia E. Butler is published.  | [C]: xxv [E]: 25 [G]: XXX
Stars in My Pocket Like Grains of Sand by Samuel R. Delany is published.  | [C]: xxv [E]: 25 [G]: XXX
Neuromancer by William Gibson, one of the earliest works of the cyberpunk subgenre, is published.  | [B]: 86 [C]: xxv [D]: xxvi [E]: 25 [F]: xxxi [G]: XXX
Divine Endurance by Gwyneth Jones is published.  | [C]: xxv [E]: 25 [G]: XXX
The Wild Shore by Kim Stanley Robinson is published.  | [C]: xxv [E]: 25 [F]: xxxi [G]: XXX
The film Dune, directed by David Lynch, is released.  | [B]: 86 [E]: 24 [H]: xxiv
The film The Terminator, directed by James Cameron, is released.  | [B]: 86 [G]: XXX [H]: xxiv
1985  | The Handmaid's Tale by Margaret Atwood is published; it wins the inaugural Arthur C. Clarke Award in 1987.  | [B]: 87 [C]: xxv [E]: 25 [F]: xxxi [G]: XXX
Blood Music by Greg Bear is published.  | [B]: 87 [C]: xxv [D]: xxvi [G]: XXX
Eon by Greg Bear is published.  | [B]: 87 [C]: xxv [G]: XXX
Ender's Game by Orson Scott Card is published.  | [B]: 87 [C]: xxv [F]: xxxi [G]: XXX
Schismatrix by Bruce Sterling is published.  | [C]: xxv [D]: xxvi [F]: xxxi [G]: XXXI
The film Back to the Future is released. Two sequels—Back to the Future Part II and Part III—are released in 1989 and 1990, respectively.  | [B]: 87 [E]: 25 [G]: XXXI [H]: xxiv–xxv
1986  | A Door into Ocean by Joan Slonczewski is published.  | [C]: xxvi [F]: xxxi [G]: XXXI
Mirrorshades, an anthology edited by Bruce Sterling, is published.  | [D]: xxvi [F]: xxxi [G]: XXXI
The film Aliens, directed by James Cameron, is released.  | [B]: 87 [E]: 25 [G]: XXX [H]: xxiv
1987  | Consider Phlebas by Iain M. Banks is published.  | [C]: xxvi [D]: xxvi [E]: 26 [F]: xxxi [G]: XXXI
Dawn by Octavia E. Butler, the first novel in the Lilith's Brood or Xenogenesis trilogy, is published. The sequels Adulthood Rites and Imago are published in 1988 and 1989, respectively.  | [C]: xxvi [F]: xxxi–xxxii [G]: XXXI
The film RoboCop, directed by Paul Verhoeven, is released.  | [E]: 26 [G]: XXXI [H]: xxv
1989  | The Child Garden by Geoff Ryman is published.  | [C]: xxvi [E]: 26 [G]: XXXI
Hyperion by Dan Simmons is published.  | [C]: xxvi [D]: xxvi [E]: 26 [F]: xxxii [G]: XXXI

## 1990s

[edit]

Year  | Event  | Ref.

|
|

1990  | The Difference Engine by William Gibson and Bruce Sterling is published.  | [E]: 26 [F]: xxxii
Pacific Edge by Kim Stanley Robinson is published.  | [C]: xxvi [E]: 26 [G]: XXXI
The film Total Recall, directed by Paul Verhoeven, is released.  | [B]: 92 [H]: xxv
1991  | White Queen by Gwyneth Jones is published.  | [C]: xxvi [E]: 26 [G]: XXXII
The film Terminator 2: Judgment Day, directed by James Cameron, is released.  | [B]: 92 [E]: 26 [H]: xxv
1992  | Red Mars by Kim Stanley Robinson, the first book in the Mars trilogy, is published.  | [C]: xxvi [D]: xxvi [E]: 26 [F]: xxxii [G]: XXXII
Snow Crash by Neal Stephenson is published.  | [C]: xxvi [E]: 26 [F]: xxxii [G]: XXXII
A Fire Upon the Deep by Vernor Vinge is published.  | [C]: xxvi [F]: xxxii [G]: XXXII
1993  | Parable of the Sower by Octavia E. Butler is published.  | [E]: 26 [F]: xxxii [G]: XXXII
The Giver by Lois Lowry is published.  | [F]: xxxii [G]: XXXII
Vurt by Jeff Noon is published.  | [D]: xxvi [F]: xxxii
The film Demolition Man is released.  | [B]: 93 [H]: xxvi
The film Jurassic Park, directed by Steven Spielberg, is released.  | [E]: 26 [G]: XXXII [H]: xxvi
The X-Files begins airing.  | [E]: 26 [G]: XXXII
The second edition of The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, edited by John Clute and Peter Nicholls, is published.  | [B]: 93 [E]: 26
1994  | The film Stargate, directed by Roland Emmerich, is released.  | [B]: 93 [H]: xxvi
1995  | The Star Fraction by Ken MacLeod is published.  | [C]: xxvii [D]: xxvii [F]: xxxii [G]: XXXII
Chaga by Ian McDonald is published.  | [D]: xxvii [F]: xxxii
Northern Lights by Philip Pullman is published.  | [E]: 27 [F]: xxxii
The Diamond Age by Neal Stephenson is published.  | [C]: xxvii [E]: 27 [G]: XXXII
The film 12 Monkeys, directed by Terry Gilliam, is released.  | [G]: XXXIII [H]: xxvi
The anime film Ghost in the Shell is released.  | [G]: XXXI [H]: xxvi
1996  | The Reality Dysfunction, the first entry in The Night's Dawn Trilogy by Peter F. Hamilton, is published.  | [D]: xxvii [F]: xxxii
The film Independence Day, directed by Roland Emmerich, is released.  | [E]: 27 [G]: XXXIII [H]: xxvi
1997  | Diaspora by Greg Egan is published.  | [D]: xxvii [F]: xxxiii
The film Contact, directed by Robert Zemeckis, is released.  | [G]: XXXIII [H]: xxvii
The film Gattaca, directed by Andrew Niccol, is released.  | [E]: 27 [G]: XXXIII [H]: xxvii
The film Men in Black, directed by Barry Sonnenfeld, is released.  | [G]: XXXIII [H]: xxvii
The film Starship Troopers, directed by Paul Verhoeven, is released.  | [G]: XXXIII [H]: xxvii
1998  | Brown Girl in the Ring by Nalo Hopkinson is published.  | [C]: xxvii [E]: 27 [G]: XXXIII
Kirinyaga by Mike Resnick is published.  | [D]: xxvii [F]: xxxiii
The film Dark City is released.  | [G]: XXXIII [H]: xxvii
The film The Truman Show is released.  | [G]: XXXIII [H]: xxvii
1999  | Darwin's Radio by Greg Bear is published.  | [C]: xxvii [F]: xxxiii [G]: XXXIII
Cryptonomicon by Neal Stephenson is published.  | [C]: xxvii [E]: 27 [G]: XXXIII
The film The Matrix, directed by The Wachowskis, is released.  | [E]: 27 [G]: XXXIII [H]: xxvii
The film Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace, directed by George Lucas, is released.  | [G]: XXXIII [H]: xxvii
The film Galaxy Quest, directed by Dean Parisot, is released.  | [G]: XXXIII [H]: xxvii

## 2000s

[edit]

Year  | Event  | Ref.

|
|

2000  | Ash: A Secret History by Mary Gentle is published.  | [C]: xxvii [E]: 27 [G]: XXXIV
The Telling by Ursula K. Le Guin is published.  | [C]: xxvii [E]: 27 [G]: XXXIII
Midnight Robber by Nalo Hopkinson is published.  | [C]: xxvii [F]: xxxiii [G]: XXXIII
Perdido Street Station by China Miéville is published.  | [C]: xxvii [E]: 27 [F]: xxxiii [G]: XXXIV
2001  | The film Donnie Darko is released.  | [G]: XXXIV [H]: xxviii
2002  | The Years of Rice and Salt by Kim Stanley Robinson is published.  | [C]: xxvii [D]: xxviii [E]: 28 [F]: xxxiii [G]: XXXIV
The film Minority Report, directed by Steven Spielberg, is published.  | [G]: XXXIV [H]: xxviii
The film Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones, directed by George Lucas, is released.  | [G]: XXXIII [H]: xxviii
2003  | Oryx and Crake by Margaret Atwood is published.  | [F]: xxxiv [G]: XXXIV
Pattern Recognition by William Gibson is published.  | [E]: 28 [G]: XXXIV
The films The Matrix Reloaded and The Matrix Revolutions, directed by The Wachowskis, are released.  | [G]: XXXIII [H]: xxviii
2004  | Forty Signs of Rain by Kim Stanley Robinson is published.  | [E]: 28 [G]: XXXIV
2005  | Fledgling by Octavia E. Butler is published.  | [E]: 28 [F]: xxxiv
Accelerando by Charles Stross is published.  | [D]: xxviii [E]: 28 [F]: xxxiv
The film The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, directed by Garth Jennings, is released.  | [E]: 28 [G]: XXIX [H]: xxix
The film Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith, directed by George Lucas, is released.  | [G]: XXXIII [H]: xxix
The film Serenity, directed by Joss Whedon and based on the television series Firefly, is released.  | [G]: XXXIV [H]: xxix
Archaeologies of the Future: The Desire Called Utopia and Other Science Fictions by Fredric Jameson is published.  | [E]: 28 [F]: xxxiv
2006  | The Road by Cormac McCarthy is published.  | [E]: 28 [G]: XXXIV
The film A Scanner Darkly, directed by Richard Linklater, is released.  | [E]: 29 [H]: xxix
The film V for Vendetta, directed by James McTeigue, is released.  | [E]: 29 [H]: xxx
2007  | The Yiddish Policemen's Union by Michael Chabon is published.  | [F]: xxxiv [G]: XXXV
The film I Am Legend, directed by Francis Lawrence, is released.  | [E]: 29 [H]: xxx
The film Sunshine, directed by Danny Boyle, is released.  | [E]: 29 [H]: xxx
2008  | The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins is published.  | [F]: xxxiv [G]: XXXV
The film Cloverfield is released.  | [E]: 29 [H]: xxx
The film Sleep Dealer is released.  | [G]: XXXV [H]: xxx
The film WALL-E is released.  | [G]: XXXV [H]: xxx
2009  | The Windup Girl by Paolo Bacigalupi is published.  | [F]: xxxiv [G]: XXXV
The Graveyard Book by Neil Gaiman is published.  | [E]: 29 [F]: xxxiv
The City & the City by China Miéville is published.  | [E]: 29 [F]: xxxiv
The film Avatar, directed by James Cameron, is released.  | [E]: 29 [G]: XXXV [H]: xxxi
The film District 9, directed by Neill Blomkamp, is released.  | [G]: XXXV [H]: xxx–xxxi
The film Moon, directed by Duncan Jones, is released.  | [E]: 29 [H]: xxxi
The film Star Trek, directed by J. J. Abrams, is released.  | [G]: XXXV [H]: xxxi

## 2010s

[edit]

Year  | Event  | Ref.

|
|

2010  | The film The Book of Eli, directed by the Hughes brothers, is released.  | [E]: 29 [H]: xxxi
The film Inception, directed by Christopher Nolan, is released.  | [E]: 29 [G]: XXXV [H]: xxxi
The film Tron: Legacy, directed by Joseph Kosinski, is released.  | [E]: 29 [H]: xxxi
2011  | Embassytown by China Miéville is published.  | [E]: 29 [F]: xxxv
The film Rise of the Planet of the Apes, directed by Rupert Wyatt, is released.  | [G]: XXXV [H]: xxxi
2012  | Through the Valley of the Nest of Spiders by Samuel R. Delany is released.  | [E]: 30 [G]: XXXV
2312 by Kim Stanley Robinson is published.  | [E]: 30 [F]: xxxv [G]: XXXV
The film The Hunger Games, directed by Gary Ross, is released.  | [E]: 30 [G]: XXXV [H]: xxxii
The film Prometheus, directed by Ridley Scott, is released.  | [E]: 30 [H]: xxxii
2013  | We Are All Completely Beside Ourselves by Karen Joy Fowler is published.  | [F]: xxxv [G]: XXXVI
The film Elysium, directed by Neill Blomkamp, is released.  | [G]: XXXVI [H]: xxxii
The film Gravity, directed by Alfonso Cuarón, is released.  | [G]: XXXVI [H]: xxxii
The film Pacific Rim, directed by Guillermo del Toro, is released.  | [G]: XXXVI [H]: xxxii
The film Star Trek Into Darkness, directed by J. J. Abrams, is released.  | [G]: XXXV [H]: xxxii
2014  | Lagoon by Nnedi Okorafor is published.  | [F]: xxxv [G]: XXXVI
The film Dawn of the Planet of the Apes, directed by Matt Reeves, is released.  | [G]: XXXV [H]: xxxiii
The film Ex Machina, directed by Alex Garland, is released.  | [G]: XXXVI [H]: xxxiii
The film Guardians of the Galaxy, directed by James Gunn, is released.  | [G]: XXXVI [H]: xxxiii
The film Interstellar, directed by Christopher Nolan, is released.  | [G]: XXXVI [H]: xxxiii
2015  | The Water Knife by Paolo Bacigalupi is published.  | [F]: xxxv [G]: XXXVI
The film Jurassic World, directed by Colin Trevorrow, is released.  | [G]: XXXVI [H]: xxxiii
The film Mad Max: Fury Road, directed by George Miller, is released.  | [G]: XXX [H]: xxxiii
The film The Martian, directed by Ridley Scott, is released.  | [G]: XXXVI [H]: xxxiii
The film Star Wars: The Force Awakens, directed by J. J. Abrams, is released.  | [G]: XXXVI [H]: xxxiii
2016  | The film Arrival, directed by Denis Villeneuve, is released.  | [G]: XXXVI [H]: xxxiv
The film Independence Day: Resurgence, directed by Roland Emmerich, is released.  | [G]: XXXVI [H]: xxxiv
The film Rogue One, directed by Gareth Edwards, is released.  | [G]: XXXVI [H]: xxxiv
The film Star Trek Beyond, directed by Justin Lin, is released.  | [G]: XXXV [H]: xxxiv
2017  | The film Blade Runner 2049, directed by Denis Villeneuve, is released.  | [G]: XXXVII [H]: xxxiv
The film Get Out, directed by Jordan Peele, is released.  | [G]: XXXVII [H]: xxxiv–xxxv
The film Star Wars: The Last Jedi, directed by Rian Johnson, is released.  | [G]: XXXVII [H]: xxxiv
2018  | The film Annihilation, directed by Alex Garland, is released.  | [G]: XXXVI [H]: xxxv

## See also

[edit]

* History of science fiction
* List of films set in the future
* List of science fiction authors
* Lists of science fiction films
* List of science fiction television programs
* List of science fiction television films
* List of science fiction novels
* List of years in literature

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Specifically, the following:
* Brian Ash's The Visual Encyclopedia of Science Fiction (1977)[A]
* John Clute's Science Fiction: The Illustrated Encyclopedia (1995)[B]
* Edward James and Farah Mendlesohn's The Cambridge Companion to Science Fiction (2003)[C]
* Brian Stableford's Historical Dictionary of Science Fiction Literature (2004)[D]
* Nick Hubble [Wikidata] and Aris Mousoutzanis's The Science Fiction Handbook (2013)[E]
* M. Keith Booker [de]'s Historical Dictionary of Science Fiction in Literature (2014)[F]
* Gerry Canavan [Wikidata] and Eric Carl Link [Wikidata]'s The Cambridge History of Science Fiction (2018)[G]
* M. Keith Booker's Historical Dictionary of Science Fiction Cinema (2020)[H]

## References

[edit]

### Timelines

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa Ash, Brian, ed. (1977). "Program". The Visual Encyclopedia of Science Fiction. Harmony Books. pp. 9–66\. ISBN 0-517-53174-7. OCLC 2984418.
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df Clute, John (1995). "Historical Context". Science Fiction: The Illustrated Encyclopedia. Human & Rousseau. pp. 33–95\. ISBN 0-7981-3435-6.
3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi James, Edward; Mendlesohn, Farah, eds. (2003). "Chronology". The Cambridge Companion to Science Fiction. Cambridge University Press. pp. xx–xxvii. ISBN 978-0-521-01657-5.
4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do Stableford, Brian (2004). "Chronology". Historical Dictionary of Science Fiction Literature. Scarecrow Press. pp. xiii–xxviii. ISBN 978-0-8108-4938-9.
5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex Norman, Joseph (2013). "An Annotated Science Fiction Timeline". In Hubble, Nick; Mousoutzanis, Aris (eds.). The Science Fiction Handbook. A&C Black. pp. 16–30\. ISBN 978-1-4725-3897-0.
6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr Booker, M. Keith (2014). "Chronology". Historical Dictionary of Science Fiction in Literature. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. xix–xxxv. ISBN 978-0-8108-7884-6.
7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr fs ft fu fv fw fx fy fz ga gb gc gd ge gf gg gh gi gj gk gl gm gn go gp gq gr gs gt gu gv gw gx gy gz ha hb hc hd he hf hg hh hi hj hk hl hm hn ho hp hq hr hs ht hu hv hw hx hy hz ia ib ic id ie if ig ih ii ij ik il im in io ip iq ir is it iu iv iw ix iy iz ja jb jc jd je jf jg jh ji jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq Canavan, Gerry; Link, Eric Carl, eds. (2018). "Chronology". The Cambridge History of Science Fiction. Cambridge University Press. pp. XXII–XXXVII. ISBN 978-1-107-16609-7.
8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de Booker, M. Keith (2020). "Chronology". Historical Dictionary of Science Fiction Cinema (Second ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. pp. xv–xxxvi. ISBN 978-1-5381-3010-0.

### Additional sources

[edit]

1. ^ del Rey, Lester (1979). "The Beginnings of Science Fiction". The World of Science Fiction, 1926–1976: The History of a Subculture. Ballantine Books. p. 12\. ISBN 978-0-345-25452-8.
2. ^ Stableford, Brian; Clute, John (2024). "Flammarion, Camille". In Clute, John; Langford, David; Sleight, Graham (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction (4th ed.). Retrieved 2025-07-12.
3. ^ Eggeling, John; Bleiler, Everett Franklin; Clute, John (2024). "England, George Allan". In Clute, John; Langford, David; Sleight, Graham (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction (4th ed.). Retrieved 2025-06-01.
4. ^ Edwards, Malcolm; Clute, John (2024). "de Camp, L Sprague". In Clute, John; Langford, David; Sleight, Graham (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction (4th ed.). Retrieved 2025-06-17.
5. ^ Clute, John; Pringle, David (2025). "Heinlein, Robert A". In Clute, John; Langford, David; Sleight, Graham (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction (4th ed.). Retrieved 2025-06-18.
6. ^ Clute, John (2024). "Miller, Walter M, Jr". In Clute, John; Langford, David; Sleight, Graham (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction (4th ed.). Retrieved 2025-06-22.

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