Timeline of the South China Sea dispute

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)

This article has an unclear citation style. The reason given is: multiple citation styles. The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation and footnoting. (August 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

|

This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2018)

|

(Learn how and when to remove this message)

South China Sea claims and agreements. Territorial claims in the South China Sea

The article covers events relevant to the ongoing territorial disputes in the South China Sea. Even before the common era, maritime trading networks had already been established in the high seas of the region.[1][2][3][4][5] Prior to World War II, China, France, and Japan disputed over the Paracel and Spratly Islands. After the war, Brunei, Malaysia, the People's Republic of China, the Philippines, Taiwan (Republic of China), and Vietnam became involved in the conflict.

## 3rd century BCE

[edit]

It has been claimed by the People's Republic of China that since 200 BCE Chinese fishermen have used the Spratly islands.[6]

## 3rd–13th centuries

[edit]

Chinese author Wan Zhen of the Eastern Wu dynasty (222–280 CE) and a work titled Guangzhou Ji (Chronicles of Guangzhou) authored by Pei Yuan of the Jin dynasty (266–420 CE) described some southern islands, mainly Hainan.[7] The local government exercised jurisdiction over Hainan by sending patrolling naval boats.[8]

Naval forces of the Liu Song dynasty (420–479 CE) patrolled the southernmost island of Hainan.[9] In the Tang dynasty (618–907 CE), Hainan was placed under the administration and authority of the Qiongzhou Prefecture (now Hainan Province).[9] The Chinese administration of the South China Sea continued into the Song dynasty (960–1279 CE).[9]

Archaeologists have found Chinese made potteries porcelains and other historical relics from the Southern dynasties (420–589 CE), the Sui dynasty (581–619 CE), the Tang dynasty, the Song dynasty, the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368 CE), the Ming dynasty (1368–1644 CE) and later eras up to modern times on the South China Sea islands, where the material culture of the Austronesians (the Philippines, Indonesia, and so on) can also be found, suggesting that no nation had sovereignty over the high seas at the time but trade among the many polities of the region occurred.[9]

## 18th century

[edit]

* 1734 – The Spanish colonial government published the first edition of the Velarde map. According to the Philippines, this map shows the territories of the Philippines including actual sovereignty over the Scarborough Shoal (called Panacot in the map) and the Spratly Islands (referred as Los Bajos de Paragua) and is the earliest map showing sovereignty over the said territories.[10][11]
* 1792 - The Spanish colonial government of the territory of the Philippines launched the first ever survey of Scarborough Shoal on May 4, 1792. The survey, Plano de la Navigacion, was taken by Alessandro Malaspina aboard the Sta. Lucia, with Filipino comrades.[12]

## 19th century

[edit]

French soldiers and local townsfolk pose for the camera in front of a temple in Makung in the Pescadores Islands. Paklung, Fangchenggang on an 1888 map Ka Long old bridge on Ka Long river in Móng Cái, actual North-East border of China and Vietnam Guangzhouwan, actual Zhanjiang

* 1802 – Annamese emperor Gia Long created "Dio Hoang Sa" (Company of the Paracels).[13]
* 1816 – Gia Long orders survey of Paracel Islands with mapping. Gia Long never claimed any island aside from the Paracels,[14][15] where the Annamese flag was planted on Pattle Island.[16]
* 1830 – First maps published by Annamese kingdom under Emperor Minh Mạng that include "Thruong Sa" (Spratly) Islands as part of its territory.[13]
* 1835 – Annam erects a pagoda in the Paracel Islands[17]
* 1836 – Annam erects ten 5-meter steles with inscriptions claiming the islands.[16]
* 1875 – According to the Philippines, the Spanish colonial government published the 1875 edition of the Carita General del Archipelago Filipino, showing the sovereign territory of the Philippines, which included Scarborough Shoal and the Spratly islands, as recognized by the international community.[11][18]
* 1876 – Guo Song Tao, China's ambassador to Europe, makes an unofficial claim to "Bai La Su Dao" (the phonetic translation of the Paracel Island).[19]
* 1883 – When the Spratlys and Paracels were surveyed by Germany in 1883, China issued protests.[20][21]
* 1884–1885 Sino-French War. In December 1884, alarmed by Japanese ambitions in Korea, Empress Dowager Cixi ordered her ministers to extricate China from the undeclared war with France that had broken out on 23 August. The Chinese agreed to implement the provisions of the May 1884 Tientsin Accord, which recognised France's protectorate over Vietnam. In return, the French dropped their longstanding demand for an indemnity for the Bắc Lệ ambush. After a flurry of negotiations in Paris in the first days of April 1885, peace was made on this basis.[22]
* 11 May 1884 – The Tientsin Accord or Li–Fournier Convention, concluded on 11 May 1884, was intended to settle an undeclared war between France and China over the sovereignty of Tonkin (northern Vietnam). The convention, negotiated by Li Hongzhang for China and capitaine de vaisseau François-Ernest Fournier for France, provided for a Chinese troop withdrawal from Tonkin in return for a comprehensive treaty that would settle details of trade and commerce between France and China and provide for the demarcation of its disputed border with Vietnam.[23][24]
* 9 June 1885 – The Treaty of Tientsin, signed on 9 June 1885, officially ended the Sino-French War. The unequal treaty restated in greater detail the main provisions of the Tientsin Accord, signed between France and China on 11 May 1884. As Article 2 required China to recognise the French protectorate over Annam and Tonkin established by the Treaty of Hue in June 1884, implicitly abandoning China's own claims to suzerainty over Vietnam, the treaty formalised France's victory in the Sino-French War.[24]
* 1885 – China officals declare its rights to the Paracels.[16]
* 1887 – In the 19th century, Europeans found that Chinese fishermen from Hainan annually visited the Spratly islands for part of the year, while in 1877 it was the British who launched the first modern legal claims to the Spratlys.[25][26]
* 1887 – The Chinese–Vietnamese Boundary Convention (formally, the Convention Respecting the Delimitation of the Frontier Between China and Tonkin) between France and the Qing Empire set the land boundary between Tonkin and China and sovereignty of a few small islands in the Gulf of Tonkin.[27][28][29] Some scholars, especially Chinese try to argue that The 1887 Convention recognised China claim over Spratly and Paracel islands because France relinquished its claims.[6][30][31] This was disputed[32][33] because the 1887 Convention between France and the Qing Empire set the coastal boundary in the Gulf of Tonkin but did not state that China was the owner of the Spratly and Paracel islands because these islands are not in the Gulf of Tonkin nor were administered by Tonkin, but were associated with the realm of Annam in central Vietnam by France.[34]
* 1898 – After the Spanish-American War, the Philippine Islands were ceded by Spain to the United States in the Treaty of Paris.[35] The treaty lines drawn were inaccurate, leading to the Spanish to retain sovereign control over the Spratly Islands, Scarborough Shoal, and parts of Tawi-Tawi. According to Filipino officials and commentators, this was later rectified in the 1900 Treaty of Washington where the mentioned territories were formally ceded to the United States as part of the territory of the Philippines.[11][10]
* 12 April 1898 – France seized Guangzhouwan as a treaty port according to the Treaty of 12 April 1898, on 27 May as Territoire de Kouang-Tchéou-Wan[36] and was effectively placed under the authority of the French Resident Superior in Tonkin (itself under the Governor General of French Indochina, also in Hanoi).[37] The French wanted to develop the port, which they called Fort-Bayard, to serve southern China. They retained control of the region until 1943 when the Japanese occupied the area during World War II. At the end of the war, the region returned briefly under French rule before being formally returned to China in 1946 by French leader Charles de Gaulle.[38] The old spellings "Tsankiang", "Chankiang" and "Tsamkong" were replaced by the pinyin romanisation "Zhanjiang" by the Chinese government in 1958.
* 1900 - The Treaty of Washington was signed on November 7, 1900, and came into effect on March 23, 1901, when the ratifications were exchanged. Before the treaty was signed, the territories of Scarborough Shoal, the Spratly Islands, and parts of Tawi-Tawi continued to be under Spanish sovereignty due to the 1898 Treaty of Paris. The 1900 Washington Treaty added that "all islands belonging to the Philippine Archipelago, lying outside the lines described in Article III of [the 1898 Treaty of Paris] and particularly to the islands of Cagayan [Mapun], Sulu and Sibutu" to the formal cession by Spain to the United States. According to the Philippines, this included Scarborough Shoal, the Spratly Islands, and the remaining parts of Tawi-Tawi within the country's sovereign territory.[39][10]

## 1901–1937

[edit]

* 1902 – China sends naval forces on inspection tours of the Paracel Islands to preempt French claims.[40] Scholar François-Xavier Bonnet argued that per Chinese records, these expeditions never occurred and were backdated during the 1970s.[41][42]
* 1907 – China sends another naval force, this time to plan for resource exploitation.[40]
* 1909 - China reacted to Japanese interest in exploiting guano in the Paracel Islands by mapping them and stationing Chinese Navy personal on them.[43]
* 1911 – The newly formed Republic of China, successor state to the Qing dynasty, moves administration of the Paracel Islands to Hainan.[40]
* 1917 – Japanese exploited phosphate deposits (guano) in the main Spratly island, Itu Aba. It was noticed by Japan in July 1938 to the France's ambassador in Tokyo who was recalling the earlier annexation of the Spratly by France.[44]
* 1928 - According to Filipino judge Antonio Carpio, during the Island of Palmas case, the United States representing the territory of the Philippines reiterated in a memorandum that the 1875 Carta General del Archipielago Filipino "is both an American official and a Spanish official map" of Philippine territory, binding the United States on its recognition of the Scarborough Shoal and the Spratly Islands as Philippine territory.[45][35]
* 1932 - France occupied the Paracels for the French Union. China sent a Note Verbale to France stating that the Paracels were the "southernmost" territory of China.[46][47][48]
* 1933 - France claimed six islands in the Spratly for the French Union. China did not protest the claim as it considered the Paracels as its southernmost territory through a 1932 Note Verbale sent by China to France.[46][47][48][49][44]
* 1935 - The Philippines adopted the 1935 Philippine Constitution, which reiterates the territory of the Philippines as per the 1898 Treaty of Paris, the 1900 Treaty of Washington, and the 1930 US-UK Treaty to include Scarborough Shoal and the Spratly Islands.[50]
* June 1937 – China sends Huang Qiang, the chief of Chinese military region no. 9 on a secret tour in four islands in the Amphitrite Group of the Paracels. His boat was loaded with 30 backdated sovereignty markers. Because the mission was confidential Huang Qiang carried no markers dated 1937. The team buried a total of 12 backdated sovereignty markers, including some true old markers dating from the Qing dynasty, bearing the date 1902, gathered in the city of Guangdong.[51]
* 1938 - Secretary Cordell Hull of the US State Department issued a Memorandum on July 27, 1938 to Harry Woodring, Secretary of War, stating that Scarborough Shoal "should be regarded as included among the islands ceded to the United States by the American-Treaty of November 7, 1900," referring to the 1900 Treaty of Washington.[52]
* 31 March 1939 – Tokyo notified to the ambassador of France that the Spratly Islands were inhabited by Japanese, under Japanese jurisdiction, and administratively attached to the territory of Formosa (Japan). The occupation was carried out by a police detachment.[44]

## World War II

[edit]

* 1939 – Japan invades the Paracel and Spratly islands and takes control of the South China Sea. Japanese military bases were set up on Woody and Pattle islands in the Paracels and Itu Aba in the Spratlys. Japan administered the Spratlys via Taiwan's jurisdiction and the Paracels via Hainan's jurisdiction.[53]
* 1943 - China published its "China Handbook (1937-1943)" about the country's situation during the Second Sino-Japanese War. It called "Triton Island of the Paracel Group" the southernmost territory of China.[54]
* 2 July 1945 – Woody Island surrendered to the USS Cabrilla submarine after having been attacked by US forces on 6 February and 8 March.[34]
* 20 November 1945 – A US Navy reconnaissance mission landed on Itu Aba and found the Japanese forces had already pulled out.[55]

## 1945–1959

[edit]

China 1947 map Territorial monument of the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) on Southwest Cay, Spratly Islands, defining the cay as part of Vietnamese territory (to Phước Tuy Province). Used since 22 August 1956 until 1975, when replaced by another one from the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (successor state after the Fall of Saigon)

* 1945 – In accordance with the Cairo and Potsdam Declarations and with American help, the armed forces of the Republic of China government at Nanjing accepted the surrender of the Japanese garrisons in Taiwan, including the Paracel and Spratly Islands. Nanjing then declared both archipelagoes to be part of Guangdong Province.[56][57]
* 1946 – The ROC established garrisons on both Woody (now Yongxing / 永兴) Island in the Paracels and Taiping Island in the Spratlys. France protested. It tried but failed to dislodge Chinese nationalist troops from Yongxing Island/Woody Island (the only habitable island in the Paracels), but were able to establish a small camp on Pattle (now Shanhu / 珊瑚) Island in the southwestern part of the archipelago.[57][58][59] The Republic of China drew up The Southern China Sea Islands Location Map, marking the sea with 11 lines in 1947.[40] The Americans discouraged the Philippines in its claim to the Spratlys to avoid tensions with China. The Spratly was outside the treaty lines made in the 1898 Treaty of Paris,[58] However, the supplemental 1900 Treaty of Washington modified that to include to any and all islands belonging to the Philippine Archipelago lying outside those lines, and former Philippine Supreme Court justice Antonio Carpio has asserted that this includes the Spratlys.[60]
* 1947 - China published a revised China Handbook. This claimed the Spratlys while specifically recognizing that the islands are contested among China, the Philippines, and French Indochina.[61]
* 1951 - During the San Francisco Peace Conference of 1951, the San Francisco Peace Treaty was signed. In the conference, the USSR motioned for the Paracels and the Spratly to be awarded to China, but the motion was rejected by a vote of 46 to 3, with one abstention.[62]
* 1952 – Japan renounced any claims of sovereignty over the Spratly and Paracel archipelagos in accordance with Article 2 Clause (f) of the San Francisco Peace Treaty, but no beneficiary was designated.[63]
* 1953 - The French Foreign Ministry clarified that the Spratlys were not attached to Vietnam in 1949, when the former colony of Conchinchina was ceded to the Associated State. France stated that it administered the islands through the Ministry of Overseas France.[46][47]
* 1954 – The Geneva Accords, which China was a signatory, settled the First Indochina War end. French Indochina was split into three countries: Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. Vietnam was to be temporarily divided along the 17th Parallel. Chapter I, Article 4 say: "The provisional military demarcation line between the two final regrouping zones is extended into the territorial waters by a line perpendicular to the general line of the coast. All coastal islands north of this boundary shall be evacuated by the armed forces of the French Union, and all islands south of it shall be evacuated by the forces of the People's Army of Viet-Nam."[64]
* 1955 - The French Foreign Ministry reiterated its previous 1949 statement through legal diplomatic note, stating that "beyond doubt that the Spratlys belonged to the French Union, not Vietnam."[46][47] On 26 October 1955, the Republic of Vietnam "South Vietnam" replaced the State of Vietnam (part of the French Union) and inherit of its rights. Nothing was said explicitly about offshore archipelagos. Arguably it was understood that the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) inherited of all French Indochina's Vietnamese territories below the 17th Parallel.[65][66]
* 1956 – North Vietnam Communist government formally accepted that the Paracel and Spratly islands were historically Chinese. The PLA reestablished a Chinese garrison on Yongxing Island in the Paracels, while the Republic of China (Taipei) put troops back on Taiping Island in the Spratlys. Contrarily, South Vietnam announced that it had annexed the Paracel archipelago as well as the Spratlys and reopened the abandoned French camp on Shanhu Island.[67]
* 1956 – Filemon and Tomás Cloma took possession of some features in the Spratly Islands and declared them as part of the Free Territory of Freedomland.[68][69] Their action was stopped by the armed forces of the Republic of China (Taiwan), which destroyed and confiscated Freedomland properties and resumed its garrison of Itu Aba. The Philippine government disavowed any participation in the Cloma expeditions but left room for future claims by describing the islands as terra nullis open to appropriation by any party.[70][71]
* 16 January 1957 – China transferred Bạch Long Vĩ Island to Vietnam.[72]
* 1958 - North Vietnam's Phạm Văn Đồng recognizes Chinese sovereignty over the Paracels.[73]: 98

## 1970s

[edit]

* 1969 – A UN sponsored research team discovers oil under the sea floor of the island group.[citation needed]
* 1970 – China occupies Amphitrite Group of the Paracel Islands.[citation needed]
* 1971 – Philippines announces claim to islands adjacent to its territory in the Spratlys, which they named Kalayaan, which was formally incorporated into Palawan Province in 1972. The Philippines President Marcos announced the claims after Taiwanese troops attacked and shot at a Philippine fishing boat on Itu Aba.[74]
* 1972 – Bureau of Survey and Cartography under the Office of the Premier of Vietnam printed out "The World Atlas", saying that the "chain of islands from the Nansha and Xisha Islands to Hainan Island, Taiwan Island, the Penghu Islands and the Zhoushan Islands ... are shaped like a bow and constitute a Great Wall defending the China mainland."[75]
* 1974 – South Vietnam attempted to enforce its claims to sovereignty by placing settlers in the Spratlys and expelling Chinese fishermen from the southwestern Paracels. In the ensuing Battle of the Paracel Islands, China defeated Vietnamese forces. China ousts South Vietnamese forces from the Crescent Group, enabling Beijing to extend its control to the entire Paracel archipelago, where it has not been effectively challenged since.[citation needed]
* 14 February 1975, regretting the agreement with China in 1956, the Communist Vietnamese government reclaims the Spratly and Paracel archipelagos.[citation needed]
* 1976 – Vietnam tried to persuade China to recognize Vietnam's sovereignty over the Spratly Islands in exchange for Hanoi's recognition of Beijing's claim over the Paracel Islands. After the effort failed, the Vietnamese government asserted claim over both island groups.[76]
* June 1977 - During June 1977 discussions with China's Li Xiannan during a time of rising tensions between China and Vietnam, Phạm Văn Đồng recedes from Vietnam's 1958 recognition of China's sovereignty over the Paracels, contending that recognition was only made under the pressure of the United States of America's war against Vietnam.[73]: 98
* 11 June 1978 – President Ferdinand Marcos, by virtue of the Presidential Decree No. 1596, asserted that islands designated as the Kalayaan Island Group and comprising most of the Spratly Islands are subject to the sovereignty of the Philippines,[77] and by virtue of the Presidential Decree No. 1599 issued on 11 June 1978 claimed an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) up to 200 nautical miles (370 km) from the baselines from which their territorial sea is measured.[78]
* 1979 – Hanoi (now the capital of a united Vietnam) adopted South Vietnam's position, and claimed sovereignty over all the islands in the South China Sea. In the early 1980s, as Beijing, Kuala Lumpur, Manila, and Taipei protested, Vietnam resumed vigorous settlement and garrisoning of the Spratlys.[citation needed]

## 1980s

[edit]

* 8 May 1984 – the Philippines ratified the 1982 Third United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III) and declared themselves an archipelagic state.[79] The Philippines claimed all the Spratly islands and reefs lying within its 200 Nautical mile Exclusive Economic Zone including Mabini (Johnson South Reef).[80]
* 1984 – China starts to add ten dashes to its offical maps of sea areas claimed, with the extra dash north east of Tawain.[81]
* 1985 – President Meads of the Kingdom of Humanity sued the United States and others for $25 billion, claiming "unfair competition, harassment, [and] sabotage." The case was not heard.
* In 1987, following a United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization/Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (UNESCO/IOC) meeting in March, it was agreed that the PRC would build weather stations in the South China sea as part of the Global Sea Level Observing System (GLOSS) survey.[82] The scientists from GLOSS agreed that China would install tide gauges on what the PRC considered to be its coasts in the East China Sea and on the "Nansha islands" in South China Sea.
* 14 March 1988 – China defeats the Vietnamese navy in the Johnson South Reef Skirmish on Mabini reef (Johnson South Reef),[83][84][85] after the Vietnamese tried to intercept a Chinese force commissioned by UNESCO to build a tidal gauge station.[82]

## 1990s

[edit]

* 1992 – The Chinese government signs an oil exploration contract with Crestone.[86]
* 1992 – Vietnam accuses China of landing troops on Da Lat Reef. China seizes almost 20 Vietnamese cargo ships transporting goods from Hong Kong from June - September. [1]
* 1994 – Two Chinese warships blockade a Vietnamese oil rig built earlier this year in Wan'an Bei block off the coast of southern Vietnam. The Vietnamese claim was being developed by a consortium of foreign oil companies led by Mobil in the same area where China had awarded drilling rights to the Crestone Energy Corporation of Denver.[87][88]
* 1995 – A Vietnamese ship was shot by Taiwan.[89]
* 1997 – Philippines begins to challenge Chinese sovereignty over the Scarborough Shoal.[90]
* 1999 – Under President Lee Teng-hui, Taiwan stated that "legally, historically, geographically, or in reality", all of the South China Sea and Spratly islands were Taiwan's territory and under Taiwanese sovereignty, and denounced actions undertaken there by Malaysia and the Philippines, in a statement on 13 July 1999 released by the foreign ministry of Taiwan.[91] Taiwan and China's claims "mirrors" each other.[92] During international talks involving the Spratly islands, China and Taiwan have cooperated with each other since both have the same claims.[92][93]
* 9 May 1999 – The day after the U.S. bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade, Philippine navy sent BRP Sierra Madre and ran her aground on Second Thomas Shoal. China issued official protest afterward. Philippine refused to withdraw the ship.[94]

## 2000s

[edit]

### 2002

[edit]

* ASEAN and China agreed to a code of conduct in the Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea[95]

### 2005

[edit]

* 8 January – Chinese ships fired upon two Vietnamese fishing boats from Thanh Hóa Province, killing 9 people and detaining one ship with 8 people on Hainan Island.[96] Chinese Foreign Ministry claim they were pirates that opened fire first and obtained confession from the arrested members.[97]

### 2008

[edit]

* 23 May 2008 – The International Court of Justice, determined that Middle Rocks at the southwestern edge of the Sea belongs to Malaysia.[98]

### 2009

[edit]

* March 2009 – The Pentagon reported that Chinese ships harassed a US surveillance ship. According to the report, five Chinese vessels "shadowed and aggressively maneuvered in dangerously close proximity to USNS Impeccable, in an apparent coordinated effort to harass the U.S. ocean surveillance ship while it was conducting routine operations in international waters." The crew members aboard the vessels, two of which were within 50 feet, waved Chinese flags and told the US ship to leave the area, the statement said.[99]
* 13 May 2009 – The deadline for states to make seabed hydrocarbon claims under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. This is suspected to have caused ancient island claims to surface and become inflamed.[100]

### 2010

[edit]

* 23 July – US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton stated that the South China Sea was a matter of U.S. national interest.[101]

### 2011

[edit]

* 25 February – The Chinese frigate Dongguan fired three shots at Philippine fishing boats in the vicinity of Jackson atoll. The shots were fired after the frigate instructed the fishing boats to leave, and one of those boats experienced trouble removing its anchor.[102][103]
* 26 May – The clash involved the Vietnamese Binh Minh 02 oil and gas survey ship and three Chinese maritime patrol vessels occurred 120 km (80 miles) off the south-central coast of Vietnam and some 600 km south of China's Hainan island. Vietnam says the Chinese boats deliberately cut the survey ship's cables in Vietnamese waters. China denies the allegation.[104] The event stirred up unprecedented anti-China protests in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh city.[105]
* 9 June – A Norwegian-flagged seismic conducting ship hired by Vietnam Oil & Gas Corporation (PetroVietnam) clashed with another three Chinese fishery patrol vessels within Vietnam's Exclusive Economic Zone. Vietnam once again claimed its exploration cables were deliberately cut.[106]
* 10 October – Vietnam and China agree to a new set of principles on settling maritime disputes[95]
* November – Former Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad stated that China was not a threat to anyone and was not worried about aggression from China, accusing the United States of provoking China and trying to turn China's neighbours against China.[107][108]

### 2012

[edit]

Dongguan aground on the Half Moon Shoal.

* April – The Philippine warship Gregorio del Pilar was involved in a standoff with two Chinese surveillance vessels in the Scarborough Shoal, an area claimed by both nations.[109] The Philippine navy had been trying to arrest Chinese fishermen who were allegedly taking government-protected marine species from the area, but the surveillance boats prevented them.[110]
* 16 April – The Chinese Foreign Ministry urged a Philippine archaeological ship to immediately leave the waters of the Scarborough Shoal, which China claims is an "integral part of its territory."[111]
* 7 May – Chinese Vice Foreign Minister Fu Ying called a meeting with Alex Chua, Chargé d'affaires of the Philippine Embassy in China, to make a serious representation over the current incident at the Scarborough Shoal. China also warned its nationals against travel to the Philippines and raised trade barriers on imported pineapples and bananas.[112][113]
* 16 May – A fishing ban in the Scarborough Shoal by the governments of China and the Philippines became effective.[114][115] By mid June 2012, both nations had withdrawn their vessels from the waters around the disputed Shoal due to the arrival of the typhoon season.[116] By July 2012, China had erected a barrier to the entrance of the shoal,[117][118] and that vessels belonging to Beijing's China Marine Surveillance and Fisheries Law Enforcement Command were observed nearby the disputed shoal;[119] as of December 2012[update], Chinese government ships remain around the shoal and have been turning away Filipino vessels;[120][121] additionally, China has stated it would interdict, and board,[122] any foreign vessel that entered waters it claimed.[123] China later clarified that it would only conduct interdiction, and boarding, vessels within 12 nautical miles for which China has announced baselines.[124]
* May – Taiwan said co-ordinating with the PRC in the South China Sea disputes was impossible at the moment.[125]
* June – Indian Navy vessels sailing in the South China Sea received an unscheduled escort by a People's Liberation Army Navy frigate for 12 hours.[126][127]
* 11 July – a Jianghu-V type frigate of the PLA Navy, 560 Dongguan, ran aground on Half Moon Shoal just 60 nmi west of Rizal, well within the Philippines' 200 nmi-EEZ.[128] By 15 July the ship had been refloated and was returning to port with no injuries and only minor damage.[129] The 2012 ASEAN summit was taking place in Phnom Penh, Cambodia at the same time, where the mood was already tense over the escalating aggression in the region.[129]
* July – The National Assembly of Vietnam passed a law demarcating Vietnamese sea borders to include the Spratly and Paracel islands.[130][131]
* July – Citing reports from diplomats on-hand, Reuters wrote that Cambodia "batted away repeated attempts to raise the issue about the disputed waters during the ASEAN Meeting last week as well as the ASEAN Regional Forum."[132]
* 22 July – The Central Military Commission (China) decided to establish the Sansha garrison.[133] The move was criticised by the Philippines and Vietnam.[134] China responded by calling in a senior US diplomat and reiterating their "absolute sovereignty" over the region.[135]
* August – Vietnam is believed to have begun land reclamation at West Reef.[136]
* 1 September – ROC completed the 7-month construction of an antenna tower and runway on Taiping island, allowing the island to accommodate various kinds of military aircraft.[137] Taiwan then performed live fire military exercises on Taiping island in September 2012, reports said that Vietnam was explicitly named by the Taiwanese military as the "imaginary enemy" in the drill.[138][139][140][141][142][143] Vietnam protested against the exercises as violation of its territory and "voiced anger", demanding that Taiwan stop the drill.[144][145][146][147] Taiwan rejected Vietnam's protests, and Taiwan's Department of East Asian and Pacific Affairs declared that "Taiping Island is part of the Republic of China's territory....We have noted Vietnam's dissatisfaction over the drill...No one has the right to protest over Taiwan's exercise of its sovereign rights there", while China voiced its approval and support of Taiwan's military drill on the island.[148][149] Taiwan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs also said, "Our sovereignty over the island is undisputable and all of our activities and deployments on the island are legal and will never cause regional tensions." in response to Vietnamese claims on the island.[150][151] Among the inspectors of the live fire drill were Taiwanese national legislators, adding to the tensions.[152][153][154][155]
* 5 September – Philippine president Aquino promulgated Administrative Order No. 29, naming maritime areas on the western side of the Philippine archipelago as the West Philippine Sea. The order declares that the Philippines exercises "sovereign jurisdiction" in its exclusive economic zone, an area declared by Presidential Decree No. 1599 of 11 June 1978 to extend to a distance of two hundred nautical miles beyond and from the baseline from which the territorial sea is measured.[156][157][158] The Philippine Baselines are defined by Republic Act No. 3046, as amended.[159][160]
* 23 September – China launched a program to increase the number of UAVs monitoring the Scarborough Shoal, Paracel Islands, Spratly Islands and East China Sea, which follows a national marine zoning program approved by the State Council during the previous year as a part of China's 12th five year plan.[161]
* December – In an interview with the Times of India, Philippines Vice-president Binay welcomed the statement made by Indian Navy Admiral Joshi who stated that the Indian Navy is prepared to operate in the South China Sea.[162]

### 2013

[edit]

* March – Malaysia displayed no concern over China conducting a military exercise at James Shoal in March 2013.[163]
* August – Malaysia suggested that it might work with China over their South China Sea claims and ignore the other claimants, with Malaysian Defence Minister Hishamuddin Hussein saying that Malaysia had no problem with China patrolling the South China Sea, and telling ASEAN, America, and Japan that "Just because you have enemies, doesn't mean your enemies are my enemies".[164][165]

### 2014

[edit]

* 10 January – China imposes a "fishing permit" rule in the South China Sea, over the objections of the United States, the Philippines, and Vietnam.[166]
* 11 March – Two Philippine ships are expelled by the Chinese Coast Guard from Ayungin Shoal in the Spratly group of islands.[167]
* 30 March – The Republic of the Philippines invokes the compulsory settlement of dispute clause under the Law of the Sea Convention, by submitting a case to the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague in its case against China over competing South China Sea claims.[citation needed]
* 2 May – Vietnamese naval ships and Chinese vessels collide in the South China Sea. The incident occurred as China set up an oil rig in an area to which both nations lay claim.[168] On 26 May, a Vietnamese fishing boat sank near the oil rig, after colliding with a Chinese vessel. As both sides imputed the blame to each other, Vietnam released video footage a week later, showing the Vietnamese boat being rammed by the Chinese vessel before sinking.[169] Meanwhile, ASEAN leaders expressed "serious concerns" over the tensions, calling for self-restraint and peaceful acts from both sides. Many observed that this marked a change in tone by ASEAN members, who had previously avoided a collision of their economic interests with China.[170]

### 2015

[edit]

* Beginning in 2015, China's People's Liberation Army Air Force began patrolling the South China Sea, including the disputed Paracel and Spratly Islands.[171]: 273 In China's view, these disputed areas are within its Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ).[171]: 273 The United States Air Force does not accept this view, and flies its military planes through the area without informing China.[171]: 273
* 19 February – Upgrades and land reclamation were performed at Vietnamese-controlled Sand Cay between August 2011 and February 2015[172]
* 8 April – China has been transforming Mischief Reef into an island since January.[173] According to UNCLOS, artificial islands do not afford the occupying nation territorial waters.[174]
* 8 June – Chinese coast guard vessel anchored at Luconia Shoals (Betting Patinggi Ali), leading to a protest by Malaysia.[175]
* 7 July – Philippines v. China is a pending arbitration case concerning the legality of China's "nine-dotted line" claim over the South China Sea under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). The Philippines asked a tribunal of Permanent Court of Arbitration to invalidate China's claims. The hearings were also attended by observers from Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam.[176] The case has been compared to Nicaragua v. United States due to similarities of the parties involved such as that a developing country is challenging a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council in an arbitral tribunal.[177]
* 15 August – Malaysia continues its protest as China did not move their vessel by sending diplomatic notes. In a statement by the Minister in the Prime Minister's Department Shahidan Kassim, "We have never received any official claims from them (China) and they said the island (Beting Patinggi Ali) belongs to them but the country is 400,000 kilometres away. We are taking diplomatic action but in whatever approach, they have to get out of our national waters".[178]
* 27 October – US destroyer USS Lassen navigates within 12 nautical miles of the emerging land masses in the Spratly Islands as the first in a series of "Freedom of Navigation Operation".[179]
* 29 October – The tribunal ruled that it had the power to hear the case. It agreed to take up seven of the 15 submissions made by Manila, in particular whether Scarborough Shoal and low-tide areas like Mischief Reef can be considered islands. It set aside seven more claims mainly accusing Beijing of acting unlawfully to be considered at the next hearing on the case's merits. The tribunal is due to report in 2016.[180]
* 14 November – Indonesia announces that it is planning to take China to court over the Natuna Islands.[181]

### 2016

[edit]

* 3 January – Vietnamese Foreign Ministry spokesperson Le Hai Binh said that the landing of a civilian aircraft in Fiery Cross Reef is "a serious infringement of the sovereignty of Vietnam on the Spratly archipelago".[182]
* 13 January – China has finished construction on a 10,000-ton cutter destined for patrols in the South China Sea.[183]
* 13 February – Satellite images shows that China is currently expanding the North Island and Tree Island, both part of the Paracel Islands. Water capture reservoirs and fuel bunkers are the newly constructed structures seen in Fiery Cross Reef. A newly visible helicopter base is under construction in Duncan Island suggesting that Beijing may develop a network of bases in the South China Sea to support anti-submarine helicopters.[184]
* 14 March – Beijing will set-up an International Maritime Judicial Center similar to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) in order to help protect every countries sea rights. According to Chief justice Zhou Qiang, the Chinese judicial center will primarily focus on the case of countries with territorial issues with China.[185]
* 19 March – Indonesian maritime official involved in a clash with a Chinese coast guard boat over a Chinese trawler accused for illegal fishing off the Natuna islands. Chinese fishermen were under Indonesia's custody, while the trawler was set free after being rammed by Chinese coast guard boat.[186]
* 5 April – China has started to operate a new lighthouse in Subi Reef.[187]
* 10 May – The USS William P. Lawrence sailed within 12 miles of Fiery Cross Reef as part of the freedom of navigation patrol.[188] China scrambled two fighter jets and three warships.[189]
* 13 May – Chinese Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Hua Chunying said that more than 40 countries support its stance on South China Sea dispute.[190]
* 19 May – Indonesian military General Gatot Nurmantyo says they are considering conducting joint patrols with Malaysia and Philippines.[191]
* 23 May – A Chinese government bureau is planning to build a base station in the Spratly Islands to aid fishing boats in trouble and shorten the distance they need to travel.[192]
* 23 June – Indonesian President Joko Widodo sailed on a warship off Natuna islands to send a "clear message that the nation was very serious in its effort to protect its sovereignty".[193]
* 8 July – Philippine Foreign Secretary Perfecto Yasay said that the Philippines is willing to share the natural resources of West Philippine Sea to China.[194]
* 12 July – The arbitration tribunal in Philippines vs China concluded that China's historic claim within the nine-dash line has no legal basis beyond what's stipulated under UNCLOS. Many points were unanimously awarded in favour of the Philippines.[195][196][197][198] Filipino judge Antonio Carpio argues that during the court proceedings, China sent a position paper reiterating its recognition of the 1898 Treaty of Paris, the 1900 Treaty of Washington, and the 1930 US-UK Treaty, therefore recognizing by extension Scarborough Shoal and Spratly Islands as Filipino territories. He added that China likely did not read the full texts of the treaties.[199] Beijing and Taipei rejected the ruling.[200] Other countries have expressed their positions as well.[201][202]

### 2017

[edit]

* 25 September - Vietnam’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs expresses opposition after a Filipino coast guard vessel opened fire on a Vietnamese fishing boat, resulting in the death of two fishermen.[203]

### 2019

[edit]

* 19 December - China sent fishing boats guarded by coastguard vessels to waters claimed by Indonesia to be its exclusive economic zone off the Natuna islands.[204] Diplomatic relations between China and Indonesia deteriorated and China clarified that it had "rights and interests over the relevant waters".[205]

### 2020

[edit]

* 29 January - Indonesia reported further Chinese fishing boats with Chinese coastguard ship escort in its exclusive economic zone.[204]
* 22 December - The PRC announced that guided missile destroyer John S McCain had been "expelled" after it “trespassed” into Chinese territorial waters close to the Spratly Islands.[206]

### 2021

[edit]

* 11 July - During a meeting with Tajikistan's Foreign Minister Sirojiddin Muhriddin at the State Department in Washington, United States Secretary of State Antony Blinken stated, "an armed attack on Philippine armed forces, public vessels, or aircraft in the South China Sea would invoke US mutual defence commitments under Article IV of the 1951 US-Philippines Mutual Defence Treaty."[207]
* 30 July - The HMS Queen Elizabeth (R08) aircraft carrier task force sailed through disputed international waters in the South China Sea - and deployed ships in the region.[208]
* 3 August - The German frigate Bayern set sail for South China Sea, making it the first German warship to go through the area since 2002.[209]

### 2022

[edit]

* 16 July - A U.S. warship challenged China's, Taiwan's, and Vietnam's claims to parts of the Spratly Islands.[210]

### 2023

[edit]

* 28 August- China's Ministry of Natural Resources revised its territorial claims map with extension of the "nine-dash line" by an eastern move of a dash near the coast of Borneo. Protests followed from Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan and Vietnam.[211]

### 2024

[edit]

* 17 June - China and the Philippines traded accusations over a ship collision near Second Thomas Shoal.[212]
* August - Chinese and Philippine vessels collide in multiple incidents near the Sabina Shoal.[213]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Tsang, Cheng-hwa (2000), "Recent advances in the Iron Age archaeology of Taiwan", Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, 20: 153–158, doi:10.7152/bippa.v20i0.11751
2. ^ Turton, M. (2021). Notes from central Taiwan: Our brother to the south. Taiwan's relations with the Philippines date back millenia, so it's a mystery that it's not the jewel in the crown of the New Southbound Policy. Taiwan Times.
3. ^ Everington, K. (2017). Birthplace of Austronesians is Taiwan, capital was Taitung: Scholar. Taiwan News.
4. ^ Bellwood, P., H. Hung, H., Lizuka, Y. (2011). Taiwan Jade in the Philippines: 3,000 Years of Trade and Long-distance Interaction. Semantic Scholar.
5. ^ Bray, Adam (18 June 2014). "The Cham: Descendants of Ancient Rulers of South China Sea Watch Maritime Dispute From Sidelines – The ancestors of Vietnam's Cham people built one of the great empires of Southeast Asia". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 20 June 2014.
6. ^ a b Wortzel, Larry M.; Higham, Robin D.S. (1 January 1999). Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 180\. ISBN 978-0-313-29337-5. Retrieved 21 August 2014. "China's claim to the islands are based on historic usage by Chinese fisherman as early as 200 B.C.E. and on the 1887 Chinese-Vietnamese Boundary Convention, while Vietnam claims historic links with the islands based primarily on having inherited modern French territory."
7. ^ Nordquist & Moore 1998, pp. 154–155
8. ^ Nordquist & Moore 1998, p. 155
9. ^ a b c d Nordquist & Moore 1998, p. 156
10. ^ a b c Antonio Carpio (24 May 2024). Philippine Island Territories in the West Philippine Sea (YouTube video). Institute for Maritime and Ocean Affairs.[timestamp needed][failed verification]
11. ^ a b c Braid, Florangel Rosario (10 February 2024). "'Amplifying the true narrative of the West Philippine Sea'". The Manila Bulletin.
12. ^ "1792 Plano de la Navigacion" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 May 2019. Retrieved 14 August 2024.
13. ^ a b Chang, Teh-Kuang (1991). "China's Claim of Sovereignty over Spratly and Paracel Islands: A Historical and Legal Perspective". Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law. 23: 416. Archived from the original on 29 July 2018. Retrieved 27 August 2024.
14. ^ "Chapter II-3 Sovereignty Over the Paracel and Spratly Islands". Scribd. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
15. ^ Samuels, Marwyn S. (1982). Contest for the South China Sea. New York: Methuen and Company. p. 61.
16. ^ a b c Tkachenko, Boris I. (2018). "Territorial disputes in the South China Sea, Paracel Islands" (PDF). Asia–Pacific Journal of Marine Science & Education. 8 (2): 60. ISSN 2306-8000.
17. ^ United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Subcommittee on Asian and Pacific Affairs (1974). Oil and Asian Rivals: Sino-Soviet Conflict; Japan and the Oil Crisis. US Government Printing Office. p. 442. Retrieved 21 August 2014.
Park, Choon-ho (1985). East Asia and the law of the sea. Seoul National University Press. p. 188\. ISBN 9780824810016. Retrieved 21 August 2014.
18. ^ "1875 "Carta General del Archipielago Filipino."" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 May 2019. Retrieved 14 August 2024.
19. ^ Bonnet, François-Xavier. "Geopolitics of Scarborough Shoal" (PDF). Institut de Recherche sur l'Asie du Sud-Est Contemporaine (IRASEC). p. 14. (footnote 48)
20. ^ Nordquist & Moore 1998, p. 173.
21. ^ Shicun Wu (30 September 2013). Solving Disputes for Regional Cooperation and Development in the South China Sea: A Chinese Perspective. Elsevier Science. pp. 66–. ISBN 978-1-78063-355-8.
22. ^ Thomazi, 258–62
23. ^ Thomazi, La conquête de l'Indochine, 189–92
24. ^ a b Thomazi, Auguste (1934). La conquête de l'Indochine.
25. ^ ed. Kivimäki 2002, p. 9.
26. ^ Bateman, Emmers 2008, p. 43.
27. ^ Samuels, Marwyn S. (1982). Contest for the South China Sea. New York: Methuen and Company. p. 52.
28. ^ Keyuan, Zou (1999). "Maritime Boundary Delimitation in the Gulf of Tonkin". Ocean Development. 30 (3): 235–254. doi:10.1080/009083299276177.
29. ^ Hiebert, Murray (30 June 1994). "Hanoi's Tit for Tat". Far Eastern Economic Review: 20–21.
30. ^ Nordquist & Moore 1998, p. [page needed].
31. ^ Rodolfo Severino (2011). Where in the World is the Philippines?: Debating Its National Territory. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 76–. ISBN 978-981-4311-71-7.
32. ^ "Convention relative à la délimitation de la frontière entre la Chine et le Tonkin, signée à Pékin" [Full text of Convention relative to the delimitation of the frontier between China and Tonkin, signed in Beijing] (in French). Gallica. 26 June 1887. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
33. ^ Zou, Keyuan (1999). "Maritime Boundary Delimitation in the Gulf of Tonkin". Ocean Development and International Law. Singapore: Taylor & Francis. p. 239\. doi:10.1080/009083299276177.
34. ^ a b Bill Hayton (12 June 2015). "The importance of evidence: Fact, fiction and the South China Sea". Thanh Niên.
35. ^ a b Carpio, Antonio T. (11 November 2023). "ANALYSIS: The most complicated dispute in the world". rappler.com. Archived from the original on 11 November 2023.
36. ^ A. Choveaux, 1925, pp. 74–77
37. ^ Olson 1991: 349
38. ^ "Port of Zhanjiang". World Port Source. Archived from the original on 22 January 2010. Retrieved 22 January 2010.
39. ^ Braid, Florangel Rosario (9 February 2024). "Amplifying the true narrative of the West Philippine Sea". Manilla Bulletin. Archived from the original on 4 July 2024.
40. ^ a b c d Severino 2011, p. 76.
41. ^ Nery, John (21 April 2015). "A Chinese strategy: manipulating the record". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
42. ^ Bonnet, François-Xavier. "Archaeology and Patriotism: Long Term Chinese Strategies in the South China Sea" (PDF). Retrieved 21 August 2016.
43. ^ Bonnet, Francois-Xavier (November 2012). "Geopolitics of Scarborough Shoal" (PDF). Irasec's Discussion Paper (14). Institut de Recherche sur l'Asie du Sud-Est Contemporaine – Research Institute on Contemporary Southeast Asia.: 14
44. ^ a b c Claudius Madrolle (1939). "La question de Hai-nan et des Paracels" [The question of Hai-nan and Paracel]. Politique étrangère (in French). 4 (3): 302–312. doi:10.3406/polit.1939.5631.
45. ^ Bondoc, Jarius (18 October 2023). "Carpio debunks China lie about owning Spratlys". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on 18 October 2023.
46. ^ a b c d The South China Sea in the Age of European Decline, Stein Tonnesson, Modern Asian Studies, p. 8, February 2006
47. ^ a b c d China's Claim to the Spratly Islands is Just a Mistake, Bill Hayton, CIMSEC, May 16, 2018
48. ^ a b Sovereignty over the Paracel and Spratly Islands, Monique Chemelier-Gendreau, Annex 10, Kluwer Law International, 2000
49. ^ "Diplomacy on the Rocks: China and Other Claimants in the South China Sea". Middle East Policy Council. 13 April 2015. Retrieved 27 February 2023.
50. ^ "The 1935 Constitution". Phillipines Offical Gazette. Retrieved 28 August 2024.
51. ^ "Dashing Lines and Faking History: The Complicated History of Taipei's Maritime Claims". International Relations. 24 January 2022.
52. ^ A CNA Occasional Paper, Philippine Claims in the South China Sea: A Legal Analysis, Mark E. Rosen, JD, LLM (citing Francois-Xavier Bonnet, The Geopolitics of Scarborough Shoal). (2014)
53. ^ ed. Kivimäki 2002, p. 10.
54. ^ China Handbook (1937-1943). The Chinese Ministry of Information.
55. ^ Bill Hayton (25 May 2015). "The importance of evidence: Fact, fiction and the South China Sea". Asia Sentinel.
56. ^ ed. Morley, Nishihara 1997, p. 124.
57. ^ a b Severino 2011, p. 74.
58. ^ a b ed. Kivimäki 2002, p. 11.
59. ^ "The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica.". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 4 October 2014.
60. ^ "China has backed Philippine maritime zone – Carpio". Philstar Global. 7 June 2024.
61. ^ Chinese Ministry of Information, ed. (1947). China Handbook 1937–1945, New Edition with 1946 Supplement. New York: Macmillan Co. pp. 1–844.[failed verification]
62. ^ US Department of State Publication, Record of Proceedings of the Conference for the Conclusion and Signature of the Treaty of Peace with Japan, 119, 292 (1951).
63. ^ "San Francisco Peace Treaty". Retrieved 30 July 2015.
64. ^ "Agreement on the Cessation of Hostilities in Vietnam". Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, United States Department of State.
65. ^ Thao Vi (2 June 2014). "Late Vietnam PM's letter gives no legal basis to China's island claim". Thanh Nien News.
66. ^ Nguyen, Hong Thao (4 May 2012). "Vietnam's Position on the Sovereignty over the Paracels & the Spratlys: Its Maritime Claim" (PDF). Journal of East Asia International Law, V JEAIL (1) 2012. Hanoi: Vietnam National University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
67. ^ "Diplomacy on the Rocks: China and Other Claimants in the South China Sea". Middle East Policy Council. 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2021. (Remarks at a Seminar of the Watson Institute for International Studies, Brown University)
68. ^ "The History of the Kingdom of Colonia St John". Kingdom of Colonia St John: Information Services. Archived from the original on 24 July 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
69. ^ Shicun Wu; Keyuan Zou (2 March 2016). Arbitration Concerning the South China Sea: Philippines Versus China. Routledge. pp. 17–. ISBN 978-1-317-17989-4.
70. ^ Tsu-sung, Hsieh (13 March 2018). South China Sea Disputes, The: Historical, Geopolitical And Legal Studies. World Scientific. p. 107\. ISBN 9789813234901. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
71. ^ Kivimäki, Timo, ed. (2002). War Or Peace in the South China Sea?. Contributor Nordic Institute of Asian Studies (illustrated ed.). NIAS Press. ISBN 978-8791114014. ISSN 0904-597X. Retrieved 10 March 2014.: 13
72. ^ Official history of Bach Long Vi island Archived 18 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine
73. ^ a b Wang, Frances Yaping (2024). The Art of State Persuasion: China's Strategic Use of Media in Interstate Disputes. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780197757512.
74. ^ Pak 2000, p. 92.
75. ^ "The Operation of the HYSY 981 Drilling Rig: Vietnam's Provocation and China's Position". 9 June 2014.
76. ^ "Vietnam's Paradox: Commemorating the Battle of the Paracels". thediplomat.com. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
77. ^ "Presidential Decree No. 1596 - Declaring Certain Area Part of the Philippine Territory and Providing for Their Government and Administration". Chan Robles Law Library. 11 June 1978.
78. ^ "Presidential Decree No. 1599 Establishing an Exclusive Economic Zone and for Other Purposes". Chan Robles Law Library. 11 June 1978.
79. ^ "UNCLOS. Declarations upon ratification".
80. ^ Camille Diola. "US think tank: Philippines illegally occupying 2 islands in Spratlys". The Philippine Star.
81. ^ Baumert, Kevin; Melchior, Brian (5 December 2014). No. 143 China: Maritime Claims in the South China Sea (PDF). Limits in the Seas (Report). Office of Ocean and Polar Affairs, Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs, U.S. Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 February 2020. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
82. ^ a b "IOC. Assembly; 14th session; (Report)" (PDF). 1 April 1987. p. 41.
83. ^ "Deadly fight against Chinese for Gac Ma Reef remembered". Thanh Nien News. 14 March 2013.
84. ^ Mai Thanh Hai – Vu Ngoc Khanh (14 March 2016). "Vietnamese soldiers remember 1988 Spratlys battle against Chinese". Thanh Nien News. Retrieved 19 March 2014.
85. ^ QUỐC VIỆT (14 March 1988). ""Vòng tròn bất tử" trên bãi Gạc Ma (The immortal circle in the Johnson South Reef)". Tuổi Trẻ. Retrieved 19 March 2014.
86. ^ Nicholas D. Kristof (18 June 1992). "China Signs U.S. Oil Deal for Disputed Waters". The New York Times.
87. ^ Philip Shenon (21 July 1994). "China Sends Warships to Vietnam Oil Site". The New York Times.
88. ^ Sanqiang Jian (1997). "Multinational oil companies and the spratly dispute(1997)". Journal of Contemporary China. 6 (16): 591–601. doi:10.1080/10670569708724298.
89. ^ John Pike. "Military Clashes in the South China Sea". GlobalSecurity.org.
90. ^ Law of the Sea in East Asia: Issues and Prospects, Keyuan Zou, 2005, Univ. of Singapore. pg 58
91. ^ STRATFOR's Global Intelligence Update (14 July 1999). "Taiwan sticks to its guns, to U.S. chagrin". Asia Times Online. Archived from the original on 29 September 2000. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
92. ^ a b Sisci, Francesco (29 June 2010). "US toe-dipping muddies South China Sea". Asia Times Online. Archived from the original on 30 July 2010. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
93. ^ Pak 2000, p. 91.
94. ^ "菲"搅局，东盟会议未发公报 (in Chinese). 搜狐. 15 July 2012. Archived from the original on 28 April 2013. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
95. ^ a b "China and Vietnam agree principles for resolving maritime disputes – Durham University". Retrieved 30 July 2015.
96. ^ "Chinese ships 'shot to kill' Vietnamese fishermen; survivor". Vietnam Seaports Association. 17 January 2005. Archived from the original on 30 July 2013. Retrieved 10 May 2012.
97. ^ "Vietnam Accuses China of Violating Law After Fishermen Killed". Bloomberg. 23 January 2005. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
98. ^ Lathrop, Coalter G. (2008). "Sovereignty over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge". The American Journal of International Law. 102 (4): 828–834. doi:10.2307/20456682. JSTOR 20456682. S2CID 142147633.
99. ^ "Pentagon says Chinese vessels harassed U.S. ship". CNN. 9 March 2009. Archived from the original on 17 September 2011.
100. ^ Taylor, Tim. "The rights stuff in oil islands now". The Lawyer. 15 October 2012. Archived from the original on 16 October 2012.
101. ^ Clinton, Hillary (23 July 2010). "Remarks at Press Availability". Retrieved 7 August 2019.
102. ^ Tessa Jamandre (3 June 2011). "China fired at Filipino fishermen in Jackson atoll". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
103. ^ Bill Gertz (8 August 2012). "Inside the Ring: China warship grounded". The Washington Times. Archived from the original on 11 August 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
104. ^ "Vietnam accuses China in seas dispute". BBC News. 30 May 2011.
105. ^ "Anti-China Protests Continue in Vietnam, Despite Police Opposition". China Digital Times. China. Retrieved 15 November 2011.
106. ^ China boats violate Vietnam sea, cut cables again Archived 17 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine (9 June 2011), tuoitrenews.vn.
107. ^ "Mahathir: China no threat to Malaysia". The Star. 27 April 2010. Archived from the original on 30 April 2010. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
108. ^ Kazuto Tsukamoto (9 November 2011). "Malaysia's Mahathir says China is no threat". The Asahi Shimbun. Archived from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
109. ^ "China, Philippines locked in naval standoff". CNN. 11 April 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
110. ^ "Philippines and China to impose fishing bans amid standoff". The Telegraph. London. 14 May 2012.
111. ^ "China urges Philippine archaeological vessel to leave Huangyan Island". Xinhua News Agency. 16 April 2012. Archived from the original on 29 April 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
112. ^ Damian Grammaticas (9 May 2012). "China bangs the war drum over South China Sea". BBC. Retrieved 11 May 2012.
113. ^ Barbara Demick (10 May 2012). "China cancels tours to Philippines over South China Sea dispute". Los Angeles Times.
114. ^ "China to enforce fishing ban in disputed waters". The Jakarta Post. 14 May 2012. Archived from the original on 17 May 2012. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
115. ^ "Philippines imposes fishing ban in disputed waters". ABC Radio Australia. 16 May 2012. Archived from the original on 31 July 2012. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
116. ^ Jane Perlez (18 June 2012). "Philippines and China Ease Tensions in Rift at Sea". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 June 2012.
117. ^ Michaela Del Callar (18 July 2012). "DFA: China boats blocking PHL vessels from Panatag Shoal". GMA News. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
118. ^ Jim Gomez (18 July 2012). "Indonesia scrambles to end ASEAN rift over sea". Associated Press. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
119. ^ Fat Reyes (27 July 2012). "3 Chinese government vessels spotted at Scarborough Shoal — DFA". Global Nation Inquirer. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
120. ^ "3 Chinese ships seen in Scarborough – PCG". ABS-CBN News. Manila, Philippines. 12 September 2012. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
121. ^ "Philippines insists Chinese ships must go; historical claim cited". Business World Online. 29 November 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
122. ^ Rouchelle R. Dinglasan (1 December 2012). "China's 'new rule' in South China Sea is threat to all countries — DFA". GMA News. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
123. ^ Amanda Lago (3 December 2012). "No moves to redeploy patrol vessels to Panatag Shoal yet — DFA chief". GMA News. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
124. ^ Jeremy Page; Vu Trong Khanh (5 December 2012). "China Sheds Light on New Sea Rules". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
125. ^ "Taiwan will not work with China on South China Sea issues: official" ROC Central News Agency, 21 May 2012.
126. ^ Ananth Krishnan (14 June 2012). "In South China Sea, a surprise Chinese escort for Indian ships". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Retrieved 21 June 2012.
127. ^ "China's Great White Fleet – Will China's Secret Fleet Soon Outnumber The U.S. Navy?". Forbes. 19 June 2012. Retrieved 21 June 2012.
128. ^ Laude, Jamie. "China ship runs aground near Phl" The Philippine Star. 14 July 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
129. ^ a b "Stranded naval frigate refloated." AFP. 15 July 2012
130. ^ Perlez, Jane (23 June 2012). "China gets tough as Vietnam claims disputed islands". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 26 June 2012.
131. ^ "- Pittsburgh Post-Gazette". 23 September 2012.
132. ^ Manuel Mogato and Stuart Grudgings, "ASEAN Way" founders in South China Sea storm, Reuters, 17 July 2012.
133. ^ "China to formally garrison disputed South China Sea." Reuters, 22 July 2012.
134. ^ "Philippines Slams China's Establishment of Sansha City in South China Sea." VOA, 23 July 2012.
135. ^ "China calls in U.S. diplomat over South China Sea." Reuters, 4 August 2012.
136. ^ "Vietnam Island Building." Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative, 7 May 2015.
137. ^ July 15, 2012, Taiwan mulls extending runway in Spratlys: report, The West Australian [dead link]
138. ^ "Photo: Taiwan military exercises with Vietnam as an imaginary enemy generals admit Taiping Island". 5 September 2012. Archived from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
139. ^ "Taiwan holds live-fire drill in Spratlys: official" 2013. Archived 14 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine
140. ^ "PTI 2013". Retrieved 4 October 2014.
141. ^ Staff Writers, Taipei (AFP) (1 March 2013). "Taiwan to stage live-fire drill on disputed island". Space Daily. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
142. ^ "PTI 2013". Business Line. Press Trust of India. Retrieved 4 October 2014.
143. ^ Yeh, Joseph (23 April 2013). "Drills held on Taiwan-controlled Taiping island in South China Sea". China Post. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
144. ^ Bloomberg News (23 August 2012). "Vietnam Demands Taiwan Cancel Spratly Island Live Fire Drill". Bloomberg. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
145. ^ "Vietnam protests Taiwan's fire drill exercise plan on island". Thanh Nien News. 23 August 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
146. ^ "thanhniennews 2012". Vietnam Breaking News. Retrieved 4 October 2014.
147. ^ "Taiwan to hold live-fire drill in Spratlys". InterAksyon. Agence France-Presse. 1 March 2013. Archived from the original on 24 August 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
148. ^ CNA and Staff (5 September 2012). "Taiwan unmoved by Vietnam's protest against Taiping drill". Want China Times. Archived from the original on 25 March 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
149. ^ (AFP) (12 August 2012). "Vietnam's angry at Taiwan as it stages live-fire drill in the Spratlys". Philippines News. Archived from the original on 25 March 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
150. ^ CNA (21 August 2012). "Taiwan to conduct live-fire Taiping Island drill in Sept". China Post. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
151. ^ Staff writer, with CNA (21 August 2012). "Taiwan plans live-fire drill on Taiping in South China Sea". Taipei Times. p. 3. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
152. ^ Carpenter, Ted Galen (28 February 2013). "Taiwan Challenges Its Neighbors". The National Interest. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
153. ^ "Carpenter 2013". Cato Institute. Retrieved 4 October 2014.
154. ^ "Carpenter 2013". Retrieved 4 October 2014.
155. ^ "Carpenter 2013". Retrieved 4 October 2014.
156. ^ "It's official: Aquino signs order on West Philippine Sea". Philippine Daily Inquirer. 13 September 2012.
157. ^ "Anministrative Order No. 29". Official Gazette. Office of the President of the Philippines. 5 September 2012.
158. ^ "Presidential Decree No. 1599 of 11 June 1978 establishing an Exclusive Economic Zone and for other purposes" (PDF). Maritime Space: Maritime Zones and Maritime Delimitation. Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea (DOALOS), Office of Legal Affairs, United Nations Secretariat. 11 June 1978.
159. ^ "An Act to Amend Certain Provisions of Republic Act No. 3046, As Amended by Republic Act No. 5446, to Define the Archipelagic Baseline of the Philippines and for Other Purposes". Chan Robles Law Library. 10 March 2009.
160. ^ "Commentary: Philippine renaming of South China Sea willful move, fond dream." Xinhua News Agency, 13 September 2012.
161. ^ J. Michael Cole, 2012-09-24, China increases territorial UAVs, Taipei Times
162. ^ Indrani Bagchi (18 December 2012). "Asean nations lap up Navy chief's South China Sea comment". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 26 January 2013. Retrieved 20 December 2012.
163. ^ Shahriman Lockman (24 April 2013). "Why Malaysia isn't afraid of China (for now)". The Strategist: The Australian Strategic Policy Institute Blog. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
164. ^ Haslinda Amin (29 August 2013). Malaysia Breaks Ranks on South China Sea (video). First Up. Bloomberg. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
165. ^ "Malaysia splits with ASEAN on China Sea threat". Bloomberg. 29 August 2013. Archived from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
166. ^ "Beijing brushes off US criticism of its tough new fishing rules". The Guardian. 10 January 2014. Retrieved 11 May 2014.
167. ^ "DND confirms report on expulsion of PH vessels by Chinese ships". 11 March 2014. Retrieved 10 May 2014.
168. ^ "Vietnam and China ships 'collide in South China Sea'". BBC News. 7 May 2014. Retrieved 10 May 2014.
169. ^ Bloomberg News (6 June 2014). "Vietnam Says China Still Ramming Boats, Airs Sinking Video". Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
170. ^ "ASEAN balks on singling out China in communique". Japan Times. Retrieved 4 October 2014.
171. ^ a b c Li, Xiaobing (2024). "Beijing's Military Power and East Asian-Pacific Hot Spots". In Fang, Qiang; Li, Xiaobing (eds.). China under Xi Jinping: A New Assessment. Leiden University Press. ISBN 9789087284411.
172. ^ Vietnam Island Building Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative 7 May 2015
173. ^ Sanger, David E.; Gladstone, Rick (8 April 2015). "Piling Sand in a Disputed Sea, China Literally Gains Ground". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
"'Great Wall Of Sand': China Builds Islands In Contested Waters". Allegheny, Pennsylvania, United States: WPSU. 11 April 2015. Retrieved 14 April 2015.
174. ^ Thomas Dux (2011). Specially Protected Marine Areas in the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ): The Regime for the Protection of Specific Areas of the EEZ for Environmental Reasons Under International Law. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 156\. ISBN 978-3-643-11127-2.
175. ^ "Malaysia Toughens Stance With Beijing Over South China Sea". Wall Street Journal. 8 June 2015. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
176. ^ "Philippines asks tribunal to invalidate China's sea claims". The Washington Post. 2015. Archived from the original on 12 July 2015. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
177. ^ Esmaquel, Paterno II (11 July 2015). "PH lawyer vs China: 'Giant slayer' who defeated US". Rappler. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
178. ^ "Malaysia lodges diplomatic protest against intrusion at Beting Patinggi Ali". The Rakyat Post. Bernama. 15 August 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
179. ^ "After Months of Waiting, US Finally Begins Freedom of Navigation Patrols Near China's Man-Made Islands". The Diplomat. 27 October 2015.
180. ^ "Arbitration between the Republic of the Philippines and the People's Republic of China". PCA Case Repository (Press Release). Permanent Court of Arbitration. 30 November 2015. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
181. ^ Daiss, Tim (12 November 2015). "Indonesia Ups The Ante In Disputed South China Sea, Oil And Gas Lurks In The Background". Forbes.
182. ^ Panda, Ankit (3 January 2016). "Vietnam Protests as China Lands Civilian Aircraft on Newly Constructed Spratly Airstrip". The Diplomat. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
183. ^ Gady, Franz-Stefan (13 January 2016). "Beijing Builds 'Monster' Ship for Patrolling the South China Sea". The Diplomat. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
184. ^ Lee, Victor (13 February 2016). "Satellite Imagess: China Manufactures Land at New Sites in the Paracel Islands". The Diplomat. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
185. ^ "China Sea territorial disputes to be handled by International Maritime Judicial Center created by Beijing". Manila Livewire. 14 March 2016. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
186. ^ "Indonesia to Summon Chinese Ambassador Over Natuna Islands Standoff". The Jakarta Globe. 21 March 2016.
187. ^ "China started to operate a Lighthouse on a Fake Island in the West Philippine Sea". Manila Livewire. 7 April 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
188. ^ Perlez, Jane (10 May 2016). "U.S. Sails Warship Near Island in South China Sea, Challenging Chinese Claims". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
189. ^ Martina, Michael; Torode, Greg; Blanchard, Ben (10 May 2016). "China scrambles fighters as U.S. sails warship near Chinese-claimed reef". Reuters. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
190. ^ Rajagopalan, Megha (20 May 2016). "China says more than 40 countries support its stance on South China Sea dispute". Reuters. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
191. ^ Ismail, Saifulbahri (19 May 2016). "Indonesia considering South China Sea patrols with Malaysia, Philippines: Military chief". Channel NewsAsia. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
192. ^ Rajagopalan, Megha (23 May 2016). "China plans base station for rescue operations in South China Sea". Reuters. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
193. ^ "South China Sea: Indonesian leader visits Natuna Islands amid growing tensions". ABC News. 23 June 2016.
194. ^ "PH willing to share resources in West PH Sea". Rappler. 8 July 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
195. ^ "PCA Press Release 12 juli 2016, The South China Sea Arbitration (The Republic of the Philippines v. The People's Republic of China)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 July 2016. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
196. ^ Katie Hunt (12 July 2016). "South China Sea: Court rules in favor of Philippines over China". CNN.
197. ^ Esmaquel II, Paterno R. (29 June 2016). "Aquino: The president who brought China to court". rappler.com. Archived from the original on 3 July 2024.
198. ^ Santos, Matikas (12 July 2016). "China's nine-dash line, historic rights invalid – tribunal". Inquirer.net. Archived from the original on 13 July 2016.
199. ^ "China has backed Philippine maritime zone – Carpio". The Philippine Star. 7 June 2024. Archived from the original on 7 June 2024.
200. ^ "Beijing rejects tribunal's ruling in South China Sea case". The Guardian. 12 July 2016.
201. ^ "Ethiopia Supports China's Stand On South China Sea". All Africa. 13 July 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
202. ^ "Joint Statement of the Foreign Ministers of ASEAN Member States on the Maintenance of Peace, Security, and Stability in the Region". ASEAN.org.
203. ^ Vietnam opposes Filipino coast guard vessel shooting Vietnamese fishers to death (25 September 2017), tuoitrenews.vn.
204. ^ a b Nguyễn, A.C.; Phạm, M.T.; Nguyễn, V.H.; Trần, B.H. (2024). "Explaining the increase of China's power in the South China Sea through international relation theories". Cogent Arts & Humanities. 11 (1). 2383107. doi:10.1080/23311983.2024.2383107.
205. ^ Agusman, Damos Dumoli (2023). "Natuna Waters: Explaining a Flashpoint between Indonesia and China". Indonesian Journal of International Law. 20 (4): 531–562. doi:10.17304/ijil.vol20.4.1 (inactive 2 September 2024). ISSN 2356-5527.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (link): 546
206. ^ "China expels US ship from disputed waters in fresh escalation in South China Sea". The Telegraph. 22 December 2020.[dead link]
207. ^ "U.S. Repeats warning to China against attack on Philippine forces". Reuters. 12 July 2021.
208. ^ Lendon, Brad. "UK's HMS Queen Elizabeth aircraft carrier pictured in South China Sea". www.msn.com. CNN. Archived from the original on 30 July 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
209. ^ "German warship heads for South China Sea". 3 August 2021.
210. ^ Lendon, Brad (16 July 2022). "US Navy challenges Chinese claims in South China Sea for second time in a week". CNN. Retrieved 19 May 2024.
211. ^ Mori, Hiroshi (5 September 2023). "China's New 'Ten-Dash Line' Map Infuriates Asian Neighbors". Retrieved 17 August 2024.
212. ^ Magramo, Kathleen; Gan, Nectar. "US blasts 'aggressive' China over South China Sea collision with Philippine ship". CNN. Archived from the original on 18 June 2024. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
213. ^ "China and Philippines trade blame as ships collide". BBC. 31 August 2024. Archived from the original on 31 August 2024.

### Source

[edit]

* Nordquist, Myron H.; Moore, John Norton (1998). Security Flashpoints: Oil, Islands, Sea Access and Military Confrontation ; [twenty-first Annual Seminar Held at the UN Plaza Hotel in New York City from February 7 – 8, 1997]. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 978-90-411-1056-5.