Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2023)

Main article: Timeline of the Syrian civil war

* v
* t
* e

Syrian civil war

Timeline

* Background and causes
* Casualties
* Cities
* Terrorism
* Massacres

* v
* t
* e

Civil uprising in Syria (March–August 2011)

* Daraa
* Baniyas
* Homs (May–August 2011)
* Talkalakh
* Rastan and Talbiseh
* 1st Jisr ash-Shughur
* Hama
* Latakia

* v
* t
* e

Start of insurgency in Syria (Sept. 2011 – April 2012)

* Siege of Homs
* 1st Homs offensive
* 1st Idlib Gov.
* Syrian–Turkish border
* Jabal al-Zawiya
* 1st Idlib City
* Saraqib
* 1st Rastan
* Hama Gov.
* Daraa Gov.
* Rif Dimashq Gov.
* 1st Rif Dimashq
* 1st Zabadani
* Douma
* 1st Deir ez-Zor Gov.
* Hatla
* Aleppo Gov.
* Azaz
* 2nd Rastan
* 1st al-Qusayr
* 2nd Idlib Gov.
* Taftanaz

* v
* t
* e

UN ceasefire; Rebel advances (May 2012 – Dec. 2013)

* 3rd Rastan
* Houla
* 1st Northern Homs
* Al-Haffah
* Al-Qubeir
* Al-Tremseh
* 3rd Idlib Gov.
* 1st Damascus
* Bombing
* 1st Aleppo city
* Anadan
* Menagh Air Base
* Base 46
* Khan al-Assal
* 1st Aleppo offensive
* 2nd Aleppo offensive
* Syrian Kurdistan and Kurdish–Islamist conflict
* Hasaka campaign
* Ras al-Ayn
* al-Yaarubiyah
* Tell Hamis and Tell Brak
* Tell Abyad
* Nubl & Al-Zahraa
* 2nd Rif Dimashq (1st Darayya)
* Abu al-Duhur Airbase
* Quneitra Gov.
* 3rd Rif Dimashq
* 1st Yarmouk camp
* 2nd Darayya
* Darayya & Muadamiyat
* Aqrab
* 1st Hama offensive
* Halfaya
* 1st Safira
* Shadadeh
* 2nd Damascus
* 1st Raqqa Gov.
* 1st Raqqa city
* 1st Daraa offensive
* 4th Rif Dimashq
* Jdaidet al-Fadl
* Tadamon
* Ghouta
* 2nd al-Qusayr
* 3rd al-Qusayr
* Eastern Ghouta
* 2nd Hama offensive
* Bayda and Baniyas
* 1st Latakia offensive
* Ma'loula
* Sadad
* 5th Rif Dimashq
* 1st Qalamoun
* Adra

* v
* t
* e

Rise of ISIS in 2014

* Inter-rebel conflict
* Northern Aleppo
* Markada
* 1st Deir ez-Zor offensive
* al-Otaiba ambush
* Maan
* Hosn
* Morek
* 2nd Daraa offensive
* 2nd Latakia offensive
* 4th Idlib Gov.
* Al-Malihah
* 2nd Wadi Deif
* 2nd Qalamoun
* Arsal
* 2nd Deir ez-Zor Gov.
* 1st Shaer gas field
* 1st Eastern Syria
* Tabqa Airbase
* 3rd Hama offensive
* 6th Rif Dimashq
* 1st Quneitra
* 1st Kobanî

* v
* t
* e

U.S.-led intervention, Rebel and ISIL advances (Sept. 2014 – Sept. 2015)

* U.S.-led intervention
* Homs school bombing
* 3rd Daraa offensive
* 2nd Safira
* 2014 Idlib city raid
* Nusra–FSA conflict
* 2nd Shaer gas field
* 1st Al-Shaykh Maskin
* 2nd Deir ez-Zor offensive
* 3rd Aleppo offensive
* An-26 crash
* 4th Daraa offensive
* Southern Syria
* Eastern al-Hasakah offensive
* 1st Sarrin
* Hama/Homs offensive
* Bosra
* 5th Idlib Gov
* 2nd Idlib city
* Al-Fu'ah-Kafriya
* Nasib
* 2nd Yarmouk camp
* 1st Northwestern Syria
* 3rd Qalamoun
* 1st Palmyra
* Western al-Hasakah offensive
* 1st Al-Hasakah city
* Tell Abyad
* Daraa/As-Suwayda
* 2nd Quneitra
* 2nd Sarrin
* 5th Daraa
* 2nd Al-Hasakah city
* 2nd Kobanî
* 4th Aleppo offensive
* 2nd Zabadani
* 2nd Palmyra
* Al-Ghab
* 1st al-Qaryatayn
* Douma market
* 7th Rif Dimashq
* Kuweires offensive

* v
* t
* e

Russian intervention (Sept. 2015 – March 2016)

* Russian intervention
* 3rd Quneitra
* 2nd Northwestern Syria
* 3rd Latakia offensive
* Su-24 shootdown
* 5th Aleppo offensive
* al-Hawl
* 2nd Homs offensive
* 6th Aleppo offensive
* 4th Hama offensive
* Tell Tamer
* Tishrin Dam
* 2nd Al-Shaykh Maskin
* al-Qamishli bombings
* Orontes River
* 3rd Deir ez-Zor offensive
* 1st Sayyidah Zaynab
* 7th Aleppo offensive
* 1st Ithriyah-Raqqa
* Al-Shaddadi
* Homs bombings
* 2nd Sayyidah Zaynab
* Khanasir
* 2nd Tel Abyad
* Al-Tanf
* 2nd Al-Qaryatayn
* 3rd Palmyra
* 2nd Maarat al-Nu'man

* v
* t
* e

Aleppo escalation and Euphrates Shield (March 2016 – February 2017)

* 8th Aleppo offensive
* 6th Daraa
* 9th–11th Aleppo offensives
* Al-Dumayr
* 1st East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict
* 1st Qamishli
* Aleppo bombings
* 8th Rif Dimashq
* 3rd Shaer gas field
* Northern Raqqa
* Jableh & Tartus
* 1st Manbij
* Tokhar
* 2nd Ithriyah-Raqqa
* 9th Rif Dimashq
* 12th–14th Aleppo offensives
* 12th
* 13th
* 14th
* 4th Latakia offensive
* 1st Abu Kamal
* 3rd Qamishli
* Atmeh
* al-Rai
* 3rd Al-Hasakah City
* Operation Euphrates Shield
* Northern al-Bab
* Dabiq
* al-Bab
* 5th Hama offensive
* 1st Western al-Bab
* 1st Eastern Qalamoun
* September bombings
* 4th Quneitra
* Deir ez-Zor airstrike
* Aleppo aid convoy attack
* 15th Aleppo offensive
* Khan al-Shih
* 1st Idlib inter-rebel conflict
* 2nd Western al-Bab
* 16th Aleppo offensive
* 2nd Raqqa Gov.
* 17th Aleppo offensive
* 4th Palmyra
* Wadi Barada
* 1st Syrian Desert
* Azaz bombings
* 5th Palmyra
* 4th Deir ez-Zor offensive
* 18th Aleppo offensive
* 2nd Idlib inter-rebel conflict
* 7th Daraa
* Qaboun
* 8th Daraa

* v
* t
* e

Collapse of the Islamic State in Syria (Feb. – Nov. 2017)

* Eastern Homs offensive
* al-Jina mosque
* 6th Hama offensive
* Tabqa
* Khan Shaykhun
* US Shayrat strike
* Aleppo bus bombing
* April 2017 Turkish airstrikes
* 2nd East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict
* 2nd Syrian Desert
* Maskanah
* East Hama
* 2nd Raqqa city
* 9th Daraa
* Southern Raqqa
* Iranian Deir ez-Zor strike
* Ja'din
* Jobar
* 5th Quneitra
* Central Syria
* 3rd Idlib inter-rebel conflict
* 4th Qalamoun
* 3rd Deir ez-Zor Gov.
* 2nd Eastern Syria
* 5th Deir ez-Zor offensive
* Euphrates Crossing
* Mayadin
* 2nd Abu Kamal
* 7th Hama offensive

* v
* t
* e

Rebels in retreat and Operation Olive Branch
(Nov. 2017 – Sep. 2018)

* 3rd Northwestern Syria
* Eastern Syria insurgency
* Atarib
* Harasta
* Beit Jinn
* 3rd Syrian Desert
* 6th Deir ez-Zor offensive
* 1st Southern Damascus
* Olive Branch
* Afrin
* SDF insurgency
* Khasham
* Feb 2018 Israel–Syria incident
* 10th Rif Dimashq (Douma)
* 4th Idlib inter-rebel conflict
* 2nd Southern Damascus
* U.S.-led missile strikes
* 2nd Northern Homs
* 2nd Eastern Qalamoun
* 3rd Southern Damascus
* Deir ez-Zor SAA-SDF clashes
* House of Cards
* 1st As-Suwayda
* 2nd Southern Syria
* 2nd As-Suwayda
* 3rd As-Suwayda
* 2nd Qamishli

* v
* t
* e

Idlib demilitarization
(Sep. 2018 – April 2019)

* Idlib demilitarization
* 5th Idlib inter-rebel conflict
* 1st Israeli missile strikes
* 2nd Iranian strike
* Northern border clashes
* Daraa insurgency
* Manbij bombing
* Baghuz Fawqani
* U.S. airstrike

* v
* t
* e

First Idlib offensive, Operation Peace Spring, & Second Idlib offensive (April 2019 – March 2020)

* 4th Northwestern
* Tell Rifaat
* Raqqa & Azaz
* Hass
* 2nd Israeli missile strikes
* Peace Spring (2nd Ras al-Ayn)
* Kayla Mueller
* Northern bombings
* 3rd Israeli missile strikes
* Qah
* 5th Northwestern
* Balyun
* Spring Shield
* 2nd U.S. missile strikes
* 10th Daraa

* v
* t
* e

Idlib ceasefire (March 2020 – Nov. 2024)

* 6th Idlib inter-rebel conflict
* Ayn Issa
* Qamishli & Al-Hasakah
* 4th Israeli missile strikes
* 3rd Qamishli
* 11th Daraa
* 7th Idlib inter-rebel conflict
* 3rd Al-Hasakah city
* 1st Aleppo inter-rebel conflict
* Jabal al-Bishrī
* 2nd Aleppo inter-rebel conflict
* Claw-Sword
* Northwestern clashes
* 3rd U.S. missile strikes
* 2nd Northern clashes
* Deir ez-Zor clashes
* 3rd Northern clashes
* Homs drone strike
* Israel–Hezbollah conflict (Iranian consulate airstrike)
* February 2024 airstrikes
* Anti-Turkish riots
* Masyaf raid

* v
* t
* e

Opposition offensives and Assad overthrown (Nov. – Dec. 2024)

* Opposition offensives
* 2nd Aleppo city
* Hospital strike
* 8th Hama offensive
* 19th Aleppo offensive
* 7th Deir ez-Zor offensive
* 3rd Homs offensive
* 6th Palmyra
* Al-Mustariha strike
* 3rd Southern Syria
* 3rd Damascus
* Fall of the Assad regime

* v
* t
* e

Transitional government (Dec. 2024 – present)

* Northeastern
* 2nd Manbij
* 2nd Kobani
* 20th Aleppo offensive
* Israeli invasion of Syria
* Damascus airstrikes
* Hezbollah–Syria clashes
* Assadist insurgency
* 1st Western clashes
* 12th Daraa
* 2nd Western clashes
* Syrian Alawites massacres
* Druze insurgency
* Jaramana
* 4th Southern Syria
* Syrian Druze massacres
* 5th Southern Syria
* Mar Elias Church attack

* v
* t
* e

Syrian War spillover and international incidents

* Lebanon spillover
* Lebanese–Syrian border
* Sidon
* Iranian embassy bombing
* North Lebanon clashes

* * *

* Syrian–Turkish border incidents
* Turkish F4 shootdown
* Reyhanlı bombings
* Turkish occupation of northern Syria
* Kurdish riots

* * *

* Jordanian–Syrian border incidents

* * *

* Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line
* February 2018 incident
* May 2018 incident

* * *

* Iraqi–Syrian border incidents
* Akashat
* al-Shabah
* Western Nineveh
* Western Iraq

* * *

* Spillover in Iran
* 2017 Tehran attacks
* 2017 Deir ez-Zor missile strike
* 2024 Iranian airstrikes in Syria

* * *

* Spillover in Turkey
* Russian Su-24 shootdown
* Andrei Karlov
* Balyun airstrikes
* Kafr Takharim airstrikes

* * *

* Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war

* * *

* Spillover in Europe

* v
* t
* e

Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war

Foreign intervention on behalf of Syrian Arab Republic

* Russian involvement
* 2015 intervention
* Iranian intervention
* 2017 missile strike
* 2012 Hezbollah involvement

Foreign intervention in behalf of Syrian rebels

* Foreign rebel fighters
* Turkish involvement
* Turkey–Islamic State conflict
* Tomb of Suleyman Shah relocation
* Euphrates Shield
* 2017 airstrikes
* Idlib Governorate operation
* Afrin operation
* 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria
* Israel's role

U.S.-led intervention against ISIL

* US intervention
* Timeline
* List of attacks
* 2014 rescue operation
* May 2015 raid
* 2017 missile strikes
* Qatari involvement
* Jordanian intervention
* Operation Martyr Muath
* Lebanon's role
* Saudi involvement
* April 2018 missile strikes
* Dutch involvement
* German intervention
* French intervention
* Australian intervention
* UK intervention

The following is a timeline of the Syrian civil war for 2023. Information about aggregated casualty counts is found in Casualties of the Syrian civil war.

## Overview

[edit]

As of 2023, active fighting in the conflict between the Syrian government and rebel groups had mostly subsided, but there were occasional flareups in Northwestern Syria.[1][2] In early 2023, reports indicated that the forces of ISIS in Syria had mostly been defeated, with only a few cells remaining in various remote locations.[3][4][5]

As of 2023, Turkey was continuing its support for various militias within Syria, which periodically attempted some operations against Kurdish groups.[6][7][8] One stated goal was to create "safe zones" along Turkey's border with Syria, according to a statement by Turkish President Erdoğan.[9] The operations were generally aimed at the Tal Rifaat and Manbij regions west of the Euphrates and other areas further east. President Erdoğan openly stated his support for the operations, in talks with Moscow in mid-2022.[10]

In early 2023, Turkish-backed militias carried out military attacks against Kurdish militias, using tanks and artillery.[11]

In March 2023, the Syrian government declared that it would not seek any reconciliation with Turkey, unless Turkey withdrew all of its proxy forces from Syria. This statement occurred in response to diplomatic efforts by Russia, which sought to encourage Syria and Turkey to seek reconciliation, and restoration of diplomatic ties.[12]

In late March, Russia announced that it would host a summit which would include deputy foreign ministers from Russia, Syria, Iran, and Turkey.[13][14]

In August 2023, renewed civil protests broke out across government-controlled regions of southern Syria.

### Stalemate in civil conflict, renewed relations with Assad government

[edit]

In early 2023, various sources reported that the conflict had settled into low-level conflict, which had mainly achieved a stalemate. One source stated:

> The war whose brutality once dominated headlines has settled into an uncomfortable stalemate. Hopes for regime change have largely died out, peace talks have been fruitless, and some regional governments are reconsidering their opposition to engaging with Syrian leader Bashar al-Assad. The government has regained control of most of the country, and Assad’s hold on power seems secure. Meanwhile, the Syrian people are suffering an economic crisis, and a massive earthquake at the start of 2023 cast much of the population in the north into further despair. [15]

One major NGO stated:

> Twelve years into Syria’s devastating civil war, the conflict appears to have settled into a frozen state. Although roughly 30% of the country is controlled by opposition forces, heavy fighting has largely ceased and there is a growing regional trending toward normalizing relations with the regime of Bashar al-Assad. Over the last decade, the conflict erupted into one of the most complicated in the world, with a dizzying array of international and regional powers, opposition groups, proxies, local militias and extremist groups all playing a role. The Syrian population has been brutalized, with nearly a half a million killed, 12 million fleeing their homes to find safety elsewhere, and widespread poverty and hunger. Meanwhile, efforts to broker a political settlement have gone nowhere, leaving the Assad regime firmly in power. [16]

### Conflict with Turkish forces

[edit]

In 2023, the main military conflict was not between the Syrian government and rebels, but rather between Turkish forces and factions within Syria. In late 2023, Turkish forces continued to attack Kurdish forces, in the region of Rojava, [17]

## January

[edit]

See also: Northwestern Syria clashes (December 2022–present)

On 2 January, as part of Israel's continuing strikes against Syrian and Iranian targets, Israeli warplanes conducted several airstrikes on the Damascus International airport, killing 2 Syrian soldiers and temporarily putting the airport out of service.[18]

On 4 January, 5 Manbij Military Council fighters were killed and another was injured by a remnant ISIS landmine whilst driving on a road near the village of Al-Said Ibrahim in the Manbij countryside.[19]

On the same day, an Islamic State fighter was killed in clashes with SDF operatives in the village of Al-Zir, north of Mayadin.[20]

On 7 January, 2 Pro-Assad fighters were killed in 2 separate attacks conducted by ISIS cells in the al-Rasafah and Palmyra deserts.[21]

On 9 January, casualties were inflicted on a Pro-Assad militia near the town of Al-Jalaa in the Deir-ez-Zor countryside, after ISIS militants attacked Syrian military positions in the area. One ISIS militant was killed in the clashes.[21]

On 10 January, joint forces of the US-led coalition and forces of the SDF launched a counter-terror operation in the village of Al-Sabaa wa Arbain where 2 ISIS fighters had barricaded themselves inside a house. One ISIS militant killed himself by detonating a suicide vest and the other was shot dead by the joint forces.[22]

Between 10 and 11 January, as part of the ongoing clashes on the Idlib frontline 12 Syrian soldiers and 3 HTS militants were killed in violent clashes.[23][24]

On 22 January, at least 16 civilians were killed after a damaged house collapsed in the city of Aleppo.[25]

On 23 January, forces of the Syrian Army's 17th Division found the bodies of 9 dead militiamen of the Afghan Liwa Fatemiyoun militia, that fights for the Syrian government, in the desert near Al-Masrab. The patrol went missing in the area on 18 January. The militiamen had been stripped and slaughtered on the spot, likely by ISIS cells.[26]

On the same day, 3 Syrian soldiers were killed after ISIS operatives, under the cover of fog, attacked a Syrian Army outpost near the Taqba Airbase.[27]

On 25 January, 3 SDF fighters were killed after two ISIS operatives opened fire on an SDF checkpoint in the village of al-Hawaij in the Deir ez-Zor countryside.[27][28]

On 30 January just after midnight, at least 10 people were killed in several airstrikes conducted by unidentified drones in the town of Abu Kamal near the Syria-Iraq border. Reports suggest trucks filled with Iranian weapons were the target of the attack.[29]

## February

[edit]

On 2 February, Turkish defence minister, Hulusi Akar announced the defence ministries of Turkey, Syrian and Russia will hold a meeting in Moscow to try and agree to a rapprochement and normalisation of relations between Syria and Turkey.[citation needed]

See also: 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake

On 6 February, a magnitude 9 strike-slip earthquake took place along the East Anatolian Fault on the border of Turkey and Syria. The earthquake left tens of thousands dead and many more injured.

On 7 February, at least 20 ISIS fighters escaped a prison in the town of Raju, in the northern Afrin countryside, near Turkey, after the organisation bribed a prison guard.[30]

On 10 February, 2 ISIS operatives, one of them an Iraqi, were killed in a joint Coalition-SDF raid near the town of Al-Suwar in the Deir ez-Zor countryside.[31]

On the evening of 11 February, at least 75 people were abducted by ISIS in the Palmyra desert in the western Homs countryside. At least 12 of the abductees were executed including a Syrian soldier.[31]

See also: 2023 Al-Sukhnah attack

On 17 February, at least 68 people, including 7 Syrian soldiers, were killed in an ISIS attack on a large group of truffle farmers in the desert near Al-Sukhnah.[32]

On 19 February, just after midnight, 15 people were killed in an Israeli airstrike in Damascus.

Later that day, 6 SNA fighters were killed in an ambush by ISIS operatives in the Tuwainan area of the Raqqa countryside.[33]

On 24 February, a senior Iraqi militant of Hurras al-Din and another individual were killed in a Coalition airstrike in the village of Mashhad Ruhin in Idlib.[34]

On 27 February, 10 civilians were killed and 12 others were injured by possible remnant ISIS landmines east of Salamiyah.[34]

## March

[edit]

On 2 March, 8 civilians were killed and 35 were wounded after a civilian farming truck drove over a suspected ISIS landmine near Kobajjep in the Syrian desert.[35]

On 4 March, in the southern Raqqa countryside, a shepherd was killed and 1,000 sheep were stolen after an ISIS attack.[35]

At midnight on 8 March, 3 people were killed after Israeli warplanes bombed and temporarily shut down Aleppo's airport.[36]

On the same day, at least 7 people were killed in a suspected Israeli drone strike on an alleged weapon factory in Deir ez-Zor city.[37]

On 9 March, amid ongoing insurgent attack in Daraa Governorate, a Syrian Army patrol was ambushed on the Daraa-Damascus highway in southern Syria. 3 Syrian soldiers and an insurgent were killed in the ambush.[38]

On the same day, Syrian forces lost contact with NDF patrol, consisting of 'Al-Bosaraya' tribesmen, in the Jabal Bishri area of the Syrian desert. All 12 militiamen were found dead in the area in the following weeks.[39][40]

On 11 March, ISIS militants attacked a group of truffle farmers in the Khanaser desert south of Aleppo. 3 farmers were executed on the spot by the ISIS attackers whilst another 26 others were abducted.[41]

On 15 March, the war entered its twelfth year. The anniversary was marked by protests in rebel-held areas like Idlib, where protesters vowed to 'continue the revolution against the al-Assad regime.'[42]

On 17 March, 9 'anti-terror' SDF fighters were killed in a double helicopter crash in the Duhok Governorate of Iraq.[43]

On 19 March, Israeli operatives assassinated 31-year-old Ali Ramzi al-Aswad a Palestinian Islamic Jihad member in Damascus.[44]

On 20 March, fighters of Ahrar al-Sharqiyah killed 4 ethnic Kurds in the town of Jindires, northern Syria, after opening fire into a crowd celebrating Newroz.[45]

On the same day, 2 NDF militiamen were killed by a landmine whilst combing the desert near Palmyra for ISIS cells.[46][47]

On 23 March, 19 people, including 16 Iranian-backed militiamen and 3 Syrian soldiers, were killed in a set of American airstrikes in the city of Deir ez-Zor and the towns of Mayadin and Abu Kemal. The airstrikes follow a drone attack on an American base in the al-Hasakha countryside, in which an American contractor was killed and 7 soldiers were injured.[48][49]

On the same day, at least 15 people, including 7 civilians and 8 Syrian soldiers, were captured and executed by having their throats slit after ISIS militants attacked them whilst they were collecting truffle in the Hama desert. At least another 40 people were also reported missing after the attack.[50]

On 26 March, 4 civilians were killed and others were abducted in an ISIS attack on workers in the Shaer gas field area in the Palmyra desert.[51]

On 28 March, 3 civilians were killed in an ISIS attack in the rural area of Al-Salamiyah, east of Hama.[51]

On 30 March, Milad Heydari, an Iranian IRGC adviser was killed in an Israeli airstrike in Damascus.[52]

On the same day, 3 Syrian soldiers were killed in an ambush by insurgents in the town of Al-Shajara, Daraa.[53]

On 31 March, 7 people were killed in smuggling related clashes on the Syrian-Jordanian border in the Jalghim area near Al-Hammad.[54]

On the same day, 2 ISIS fighters were killed by Kurdish security forces in an attempted suicide bombing attack on a military post in Al-Hasakah city.[55]

## April

[edit]

See also: 2023 Hama attack

On 1 April, 2 Syrian soldiers, including a lieutenant, were killed after their vehicle drove over a landmine in the desert south of Deir ez-Zor.[56]

On 3 April, a senior ISIS militant, by the name of Khalid Aydd Ahmad Al Jabouri, was killed in an American airstrike in the al-Hasakah countryside.[57]

On 4 April, 2 civilians were killed in an Israeli airstrike in Damascus.[58]

Between 4 and 6 April, 9 Liwa al-Quds militiamen were killed in attacks by ISIS insurgents in the Homs/Palmyra part Syrian desert[59]

On 9 April, at least 9 civilians were killed after their vehicle hit a landmine in the Deir ez-Zor countryside.[60]

On 10 April, 4 Liwa al Quds militiamen were killed and another was injured after ISIS fighters attacked a Syrian Army checkpoint near Jab Al-Jirrah in the Homs countryside.[61]

On 16 April, at least 36 people, including 17 NDF militiamen, were killed in a massacre by ISIS militants in the eastern Hama countryside. Another 5 civilians were also killed in a separate ISIS attack near the town of Baqrus, in the Deir ez-Zor countryside.[62][63]

Furthermore, 2 Liwa al-Quds militiamen, including a lieutenant, were killed and another 3 were injured in an ISIS attack near the village of Arak in the Palmyra desert.[61]

On 17 April, a senior ISIS militant by the name of Abd-al-Hadi Mahmud al-Haji Ali and 2 other ISIS militants were killed in an American helicopter raid in the village of Al-Suweidah, about 9 km south of the Syrian-Turkish border.[61]

On 24 April, 3 militiamen working as part of the IRGC were killed after ISIS militants, on a motorcycle, opened fire on the group in the eastern Deir ez-Zor countryside.[64]

On 27 April, a commander of the Deir ez-Zor Military Council was assassinated by suspected ISIS operatives in the village of Al-Busayrah.[64]

On 28 April, 2 SDF fighters were killed and 3 others were wounded by an IED explosion on the road between Raqqa and Al-Hazimah village in the Raqqa countryside.[64]

The SOHR reported that 407 people were killed in Syria during the month, making April 2023 the deadliest month since January 2022.[65]

## May

[edit]

On 1 May, at least 13 people, including 8 Pro-Assad militiamen and 2 civilians, were killed in an ISIS ambush in the desert near Al-Salihiyah, Deir ez-Zor.[66]

On 2 May, at least 9 Pro-Assad soldiers and militiamen were killed in Israeli airstrikes on Syrian facilities in the al-Nayrab military airport in Aleppo.[67][68]

On 4 May, as part of increasing tensions and clashes in Idlib and north-western Syria, HTS executed an ex-fighter after accusing him of spying.[69]

In the early hours of 8 May, Jordanian warplanes launched its first ever airstrikes against targets linked to the Assad government, on a house in the village of Shuab, As-Suwayda. The airstrike targeted a well known drug dealer by the name of Merhi Ramthan. Merhi, his wife and six children were killed in the airstrike. Another set of strikes bombed a major drug factory operated by Iran-backed militant groups in Daraa governorate.[70]

On 7 May, the Arab League agreed to re-admit Syria into the league. The rapprochement occurred amid a diplomatic push by the Assad government to normalize relations with regional governments that began in February 2023.[71] President Al-Assad attended the Arab League summit in Saudi Arabia on May 19.[72]

On 10 May, an IED exploded in Damascus targeting Syrian police instantly killing a police superintendent. Two other police officers later died of their injuries. The Islamic State (ISIS) claimed responsibility.[73]

On 14 May, an SDF fighter was found beheaded by suspected ISIS fighters in central Taqba.[73]

On 15 May, ISIS militants fired a rocket at a Syrian military bus in the al-Sukhnah desert, killing 2 Syrian soldiers and a civilian.[73]

On 16 May, a Syrian Army vehicle was ambushed by ISIS operatives in the Al-Rasafah desert. 3 Syrian soldiers were found killed at the site of the attack including artillery Brigadier General Iyad Murhij.[73]

On 18 May, a Pro-Assad judge by the name of Munther Othman Al-Salamat was shot dead by gunmen in the town of Izra, Daraa.[74]

On 22 May, the Syrian foreign minister Faisal Mekdad announced there would be no normalisation with Turkey until Turkish soldiers left Syria.[75] On 23 May, the SOHR reported that Turkish soldiers had begun to abandon their military checkpoints in the Idlib countryside.[76]

On 24 May, 2 Liwa al-Quds fighters were killed after ISIS operatives ambushed a Syrian military vehicle in the Al-Sha'rah area of the Homs desert.[77][78]

On the same day, 3 Pro-Assad militiamen were killed after ISIS operatives attacked a Syrian military post in the Ma'adan area, south of Raqqa.[79]

On 25 May, 2 Syrian soldiers were killed in combing operations in the Deir ez-Zor and Homs deserts.[77]

On 27 May, as part of the Daraa insurgency, 2 people working with Syrian intelligence were killed in an IED blast targeting their vehicle about 45 km north of Daraa city.[79]

In the month of May 2023, at least 2 ISIS militants were killed in U.S. military operations in the country.[80]

## June

[edit]

Further information: June 2023 Northeastern Syria clashes

On 6 June, 4 people of the same family were killed after ISIS operatives attacked a group of grain farmers in the al-Sukhnah desert.[81] On the same day, ISIS militants killed a member of the Deir ez-Zor Military Council and injured another 3 in an armed ambush in the Al-Saadah area, north of Deir ez-Zor.[81][82]

On 7 June, a Syrian soldier was killed and another was injured by a landmine explosion near the village of Tel Salma in the Hama countryside.[81][83]

On 8 June, 4 people working with the Syrian Air Force Intelligence Directorate were ambushed and shot dead in their car on the Atman road, north of Daraa. This attack came 3 days after a large IED explosion killed 2 Syrian soldiers and injured another on the road between Kafr Nassij and Al-Mal, north of Daraa.[84][85]

On 10 June, 3 YPG fighters, including a commander, were killed and 2 others were injured in a suspected Turkish drone strike on their military vehicle in the town of Adhas in the northern Aleppo countryside.[86]

On 11 June, a Russian soldier was killed and another 4 were wounded after Turkish forces shelled their military vehicle near the village of Herbel in the Aleppo countryside. This came a day after a Turkish drone strike killed 3 Kurdish fighters on the same frontline.[87]

On the same day, ISIS militants fired a rocket at a military checkpoint near an Iranian military base in the al-Mayadeen desert, killing 5 Pro-Assad fighters.[88][89]

On 12 June, 5 members of Syrian security forces, including a Syrian army lieutenant, were killed in a string of attacks across Quneitra Governorate, next to the occupied Golan heights.[90]

On 13 June, Turkish forces launched drone strikes and shelled multiple areas of northern Syria, including Kobani where 3 civilians were severely injured by shelling. A drone strike also targeted Syrian military positions near in the vicinity of Oqayba village in the Aleppo countryside, killing 3 Syrian soldiers.[91][92]

Furthermore, a suspected Turkish drone bombed a Syrian Army tank on the Tell Rifaat frontline, destroying the tank and wounding 3 Syrian soldiers.[93]

Also, in Homs city, an IED exploded targeting Syrian Army brigadier general Ja’far Ali al-Akhras, killing him immediately. It is reported ISIS insurgents were behind the attack.[89]

On 14 June, Turkish forces furthermore launches shelling and drone strikes in northern Syria. 4 fighters of the Manbij Military Council were killed by a Turkish drone strike in Manbij. A civilian was also killed in a separate attack nearby.[94] Also in the same set of attacks, 5 Syrian soldiers were killed in Turkish shelling on the Tell Rifaat frontline.[95]

Later that day, 4 SDF commanders were killed and another 3 were injured after a Turkish drone targeted their military vehicle on a road Al-Qamishly and Al-Malkiya in Al-Hasakah countryside.[96] Another Turkish drone strike in Al-Sayad village, in the Manbij countryside, killed 2 fighters of the Manbij military council.[97]

On 17 June, ISIS militants assassinated an SDF fighter in the village of al-Shabahat, north of Deir ez-Zor.[98]

On the same day, 3 SDF fighters were killed and another was injured after ISIS militants set off an IED targeting their vehicle on the road between Ayn Issa and Tel Samen, Raqqa.[99][100]

On 18 June, as part of a recent increase of insurgent activity in Homs, an IED exploded targeting a Syrian military bus near Al-Mushrifah, killing 3 Syrian soldiers and injuring another 10. The SOHR released images of the attack's aftermath.[101][98]

Also on 18 June, 25 ISIS members escaped from an SDF operated prison in Ras al-Ayn.[98]

On 19 June, 5 Syrian soldiers were killed and an officer was injured after their vehicle drove over a landmine in Ayyash village, north of Deir ez-Zor.[102][98]

On 23 June, 2 ISIS members, including an Iraqi commander, were found executed in the desert area of al-Suwar.[99]

On the same day, Syrian Army Brigadier General, Yusuf Mansour Ismail, was shot dead in an ambush in the village of Al-Shajar, Hama.[99]

On 25 June, 4 Syrian GID officers were killed and another was seriously injured after insurgents ambushed their vehicle between Tafs and Daraa city.[103]

On the same day, 4 Baqir Brigade militiamen were killed in a landmine explosion on a road near Ithriyah.[99][104]

On 27 June, a female SDF member was assassinated by suspected ISIS operatives near al-Busayrah, Deir ez-Zor.[99]

On 28 June, a Syrian soldier was shot dead by ISIS insurgents in the town of Sabikhan, Deir ez-Zor.[99]

The SOHR reported that 271 people were killed in Syria in June 2023.[105]

## July

[edit]

On 16 July, the SOHR reported that the overall security situation in Daraa was becoming increasingly violent, with more that 230 people being reportedly killed in the governorate since the beginning of 2023, 103 of which were Syrian soldiers and their collaborators.[106]

On 23 July, 8 Syrian soldiers were killed and 9 others were injured after a Syrian military bus was destroyed either by a landmine or a drone strike in the area of the Twinan gas field in the Syrian desert.[107]

On 27 July, at least 10 people were killed and around 20 injured in a car-bomb attack targeting the headquarters of IRGC-linked Iranian militant groups in the southern suburbs of Damascus. ISIS claimed responsibility for the attack.[108]

On 28 July, 4 people were killed and 8 others were injured in a Turkish drone strike on an SDF training camp near the village of Khirbat Khowa in the al-Hasakah countryside.[109]

On 29 July, 5 SNA fighters were killed in a Kurdish infiltration operation on the Kaljibrin frontline, north of Aleppo.[110]

On 31 July, 2 SNA fighters were killed and another 3 were injured in SAA and Kurdish shelling attacks on the Basufan frontline.[111]

The SOHR reported that 288 people were killed in Syria in July 2023.[112]

## August

[edit]

Further information: 2023 Syrian protests and Deir ez-Zor clashes (2023)

On 1 August, five government soldiers and two truck drivers were killed after ISIS militants ambushed an SAA oil tanker convoy on a road in the eastern Hama countryside, according to SOHR.[113]

On 2 August, four SDF fighters were killed in a Turkish drone strike that targeted 2 cars in the suburbs of Qamishli city, in northern Syria.[114]

On 5 August, according to SOHR, three civilian family members were killed when Russian warplanes struck the outskirts of Idlib city.[115]

In the early hours of the morning on 7 August, at least four government soldiers were killed in Israeli airstrikes on Syrian air defence systems near Damascus.[116][117]

Later in the evening on 7 August, 10 government soldiers were killed and six others were injured in a night-time attack by ISIS militants on a Syrian military point in the town of Maa'dan Ateeq in the Raqqa countryside.[118]

On 9 August, Sama TV correspondent Firas al-Ahmad and two government soldiers were killed in an IED explosion in Daraa.[119]

On 10 August: emergence of the 10th August movement, a pan-Syrian protest movement, was launched[120] in the coastal region, distributing thousands of pieces of paper with calls for an end to economic mismanagement and giving deadlines for pay rises and curbs on prices.[121] Leaflets were distributed in Banias, Jableh, Tartous and Latakia (all places with significant Alawite populations), and the movement condemned violence and sectarianism.[122] At the same time, a declaration was released by the "Free Alawite Officers", who said they were speaking from "the heart of the Syrian coast" and specifically from al-Kurdaha, the hometown of President al-Assad.[122]

On 10 August, at least 33 government soldiers of the SAA's 17th Division were killed and around 10 others were injured in a night-time ambush by ISIS militants targeting two Syrian military buses near the city of Al-Mayadeen in the western Deir Ezzor countryside.[123][124]

On 13 August, five NDF fighters were killed in an attack by ISIS insurgents on a government military post near a salt mine near al-Tabani in the Deir ez-Zor countryside.[124]

On 15 August, three pro-government militiamen were killed and eight others were injured in an ISIS attack on an SAA ammunition warehouse in the eastern countryside of Homs.[124]

Between 1-15 August, at least 60 government soldiers and militiamen had been killed by ISIS in attacks in the Syrian desert.[124]

There were some reports of protests against deteriorating living conditions on Wednesday 16 August.[125][126] Taxi and bus drivers in Damascus staged two days of partial stoppages on 16-17 August.[127][128]

On 17 August: start of general strike and protest wave in southern Syria. A general strike was declared in Suweida on Thursday 17 August. Targeting the police headquarters and the governor's office, hundreds of protesters chanted anti-government slogans, such as "Long live Syria and down with Bashar al-Assad!"[120][127][128] Some villages in Daraa province participated in the strikes, with demonstrators raising the Syrian revolutionary flag and chanting, "Bashar … Go! We want to live!"[120][125]

On Friday 18 August, there were demonstrations across southern Syria after Friday prayer. In many places, protests took the form of holding up and photographing slips of paper with anti-government slogans in front of iconic locations.[120] Protests continued in Daraa province on Saturday 19 August; protestors outside the Umayyad Mosque in Daraa city waved the Syrian revolutionary flags.[129]

Sheikh Hikmat al-Hijri, the spiritual leader of the Druze, issued a statement on 19 August expressing concern about the economic situation and calling for action to achieve change and justice.[129]

On 19 August, a member of the Syrian government's security apparatus was shot dead by ISIS insurgents in the city al-Mayadeen.[130]

On 20 August, two government soldiers were killed and another four were injured by Turkish artillery bombardment on a Syrian military post in the village of Tokhar in the Manbij countryside, according to the SOHR.[131]

On 20 August, the general strike deepened. Roads were closed, and Suweida’s Department of Education announced the postponement of scheduled exams at its Damascus University branch,[126] with state media saying this was due to road closures.[132] Large number of protestors in Southern Syria began protesting against the government. Protests erupted first in Karama Square[129] in Druze-majority city of Suwayda. 42 protests were held across As-Suwayda governorate,[129] and spread to the neighbouring province of Daraa, often known as the "Cradle of the Syrian Revolution",[133] with protests in Daraa villages Nawa, Jasem Sanamein and Da'el.[132] Protestors in Suwayda waved Druze. They also chanted the slogans of 2011 Syrian revolution, demanding the downfall of Assad regime and expulsion of Iranian presence from the country. Protestors led mass demonstrations, sit-ins and blocked roads to the Baath party headquarters in Suweida.[134] There were reports of government forces shooting on unarmed protestors in the Nawa and Da'el districts of Daraa city.[125]

On 21 August, OSHR reported that at least 13 fighters from Hayat Tahrir al Sham were killed by Russian airstrikes near Idlib city.[115]

Late on 22 August, Russian air attacks killed two in Arri, west of the Idlib's provincial capital.[135]

The same day, there was a youth protest in the town of Sayda, situated to the east of Daraa, calling for "the ousting of the regime".[136]

By 23 August, protestors had raided Ba'ath party offices across Southern Syria and blocked the highway connecting Suwayda to Damascus.[134] The same day, government media reported Israeli airstrikes on Damascus, wounding one soldier.[137]

On 27 August, over 11 government fighters, mainly from the 5th Corps Special Tasks’ Commandos, were killed, and several more injured, in a tunnel bomb attack in southern Idlib attributed to Islamist anti-Assad faction Ansar al-Tawhid.[138]

On 28 August, according to government sources, Israel struck Nayrab military airbase and put nearby Aleppo International Airport out of action in the early hours.[117] The same day, two Syrian soldiers were executed by ISIS militants near the al-Tanf area in the Syrian desert. On the same day, two Syrian soldiers were also killed by a suspected ISIS IED blast near the village of Al-Ruwaida, Hama, according to SOHR.[139]

On 29 August 2023, protests and civil disobedience continued with Baath government offices being shut down in As-Suwayda.[140]

Between 27 and 31 August, at least 45 people, including 25 tribesmen, 11 SDF members, 5 civilians and 4 unknown people were killed in clashes between Arab tribes and SDF members following increased tensions in the Deir ez-Zor countryside. This comes after SDF forces arrested Rashid Abu Khawla, the head of the Deir ez-Zor Military Council.[141][142]

In 31 August, clashes broke out in the Damascene country-side between local people and militants of Maher al-Assad's 4th Armoured Division in the town of Zakiyah. This was after a civilian, who discovered that some of the division's commanders bombed a store used for keeping water well machinery, was shot dead by pro-Assad militants. This sparked fierce confrontations between locals and 4th Armoured Division, killing three militants of the Division and two residents. Anti-Assad activities had been rising in Zakiyah since the eruption of protests across Syria; and Assad regime had deployed troops across Rif Dimashq in August. Several houses of the 4th Armoured Division soldiers were burned down by angered locals.[143][144]

During the month of August 2023, the SOHR reported that at least 440 people had been killed in Syria, making the month the deadliest in 19 months.[145]

## September

[edit]

Further information: SDF insurgency in northern Syria

On 3 September, amid increased clashes across the Deir ez-Zor governorate, 24 SNA and 5 Syrian soldiers were killed in an SNA infiltration attempt and following clashes in the area of Tell Tamir in the northern al-Hasakah countryside.[146]

On 4 September, 5 SNA fighters were killed after forces of the Manbij Military Council bombarded the areas near the village of Arab Hassan Kabir in the northeastern Aleppo countryside.[147]

On 6 September, 8 SNA fighters were killed in a Kurdish attack on two military vehicles on the Al-Boghaz frontline, west of Manbij.[148]

On 7 September, 2 Syrian soldiers, 6 SNA fighters and 2 Manbij military council fighters were killed in an SNA attack on the village of Arab Hasan village in the Manbij countryside.[149]

On 10 September, 6 Pro-Assad militiamen and 3 shepherds were killed in an attack by ISIS militants in the al-Shoula desert.[150]

On 13 September, 2 SAA soldiers were killed and 6 others were wounded by an Israeli airstrike on Syrian air defence systems in Tartus.[151]

On 15 September, 2 YPJ fighters were killed by a Turkish drone strike near the village of al-Hattabat, south of Manbij.[152]

On 17 September, 4 Asayish security personnel were killed in a Turkish drone strike on a car in the al-Qamishli countryside.[153]

On 18 September, 14 SNA fighters were killed in a Kurdish infiltration attack in the outskirts of al-Bab city in the Aleppo countryside.[154]

On the same day, 3 Pro-Assad militiamen were killed after ISIS militants opened fire on a Syrian military patrol in the desert near Al-Sukhnah.[155]

On 20 September, forces of the Manbij Military Council launched an infiltration operation on the frontlines of Sheikh Nasser, Al-Jatal and Al-Karbajli in Al-Bab countryside, killing at least 4 militants of the Sultan Murad Division.[156]

On 21 September, 2 Palestinian Islamic Jihad fighters were blown up and killed by an Israeli drone strike whilst riding a motorcycle near Beit Jinn, southern Syria.[157]

On 22 September, following infighting between SAA and NDF forces in al-Hasakah city, NDF commander Abd Al-Qader Hammo was killed by Syrian Army forces.[158]

On 24 September, 2 jihadists of the HTS-backed 'Ahrar Al-Awlan' were killed in clashes with SNA forces on the outskirts of Haj Kosa village in the al-Bab countryside.[159]

On 25 September, clashes between armed gunmen and SDF forces resumed in Deir ez-Zor governorate, notabily in the settlements of Diban, Hawaij Thiban and Al-Tayanah in Deir Ezzor countryside. During the clashes, 18 local gunmen, 3 SDF members and a civilian were killed in clashes in the town of Diban in the Deir ez-Zor countryside.[160]

On the same day, 3 SNA fighters were killed in an infiltration operation by forces of the Manbij Military Council in the area of Al-Sayad mountain in the Manbij countryside.[161]

On 26 September, 3 gunmen and an SDF fighter were killed in clashes in Deir ez-Zor governorate.[162]

Between 25-26 September, 4 SAA soldiers were killed in clashes between Syrian border guards and smugglers in the Qalamoun Mountains on the border with Lebanon in Rif Dimashq.[163]

On 28 September, 3 SAA soldiers were killed by an IED explosion, detonated by ISIS insurgents near Ithriya.[164]

The SOHR reported that at least 440 people were killed in Syria in September 2023.[165]

## October

[edit]

Further information: October 2023 Northeastern Syria clashes, 2023 Homs drone strike, and 2023 American–Middle East conflict

On 2 October, two SAA soldiers were killed by an IED explosion on the road between Al-Gharyiah Al-Sharqiyah and Al-Masyfrah in eastern Daraa countryside.[166]

On the same day, two NDF militiamen were killed and three others were wounded in an attack by ISIS insurgents on Syrian military positions near the Al-Taim oil field.[167]

On 3 October, six pro-Assad militiamen were killed and four others were wounded by suspected Israeli airstrikes on military sites near the town of Abu Kemal.[168]

On 5 October, a drone strike in Homs of a Syrian military graduation ceremony at the Homs military academy left at least 129 people dead and over 120 injured.[169][170] The Turkish Armed Forces launched a series of airstrikes in the SDF-controlled regions of Hasakah.[171]

On 6 October, 3 SAA soldiers were killed and 2 others were injured near Tel Al-Asfar in the As-Suwayda desert.[172]

Between 14 and 19 October, at least 7 SDF members and 2 civilians were killed in various ISIS attacks in the Rojava region of Syria.[173]

On 24 October, 4 fighters of the Baqir Brigade were killed in an ISIS attack north of Al-Sukhna in Homs countryside.[174] On the same day, 4 tribal shepherds and 2 ISIS fighters were killed in an ISIS attack in the eastern Ithriya Desert in Hama countryside.[175]

On 25 October, following the outbreak of the Gaza war, 11 Syrian Army soldiers were killed in Israeli artillery airstrikes on SAA positions in the vicinity of Qarfa, Daraa.[176]

On 27 October, 3 SDF fighters were killed by ISIS insurgents in the town of Al-Hawa’aj in the eastern Deir Ezzor countryside.[177]

On 29 October, 19 people were killed in clashes between SDF and tribal forces in the towns of Shahil, Dhiban, and Abu Hardoub in the eastern countryside of Deir ez-Zor.[178]

During the month of October 2023, the SOHR reported that 544 people were killed in Syria, making the month the deadliest in 21 months, following an increase of violence within the country.[179]

## November

[edit]

On 2 November, 6 fighters of the al-Hamza division were killed by SDF shelling near a Turkish base near Abu Rasin in the al-Hasakah countryside.[180]

On the morning of 8 November, at least 34 Pro-Syrian Regime forces were killed and more than a dozen others were wounded, some in critical condition, in a massive wave of simultaneous attacks by ISIS militants on several military checkpoints and positions in the Raqqa-Homs-Deir Ezzor triangle area.[181][182]

Following the attack, at least 7 ISIS militants were killed in Russian airstrikes on ISIS hideouts in the area.[183]

See also: 2023 attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq and Syria

On 7 November, 9 people were killed in an American airstrike that targeted Iranian-backed militias near Abu Kemal on the Syrian-Iraqi border.[184]

On 12 November, 8 people were killed in U.S airstrikes near al-Mayadeen city in the Deir ez-Zor countryside.[185]

On 13 November, 3 Syrian soldiers were killed in an ISIS attack on an SAA military post near the Juaydin junction in Al-Rasafah countryside in Al-Raqqah desert.[186]

At midnight between 13 and 14 November, 5 Syrian soldiers were killed after ISIS militants attacked SAA checkpoints near Al-Taibah and Al-Kom villages, north of Al-Sukhnah city.[187]

On 20 November, during combing operations, 6 ISIS fighters were killed by Russian airstrikes in the vicinity of Al-Deybiyat gas field in eastern Homs countryside. Furthermore, 4 Syrian soldiers were killed in clashes with ISIS insurgents in the same area.[188]

On 26 November, 8 NDF militiamen were killed and 14 others were injured by an ISIS landmine explosion during combing operations in Al-Shajeri village in the Deir ez-Zor countryside.[189]

On 27 November, 4 Pro-Assad militiamen were killed after ISIS militants attacked a military post 35 kilometres east of Palmyra city. Russian warplanes conducted airstrikes in response, however no casualties were reported.[190]

Amid recent clashes in the Syrian desert, 2 NDF militiamen were killed in clashes with ISIS militants in the al-Sukhnah desert.[191]

In the month of November 2023, the SOHR reported that 375 people were killed in Syria.[192]

## December

[edit]

On 4 December, 6 Pro-Assad militiamen were killed and several others were injured after ISIS insurgents detonated an IED targeting a military vehicle on a road between Palmyra and Homs in the Syrian desert.[193]

On 7 December, 5 Pro-Assad militiamen were killed in an ISIS attack in the desert west of Abu Kemal. Furthermore, 2 SAA soldiers were killed in a separate ISIS attack on a Syrian Army post near the city of Al-Tabqah.[194]

On 10 December, 4 NDF militiamen were killed by a landmine whilst trying to receive a body after ISIS militants executed a civilian in the Al-Bohamad Desert in eastern Al-Raqqa countryside.[195]

Later in the evening, 2 Hezbollah fighters and 2 Syrian workers were killed in a series of Israeli airstrikes around Damascus.[196]

On 11 December, 2 Pro-Assad militiamen were killed in an ISIS attack near Al-Asharah, Deir ez-Zor.[197]

On 17 December, 2 NDF militiamen and an ISIS fighter were killed in clashes in the Homs desert.[198]

On 20 December, 8 SAA soldiers were killed after an ISIS landmine detonated under a military bus near the 'T3' junction in the Palmyra desert.[199]

On 25 December, Iranian IRGC general Sayyed Razi Mousavi was killed in an Israeli airstrike in Sayyidah Zaynab, Rif-Dimashq.

On 30 December, 23 Pro-Iranian militiamen were killed in Israeli airstrikes on their positions near Abu Kemal, on the border between Iraq and Syria.[200]

Later that evening, four Iran-backed non-Syrian personnel were killed in Israeli airstrikes near the Al-Nairab military airport near Aleppo.[201]

ACLED recorded the deaths of at least 6,267 people as a result of the war in Syria in 2023.[202]

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86. ^ "Including a commander | Three members of Kurdish People's Protection units kil*led in drone att*ack". SOHR. 10 June 2023. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
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101. ^ "Homs | Explosion targeting military bed bus leaves 13 regime soldiers killed and injured". SOHR. 18 June 2023. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
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106. ^ "Worrying escalation | 230 persons killed in nearly 300 incidents of security disorder in Daraa province since early 2023". SOHR. 16 July 2023. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
107. ^ "Targeting military bus | More the 17 persons from regime forces and their militiamen killed and injured near Twinan gas field". SOHR. 23 July 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
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109. ^ "Military escalation | 12 casualties in att*ack by Turkish drone on exercise camp in Al-Hasakah". SOHR. 28 July 2023.
110. ^ "Sneak operation of Kurdish forces | Five members of Turkish-affiliated "National Army" killed in Aleppo countryside". SOHR. 28 July 2023.
111. ^ "Ongoing escalation | Five members of "National Army" killed and injured in Basofan village in Aleppo countryside". SOHR. 31 July 2023.
112. ^ "Monthly death toll | 113 civilians among 288 people killed in July 2023". SOHR. 1 August 2023.
113. ^ "Earlier attack | Two tanks drivers among 11 killed and injured in an armed attack by "ISIS" cells targeting convoy of oil tanks in Hama". SOHR. 1 August 2023.
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141. ^ "Deir Ezzor clashes five days on | 90 people killed and injured in clashes between SDF, "Deir Ezzor Military Council" and loyalists". SOHR. 31 August 2023.
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145. ^ "Highest monthly death toll in 19 months | 440 people killed in August 2023". SOHR. 31 August 2023.
146. ^ "Military escalation | Turkish forces fire heavy artillery on villages in Tel Tamer countryside amid civilian exodus". SOHR. 5 September 2023.
147. ^ "Minbij | 20 members of National Army killed and injured in targeting of their vehicle by military council of Minbij and assassination attempt of deputy commander of council". SOHR. 4 September 2023.
148. ^ "Dea*th toll update | 24 members of National Army factions kil*led or detained in attack by Manbij Military Council". SOHR. 6 September 2023.
149. ^ "Death toll update | Two members of "Manbij Military Council" die of their wounds, bringing the number of deaths in clashes on frontlines of Manbij countryside to 20". SOHR. 7 September 2023.
150. ^ "Earlier ISIS attack on pro-regime militiamen | Toll of casualties increased to 24 killed, injured and gone missing in Deir Ezzor". SOHR. 10 September 2023.
151. ^ "Israel strikes on Syria kill two soldiers: state media". Arab News. 13 September 2023.
152. ^ "Two women fighters killed in Turkish drone strike: Syria Kurds". Arab News. 21 September 2023.
153. ^ "Dea*th toll update | Four kil*led and five injured in attack by Turkish drone in Al-Hasakah". SOHR. 17 September 2023.
154. ^ "Fourteen fighters killed in north Syria attack by Kurdish group Afrin Liberation Forces". The New Arab. 18 September 2023.
155. ^ "Sneak attack | IS*IS cells ki*ll three members of regime-back militias in Homs". SOHR. 18 September 2023.
156. ^ "Infiltration operation | Four members of "Sultan Murad" faction killed in attack by "Manbij Military Council" in rural Aleppo". SOHR. 20 September 2023.
157. ^ "Israeli drone strike kills two in Syria". jns.org. 21 September 2023.
158. ^ "After days of clashes | Regime forces ki*ll commander of National Defence militia inside his house in Al-Hasakah". SOHR. 22 September 2023.
159. ^ "Dea*th toll update | Five casualties among H*T*S-backed Ahrar Awlan Faction in clashes with "Al-Sultan Murad" in Aleppo". SOHR. 24 September 2023.
160. ^ "Pro-regime fighters resume attacks against SDF in Deir ez-Zor". Rudaw. 25 September 2023.
161. ^ "Sneak operation | Seven casualties among Turkish-backed National Army in attack by Manbij Council in Aleppo". SOHR. 25 September 2023.
162. ^ "De-ath toll update | 67 casualties in cla-shes between SDF and local gun-men in Deir Ezzor and cautious calm return to Thiban". SOHR. 26 September 2023.
163. ^ "Death toll update | Four regime soldiers including officer killed during clashes between smugglers in Al-Qalamoun mountains in Rif Dimashq". SOHR. 26 September 2023.
164. ^ "ISIS resurgence | Three regime soldiers killed in IED explosion in Al-Raqqa Desert". SOHR. 28 September 2023.
165. ^ "Monthly death toll | 113 civilians among 440 people killed in September 2023". SOHR. 28 September 2023.
166. ^ "IED attack | Two regime soldiers killed in Daraa countryside". SOHR. 2 October 2023.
167. ^ "IS*IS resurgence | Five casualties among members of National Defence militia in eastern Deir Ezzor countryside". SOHR. 2 October 2023.
168. ^ "'Probable' Israel strike kills six Syria fighters: monitor". Arab News. 3 October 2023.
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172. ^ "Planted earlier by ISIS | Landmine explodes in Al-Suwaidaa desert killing and injuring five regime soldiers". SOHR. 6 October 2023.
173. ^ "ISIS resurgence | Cells carry out eight operations in SDF-held areas in six days, killing and injuring 15 combatants and civilians". SOHR. 20 October 2023.
174. ^ "Death toll update | Regime captain dies of his injuries, bringing the number of deaths in yesterday's attack by ISIS in Homs desert to four". SOHR. 24 October 2023.
175. ^ "IS*IS resurgence | Gu*nmen ki*ll four shepherds and steal livestock in Homs Desert". SOHR. 24 October 2023.
176. ^ "Death toll update | 14 Syrian members including three high-ranking officers killed in Israeli attacks on positions in Daraa". SOHR. 25 October 2023. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
177. ^ "ISIS resurgence | Three members of SDF killed in attack by ISIS cells, targeting military positions in Al-Hawa'aj town in eastern Deir Ezzor". SOHR. 27 October 2023. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
178. ^ "State of calm prevails in eastern countryside of Deir ez-Zor". ANHA. 30 October 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
179. ^ "Monthly death toll | 238 civilians among 544 people killed in October 2023". SOHR. 1 November 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
180. ^ "Monthly death toll | 238 civilians among 544 people killed in October 2023". SOHR. 2 November 2023. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
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182. ^ "ISIL attacks kill 30 in Syrian desert". AlJazeera. 8 November 2023. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
183. ^ "After having killed 35 members of regime forces and NDF | Russian fighter jets execute airstrikes on Syrian desert". SOHR. 8 November 2023. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
184. ^ "Deir Ezzor | Nine persons working with Iranians killed in American raids on military headquarters and positions". SOHR. 9 November 2023. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
185. ^ "Death toll update | American airstrikes on Deir Ezzor leave eight members of Iranian militias dead". SOHR. 13 November 2023. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
186. ^ "Death toll update | Three regime soldiers killed in "ISIS" attack on positions in Al-Raqqah desert". SOHR. 14 November 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
187. ^ "After killing 34 in same area | "ISIS" attacks regime checkpoints and kills five members in eastern countryside of Homs". SOHR. 14 November 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
188. ^ "Syrian desert | Six ISIS members killed in Russian airstrikes on their hideouts and four pro-regime militiamen killed during clashes with ISIS in Homs desert". SOHR. 20 November 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
189. ^ "Planted by "ISIS" | Explosion of landmine leaves eight members of NDF dead in western countryside of Deir Ezzor". SOHR. 27 November 2023. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
190. ^ "New attack by "ISIS" | Four members of Iranian-backed militias killed near third station in Palmyra desert". SOHR. 27 November 2023. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
191. ^ "Amid Russian airstrikes | Two members of NDF killed during armed clashes with ISIS members in Al-Sukhnah desert". SOHR. 29 November 2023. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
192. ^ "Monthly death toll | 143 civilians among 375 people killed in November 2023". SOHR. 1 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
193. ^ "IS*IS ambush | Six members of Iran-backed militias kil*led on road between Palmyra and Homs". SOHR. 4 December 2023. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
194. ^ "Daily death toll | 23 persons killed on December 7 across Syria". SOHR. 7 December 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
195. ^ "IS*IS resurgence | Civilians exec*uted and nine regime-backed gu*nmen injured and kil*led in Al-Raqqa Desert". SOHR. 10 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
196. ^ "Four killed, including two Hezbollah members, in Israeli airstrikes near Damascus". LBC International. 11 December 2023. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
197. ^ "ISIS attack | Two members of Iranian-backed militias killed in eastern Deir Ezzor countryside". SOHR. 11 December 2023. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
198. ^ "ISIS resurgence | Armed clashes erupt between ISIS and NDF leaving six members on both sides dead and injured in Al-Sukhnah desert". SOHR. 17 December 2023. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
199. ^ "Dea*th toll update | Eight regime soldiers kil*led in landm*ine expl*osion near the third station". SOHR. 21 December 2023. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
200. ^ "Dea*th toll update | 23 Syrian and non-Syrian members of Iran-backed militias kil*led under airstrikes on Al-Bokamal". Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
201. ^ "Major Israeli escalation | 25 members of Iran-backed groups kil*led in less than 24 hours". Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
202. ^ "ACLED Dashboard". ACLED.

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