Titan submersible implosion

2023 submersible implosion in the Atlantic

Titan submersible implosion

Wreckage of Titan on the ocean floor, 22 June 2023

Date| 18 June 2023; 17 months ago (18 June 2023)
Time| c. 10:47 a.m. NDT (13:17 UTC)
Location| North Atlantic Ocean, near the wreck of the Titanic
Coordinates| 41°44′04″N 49°56′33″W﻿ / ﻿41.7344°N 49.9424°W﻿ / 41.7344; -49.9424
Type| Maritime incident
Cause| Failure of the composite pressure hull (presumed)
Organized by| OceanGate
Participants| 5
Outcome| Submersible destroyed by implosion
Deaths| 5 (see § Fatalities)
Inquiries| Under investigation by:

* • MBI (USA)
* • NTSB (USA)
* • TSB (CAN)
* • BEAmer (FRA)
* • other industry organizations

MV Polar Prince departed St. John's, Newfoundland (1), on 16 June 2023, and arrived at the dive site (2) on 17 June 2023, where Titan was deployed and began its descent the next day.

On 18 June 2023, Titan, a submersible operated by the American tourism and expeditions company OceanGate, imploded during an expedition to view the wreck of the Titanic in the North Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Newfoundland, Canada. Aboard the submersible were Stockton Rush, the American chief executive officer of OceanGate; Paul-Henri Nargeolet, a French deep-sea explorer and Titanic expert; Hamish Harding, a British businessman; Shahzada Dawood, a Pakistani-British businessman; and Dawood's son, Suleman.

Communication between Titan and its mother ship, MV Polar Prince, was lost 1 hour and 33 minutes into the dive. Authorities were alerted when it failed to resurface at the scheduled time later that day. After the submersible had been missing for four days, a remotely operated underwater vehicle (ROV) discovered a debris field containing parts of Titan, about 500 metres (1,600 ft) from the bow of the Titanic. The search area was informed by the United States Navy's (USN) sonar detection of an acoustic signature consistent with an implosion around the time communications with the submersible ceased, suggesting the pressure hull had imploded while Titan was descending, resulting in the instantaneous deaths of all five occupants.

The search and rescue operation was performed by an international team organized by the United States Coast Guard (USCG), USN, and Canadian Coast Guard.[1] Support was provided by aircraft from the Royal Canadian Air Force and United States Air National Guard, a Royal Canadian Navy ship, as well as several commercial and research vessels and ROVs.

Numerous industry experts had stated concerns about the safety of the vessel. OceanGate executives, including Rush, had not sought certification for Titan, arguing that excessive safety protocols and regulations hindered innovation.[2]

## Background

[edit]

### OceanGate

[edit]

Main article: OceanGate

OceanGate CEO Stockton Rush, who died aboard Titan, pictured in March 2015

OceanGate was a private company, initiated in 2009 by Stockton Rush and Guillermo Söhnlein. From 2010 until the loss of the Titan submersible, OceanGate transported paying customers in leased commercial submersibles off the coast of California, in the Gulf of Mexico, and in the Atlantic Ocean.[3] The company was based in Everett, Washington, US.[4]

Rush realized that visiting shipwreck sites was a method of getting media attention. OceanGate had previously conducted voyages to other shipwrecks, including its 2016 dive to the wreck of Andrea Doria aboard their other submersible Cyclops 1. (A near disaster on that expedition was recounted in Vanity Fair in 2023.[5]) In 2019, Rush told Smithsonian magazine: "There's only one wreck that everyone knows ... If you ask people to name something underwater, it's going to be sharks, whales, Titanic".[3]

### Titanic

[edit]

Main article: Wreck of the Titanic

The Titanic was a British ocean liner that sank in the North Atlantic Ocean on 15 April 1912, after colliding with an iceberg. More than 1,500 people died, making it the deadliest sinking of a single ship at the time.[6][7] In 1985, Robert Ballard located the wreck of the Titanic 320 nautical miles (590 km; 370 mi) from the coast of Newfoundland.[8] The wreck lies at a depth of about 3,810 metres (12,500 feet; 2,080 fathoms).[9] Since its discovery, it has been a destination for research expeditions and tourism. By 2012, 140 people had visited the wreck site.[10]

## Submersible Titan

[edit]

Main article: Titan (submersible)

Schematics of the vessel

Formerly known as Cyclops 2,[11] Titan was a five-person submersible vessel operated by OceanGate Inc. The 6.7-metre-long (22 ft), 10,432 kg (23,000 lb) vessel was constructed from carbon fibre and titanium.[12] The entire pressure vessel consisted of two titanium hemispheres (domes) with matching titanium interface rings bonded to the 142 cm (56 in) internal diameter, 2.4-metre-long (7.9 ft) carbon fibre-wound cylinder.[13] One of the titanium hemispherical end caps could be detached to provide the hatch[3] and was fitted with a 380 mm-diameter (15 in) acrylic window.[14] In 2020, Rush said that the hull, originally designed to reach 4,000 m (13,000 ft) below sea level,[15] had been downgraded to a depth rating of 3,000 m (9,800 ft) after demonstrating signs of cyclic fatigue. In 2020 and 2021, the hull was repaired or rebuilt.[16] Rush told the Travel Weekly editor-in-chief that the carbon fibre had been sourced at a discount from Boeing because it was too old for use in the company's airplanes.[17] Boeing stated they have no records of any sale to Rush or to OceanGate.[18] OceanGate had initially not sought certification for Titan, arguing that excessive safety protocols hindered innovation.[2] Lloyd's Register, a ship classification society, refused OceanGate's request to class the vessel in 2019.[19]

Titan could move at as much as 3 knots (5.6 km/h; 3.5 mph) using four electric thrusters, arrayed two horizontal and two vertical.[20] Its steering controls consisted of a Logitech F710 wireless game controller with modified longer analogue sticks resembling traditional joysticks. The University of Washington's Applied Physics Laboratory assisted with the control design on the Cyclops 1 using a DualShock 3 video game controller, which was carried over to Titan, substituting with the Logitech controller.[21] The use of commercial off-the-shelf game controllers is common for remote-controlled vehicles such as unmanned aerial vehicles or bomb disposal robots,[22][23][24] whilst the United States Navy uses Xbox 360 controllers to control periscopes in Virginia-class submarines.[25]

OceanGate claimed on its website as of 2023[update] that Titan was "designed and engineered by OceanGate Inc. in collaboration [with] experts from NASA, Boeing, and the University of Washington" (UW).[26] A 1⁄3-scale model of the Cyclops 2 pressure vessel was built and tested at the Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) at UW; the model was able to sustain a pressure of 4,285 psi (29.54 MPa; 291.6 atm), corresponding to a depth of about 3,000 m (9,800 ft).[27] After the disappearance of Titan in 2023, these earlier associates disclaimed involvement with the Titan project. UW claimed the APL had no involvement in the "design, engineering, or testing of the Titan submersible". A Boeing spokesperson also claimed Boeing "was not a partner on Titan and did not design or build it". A NASA spokesperson said that NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center had a Space Act Agreement with OceanGate, but "did not conduct testing and manufacturing via its workforce or facilities".[26] It was designed and developed originally in partnership with UW and Boeing, both of which put forth numerous design recommendations and rigorous testing requirements, which Rush ignored, despite prior tests at lower depths resulting in implosions at UW's lab. The partnerships dissolved as Rush refused to work within quality standards.[28]

According to OceanGate, the vessel contained monitoring systems to continuously monitor the strength of the hull.[12] The vessel had life support for five people for 96 hours.[12] There is no GPS underwater; the support ship, which monitored the position of Titan relative to its target, sent text messages to Titan providing distances and directions.[29]

According to OceanGate, Titan had several backup systems intended to return the vessel to the surface in case of emergency, including ballasts that could be dropped, a balloon, thrusters, and sandbags held by hooks that dissolved after a certain number of hours in saltwater. Ideally, this would release the sandbags, allowing the vessel to float to the surface.[30][31] An OceanGate investor explained that if the vessel did not ascend automatically after the elapsed time, those inside could help release the ballast either by tilting the ship back and forth to dislodge it or by using a pneumatic pump to loosen the weights.[32]

### Dives to wreck of Titanic

[edit]

Dives by Titan to the wreck of the Titanic occurred as part of multi-day excursions organized by OceanGate, which the company referred to as "missions". Five missions occurred in the middle of 2021 and 2022.[33] Titan imploded during the fifth mission of 2023; it was the first mission of the year in which a dive came close to Titanic, due to poor weather during previous attempts.[34]

Passengers would sail to and from the wreckage site aboard a support ship and spend approximately five days in the ocean above the Titanic wreckage site. Two dives were usually attempted during each excursion, though dives were often cancelled or aborted due to weather or technical malfunctions.[33]

Each dive typically had a pilot, a guide, and three paying passengers aboard.[35] Once inside the submersible, the hatch would be bolted shut and could only be reopened from the outside.[36] The descent from the surface to the Titanic wreck typically took two hours,[37] with the full dive taking about eight hours.[35] Throughout the journey, the submersible was expected to emit a safety ping every 15 minutes to be monitored by the above-water crew.[8] The vessel and surface crew were also able to communicate via brief text messages.[38]

Customers who travelled to the wreck with OceanGate, referred to as "mission specialists" by the company,[39] paid US$250,000 each for the eight-day expedition.[35][40][41]

OceanGate intended to perform multiple dives to the Titanic's wreck in 2023, but the dive in which Titan was destroyed was the only one the company had launched that year.[35][37]

### Safety

[edit]

Because Titan operated in international waters and did not carry passengers from a port, it was not subject to safety regulations. The vessel was not certified as seaworthy by any regulatory agency or third-party organization.[42] Reporter David Pogue, who completed the expedition in 2022 as part of a CBS News Sunday Morning feature,[43] said that all passengers who enter Titan sign a waiver confirming their knowledge that it is an "experimental" vessel "that has not been approved or certified by any regulatory body, and could result in physical injury, disability, emotional trauma or death".[44] Television producer Mike Reiss, who also completed the expedition, said the waiver "mention[s] death three times on page one".[45] A 2019 article published in Smithsonian magazine referred to Rush as a "daredevil inventor".[3] In the article, Rush is described as having said that the U.S. Passenger Vessel Safety Act of 1993 "needlessly prioritized passenger safety over commercial innovation".[3][46] In a 2022 interview, Rush told CBS News, "At some point, safety just is pure waste. I mean, if you just want to be safe, don't get out of bed. Don't get in your car. Don't do anything."[47] Rush said in a 2021 interview, "I've broken some rules to make [Titan]. I think I've broken them with logic and good engineering behind me. The carbon fibre and titanium, there's a rule you don't do that. Well, I did."[48]

OceanGate claimed that Titan was the only crewed submersible that used an integrated real-time monitoring system (RTM) for safety.[49] The proprietary system, patented by Rush in 2021,[50] used acoustic sensors and strain gauges at the pressure boundary to analyse the effects of increasing pressure as the watercraft ventured deeper into the ocean and to monitor the hull's integrity in real time. This would supposedly give early warning of problems and allow enough time to abort the descent and return to the surface.[49][51]

### Prior concerns

[edit]

In 2018, OceanGate's director of marine operations, David Lochridge, composed a report documenting safety concerns he had about Titan. In court documents, Lochridge said that he had urged the company to have Titan assessed and certified by the American Bureau of Shipping, but OceanGate had refused to do so, instead seeking classification from Lloyd's Register.[52] He also said that the transparent viewport on its forward end, due to its nonstandard and therefore experimental design, was only certified to a depth of 1,300 m (4,300 ft), only a third of the depth required to reach the Titanic's wreck.[53] According to Lochridge, RTM would "only show when a component is about to fail – often milliseconds before an implosion" and could not detect existing flaws in the hull before it was too late.[54] Lochridge was also concerned that OceanGate would not perform nondestructive testing on the vessel's hull before undertaking crewed dives and alleged that he was "repeatedly told that no scan of the hull or Bond Line could be done to check for delaminations, porosity and voids of sufficient adhesion of the glue being used due to the thickness of the hull".[53][16][55] The viewport was rated to only 650 m (2,130 ft), and the engineer of the viewport also prepared an analysis from an independent expert that concluded the design would fail after only a few 4,000 m dives.[28]

OceanGate said that Lochridge, who was not an engineer, had refused to accept safety approvals from OceanGate's engineering team and that the company's evaluation of Titan's hull was stronger than any kind of third-party evaluation Lochridge thought necessary.[56] OceanGate sued Lochridge for allegedly breaching his confidentiality contract and making fraudulent statements. Lochridge counter-sued, stating that his employment had been wrongfully terminated as a whistleblower for stating concerns about Titan's ability to operate safely. The two parties settled the case a few months later, before it came to court.[57][53][58] He filed a whistleblower complaint with Occupational Safety and Health Administration, but withdrew it after the lawsuit was filed.[28]

Later in 2018, a group organized by William Kohnen, the chair of the Submarine Group of the Marine Technology Society, drafted a letter[59] to Rush expressing "unanimous concern regarding the development of 'TITAN' and the planned Titanic Expedition", indicating that the "current experimental approach ... could result in negative outcomes (from minor to catastrophic) that would have serious consequences for everyone in the industry". The letter said that OceanGate's marketing of the Titan was misleading because it claimed that the submersible would meet or exceed the safety standards of classification society DNV, even though the company had no plans to have the craft certified formally by the society. While the letter was never sent officially by the Marine Technology Society, it did result in a conversation with OceanGate that resulted in some changes, but in the end Rush "agreed to disagree" with the rest of the civilian submarine community.[60] Kohnen told the New York Times that Rush had telephoned him after reading it to tell him that he believed industry standards were stifling innovation.

Another signatory, engineer Bart Kemper, agreed to sign the letter because of OceanGate's decision not to use established engineering standards like ASME Pressure Vessels for Human Occupancy (PVHO) or design validation.[56][61] Kemper said the submersible was "experimental, with no oversight". Kohnen and Kemper stated OceanGate's methods were not representative of the industry.[62] Kohnen and Kemper are both members of the ASME Codes and Standards committee for PVHOs, which develops and maintains the engineering safety standards for submarines, commercial diving systems, hyperbaric systems, and related equipment.[63] Kemper is an engineering researcher who has published a number of technical papers on submarine windows,[64] including the need to innovate.[65]

In March 2018, one of Boeing's engineers involved in the preliminary designs, Mark Negley, carried out an analysis of the hull and emailed Rush directly stating, "We think you are at high risk of a significant failure at or before you reach 4,000 meters. We do not think you have any safety margin." He included a graph of the strain of the design with a skull and crossbones at a red line of 4,000 meters.[28]

Also in March 2018, Rob McCallum, a major deep sea exploration specialist, emailed Rush to warn him he was potentially risking his clients' safety and advised against the submersible's use for commercial purposes until it had been tested independently and classified: "I implore you to take every care in your testing and sea trials and to be very, very conservative." Rush replied that he was "tired of industry players who try to use a safety argument to stop innovation ... We have heard the baseless cries of 'you are going to kill someone' way too often. I take this as a serious personal insult". McCallum then sent Rush another email in which he said: "I think you are potentially placing yourself and your clients in a dangerous dynamic. In your race to Titanic you are mirroring that famous catch cry: 'She is unsinkable'". This prompted OceanGate's lawyers to threaten McCallum with legal action.[66]

In 2022, the British actor and television presenter Ross Kemp, who had participated previously with deep sea dives for the television channel Sky History, had planned to mark the 110th anniversary of the sinking of the Titanic by recording a documentary in which he would undertake a dive to the wreck using Titan. Kemp's agent Jonathan Shalit said that the project was cancelled after checks by production company Atlantic Productions deemed the submersible to be unsafe and not "fit for purpose".[67][68]

### Previous incidents

[edit]

External videos

CBS Sunday Morning / David Pogue report on OceanGate, broadcast 27 November 2022 (YouTube)

In 2021, a new hull was constructed after a previous hull had cracked after 50 submersion dives, only three of which were to 4,000 m. Scale models of the hull imploded at the UW lab, so a different method of curing the hull was developed and passed a full-sized pressure test at a facility in Maryland. Rush refused to construct new domes and other components from the failed submersible and instructed the engineers to salvage and reuse parts. Anonymous former employees told Wired that damage to the components could have weakened the join with the new hull. They also added lifting rings, which was previously warned against by engineers because the submersible could not handle any tension or load.[28]

In 2022, reporter David Pogue was aboard the surface ship when Titan became lost and could not locate the wreck of the Titanic during a dive.[69][70] Pogue's December 2022 report for CBS News Sunday Morning, which questioned Titan's safety, went viral on social media after the submersible lost contact with its support ship in June 2023.[71] In the report, Pogue commented to Rush that "it seems like this submersible has some elements of MacGyvery jerry-rigged-ness". He said that a $30 Logitech F710 wireless game controller with modified control sticks was used to steer and pitch the submersible and that construction pipes were used as ballast.[72]

In another 2022 dive to the wreck, one of Titan's thrusters was accidentally installed backwards and the submersible started spinning in circles when trying to move forward near the sea floor. As documented by the BBC documentary Take Me to Titanic, the issue was bypassed by steering while holding the game controller sideways.[73][74] According to November 2022 court filings, OceanGate reported that, in a 2022 dive, the submersible suffered from battery problems and, as a result, had to be attached manually to a lifting platform, causing damage to external components.[75][76]

On 15 July 2022 (dive 80), Titan experienced a "loud acoustic event" as it was ascending, which was heard by the passengers aboard and picked up by Titan's real-time monitoring system (RTM). Data from the RTM later revealed that the hull had permanently shifted following this event.[77]

## Incident

[edit]

### Expedition arrangements

[edit]

The voyage was booked in early 2023. Rush offered Jay Bloom, an American businessman, two discounted tickets, intending for Bloom and his son to be on the excursion. Bloom, a billionaire, was offered a price of $150,000 per seat, rather than the full price of $250,000, with Rush claiming that it was "safer than crossing the street", but Bloom declined the offer due to his concerns about its safety. At that time, the excursion was scheduled for May, but unfavourable weather caused it to be delayed until June.[78][79]

### 16–17 June preparations

[edit]

MV Polar Prince (pictured in 2018) transported Titan and the expedition's crew to the dive site above the wreck of Titanic.

On 16 June 2023 at 9:31 a.m., (local time; 12:01 UTC) the expedition to the Titanic's wreck, which the company referred to as "Mission 5," departed from St. John's, Newfoundland, aboard the Canadian-flagged research and expedition ship MV Polar Prince.[80][81] One of the occupants, Hamish Harding, posted on Facebook: "Due to the worst winter in Newfoundland in 40 years, this mission is likely to be the first and only crewed mission to Titanic in 2023. A weather window has just opened up and we are going to attempt a dive tomorrow." He also indicated that the operation was scheduled to begin about 4:00 a.m. EDT (08:00 UTC).[82]

### 18 June, dive, disappearance, and implosion

[edit]

External videos

Model animation for the MBI Titan submersible hearing (Sep 2024)
Titan Submersible Animation, released 16 September 2024 (animation by Gary T. Markle)

The ship arrived in vicinity of the Titanic wreck site on 18 June 5:15 a.m. Newfoundland Daylight Time (NDT; UTC−02:30). Around 8:30 a.m., five people were on-boarded into the Titan mounted on top of a floating platform, known as the launch and recovery system (LARS). Subsequently, the forward dome was secured for the expedition designated by the company as "Dive 88". At 8:55 a.m., the platform was vented, causing it to sink below the surface of the water. At 9:18 a.m., Titan disengaged from the platform and commenced diving.[81] For the first hour and a half of the descent, Titan communicated with Polar Prince via text about every 15 minutes and received a "ping" every 5–10 seconds.[81] At a depth of 2,274 metres (7,461 ft), the submarine sent "all good here",[83] and usual "pings" continued on the communications channel. There were no messages during the descent that indicated trouble. A final text communication was sent from Titan at 10:47:27 a.m., at an approximate depth of 3,341 metres (10,961 ft) which read "dropped two wts". Final "ping" (data) from Titan was received at 10:47:33 a.m. NDT (13:17:33 UTC), at depth of 3,346 metres (10,978 ft). Titan's location was 41°44′04″N 49°56′33″W﻿ / ﻿41.73441°N 49.9424°W﻿ / 41.73441; -49.9424.[81]

A U.S. Navy acoustic detection system designed to locate military submarines detected an acoustic signal consistent with an implosion hours after Titan submerged.[84]

Shortly after the disaster, James Cameron indicated that it was likely the submersible's early warning system alerted the passengers to an impending delamination of the hull,[85]: 08:05 saying "we understand from inside the community that they had dropped their ascent weights and were coming up, trying to manage an emergency."[85]: 08:13 Bob Ballard, the discoverer of the Titanic wreck, also said that the crew was likely "experiencing difficulties" and was trying to ascend at the time of the implosion.[86]

In September 2024, Tym Catterson, an OceanGate contractor who was aboard the Polar Prince at the time of the disaster, testified at the United States Coast Guard's inquiry that there is no indication the crew was aware of any problems before the implosion. The last human-written communication by Titan indicated that they dropped two weights, amounting to about 70 pounds (32 kg) of the 200 pounds (91 kg) or 300 pounds (140 kg) of dropweights on board. This was apparently routine to adjust the Titan's buoyancy from negative to neutral as it approached the seabed,[87] and was an indication that the crew was not aware of any emergency situation.[88] The last automatic ping was received by the Polar Prince approximately six seconds later, after which contact was lost.[89]

Simulations developed in 2023 suggest the implosion of the vessel took less than one second, likely only tens of milliseconds, faster than the brain can process information; there would not have been time for the victims to experience the collapse of the hull, and they would have died immediately, with no pain, as their bodies were crushed.[90][91][92]

### 18–22 June, search and rescue efforts

[edit]

Rear Admiral John Mauger has a press briefing in Boston on 19 June. Ship Deep Energy (pictured in the Netherlands, 2015) arrived with two ROVs on 20 June.

The submersible was expected to resurface at 4:30 p.m. (19:00 UTC).[82] At 7:10 p.m. (21:40 UTC), the U.S. Coast Guard was notified that the vessel was missing.[93] The Navy reviewed its acoustic data from that time, and passed the information about the possible implosion event to the Coast Guard.[94] Titan had as much as 96 hours of breathable air supply for its five passengers when it set out,[95] which would have expired on the morning of 22 June 2023 if the submersible had remained intact.[96]

An ROV from the Horizon Arctic inspecting Titan on the ocean floor, 22 June

The United States Coast Guard, United States Navy, and Canadian Coast Guard organized the search.[1] Aircraft from the Royal Canadian Air Force and United States Air National Guard, a Royal Canadian Navy ship, and several commercial and research ships and remotely operated underwater vehicle (ROVs) also assisted with the search.[97][98][99][100] The surface was searched, as were the depths by sonar.[44]

Crews from the United States Coast Guard launched search missions 900 nautical miles (1,700 km) from the shore of Cape Cod, Massachusetts.[101][102] Joint Rescue Coordination Centre Halifax reported that a Royal Canadian Air Force Lockheed CP-140 Aurora aircraft and CCGS Kopit Hopson 1752 were participating in the search in response to a request for assistance by the Maritime Rescue Coordination Center in Boston made on 18 June at 9:43 p.m. (00:13 UTC).[98][103] The search on 19 June involved three C-130 Hercules aircraft, two from the United States and one from Canada;[104] a P-8 Poseidon anti-submarine warfare aircraft from the United States, and sonobuoys.[105] Search and rescue was hampered by low-visibility weather conditions, which cleared the next day.[106]

The U.S. Coast Guard indicated that the search and rescue mission was difficult because of the remote location, weather, darkness, sea conditions, and water temperature.[107] Rear Admiral John Mauger said that they were "deploying all available assets".[40] Many submersibles have acoustic beacons that can be detected underwater by rescuers; Titan did not.[107][failed verification]

Passing aircraft were asked to look out for Titan, as seen in this New York Oceanic (KZWY) air traffic control CPDLC message, displayed in the cockpit of El Al's Boeing 787-9, 4X-EDL on 20 June.

The pipe-laying ship Deep Energy, operated by TechnipFMC, arrived on site on 20 June 2023, with two ROVs and other equipment suited to the seabed depths in the area.[100] As of 10:45 a.m. (13:15 UTC), the U.S. Coast Guard had searched 10,000 square miles (26,000 km2).[108] The New York Air National Guard's 106th Rescue Wing joined in the search and rescue mission with a HC-130J, with plans for two more to join by the end of the day.[99]

According to an internal U.S. government memo, a Canadian CP-140 Aurora's sonar picked up underwater noises while searching for the submersible.[109][110] The U.S. Coast Guard officially acknowledged the sounds early the next morning, but reported that early investigations had not yielded results.[109] Rear Admiral John Mauger of the U.S. Coast Guard said the source of the noise was unknown and may have come from the many metal objects at the site of the wreck.[111] A Canadian CP-140 Aurora airplane had previously spotted a "white rectangular object" floating on the surface. A ship sent to find and identify the object was diverted to help find the source of the noise.[109] The noises were later described by the U.S. Coast Guard as being apparently unrelated to the missing vessel.[112]

CCGS John Cabot arrived on the morning of 21 June, bringing additional sonar capabilities to the search effort. Commercial vessels Skandi Vinland and Atlantic Merlin also arrived that day, as did a US Coast Guard C-130 crew.[113] As of about 3:00 p.m. (17:30 UTC), five air and water vehicles were searching actively for Titan, and another five were expected to arrive in the next 24–48 hours.[114] Search and rescue assets included two ROVs, one CP-140 Aurora aircraft, and the C-130 aircraft.[114]

The U.S. Navy's Flyaway Deep Ocean Salvage System (FADOSS), a ship lift system designed to lift large and heavy objects from the deep sea, arrived in St. John's, though no ships were available to carry the system to the wreck site.[115][116] Officials estimated it would take about 24 hours to weld the FADOSS system to the deck of a carrier ship before it could set sail to the search and rescue operation.[116]

Despite increasing concerns about the depletion of air supplies in Titan, a U.S. Coast Guard spokesperson said at a press conference "This is a search and rescue mission 100%", rather than a wreckage recovery mission.[117]

Capt. Jamie Frederick has a press briefing in Boston on 21 June.

An Odysseus 6k ROV from Pelagic Research Services, travelling aboard the Canadian-flagged offshore tugboat MV Horizon Arctic, reached the sea floor and began its search for the missing submersible.[118][119][120] The French RV L'Atalante also deployed its ROV Victor 6000, which can reach depths of as much as 6,000 m (20,000 ft) and transmit images to the surface.[121]

### 22 June, discovery of debris

[edit]

Rear Admiral John Mauger has a press briefing in Boston on 22 June. Wreckage of the aft section discovered on 22 June

At 1:18 p.m. (15:48 UTC) on 22 June the U.S. Coast Guard's Northeast Sector announced that a debris field had been found near the wreck of the Titanic.[122][123][124] The debris, located by Pelagic Research Services' Odysseus 6k ROV five hours into its search, was later confirmed to be part of the submersible.[125][126] At 4:30 p.m. (19:00 UTC) – at a U.S. Coast Guard press conference in Boston – the Coast Guard said that the loss of the submersible was due to an implosion of the pressure chamber and that pieces of Titan had been found on the sea floor about 1,600 feet (about 500 metres) northeast of the bow of the Titanic.[127][128][129][130]

The identified debris consisted of the tail cone (not part of the pressure vessel) and the forward and aft end bells – both part of the pressure vessel intended to protect the crew from the ocean environment.[131] According to the U.S. Coast Guard, the debris field was concentrated in two areas, with the aft end bell lying separate from the front end bell and the tail cone.[132][125]

Rear Admiral John Mauger of the US Coast Guard said that the debris was consistent with a "catastrophic loss of the pressure chamber".[131] Mauger stated that he did not have an answer as to whether the bodies of those on board would be recovered, but he did say that it was "an incredibly unforgiving environment".[133]

### Fatalities

[edit]

The implosion killed all five occupants:

Name | Age | Nationality | Notable Information

|
|
|

Shahzada Dawood | 48 | Pakistani-British | Dawood Hercules Corporation[134] and philanthropist,[135] a son of Pakistani businessman Hussain Dawood and grandson of Pakistani industrialist Ahmed Dawood.
Suleman Dawood | 19 | Pakistani-British | Son of Shahzada Dawood, student at the University of Strathclyde;[136][44] his mother Christine Dawood gave up her seat for him to go down.[137][138]
Hamish Harding | 58 | British | Businessman, aviator, and space tourist;[139][40] previously descended into the Challenger Deep, set Guinness World Record for fastest circumnavigation of the Earth,[140] flew into space in 2022 on Blue Origin NS-21
Paul-Henri Nargeolet | 77 | French | Former French Navy commander, diver, submersible pilot; member of the French Institute for Research and Exploitation of the Sea,[37][40] director of underwater research for E/M Group and RMS Titanic Inc.,[141] directed over 35 expeditions to the wreck,[142] supervised the recovery of thousands of artifacts, and was "widely considered the leading authority on the wreck site".[141]
Stockton Rush | 61 | American | Submersible pilot, engineer, businessman; CEO and co-founder of OceanGate.[143]

## Recovery operations

[edit]

ROV recovery operation of the forward endcap, 26 June

ROV lifting the forward endcap

Pelagic Research Services confirmed on 23 June 2023 that a new mission to the Titan debris field was already underway and that it had taken the Odysseus 6k ROV one hour to reach the site to continue searching and documenting debris.[144][145]

It was further reported that the debris from Titan was too heavy for Pelagic's ROV to lift and that any recovery would need to occur at a later time.[146]

On 24 June, Polar Prince returned to St. John's harbour. In their bid to understand what caused Titan's catastrophic loss, investigators boarded the support ship. Another boat was seen in the harbour towing the floating launch platform, which the company referred to as the launch and recovery system (LARS), which Titan used.[147]

On 28 June, Horizon Arctic returned to St. John's Harbour with the remains of Titan that were recovered from the debris field.[148] Photographs and videos showed the titanium covers on both ends of Titan intact, with the single viewport missing, mangled pieces of the tail cone, electronics, the landing frame and other debris. The debris was to be transported to the U.S. as evidence for the investigation.[149] The Coast Guard confirmed that presumed human remains were found within the debris, and that American medical professionals would conduct an analysis.[149][150][151][152] Pelagic Research Services, which was operating the Odysseus 6K ROV from Horizon Arctic, confirmed that its team had completed their mission.[153] The initial human remains underwent DNA testing, but no report was released shortly after.[154] In September 2024, during the public hearing by the Marine Board of Investigation, USCG confirmed that the Armed Forces DNA Identification Laboratory, located in Dover, Delaware, positively identified DNA profiles for the five victims.[note 1]

Aft endcap of the submersible, recovered 4 October

On 30 June, Insider published an analysis of the recovery photos by Plymouth University professor Jasper Graham-Jones. He concluded that a failure of the carbon-fibre hull was the most likely cause of the loss, given that no large pieces of carbon fibre are known to have been recovered. Another possible cause was the acrylic viewing window. He noted that the window was absent from its bell housing when it was recovered. While the salvage team may have removed the window before salvaging its bell housing, they more likely would have left it in place. However, Graham-Jones said that if the window had failed before the hull rather than after, he would have expected larger pieces of carbon fibre to be recovered.[155]

During early October, engineers recovered the rest of the debris and presumed human remains.[156][note 1]

## Investigations

[edit]

On 23 June, both the Canadian and the United States federal governments announced that they were beginning investigations of the incident.[157][158] They were joined by authorities from France (Bureau d'Enquêtes sur les Événements de Mer, BEAmer) and the United Kingdom (Marine Accident Investigation Branch, MAIB) by 25 June; the final report will be issued to the International Maritime Organization (IMO).[159] Whether lasting reforms will result from the investigation is uncertain. While there are variety of possible options, the IMO may not have appropriate regulatory authority.[160]

### United States

[edit]

The United States investigation is being directed by the Coast Guard (USCG) with support from the National Transportation Safety Board; the Coast Guard is taking control because it declared the incident a "major marine casualty".[158][161] USCG Captain Jason Neubauer has been named the chief investigator for a Marine Board of Investigation.[159][162] Though at first it was anticipated to be completed within one year, the USCG eventually acknowledged it would take longer. "The investigation into the implosion of the Titan submersible is a complex and ongoing effort", said Neubauer in June 2024. "We are working closely with our domestic and international partners to ensure a comprehensive understanding of the incident."[163]

### Canada

[edit]

The Transportation Safety Board of Canada (TSB) is investigating because Titan's support vessel, MV Polar Prince, is a Canadian-flagged ship.[158] A team of TSB investigators headed to the port of origin, St. John's, Newfoundland, to "gather information, conduct interviews and assess the occurrence", with other agencies also expected to be involved.[157][161][164] The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) also announced that it was performing a preliminary examination of the incident in order to determine whether to begin a full investigation, which will occur if the RCMP determine criminal, federal, or provincial laws were broken.[158][165]

## Lawsuit

[edit]

On 6 August 2024, Nargeolet's family sued OceanGate for wrongful death.[166]

## Financial costs of operations

[edit]

Numerous assets from the U.S. Air Force and the U.S. Coast Guard were deployed to search for the submersible, and to subsequently retrieve the victims' remains. On 23 June 2023, a Washington Post analysis made by Mark Cancian, a defence budget expert, estimated the costs of U.S. Coast Guard operations alone at about USD$1.2 million of taxpayers' money as of 23 June 2023, with the additional operations to recover the submersible's debris not included. Cancian said that while the Titan search operation was funded by money already in the federal budget, the U.S. military would assume some unexpected costs, since personnel and equipment were used in an unforeseen manner.[167] Deploying a single Lockheed CP-140 Aurora aircraft and 341 sonobuoys cost Canadian taxpayers at least CAD$3 million, and the total Canadian contribution is likely to be much greater when all expenditures are tallied.[168][needs update]

Chris Boyer of the National Association for Search and Rescue said the search for Titan likely cost millions of dollars of public funds;[169] however, the USCG refused to give an estimate, saying they "do not associate cost with saving a life". According to U.S. attorney[clarification needed] Stephen Koerting, the USCG is generally prohibited by federal law from collecting reimbursement related to any search or rescue service.

The incident renewed past debates about whether taxpayers should bear the cost of search and rescue missions involving wealthy people engaged in high-risk adventuring, such as incidents involving Steve Fossett and Richard Branson.[170]

## Reactions

[edit]

Discussing the scale of the search and rescue response, Sean Leet, co-founder and chair of Horizon Maritime Services, the company that owns Polar Prince, said:

> I've been in the marine industry since a very young age and seen a lot of different situations, and I've never seen equipment of that nature move that quickly [...] The response from the U.S. Coast Guard, the U.S. Military, folks at the airport, the people here, various companies who were involved in the mobilization of that equipment [...] it was done flawlessly.

> — Sean Leet, June 2023, CNN[171]

The scale of the search and rescue efforts and media coverage compared to those for the Messenia migrant boat disaster, which occurred days earlier, sparked criticism.[172][169] In the Ionian Sea off the coast of Pylos, Messenia, Greece, a fishing boat sank while carrying an estimated 400 to 750 migrants, resulting in nearly 100 persons confirmed dead,[173] another 100 rescued,[174] and hundreds more missing and presumed dead.[175][176] Search and rescue efforts for the migrant ship were conducted by the Hellenic Coast Guard and military.[177] Ishaan Tharoor of The Washington Post wrote that Pakistani Internet users compared and contrasted the Pakistani victims in both incidents, who were on opposite sides of Pakistan's large socioeconomic divide.[178] According to David Scott-Beddard, the CEO of White Star Memories Ltd, a Titanic exhibition company, the likelihood of performing future research at the Titanic wreck decreased due to the incident.[179]

James Cameron, who directed the 1997 movie Titanic, visited the Titanic wreck 33 times, and piloted Deepsea Challenger to the bottom of the Mariana Trench, said he was "struck by the similarity" between the submersible's implosion and the events that resulted in the Titanic disaster. He noted that both disasters seemed preventable, and were caused indirectly by someone deliberately ignoring safety warnings from others.[180] Cameron criticized the choice of carbon-fibre composite construction of the pressure vessel, saying it has "no strength in compression" when subject to the immense pressures at depth.[51] Cameron said that pressure hulls should be made out of contiguous materials such as steel, titanium, ceramic, or acrylic, and that the wound carbon fibre of Titan's hull had seemed like a bad idea to him from the beginning.[181] He stated that it was long known that composite hulls were vulnerable to microscopic water ingress, delamination, and progressive failure over time.[181] He also criticized Rush's real-time monitoring of the hull as an inadequate solution that would do little to prevent an implosion.[51] Cameron expressed regret for not being more outspoken about these concerns before the accident,[181] and criticized what he termed "false hopes" being presented to the victims' families; he and his colleagues realized early on that for communication and tracking (the latter housed in a separate pressure vessel, with its own battery) to be lost simultaneously, the cause was almost certainly a catastrophic implosion.[182]

The Logitech F710 game controller used to steer Titan sold out on Amazon soon after the incident,[72] which was described as "a more benign form of disaster tourism" by the New York weblog the Cut.[183]

## In social and mass media

[edit]

The submersible became widely discussed on social media as the story developed and was the subject of "public schadenfreude",[184] inspiring grimly humorous Internet memes, namely interactive video game recreations and image macros that ridiculed the submersible's deficient construction, OceanGate's perceived poor safety record, and the individuals who died.[185] The memes were criticized as insensitive,[186] with David Pogue regarding such media as "inappropriate and a little bit sick". Some have felt the negative reaction to the victims may be a response to past news coverage of other expeditions by billionaires, often using their own companies such as Blue Origin.[187] Molly Roberts wrote in The Washington Post that those joking about the incident were demonstrating Internet users' impulses to be ironic, provocative, and angry with each other, combined with an "eat-the-rich attitude".[188]

According to media psychology expert Pamela Rutledge, an American expert in social media and mass media, the Titan incident was widely treated on social media as entertainment. Major elements include the allure of disasters, fascination with the wealthy, conspiracy theories, uncertainty, and the mythology of the Titanic, as well as the romance of rescue operations. Rutledge opined that the trend displayed a lack of accountability and empathy. She asserted there is a need for individuals to rethink the way in which they use social media.[189]

In September 2023, it was announced that a new movie about the Titan submersible incident, named Salvaged, was in development.[190] The amount of media coverage and public attention for the Titan incident was criticized by people such as Barack Obama, the former U.S president. commenting that the contemporaneous 2023 Messenia migrant boat disaster had received much less attention.[191]

The 2024 American Broadcasting Company (ABC) special Truth and Lies: Fatal Dive to the Titanic examined the submersible implosion of the Titan.[192] In February 2024, a movie inspired by the events of the Titan submersible incident, titled Locker, was announced.[193] In March 2024, a two-part documentary by ITN Productions, Minute by Minute: The Titan Sub Disaster, was broadcast by UK's Channel 5.[194] The documentary included interviews with the Canadian air crew that searched the surface, Edward Cassano of the Pelagic remotely-operated vehicle team that found the wreckage, and members of the Marine Technology Society William Kohnen and Bart Kemper. Kohnen and Kemper had warned OceanGate about their deviation from accepted engineering practices in 2018.[2] Analysis of the mysterious "banging" sounds that seemed to indicate the occupants were still alive was a main feature of the first part.[195]

## See also

[edit]

* List of shipwrecks in 2023
* List of submarine and submersible incidents since 2000

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ a b It has been reported by USCG that upon positive identification of DNA samples, the Rhode Island Medical Examiner (US) coordinated decedent affairs with the families. See page 28 of the following reference:[81]

## References

[edit]

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98. ^ a b Petri, Alexandra E.; Lin, Summer (19 June 2023). "Titanic tourist submersible carrying 5 disappears on trip to see wreck in North Atlantic". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 19 June 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
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101. ^ @USCGNortheast (19 June 2023). "A @USCG C-130 crew is searching for an overdue Canadian research submarine approximately 900 miles off #CapeCod" (Tweet). Retrieved 19 June 2023 - via Twitter.
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## External links

[edit]

Titan submersible implosion at Wikipedia's sister projects

* Media from Commons
* Quotations from Wikiquote
* Data from Wikidata

* Titan Submersible Marine Board of Investigation | U.S. Coast Guard Marine Board of Investigation
* Marine transportation safety investigation M23A0169 | Transportation Safety Board of Canada

* v
* t
* e

Titan submersible implosion

* Titan

Incident|

| Victims|

* Stockton Rush

| Tourists|

* Paul-Henri Nargeolet
* Hamish Harding
* Shahzada and Suleman Dawood

|

Related|

* OceanGate
* Wreck of the Titanic

Search and retrieval|

* Horizon Arctic
* ROV Odysseus 6K

* v
* t
* e

Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 2023

Shipwrecks|

* 3 Feb: São Paulo
* 5 Feb: TQ Ordu
* 26 Feb: Calabria migrant boat disaster
* 23 Mar: Tunisia migrant boat disasters
* 18 Apr: Zhe Hai 168
* 25 Apr: April Libya migrant boat sinkings
* 7 May: Tanur
* 16 May: Lu Peng Yuan Yu
* 28 May: Gooduria
* 12 Jun: Kwara
* 14 Jun: Andriana
* 18 Jun: Titan
* 21 June: Canary Islands migrant boat disaster
* 31 Jul: Van Speijk
* 14 Aug: Cape Verde migrant boat disaster
* 7 Sep: Tombouctou
* 16 Dec: December Libya migrant boat sinkings
* 26 Dec: Novocherkassk

Other incidents|

* 10 Jan: JS Inazuma
* 24 Jan: Tuzla
* 28 Feb: Princess Empress
* 22 Mar: Petrel
* 23 Mar: Noorderlicht
* 29 Mar: Lady Mary Joy 3
* 29 Apr: Pentalina
* 31 May: Dorset Belle
* 3 Jun: KRI Teluk Hading
* 15 Jul: USNS Alan Shepard
* 26 Jul: Fremantle Highway
* 1 Aug: Vasily Bykov
* 4 Aug: Olenegorsky Gornyak
* 5 Aug: Sig
* 13 Sep: B-237 and Minsk
* 26 Sep: Matthew
* 24 Oct: Verity and Polesie
* 4 Nov: Askold
* 23 Dec: Drone attack on Chem Pluto
* 30 Dec: Maersk Hangzhou (attacks)

2022 2024

* v
* t
* e

Titanic

* First class facilities
* Second and Third class facilities
* Grand Staircase
* Animals aboard

Sinking|

* Iceberg that sank the Titanic
* Changes in safety practices
* Lifeboats
* Lifeboat No. 1
* British inquiry
* United States inquiry
* Wreck of the Titanic
* Legends and myths
* Conspiracy theories

Deck officers|

* Edward J. Smith (Captain)
* Henry Tingle Wilde (Chief Officer)
* William McMaster Murdoch (First Officer)
* Charles H. Lightoller (Second Officer)
* Herbert Pitman (Third Officer)
* Joseph G. Boxhall (Fourth Officer)
* Harold G. Lowe (Fifth Officer)
* James Paul Moody (Sixth Officer)
* Joseph Bell (Machine Room Manager)

Crew members|

* Frederick Barrett
* Harold Bride
* William Denton Cox
* Sid Daniels
* Frank Oliver Evans
* Frederick Fleet
* Luigi Gatti
* Robert Hichens
* Violet Jessop
* Archie Jewell
* Charles Joughin
* Reginald Lee
* Evelyn Marsden
* William Mintram
* Jack Phillips
* Frank Winnold Prentice
* Arthur John Priest
* George Symons

Musicians|

* Wallace Hartley
* John Wesley Woodward

Passengers|

| Fatalities|

* Allison family
* Thomas Andrews
* John Jacob Astor IV
* David John Bowen
* Archibald Butt
* Thomas Byles
* Roderick Chisholm
* Walter Donald Douglas
* Annie Funk
* Jacques Futrelle
* Sidney Leslie Goodwin
* Benjamin Guggenheim
* John Harper
* Henry B. Harris
* Wallace Hartley
* Charles Melville Hays
* Ann Elizabeth Isham
* Edward Austin Kent
* Joseph Philippe Lemercier Laroche
* Francis Davis Millet
* Harry Markland Molson
* Clarence Moore
* Eino Viljami Panula
* Emily Ryerson
* W. T. Stead
* Ida Straus
* Isidor Straus
* John B. Thayer
* Frank M. Warren Sr.
* George D. Wick
* George Dunton Widener
* Harry Elkins Widener
* Duane Williams
* George Henry Wright

|

Survivors|

* Rhoda Abbott
* Trevor Allison
* Lillian Asplund
* Madeleine Astor
* Ruth Becker
* Lawrence Beesley
* Karl Behr
* Dickinson Bishop
* Mauritz Håkan Björnström-Steffansson
* Elsie Bowerman
* Francis Browne
* Margaret "Molly" Brown
* Helen Churchill Candee
* Charlotte Drake Cardeza
* Lucile Carter
* Gladys Cherry
* Millvina Dean
* Sir Cosmo Duff-Gordon
* Lucy, Lady Duff-Gordon
* Dorothy Gibson
* Archibald Gracie IV
* Frank John William Goldsmith
* Edith Haisman
* Henry S. Harper
* Eva Hart
* Margaret Bechstein Hays
* Masabumi Hosono
* J. Bruce Ismay
* Eleanor Ileen Johnson
* Louise Kink
* Louise Laroche
* Margaret Mannion
* Michel Marcel Navratil
* Alfred Nourney
* Arthur Godfrey Peuchen
* Jane Quick
* Winnifred Quick
* Edith Rosenbaum
* Noël Leslie, Countess of Rothes
* Emily Ryerson
* Agnes Sandström
* Beatrice Sandström
* Frederic Kimber Seward
* Eloise Hughes Smith
* Jack Thayer
* Marian Thayer
* Barbara West
* Ella Holmes White
* R. Norris Williams
* Marie Grice Young

Monuments
and memorials|

| Australia|

* Bandstand (Ballarat)

|

United Kingdom|

* Engine Room Heroes (Liverpool)
* Engineers (Southampton)
* Musicians (Southampton)
* Titanic (Belfast)
* Orchestra (Liverpool)

United States|

* Straus Park (New York City)
* Titanic (New York City)
* Titanic (Washington, D.C.)
* Butt–Millet Memorial Fountain (Washington, D.C.)

Popular culture
(cultural legacy)|

| Books|

* The Wreck of the Titan: Or, Futility (1898)
* A Night to Remember (book)
* Polar the Titanic Bear

|

Films|

* Saved from the Titanic (1912)
* In Nacht und Eis (1912)
* La hantise (1912)
* Atlantic (1929)
* Atlantik (1929)
* Titanic (1943)
* Titanic (1953)
* A Night to Remember (1958)
* The Unsinkable Molly Brown (1964)
* Raise the Titanic (1980)
* Secrets of the Titanic (1986)
* Titanica (1992)
* Titanic (1997)
* The Chambermaid on the Titanic (1997)
* The Legend of the Titanic (1999)
* Titanic: The Legend Goes On (2000)
* The Boy Who Saw the Iceberg (2000)
* Ghosts of the Abyss (2003)
* Tentacolino (2004)
* Titanic II (2010)
* The Six (2021)
* Titanic 666 (2022)
* Unsinkable (2024)

Television|

* "A Night to Remember" (1956)
* S.O.S. Titanic (1979)
* Titanic: The Complete Story (1994)
* Titanic (1996 miniseries)
* No Greater Love (1996)
* "A Flight to Remember" (Futurama) (1999)
* Titanic (2012 miniseries)
* Titanic: Blood and Steel (2012)
* Saving the Titanic (2012)
* Titanic: The Aftermath (2012)

Theater|

* The Berg (1929)
* The Unsinkable Molly Brown (1960 musical)
* Titanic (1974)
* Titanic (1997 musical)

Music|

* "The Titanic (It Was Sad When That Great Ship Went Down)" (folk song)
* The Sinking of the Titanic (music composition)
* Titanic (soundtrack album)
* Back to Titanic (soundtrack album)
* "My Heart Will Go On" (song)
* "Nearer, My God, to Thee" (song)
* Titanique (musical parody)
* "Dance Band on the Titanic" (song)
* "Titanic" (song)
* Titanic Requiem (music composition)
* "Tempest" (song)
* Titanic Rising (album)

Video games|

* Search for the Titanic (1989)
* Titanic: Adventure Out of Time (1996)
* Titanic: Honor and Glory (TBA)

Museums
and exhibitions|

* SeaCity Museum (Southampton)
* Titanic Museum (Branson, Missouri)
* Titanic Museum (Pigeon Forge, Tennessee)
* Maritime Museum of the Atlantic (Halifax)
* Titanic Belfast

Places|

* Titanic (Canada)
* Titanic Canyon
* Titanic Quarter, Belfast
* Cape Race, Newfoundland
* Fairview Lawn Cemetery
* Mount Olivet Cemetery (Halifax, Nova Scotia)
* Arrol Gantry
* Titanic, Oklahoma

Related|

| Ships|

* RMS Baltic
* RMS Olympic
* HMHS Britannic
* SS Mount Temple
* RMS Carpathia
* SS Californian
* CS Mackay-Bennett
* SS Birma
* SS Frankfurt
* Replica Titanic
* Titanic II
* Romandisea Titanic

|

Law|

* RMS Titanic Maritime Memorial Act
* Agreement Concerning the Shipwrecked Vessel RMS Titanic

Others|

* White Star Line
* David Blair
* Harold Cottam
* Herbert Haddock
* Stanley Lord
* Arthur Rostron
* Titanic Historical Society
* Titanic International Society
* Encyclopedia Titanica
* Halomonas titanicae
* Women and children first
* Robert Ballard
* La Circassienne au Bain
* Titan submersible
* implosion

* Category

*[c.]: circa
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