Tofieldiaceae

Family of flowering plants

Tofieldiaceae

2 species of Tofieldia from: Thomé (1885)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:  | Plantae
Clade:  | Tracheophytes
Clade:  | Angiosperms
Clade:  | Monocots
Order:  | Alismatales
Family:  | Tofieldiaceae
Takht.[1]

Tofieldiaceae is a family of flowering plants in the monocot order Alismatales.[2] The family is divided into four genera, which together comprise 28 known species (Christenhusz & Byng 2016 [3]). They are small, herbaceous plants, mostly of arctic and subarctic regions, but a few extend further south, and one genus is endemic to northern South America and Florida. Tofieldia pusilla is sometimes grown as an ornamental.[4]

William Hudson (1730-1793) named Tofieldia for the British botanist Thomas Tofield (1730–1779).[5] The family Tofieldiaceae was erected by Armen Takhtajan in 1995.[6] Molecular phylogenetic studies of DNA sequences have shown it to be the second diverging clade in Alismatales, after the most basal clade, the family Araceae.[7] Before the segregation of Tofieldiaceae was confirmed by cladistic methods, its genera had usually been assigned to Nartheciaceae,[8] Liliaceae,[9] or Melanthiaceae. Tofieldiaceae is recognized by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group in their APG III system of plant classification.

The circumscription of genera in Tofieldiaceae has been controversial. Many authors do not recognize Triantha as a separate genus from Tofieldia.[8][10][11] A few authors have sunk other genera into Tofieldia as well.[12] A phylogenetic analysis, based on two nuclear genes and ten chloroplast genes, has confirmed that all five of the genera are monophyletic and that Triantha and Tofieldia are close sister taxa.[13]

## Contents

* 1 Description
* 2 Genera
* 3 Phylogeny
* 4 References
* 5 External links

## Description[edit]

Small herbaceous perennials. Leaves equitant (distichous and overlapping), isobifacial. Inflorescence a raceme. Calyculus present. Tepals free. Fruit a capsule, usually septicidal.

## Genera[edit]

* Harperocallis McDaniel
* Pleea Michx.
* Tofieldia Huds.
* Triantha (Nutt.) Baker

## Phylogeny[edit]

The following phylogenetic tree is based on a DNA paper that was published in 2011,[13] modified to accommodate the transfer of the species in Isidrogalvia to Harperocallis.

Tofieldiaceae |  |  |

Pleea

|

|  |  |

Harperocallis

|

|  |  |

Triantha

|

Tofieldia

## References[edit]

1. ^ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-05-25. Retrieved 2013-07-06.
2. ^ Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. Flowering Plant Families of the World. Firefly Books: Ontario, Canada. (2007). ISBN 978-1-55407-206-4.
3. ^ Christenhusz, M. J. M. & Byng, J. W. (2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa. Magnolia Press. 261 (3): 201–217. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1.
4. ^ Anthony Huxley, Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (1992). The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening. The Macmillan Press,Limited: London. The Stockton Press: New York. ISBN 978-0-333-47494-5 (set).
5. ^ Umberto Quattrocchi. 2000. CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names volume IV. CRC Press: Boca Raton; New York; Washington,DC;, USA. London, UK. ISBN 978-0-8493-2673-8 (set). (see External links below).
6. ^ Tofieldiaceae. At: International Plant Names Index. (see External links below).
7. ^ Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). "Tofieldiaceae" At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. At: Botanical Databases At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see External links below)
8. ^ a b Minoru N. Tamura. 1998. "Nartheciaceae" pages ??. In: Klaus Kubitzki (general editor) with Klaus Kubitzki, Herbert F.J. Huber, Paula J. Rudall, Peter F. Stevens, and Thomas Stützel (volume editors). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants volume III. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany. ISBN 978-3-540-64060-8 (vol. III).
9. ^ Frederick H. Utech, Loran C. Anderson, and John C. Packer. 2002. pages 5-6. In: "Liliaceae". pages ??. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee. Flora of North America vol. 26. Oxford University Press: UK. ISBN 978-0-19-513729-3 (vol. 22). (see External links below).
10. ^ David J. Mabberley. 2008. Mabberley's Plant-Book third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press: UK. ISBN 978-0-521-82071-4
11. ^ Armen L. Takhtajan (Takhtadzhian). Flowering Plants second edition (2009). Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4020-9608-2.
12. ^ Wendy B. Zomlefer. 1997. "The genera of Tofieldiaceae in the southeastern United States". Harvard Papers in Botany. 2:179-194.
13. ^ a b Hiroshi Azuma and Hiroshi Tobe. 2011. "Molecular phylogenetic analyses of Tofieldiaceae (Alismatales): family circumscription and intergeneric relationships". Journal of Plant Research 124(3):349-357. doi:10.1007/s10265-010-0387-5

## External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tofieldiaceae.

* CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: R-Z At: Botany & Plant Science At: Life Science At: CRC Press
* Tofieldiaceae at: Plant Names at: IPNI
* Genus List at: Tofieldiaceae at: Alismatales at: Trees at: APweb at: botanical databases at: About Science & Conservation at: Missouri Botanical Garden
* Harperocallis flava and Pleea tenuifolia and Tofieldia and Triantha at: Liliaceae at: Volume 26 at: FNA at: eFloras.org
* NCBI Taxonomy Browser
* links at CSDL, Texas

* v
* t
* e

Families of flowering plants (APG IV)

Basal

angio

sperms|

| Amborellales|

* Amborellaceae

|

Nymphaeales|

* Hydatellaceae
* Cabombaceae
* Nymphaeaceae

Austrobaileyales|

* Austrobaileyaceae
* Trimeniaceae
* Schisandraceae

Mesangiospermae

| Magnoliids|

| Canellales|

* Canellaceae
* Winteraceae

|

Laurales|

* Calycanthaceae
* Siparunaceae
* Gomortegaceae
* Atherospermataceae
* Hernandiaceae
* Monimiaceae
* Lauraceae

Magnoliales|

* Myristicaceae
* Magnoliaceae
* Degeneriaceae
* Himantandraceae
* Eupomatiaceae
* Annonaceae

Piperales|

* Saururaceae
* Piperaceae
* Aristolochiaceae

Chlor

anthales|

* Chloranthaceae

Monocots|

| Acorales|

* Acoraceae

|

Alismatales|

* Araceae
* Tofieldiaceae
* Alismataceae
* Butomaceae
* Hydrocharitaceae
* Scheuchzeriaceae
* Aponogetonaceae
* Juncaginaceae
* Maundiaceae
* Zosteraceae
* Potamogetonaceae
* Posidoniaceae
* Ruppiaceae
* Cymodoceaceae

Arecales|

* Dasypogonaceae
* Arecaceae

Asparagales|

* Orchidaceae
* Boryaceae
* Blandfordiaceae
* Asteliaceae
* Lanariaceae
* Hypoxidaceae
* Doryanthaceae
* Ixioliriaceae
* Tecophilaeaceae
* Iridaceae
* Xeronemataceae
* Asphodelaceae
* Amaryllidaceae
* Asparagaceae

Commelinales|

* Hanguanaceae
* Commelinaceae
* Philydraceae
* Pontederiaceae
* Haemodoraceae

Dioscoreales|

* Nartheciaceae
* Burmanniaceae
* Dioscoreaceae

Liliales|

* Campynemataceae
* Corsiaceae
* Melanthiaceae
* Petermanniaceae
* Alstroemeriaceae
* Colchicaceae
* Philesiaceae
* Ripogonaceae
* Smilacaceae
* Liliaceae

Pandanales|

* Triuridaceae
* Velloziaceae
* Stemonaceae
* Cyclanthaceae
* Pandanaceae

Petrosaviales|

* Petrosaviaceae

Poales|

* Typhaceae
* Bromeliaceae
* Rapateaceae
* Xyridaceae
* Eriocaulaceae
* Mayacaceae
* Thurniaceae
* Juncaceae
* Cyperaceae
* Restionaceae
* Flagellariaceae
* Joinvilleaceae
* Ecdeiocoleaceae
* Poaceae

Zingiberales|

* Strelitziaceae
* Lowiaceae
* Heliconiaceae
* Musaceae
* Cannaceae
* Marantaceae
* Costaceae
* Zingiberaceae

Eudicots|

| Buxales|

* Buxaceae

|

Proteales|

* Sabiaceae
* Nelumbonaceae
* Platanaceae
* Proteaceae

Ranunculales|

* Eupteleaceae
* Papaveraceae
* Circaeasteraceae
* Lardizabalaceae
* Menispermaceae
* Berberidaceae
* Ranunculaceae

Trochodendrales|

* Trochodendraceae

Dilleniales|

* Dilleniaceae

Gunnerales|

* Myrothamnaceae
* Gunneraceae

Superrosids

| Saxifragales|

* Peridiscaceae
* Paeoniaceae
* Altingiaceae
* Hamamelidaceae
* Cercidiphyllaceae
* Daphniphyllaceae
* Iteaceae
* Grossulariaceae
* Saxifragaceae
* Crassulaceae
* Aphanopetalaceae
* Tetracarpaeaceae
* Penthoraceae
* Haloragaceae
* Cynomoriaceae

|

Rosids

| Vitales|

* Vitaceae

|

Fabids

| Cucurbitales|

* Apodanthaceae
* Anisophylleaceae
* Corynocarpaceae
* Coriariaceae
* Cucurbitaceae
* Tetramelaceae
* Datiscaceae
* Begoniaceae

|

Fabales|

* Quillajaceae
* Fabaceae
* Surianaceae
* Polygalaceae

Fagales|

* Nothofagaceae
* Fagaceae
* Myricaceae
* Juglandaceae
* Casuarinaceae
* Ticodendraceae
* Betulaceae

Rosales|

* Rosaceae
* Barbeyaceae
* Dirachmaceae
* Elaeagnaceae
* Rhamnaceae
* Ulmaceae
* Cannabaceae
* Moraceae
* Urticaceae

Zygophyllales|

* Krameriaceae
* Zygophyllaceae

Celastrales|

* Lepidobotryaceae
* Celastraceae

Malpighiales|

* Pandaceae
* Irvingiaceae
* Ctenolophonaceae
* Rhizophoraceae
* Erythroxylaceae
* Ochnaceae
* Bonnetiaceae
* Clusiaceae
* Calophyllaceae
* Podostemaceae
* Hypericaceae
* Caryocaraceae
* Lophopyxidaceae
* Putranjivaceae
* Centroplacaceae
* Elatinaceae
* Malpighiaceae
* Balanopaceae
* Trigoniaceae
* Dichapetalaceae
* Euphroniaceae
* Chrysobalanaceae
* Humiriaceae
* Achariaceae
* Violaceae
* Goupiaceae
* Passifloraceae
* Lacistemataceae
* Salicaceae
* Peraceae
* Rafflesiaceae
* Euphorbiaceae
* Linaceae
* Ixonanthaceae
* Picrodendraceae
* Phyllanthaceae

Oxalidales|

* Huaceae
* Connaraceae
* Oxalidaceae
* Cunoniaceae
* Elaeocarpaceae
* Cephalotaceae
* Brunelliaceae

Malvids

| Brassicales|

* Akaniaceae
* Tropaeolaceae
* Moringaceae
* Caricaceae
* Limnanthaceae
* Setchellanthaceae
* Koeberliniaceae
* Bataceae
* Salvadoraceae
* Emblingiaceae
* Tovariaceae
* Pentadiplandraceae
* Gyrostemonaceae
* Resedaceae
* Capparaceae
* Cleomaceae
* Brassicaceae

|

Crossosomatales|

* Aphloiaceae
* Geissolomataceae
* Strasburgeriaceae
* Staphyleaceae
* Guamatelaceae
* Stachyuraceae
* Crossosomataceae

Geraniales|

* Geraniaceae
* Francoaceae

Huerteales|

* Gerrardinaceae
* Petenaeaceae
* Tapisciaceae
* Dipentodontaceae

Malvales|

* Cytinaceae
* Muntingiaceae
* Neuradaceae
* Malvaceae
* Sphaerosepalaceae
* Thymelaeaceae
* Bixaceae
* Cistaceae
* Sarcolaenaceae
* Dipterocarpaceae

Myrtales|

* Combretaceae
* Lythraceae
* Onagraceae
* Vochysiaceae
* Myrtaceae
* Melastomataceae
* Crypteroniaceae
* Alzateaceae
* Penaeaceae

Picramniales|

* Picramniaceae

Sapindales|

* Biebersteiniaceae
* Nitrariaceae
* Kirkiaceae
* Burseraceae
* Anacardiaceae
* Sapindaceae
* Rutaceae
* Simaroubaceae
* Meliaceae

Superasterids

| Berberidopsidales|

* Aextoxicaceae
* Berberidopsidaceae

|

Caryophyllales|

* Frankeniaceae
* Tamaricaceae
* Plumbaginaceae
* Polygonaceae
* Droseraceae
* Nepenthaceae
* Drosophyllaceae
* Dioncophyllaceae
* Ancistrocladaceae
* Rhabdodendraceae
* Simmondsiaceae
* Physenaceae
* Asteropeiaceae
* Macarthuriaceae
* Microteaceae
* Caryophyllaceae
* Achatocarpaceae
* Amaranthaceae
* Stegnospermataceae
* Limeaceae
* Lophiocarpaceae
* Kewaceae
* Barbeuiaceae
* Gisekiaceae
* Aizoaceae
* Phytolaccaceae
* Petiveriaceae
* Sarcobataceae
* Nyctaginaceae
* Molluginaceae
* Montiaceae
* Didiereaceae
* Basellaceae
* Halophytaceae
* Talinaceae
* Portulacaceae
* Anacampserotaceae
* Cactaceae

Santalales|

* Olacaceae
* Opiliaceae
* Balanophoraceae
* Santalaceae
* Misodendraceae
* Schoepfiaceae
* Loranthaceae

Asterids

| Cornales|

* Nyssaceae
* Hydrostachyaceae
* Hydrangeaceae
* Loasaceae
* Curtisiaceae
* Grubbiaceae
* Cornaceae

|

Ericales|

* Balsaminaceae
* Marcgraviaceae
* Tetrameristaceae
* Fouquieriaceae
* Polemoniaceae
* Lecythidaceae
* Sladeniaceae
* Pentaphylacaceae
* Sapotaceae
* Ebenaceae
* Primulaceae
* Theaceae
* Symplocaceae
* Diapensiaceae
* Styracaceae
* Sarraceniaceae
* Roridulaceae
* Actinidiaceae
* Clethraceae
* Cyrillaceae
* Ericaceae
* Mitrastemonaceae

Lamiids

| Icacinales|

* Oncothecaceae
* Icacinaceae

|

Metteniusales|

* Metteniusaceae

Garryales|

* Eucommiaceae
* Garryaceae

Gentianales|

* Rubiaceae
* Gentianaceae
* Loganiaceae
* Gelsemiaceae
* Apocynaceae

Boraginales|

* Boraginaceae

Vahliales|

* Vahliaceae

Solanales|

* Convolvulaceae
* Solanaceae
* Montiniaceae
* Sphenocleaceae
* Hydroleaceae

Lamiales|

* Plocospermataceae
* Carlemanniaceae
* Oleaceae
* Tetrachondraceae
* Calceolariaceae
* Gesneriaceae
* Plantaginaceae
* Scrophulariaceae
* Stilbaceae
* Linderniaceae
* Byblidaceae
* Martyniaceae
* Pedaliaceae
* Acanthaceae
* Bignoniaceae
* Lentibulariaceae
* Schlegeliaceae
* Thomandersiaceae
* Verbenaceae
* Lamiaceae
* Mazaceae
* Phrymaceae
* Paulowniaceae
* Orobanchaceae

Campanulids

| Apiales|

* Pennantiaceae
* Torricelliaceae
* Griseliniaceae
* Pittosporaceae
* Araliaceae
* Myodocarpaceae
* Apiaceae

|

Aquifoliales|

* Stemonuraceae
* Cardiopteridaceae
* Phyllonomaceae
* Helwingiaceae
* Aquifoliaceae

Asterales|

* Rousseaceae
* Campanulaceae
* Pentaphragmataceae
* Stylidiaceae
* Alseuosmiaceae
* Phellinaceae
* Argophyllaceae
* Menyanthaceae
* Goodeniaceae
* Calyceraceae
* Asteraceae

Bruniales|

* Columelliaceae
* Bruniaceae

Dipsacales|

* Adoxaceae
* Caprifoliaceae

Escalloniales|

* Escalloniaceae

Paracryphiales|

* Paracryphiaceae

Cerato

phyllales|

* Ceratophyllaceae

* Category

Taxon identifiers|

* Wikidata: Q868540
* Wikispecies: Tofieldiaceae
* CoL: 626QK
* EoL: 8176
* EPPO: 1TOFF
* Fossilworks: 182975
* GBIF: 3724
* GRIN: 1370
* iNaturalist: 71426
* IPNI: 982817-1
* IRMNG: 115484
* ITIS: 810130
* NBN: NHMSYS0020824577
* NCBI: 85243
* NZOR: 4a22e2eb-1400-4917-883f-2b4956691d87
* Open Tree of Life: 449210
* Panartic Flora: 17
* Plazi: DA697CF9-8932-8D08-B619-DF988740D530
* POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:982817-1
* Tropicos: 50324768
* VASCAN: 230
* WFO: wfo-7000000617

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