Toledo, Ohio

For the metropolitan area, see Toledo metropolitan area. For other uses, see Toledo (disambiguation).

City in Ohio, United States

City in Ohio, United States

Toledo

City

Downtown Toledo

University of Toledo

Toledo Museum of Art

Lucas County Courthouse

Anthony Wayne Bridge

Fifth Third Field

Flag

Seal

Logo

Nickname:

The Glass City

Motto:

"Laborare est Orare" (To Work is to Pray)[1]

Interactive map of Toledo

Toledo

Show map of Ohio

Toledo

Show map of the United States

Coordinates: 41°39′10″N 83°32′16″W﻿ / ﻿41.65278°N 83.53778°W﻿ / 41.65278; -83.53778
Country|  United States
State|  Ohio
County| Lucas
Founded| 1837
Government

• Body| Toledo City Council
• Mayor| Wade Kapszukiewicz (D)
Area

[2]

• City

| 83.83 sq mi (217.12 km2)
• Land| 80.49 sq mi (208.46 km2)
• Water| 3.34 sq mi (8.66 km2)
Elevation

[3]

| 604 ft (184 m)
Population

(2020)

• City

| 270,871

• Estimate

(2024)[4]

| 265,638
• Rank| US: 86th
• Density| 3,365.36/sq mi (1,299.38/km2)
• Urban

| 497,952 (US: 85th)
• Urban density| 2,068.6/sq mi (798.7/km2)
• Metro

| 606,240 (US: 93rd)
Demonym| Toledoan
Time zone| UTC−5 (EST)
• Summer (DST)| UTC−4 (EDT)
ZIP Codes|

Zip codes[5]

* 43601, 43603-43615, 43617, 43620, 43623, 43635, 43652, 43654, 43656-43657, 43659-43661, 43666-43667, 43681-43682, 43697, 43699

Area codes| 419, 567
FIPS code| 39-77000
GNIS ID| 1086537[3]
Website| toledo.oh.gov

Toledo (/təˈliːdoʊ/ tə-LEE-doh) is a city in Lucas County, Ohio, United States, of which it is the county seat.[6] It is located at the western end of Lake Erie along the Maumee River. Toledo is the fourth-most populous city in Ohio and 86th-most populous city in the U.S. with a population of 270,871 at the 2020 census,[7] while the Toledo metropolitan area has an estimated 601,000 residents. Toledo also serves as a major trade center for the Midwest; its port is the fifth-busiest on the Great Lakes.[8][9]

The city was founded in 1833 on the west bank of the Maumee River and originally incorporated as part of the Michigan Territory. It was re-founded in 1837 after the conclusion of the Toledo War, when it was incorporated in Ohio. After the 1845 completion of the Miami and Erie Canal, Toledo grew quickly; it also benefited from its position on the railway line between New York City and Chicago. The first of many glass manufacturers arrived in the 1880s, eventually earning Toledo its nickname as "The Glass City". Downtown Toledo has been subject to major revitalization efforts, including a growing entertainment district. Toledo is home to the University of Toledo.

## History

[edit]

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Toledo, Ohio.

The region was part of a larger area controlled by the historic tribes of the Wyandot and the people of the Council of Three Fires (Ojibwe, Potawatomi, and Odawa). The French established trading posts in the area by 1680 to take advantage of the lucrative fur trade. The Odawa moved from Manitoulin Island and the Bruce Peninsula at the invitation of the French, who established a trading post at Fort Detroit, about 60 miles to the north. They settled an area extending into northwest Ohio. By the early 18th century, the Odawa-occupied areas along most of the Maumee River to its mouth. They served as middlemen between the French and tribes further to the west and north. The Wyandot occupied central Ohio, and the Shawnee and Lenape occupied the southern areas.[10][11]

When the city of Toledo was preparing to pave its streets, it surveyed "two prehistoric semicircular earthworks, presumably for stockades." One was at the intersection of Clayton and Oliver Streets on the south bank of Swan Creek; the other was at the intersection of Fassett and Fort Streets on the right bank of the Maumee River.[12] Such earthworks were typical of mound-building peoples.

### 19th century

[edit]

According to Charles E. Slocum, the American military built Fort Industry at the mouth of the Swan Creek at about 1805 as a temporary stockade. No official reports support the 19th-century tradition of its earlier history there.[12]

The United States continued to work to transition the area's population from Native Americans to Whites. In the Treaty of Detroit (1807), the above four tribes ceded a large land area to the United States of what became southeastern Michigan and northwestern Ohio, to the mouth of the Maumee River (where Toledo later developed). Reserves for the Odawa were set aside in northwestern Ohio for a limited time. The Native Americans signed the treaty at Detroit, Michigan, on November 17, 1807, with William Hull, governor of the Michigan Territory and superintendent of Indian affairs, as the sole representative of the U.S.[13]

Peter Navarre, frontiersman, hero of the Battle of Lake Erie

More American settlers entered the area over the next few years, but many fled during the War of 1812, when British forces raided the area with their Native American allies. Resettlement began around 1818 after a Cincinnati syndicate purchased a 974-acre (3.9 km2) tract at the mouth of Swan Creek and named it Port Lawrence, developing it as the modern downtown area of Toledo. Immediately to the north of that, another syndicate founded the town of Vistula, the historic north end.[14] These two towns bordered each other across Cherry Street. This is why present-day streets on the street's northeast side run at a slightly different angle from those southwest of it.

In 1824, the Ohio state legislature authorized the construction of the Miami and Erie Canal, and in 1833, its Wabash and Erie Canal extension. The canal's purpose was to connect the city of Cincinnati to Lake Erie for water transportation to eastern markets, including to New York City via the Erie Canal and Hudson River. At that time, no highways had been built in the state, and goods produced locally had great difficulty reaching the larger markets east of the Appalachian Mountains. During the canal's planning phase, many small towns along the northern shores of the Maumee River heavily competed to be the ending terminus of the canal, knowing it would give them a profitable status.[15] The towns of Port Lawrence and Vistula merged in 1833 to better compete against the upriver towns of Waterville and Maumee.

The inhabitants of this joined settlement chose the name Toledo:

> "but the reason for this choice is buried in a welter of legends. One recounts that Washington Irving, who was traveling in Spain at the time, suggested the name to his brother, a local resident; this explanation ignores the fact that Irving returned to the United States in 1832. Others award the honor to Two Stickney, son of the major who quaintly numbered his sons and named his daughters after States. The most popular version attributes the naming to Willard J. Daniels, a merchant, who reportedly suggested Toledo because it 'is easy to pronounce, is pleasant in sound, and there is no other city of that name on the American continent.'"[14]

Despite Toledo's efforts, the canal built the final terminus in Manhattan, one-half mile (800 m) to the north of Toledo, because it was closer to Lake Erie. As a compromise, the state placed two sidecuts before the terminus, one in Toledo at Swan Creek and another in Maumee, about 10 miles to the southwest.

Among the numerous treaties made between the Ottawa and the United States were two signed in this area: at Miami (Maumee) Bay in 1831 and Maumee, Ohio, upriver of Toledo, in 1833.[16] These actions were among US purchases or exchanges of land to accomplish Indian Removal of the Ottawa from areas wanted for European-American settlement. The last of the Odawa did not leave this area until 1839, when Ottoke, grandson of Pontiac, led his band from their village at the mouth of the Maumee River to Indian Territory in Kansas.[17][18]

Bird's-eye view of Toledo drawn in 1870

An almost bloodless conflict between Ohio and the Michigan Territory, called the Toledo War (1835–1836), was "fought" over a narrow strip of land from the Indiana border to Lake Erie, now containing the city and the suburbs of Sylvania and Oregon, Ohio. The strip, which varied between five and eight miles (13 km) in width, was claimed by both the state of Ohio and the Michigan Territory due to conflicting legislation concerning the location of the Ohio-Michigan state line. Militias from both states were sent to the border, but never engaged. The only casualty of the conflict was a Michigan deputy sheriff—stabbed in the leg with a penknife by Two Stickney during the arrest of his elder brother, One Stickney, and the loss of two horses, two pigs, and a few chickens stolen from an Ohio farm by lost members of the Michigan militia. Major Benjamin Franklin Stickney, father of One and Two Stickney, had been instrumental in pushing Congress to rule in favor of Ohio gaining Toledo.[19] In the end, the state of Ohio was awarded the land after the state of Michigan was given a larger portion of the Upper Peninsula in exchange.[20] Stickney Avenue in Toledo is named for Major Stickney.

A postcard of Toledo in 1876

Toledo was very slow to expand during its first two decades of settlement. The first lot was sold in the Port Lawrence section of the city in 1833. It held 1,205 persons in 1835, and five years later, it had gained just seven more persons. Settlers came and went quickly through Toledo and between 1833 and 1836, ownership of land had changed so many times that none of the original parties remained in the town. The canal and its Toledo side-cut entrance were completed in 1843. Soon after the canal was functional, the new canal boats had become too large to use the shallow waters at the terminus in Manhattan. More boats began using the Swan Creek side-cut than its official terminus, quickly putting the Manhattan warehouses out of business and triggering a rush to move business to Toledo. Most of Manhattan's residents moved out by 1844.

The 1850 census recorded Toledo as having 3,829 residents and Manhattan 541. The 1860 census shows Toledo with a population of 13,768 and Manhattan with 788. While the towns were only a mile apart, Toledo grew by 359% in 10 years. Manhattan's growth was on a small base and never competed, given the drawbacks of its lesser canal outlet. By the 1880s, Toledo expanded over the vacant streets of Manhattan and Tremainsville, a small town to the west.[15][21]

In the last half of the 19th century, railroads slowly began to replace canals as the major form of transportation. They were faster and had greater capacity. Toledo soon became a hub for several railroad companies and a hotspot for industries such as furniture producers, carriage makers, breweries, and glass manufacturers. Large immigrant populations came to the area.

Toledo around 1905, showing growing industry along the Maumee River

### 20th century

[edit]

Downtown Toledo in 1920, including the then-recently completed Cherry Street Bridge

In the 1920s, Toledo had one of the highest rates of industrial growth in the United States.[22]

Toledo continued to expand in population and industry, but because of its dependence on manufacturing, the city was hit hard by the Great Depression. Many large-scale Works Progress Administration projects were constructed to re-employ citizens in the 1930s. Some of these include the amphitheater and aquarium at the Toledo Zoo and a major expansion to the Toledo Museum of Art.

A streetcar in Toledo, 1949

The postwar job boom and Great Migration brought thousands of African Americans to Toledo to work in industrial jobs, where they had previously been denied. Due to redlining, many of them settled along Dorr Street, which, during the 1950s and 1960s was lined with flourishing black-owned businesses and homes. Desegregation, a failed urban renewal project, and the construction of I-75 displaced those residents and left behind a struggling community with minimal resources, even as it also drew more established, middle-class people, white and black, out of center cities for newer housing.[23] The city rebounded, but the slump of American manufacturing in the second half of the 20th century during industrial restructuring cost many jobs.

By the 1980s, Toledo had a depressed economy.[24] The destruction of many buildings downtown, along with several failed business ventures in housing in the core, which led to a reverse city-suburb wealth problem common in small cities with land to spare.

### 21st century

[edit]

Several initiatives have been taken by Toledo's citizens to improve the cityscape by urban gardening and revitalizing their communities.[25] Local artists, supported by organizations like the Arts Commission of Greater Toledo and the Ohio Arts Council, have contributed an array of murals and beautification works to replace long standing blight.[26] Many downtown historical buildings such as the Oliver House and Stand-art Lofts have been renovated into restaurants, condominiums, offices and art galleries.[27]

On the evening of August 1, 2014, the city of Toledo issued a warning to citizens advising against the use of city water, leaving more than half a million people suddenly without water.[28] A bloom of toxic blue-green algae had formed directly over Toledo's water intake pipe, which was situated a few miles off shore in Lake Erie.[29] Because of the algae bloom forming just above the pipe, the water being pumped into Toledo showed levels of harmful bacteria that made the water unsafe to interact with. On August 3, the Ohio National Guard was brought in to deliver over 10,000 gallons of water to citizens due to a rapid depletion of bottled water locally.[30] The warning against using water lasted nearly three days, finally ending late on August 4.

In 2018, Cleveland-Cliffs, Inc. invested $700 million into an East Toledo location as the site of a new hot-briquetted iron plant, designed to modernize the steel industry. The plant was slated to create over 1,200 jobs.[31] Construction was completed in 2020, as planned.[32][31]

## Geography

[edit]

The Maumee River as it passes through Toledo

Toledo is located at 41°39′10″N 83°32′16″W﻿ / ﻿41.65278°N 83.53778°W﻿ / 41.65278; -83.53778 (41.6525, −83.5375).[33] The city has a total area of 84.12 square miles (217.87 km2), of which 3.43 square miles (8.88 km2) is covered by water.[34]

The city straddles the Maumee River at its mouth at the southern end of Maumee Bay, the westernmost inlet of Lake Erie. The city is located north of what had been the Great Black Swamp, giving rise to another nickname, Frog Town. Toledo sits within the borders of a sandy oak savanna called the Oak Openings Region, an important ecological site that once comprised more than 300 square miles (780 km2).[35]

Toledo is within 250 miles (400 km) by road from seven metropolitan areas that have a population of more than two million people: Detroit, Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, Indianapolis, and Chicago. In addition, it is within 300 miles of Toronto, Ontario.

### Cityscape

[edit]

See also: List of tallest buildings in Toledo, Ohio

Downtown Toledo's skyline from across the Maumee River

#### Neighborhoods and suburbs

[edit]

Main article: Neighborhoods in Toledo, Ohio

Old Orchard neighborhood

The Old West End is a historic neighborhood of Victorian, Arts & Crafts, and other Edwardian-style houses made in the era. The historic district is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

* Beverly
* Birmingham
* Darby (Eastern to South-Old South End)
* DeVeaux
* Crossgates
* Five Points
* Downtown
* East Toledo
* Franklin Park
* Garfield
* Glendale-Heatherdowns (Byrne-Heatherdowns Village)
* Harvard Terrace
* Junction Neighborhood
* Library Village
* Nasby
* North Towne
* Old Orchard
* Old West End
* Old South End
* Old Town
* ONE Village (includes the Polish International Village, Vistula, & North River)
* ONYX (includes historic Kuschwantz and Lenk's Hill neighborhoods)
* Ottawa
* Point Place
* Reynolds Corners
* Roosevelt
* Scott Park
* Secor Gardens (includes the University of Toledo)
* Southwyck
* Wernert's Corner
* Trilby
* University Hills
* Uptown
* Warehouse District
* Warren Sherman
* Westgate
* Westmoreland

On January 15, 1936, the first building to be completely covered in glass was constructed in Toledo. It was a building for the Owens-Illinois Glass Company and marked a milestone in architectural design representative of the International style of architecture, which was at that time becoming increasingly popular in the US.[36]

According to the US Census Bureau, the Toledo metropolitan area covers three Ohio counties. Some of Toledo's suburbs in include Bowling Green, Holland, Lake Township, Maumee, Millbury, Monclova Township, Northwood, Oregon, Ottawa Hills, Perrysburg, Rossford, Springfield Township, Sylvania, Walbridge, Waterville, Whitehouse, and Washington Township. Bedford Township, Michigan, including the communities of Lambertville, Temperance, and Erie Township, are Toledo's Michigan suburbs.

### Climate

[edit]

Toledo, as with much of the Great Lakes region, has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa), characterized by four distinct seasons. Lake Erie moderates the climate somewhat, especially in late spring and fall, when air and water temperature differences are maximal. However, this effect is lessened in the winter because Lake Erie (unlike the other Great Lakes) usually freezes over, coupled with prevailing winds that are often westerly, and in the summer, prevailing winds south and west over the lake bring heat and humidity to the city.

Summers are very warm and humid, with July averaging 75.4 °F (24.1 °C) and temperatures of 90 °F (32 °C) or more seen on 18.8 days.[37] Winters are cold and somewhat snowy, with a January mean temperature of 27.5 °F (−2.5 °C), and lows at or below 0 °F (−18 °C) on 5.6 nights.[37] The spring months tend to be the wettest time of year, although precipitation is common year-round. November and December can get very cloudy, but January and February usually clear up after the lake freezes. July is the sunniest month overall.[38] About 37 inches (94 cm) of snow falls per year, much less than the Snow Belt cities, because of the prevailing wind direction. Temperature extremes have ranged from −20 °F (−29 °C) on January 21, 1984, to 105 °F (41 °C) on July 14, 1936.

Climate data for Toledo, Ohio (Toledo Express Airport), 1991−2020 normals,[a] extremes 1871−present[b]

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Record high °F (°C)  | 71
(22)  | 73
(23)  | 85
(29)  | 89
(32)  | 98
(37)  | 104
(40)  | 105
(41)  | 103
(39)  | 100
(38)  | 92
(33)  | 80
(27)  | 70
(21)  | 105
(41)
Mean maximum °F (°C)  | 54.9
(12.7)  | 57.8
(14.3)  | 70.4
(21.3)  | 80.3
(26.8)  | 88.7
(31.5)  | 94.4
(34.7)  | 94.2
(34.6)  | 92.4
(33.6)  | 90.3
(32.4)  | 82.2
(27.9)  | 68.1
(20.1)  | 57.8
(14.3)  | 96.2
(35.7)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)  | 34.7
(1.5)  | 37.8
(3.2)  | 48.4
(9.1)  | 61.5
(16.4)  | 73.3
(22.9)  | 82.7
(28.2)  | 86.5
(30.3)  | 84.1
(28.9)  | 77.7
(25.4)  | 65.0
(18.3)  | 51.1
(10.6)  | 39.4
(4.1)  | 61.9
(16.6)
Daily mean °F (°C)  | 27.5
(−2.5)  | 29.9
(−1.2)  | 39.2
(4.0)  | 50.9
(10.5)  | 62.1
(16.7)  | 71.6
(22.0)  | 75.4
(24.1)  | 73.5
(23.1)  | 66.4
(19.1)  | 54.6
(12.6)  | 42.8
(6.0)  | 32.8
(0.4)  | 52.2
(11.2)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)  | 20.3
(−6.5)  | 22.1
(−5.5)  | 29.9
(−1.2)  | 40.3
(4.6)  | 50.9
(10.5)  | 60.5
(15.8)  | 64.2
(17.9)  | 62.8
(17.1)  | 55.1
(12.8)  | 44.3
(6.8)  | 34.5
(1.4)  | 26.1
(−3.3)  | 42.6
(5.9)
Mean minimum °F (°C)  | −1.8
(−18.8)  | 2.1
(−16.6)  | 10.4
(−12.0)  | 24.2
(−4.3)  | 35.4
(1.9)  | 45.1
(7.3)  | 51.9
(11.1)  | 50.4
(10.2)  | 39.3
(4.1)  | 28.7
(−1.8)  | 17.7
(−7.9)  | 5.9
(−14.5)  | −5.1
(−20.6)
Record low °F (°C)  | −20
(−29)  | −19
(−28)  | −10
(−23)  | 8
(−13)  | 25
(−4)  | 32
(0)  | 40
(4)  | 34
(1)  | 26
(−3)  | 15
(−9)  | 2
(−17)  | −19
(−28)  | −20
(−29)
Average precipitation inches (mm)  | 2.37
(60)  | 2.28
(58)  | 2.61
(66)  | 3.45
(88)  | 3.82
(97)  | 3.45
(88)  | 3.27
(83)  | 3.15
(80)  | 2.93
(74)  | 2.59
(66)  | 2.65
(67)  | 2.44
(62)  | 35.01
(889)
Average snowfall inches (cm)  | 12.3
(31)  | 10.2
(26)  | 5.3
(13)  | 1.3
(3.3)  | 0.0
(0.0)  | 0.0
(0.0)  | 0.0
(0.0)  | 0.0
(0.0)  | 0.0
(0.0)  | 0.1
(0.25)  | 1.7
(4.3)  | 6.5
(17)  | 37.4
(95)
Average extreme snow depth inches (cm)  | 5
(13)  | 5
(13)  | 3
(7.6)  | 0
(0)  | 0
(0)  | 0
(0)  | 0
(0)  | 0
(0)  | 0
(0)  | 0
(0)  | 1
(2.5)  | 3
(7.6)  | 5
(13)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 13.5  | 10.9  | 11.5  | 12.3  | 12.9  | 10.6  | 9.6  | 9.3  | 9.1  | 10.7  | 10.5  | 12.2  | 133.1
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 9.2  | 7.8  | 4.3  | 1.2  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.1  | 2.0  | 6.3  | 30.9
Average relative humidity (%)  | 74.2  | 72.9  | 70.5  | 66.2  | 66.3  | 69.0  | 71.8  | 75.6  | 76.2  | 72.5  | 75.6  | 78.6  | 72.4
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 126.0  | 142.2  | 183.7  | 213.7  | 265.9  | 288.2  | 299.3  | 263.7  | 220.3  | 180.4  | 106.5  | 90.2  | 2,380.1
Percentage possible sunshine | 43  | 48  | 50  | 53  | 59  | 63  | 65  | 62  | 59  | 52  | 36  | 32  | 53
Average ultraviolet index | 1  | 2  | 4  | 6  | 7  | 9  | 9  | 8  | 6  | 4  | 2  | 1  | 5
Source 1: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961−1990)[39][37][40][38]
Source 2: Weather Atlas[41]

### Algae blooms

[edit]

Harmful blooms of cyanobacteria, or blue-green algae, were extremely bad in the 1960s that Lake Erie was mocked as a dead zone, said to have "No life".[29] However, through clean water rules the lake was revived.[29] Algal blooms have returned and have been negatively affecting Lake Erie since the late 1990s.[42] Heightened levels of blue-green algae can affect both human and ecosystem health by causing fish to die, the water to be discolored and foul smelling, and oxygen deficient dead zones may even start to form.[43] Sometimes the blooms are so thick that they slow boats.[28] These large blooms are caused by agricultural runoff flowing into the lake.[44] Agricultural runoff dumps phosphorus into the western basin of Lake Erie and acts as a fertilizer for the blue-green algae, and the warmer weather seen in July through October in Northern Ohio helps speed up the growing process.[45] Because of Toledo's closeness to the lake, Toledo citizens are affected each year. Algal blooms can cause water bills to increase in this area $100 per year for a family of five.[46] The effects of these blooms go beyond higher water bills as heightened blooms can even shut down parts of the economy such as tourism and fishing industries, and cause property values to drop, costing the local economy to lose tens of millions of dollars.[46]

## Demographics

[edit]

In 1870, 75.3% of Toledo's foreign-born population were from Germany and Ireland.[47]

Historical population Census| Pop.| Note| %±

|
|
|

1840| 1,222| | —
1850| 3,829| | 213.3%
1860| 13,768| | 259.6%
1870| 31,584| | 129.4%
1880| 50,137| | 58.7%
1890| 81,434| | 62.4%
1900| 131,822| | 61.9%
1910| 168,497| | 27.8%
1920| 243,164| | 44.3%
1930| 290,718| | 19.6%
1940| 282,349| | −2.9%
1950| 303,616| | 7.5%
1960| 318,003| | 4.7%
1970| 383,818| | 20.7%
1980| 354,635| | −7.6%
1990| 332,943| | −6.1%
2000| 313,619| | −5.8%
2010| 287,208| | −8.4%
2020| 270,871| | −5.7%
2024 (est.)| 265,638| [4]| −1.9%
U.S. Decennial Census[48] 2020 census[4]
Historical racial composition | 2020[4] | 2010[49] | 2000[50] | 1990[50] | 1970[50] | 1940[50]

|
|
|
|
|
|

White | 62.6% | 64.8% | 70.2% | 77.0% | 85.7% | 94.8%
—Non-Hispanic | 58.7% | 61.4% | Unk | 75.1% | 84.0%[51] | n/a
Black or African American | 27.4% | 27.2% | 23.5% | 19.7% | 13.8% | 5.2%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race) | 8.6% | 7.4% | 5.5% | 4.0% | 1.9%[51] | n/a
Asian | 1.3% | 1.1% | 1.0% | 1.0% | 0.2% | −
Map of racial distribution in Toledo, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people: ⬤ White ⬤ Black ⬤ Asian ⬤ Hispanic ⬤ Other

As of the 2010 census, the city proper had a population of 287,128. It is the principal city in the Toledo Metropolitan Statistical Area which had a population of 651,429 and was the sixth-largest metropolitan area in the state of Ohio, behind Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati, Dayton, and Akron.[52] The larger Toledo-Fremont Combined Statistical Area had a population of 712,373. According to the Toledo Metropolitan Council of Governments, the Toledo/Northwest Ohio region of 10 counties has over one million residents.

The U.S. Census Bureau estimated Toledo's population as 297,806 in 2006 and 295,029 in 2007. In response to an appeal by the City of Toledo, the Census Bureau's July 2007 estimate was revised to 316,851, slightly more than in 2000,[53] which would have been the city's first population gain in 40 years. However, the 2010 census figures released in March 2011 showed the population as of April 1, 2010, at 287,208, indicating a 25% loss of population since its zenith in 1970.

### 2020 census

[edit]

Toledo, Ohio – Racial and ethnic composition
Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race. Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) | Pop 2000[54] | Pop 2010[55] | Pop 2020[56] | % 2000  | % 2010  | % 2020

|
|
|
|
|
|

White alone (NH)  | 212,658  | 176,468  | 150,202  | 67.81%  | 61.44%  | 55.45%
Black or African American alone (NH)  | 73,134  | 76,820  | 76,401  | 23.32%  | 26.75%  | 28.21%
Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH)  | 761  | 755  | 651  | 0.24%  | 0.26%  | 0.24%
Asian alone (NH)  | 3,197  | 3,204  | 3,133  | 1.02%  | 1.12%  | 1.16%
Pacific Islander alone (NH)  | 61  | 64  | 83  | 0.02%  | 0.02%  | 0.03%
Some Other Race alone (NH)  | 554  | 522  | 1,371  | 0.18%  | 0.18%  | 0.51%
Mixed Race or Multi-Racial (NH)  | 6,113  | 8,144  | 14,894  | 1.95%  | 2.84%  | 5.50%
Hispanic or Latino (any race)  | 17,141  | 21,231  | 24,136  | 5.47%  | 7.39%  | 8.91%
Total | 313,619 | 287,208 | 270,871 | 100.00% | 100.00% | 100.00%

As of the 2020 census[57] there were 270,871 people, 116,257 households, and an average of 2.27 persons per household residing in Toledo. The population per square mile was 3,365.4. The racial makeup of Toledo was 60.6% White, 28.1% African American, 0.3% Native American, Alaska Native or Native Hawaiian, and 1.3% were Asian. 6.7% of the population belonged to two or more races. Hispanic or Latino citizens make up 8.8% of the population. People who identified as White, not Hispanic or Latino, made up 57.3% of the population, down from 61.4% in 2010.

Out of 270,871 people, 23.3% were under the age of 18, and 14.5% were 65 years old and over. 51.1% of the population were female. 14.1% of the population under 65 years of age were living with a disability, and 8.3% of those under 65 years of age did not have health insurance. Out of the 116,257 households, 83.7% had been living in the same house for one year or longer. 6.4% of households in Toledo spoke a language other than English at home. The total number of housing units was unavailable, however 51.9% of housing units were either owned or co-owned by its inhabitants.

The median household income (in 2021 dollars) in Toledo was $41,671, with the per capita income in the past 12 months coming to $23,795. 24.5% of the population was living in poverty, compared to the national average at this time of 11.6% of the U.S. population.[58] For education, 87.1% of people 25 years or older were a high school graduate or higher, with 19.6% of this demographic having a bachelor's degree or higher.

### 2010 census

[edit]

As of the census[59] of 2010, there were 287,208 people, 119,730 households, and 68,364 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,559.4 inhabitants per square mile (1,374.3/km2). There were 138,039 housing units at an average density of 1,710.7 per square mile (660.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 64.8% White, 27.2% African American, 0.4% Native American, 1.1% Asian, 2.6% from other races, and 3.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.4% of the population (The majority are Mexican American at 5.1%.) Non-Hispanic Whites were 61.4% of the population in 2010,[60] down from 84% in 1970.[50]

There were 119,730 households, of which 30.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 31.6% were married couples living together, 19.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 42.9% were non-families. 34.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.33 and the average family size was 3.01. There was a total of 139,871 housing units in the city, of which 10,946 (9.8%) were vacant.

The median age in the city was 34.2 years. 24% of residents were under the age of 18; 12.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.3% were from 25 to 44; 24.8% were from 45 to 64; and 12.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.4% male and 51.6% female.

### 2000 census

[edit]

As of the census of 2000, there were 313,619 people, and 77,355 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,890.2 people per square mile (1,502.0 people/km2). There were 139,871 housing units at an average density of 1,734.9 people per square mile (669.8 people/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 70.2% White, 23.5% African American, 0.3% Native American, 1.0% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 2.3% from other races, and 2.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.5% of the population in 2000. The most common ancestries cited were German (23.4%), Irish (10.8%), Polish (10.1%), English (6.0%), American (3.9%), Italian (3.0%), Hungarian (2.0%), Dutch (1.4%), and Arab (1.2%).[61]

In 2000 there were 128,925 households in Toledo, out of which 29.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.2% were married couples living together, 17.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.0% were non-families. 32.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 3.04.

In the city the population was spread out, with 26.2% under the age of 18, 11.0% from 18 to 24, 29.8% from 25 to 44, 19.8% from 45 to 64, and 13.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.7 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $32,546, and the median income for a family was $41,175. Males had a median income of $35,407 versus $25,023 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,388. About 14.2% of families and 17.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 25.9% of those under age 18 and 10.4% of those age 65 or over.

### Crime

[edit]

In the second decade of the 21st century, the city had a gradual peak in violent crime. In 2010, there was a combined total of 3,272 burglaries, 511 robberies, 753 aggravated assaults, 25 homicides, as well as 574 motor vehicle thefts out of what was then a decreasing population of 287,208.[62] In 2011, there were 1,562 aggravated assaults, 30 homicides, 1,152 robberies, 8,366 burglaries, and 1,465 cases of motor vehicle theft. In 2012, there were a combined total of 39 murders, 2,015 aggravated assaults, 6,739 burglaries, and 1,334 cases of motor vehicle theft. In 2013 it had a drop in the crime rate.[63] In 2018, the city was ranked 93rd of the Top 100 Most Dangerous Cities in America.[64]

According to a state government task force, Toledo has been identified as the fourth-largest recruitment site for human trafficking in the US.[65]

The year 2020 brought the highest number of homicides in 39 years, according to the Toledo Police Department's 50-year trend chart.[66] Beginning with the pandemic in 2020, homicides jumped to a record 61.[67] There were a record of 70 homicides in Toledo in 2021.[68] Toledo was one of 12 major U.S. cities to have broken annual homicide records in 2021.[69]

## Economy

[edit]

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

|

One SeaGate is the tallest building in Toledo and regional headquarters of Fifth Third Bank.

Before the Industrial Revolution, Toledo was important as a port city on the Great Lakes. With the advent of the automobile, the city became best known for industrial manufacturing. Both General Motors and Chrysler had factories in metropolitan Toledo, and automobile manufacturing has been important at least since Kirk started manufacturing automobiles,[70] which began operations early in the 20th century. The largest employer in Toledo was Jeep for much of the 20th century. Since the late 20th century, industrial restructuring reduced the number of these well-paying jobs.

The University of Toledo is influential in the city, contributing to the prominence of healthcare as the city's biggest employer. The metro area contains four Fortune 500 companies: Dana Holding Corporation, Owens Corning, The Andersons, and Owens Illinois. Several Fortune 500 automotive-related companies had their headquarters in Toledo, including Electric AutoLite, Sheller-Globe Corporation, Champion Spark Plug, Questor, and Dana Holding Corporation. Only the latter still operates as an independent entity. Faurecia Exhaust Systems, a subsidiary of France's Faurecia SA, is in Toledo. ProMedica is a Fortune 1000 company headquartered in Toledo. One SeaGate is the location of Fifth Third Bank's Northwest Ohio headquarters.

Owens Corning headquarters

Toledo is known as the Glass City because of its long history of glass manufacturing, including windows, bottles, windshields, construction materials, and glass art, of which the Toledo Museum of Art has a large collection. Several large glass companies have their origins here. Owens-Illinois, Owens Corning, Libbey Incorporated, Pilkington North America (formerly Libbey-Owens-Ford), and Therma-Tru have long been a staple of Toledo's economy. Other offshoots of these companies also continue to play important roles in Toledo's economy. Fiberglass giant Johns Manville's two plants in the metro area were originally built by a subsidiary of Libbey-Owens-Ford.

Toledo is the Jeep headquarters and has two production facilities dubbed the Toledo Complex, one in the city and one in suburban Perrysburg. During World War II, the city's industries produced important products for the military, particularly the Willys Jeep.[71] Willys-Overland was a major automaker headquartered in Toledo until 1953. General Motors also has operated a transmission plant, in Toledo since 1916 currently owned by Scott Lorenzen. It manufactures and assembles GM's six-speed and eight-speed rear-wheel-drive and six-speed front-wheel-drive transmissions that are used in a variety of GM vehicles.[72]

Industrial restructuring and loss of jobs caused the city to adopt new strategies to retain its industrial companies. It offered tax incentives to DaimlerChrysler to expand its Jeep plant. In 2001, a taxpayer lawsuit was filed against Toledo that challenged the constitutionality of that action. In 2006, the city won the case by a unanimous ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court in DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Cuno.

Belying its Rust Belt history, the city saw growth in "green jobs" related to solar energy in the 2000s.[73] The University of Toledo and Bowling Green State University received Ohio grants for solar energy research.[74] Xunlight and First Solar opened plants in Toledo and the surrounding area.[75] In May 2019 Balance Farms began operation of an 8,168 square foot indoor aquaponics farm in downtown Toledo.[76]

## Arts and culture

[edit]

### Fine and performing arts

[edit]

Greek revival façade of the Monroe Street entrance, Toledo Museum of Art

Toledo is home to a range of classical performing arts institutions, including the Toledo Opera, Toledo Symphony Orchestra, Toledo Jazz Orchestra and Toledo Ballet. The city is also home to several theaters and performing arts institutions, including the Stranahan Theater, the historic Valentine Theatre, the Toledo Repertoire Theatre, the Collingwood Arts Center and the Ohio Theatre.

The Toledo Museum of Art is located in a Greek Revival building in the city's Old West End neighborhood. The Peristyle is the concert hall in Greek Revival style in its East Wing; it is the home of the Toledo Symphony Orchestra, and hosts many international orchestras as well. The Museum's Center for Visual Arts addition was designed by Frank Gehry and opened in the 21st century. In addition, the museum's new Glass Pavilion across Monroe Street opened in August 2006. Toledo was the first city in Ohio to adopt a One Percent for Art program and, as such, boasts many examples of public, outdoor art.[77] A number of walking tours have been set up to explore these works, which include large sculptures, environmental structures, and murals by more than 40 artists, such as Alice Adams, Pierre Clerk, Dale Eldred, Penelope Jencks, Hans Van De Bovenkamp, Jerry Peart, and Athena Tacha.[78]

### Music

[edit]

Toledo has a rich history of music, dating back to their early to mid-20th century glory days as a jazz haven. During this time, Toledo produced or nurtured such jazz legends as Art Tatum, Jon Hendricks, trombonist Jimmy Harrison, pianist Claude Black, guitarist Arv Garrison, pianist Johnny O'Neal, and many, many others.[79] Later jazz greats from Toledo include Stanley Cowell, Larry Fuller, Bern Nix and Jean Holden.

Other well-known singers and musicians with Toledo roots include Teresa Brewer, Tom Scholz, Anita Baker, Shirley Murdock, American Idol runner-up Crystal Bowersox, The Rance Allen Group, Lyfe Jennings and Weezer bassist Scott Shriner.[80]

### Museums

[edit]

The National Museum of the Great Lakes (NMGL) is located in the Marina District, downstream from downtown Toledo.[81] Adjacent to the NMGL, the Col. James M. Schoonmaker is a former Cleveland-Cliffs lake freighter open to the public as a museum. Moored in the Maumee River, the ship was recently repainted in the original Shenango Furnace fleet colors and, on July 1, 2011, rechristened with her original name.[81]

The Imagination Station hands-on science museum (formerly COSI Toledo), is located downtown.[82]

Tony Packo's Cafe is located in the Hungarian neighborhood on the east side of Toledo known as Birmingham; it features hundreds of hot dog buns signed by celebrities, including multiple presidents.[83]

## Sports

[edit]

Club | Sport | League | Venue

|
|
|

Toledo Mud Hens | Baseball  | International League | Fifth Third Field
Toledo Walleye | Ice hockey  | ECHL | Huntington Center
Glass City Rollers | Roller derby  | WFTDA | Glass City Center
Toledo Villa FC | Soccer  | USL League Two | Paul Hotmer Field
Glass City Wranglers | Basketball  | BSL | Maumee Valley Country Day School
Toledo Rockets | 15 collegiate teams  | NCAA Division I Mid-American Conference | Glass Bowl
Savage Arena
Scott Park Baseball Complex

Fifth Third Field, home of the Toledo Mud Hens baseball team

The Glass Bowl is the home field of Toledo Rockets football.

The Toledo Reign are a women's full-contact tackle football team in the Women's Football Alliance. Established in 2003, the Reign plays regular season games from April through June. The Toledo Crush of the Legends Football League played at the Huntington Center in 2014 after relocating from Cleveland, where it played from 2011 to 2013.[84] The Toledo Maroons played in the Ohio League from 1902 until 1921 and the NFL from 1922 until 1923 before moving to Kenosha, Wisconsin.[85]

Toledo Speedway is a local auto racetrack that features, among other events, stock car racing and concerts. The Automobile Racing Club of America (ARCA) has its headquarters in Toledo.

Inverness Club is a golf club in Toledo. It is known for hosting six major USGA events, most recently the 1993 PGA Championship. In 2020, Inverness Club hosted the LPGA Drive-On Championship,[86] and in 2021, it hosted the Solheim Cup.[87] The U.S. Senior Open took place at Inverness in 2003 and 2011. Highland Meadows Golf Club has been home to the LPGA's Marathon Classic in the nearby suburb of Sylvania since 1984 (yearly except for 1986 and 2011).[citation needed]

Toledo hosted the International Federation of Associated Wrestling Styles (FILA) Congress in 1966, two editions of World Championships (both freestyle and Greco-Roman), seventeen editions of Freestyle Wrestling World Cup, and numerous high-profile international duals were held at the Toledo Field House and Centennial Hall.[citation needed]

## Parks and recreation

[edit]

The Toledo Zoo pedestrian bridge

The Toledo Metroparks system includes over 12,000 acres (49 km2) of land, and features the University/Parks Bicycle Trail and the Toledo Botanical Garden.[88]

The Toledo Zoo was the first zoo to feature a hippoquarium-style exhibit. In 2014 it was ranked as the #1 zoo in the country by USA Today.[89] The R. A. Stranahan Arboretum is a 47-acre (190,000 m2) arboretum maintained by the University of Toledo.[90]

Hollywood Casino Toledo opened on May 29, 2012.[91]

## Education

[edit]

University Hall at the University of Toledo

### Colleges and universities

[edit]

The University of Toledo is a public research university based in the Ottawa neighborhood. A member of the University System of Ohio, it is the largest college in Toledo.[92] Tiffin University and Owens Community College have branch campuses in Toledo.[92] Private for-profit colleges include Davis College and the Toledo Professional Skills Institute.[92]

Education in the health sciences includes the University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, a medical school affiliated with the University of Toledo[92] and Mercy College of Ohio, a private nursing school.[92] The Toledo Academy of Beauty offers classes specializing in esthetics and manicuring.

### Primary and secondary schools

[edit]

The Toledo City School District operates public schools within much of the city limits, along with the Washington Local School District in northern Toledo. Toledo City School District encompasses 70 square miles and served over 23,000 students in 2019, the fourth largest district in the state.[93][94] Secondary schools within Toledo City Schools include Bowsher High School, Rogers High School, Scott High School, Start High School, Toledo Early College, Toledo Technology Academy, Waite High School and Woodward High School.

Toledo is also home to several public charter schools including two Imagine Schools, several Leona Group Schools, and top ranking Toledo Preparatory and Fitness Academy.[95] Additionally, several private and parochial primary and secondary schools are present within the Toledo area. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Toledo operates Roman Catholic primary and secondary schools in 19 counties in Northwest Ohio, including Lucas County and the Toledo area.[96] Notable private high schools in Toledo include Maumee Valley Country Day School,[97] Central Catholic High School,[98] St. Francis de Sales High School,[99] St. John's Jesuit High School and Academy,[100] Notre Dame Academy,[101] St. Ursula Academy in Ottawa Hills,[102] Cardinal Stritch Catholic High School in Oregon,[103] Toledo Christian Schools,[104] and Emmanuel Christian School.[105]

### Libraries

[edit]

The Toledo Lucas County Public Library was 4-star rated for 2009 by the Library Journal, and it is sixth among the biggest-spending libraries in the United States.[106]

## Media

[edit]

Main article: Media in Toledo, Ohio

### Print

[edit]

The Blade, a daily newspaper founded in 1835, is the primary newspaper in Toledo, and promotes itself as "One of America's Great Newspapers." The city's arts and entertainment weekly is the Toledo City Paper. From March 2005 to 2015, the weekly newspaper Toledo Free Press was published, and it had a focus on news and sports. Other weeklies include the West Toledo Herald, El Tiempo, La Prensa, Sojourner's Truth, and Toledo Journal. Toledo Tales provides satire and parody of life in the Glass City. The Toledo Journal is an African-American owned newspaper. It is published weekly, and normally focuses on African-American issues.

### TV

[edit]

The Toledo TV market features seven full power stations, including: WTOL 11 (CBS), WTVG 13 (ABC, with CW on 13.2), WNWO 24 (NBC), PBS member stations WBGU 27 and WGTE 30, WUPW 36 (Fox), and WLMB 40 (Religious independent).

Low power stations include WMNT 48 (MyNetworkTV).

### Radio

[edit]

There are 23 full power stations serving the Toledo market. Music stations include Contemporary Christian stations WPOS, WTPG (repeater of the Taylor University owned WBCL in Fort Wayne, IN) and WNKL (K-Love), WYSZ (Christian rock/hip hop), WVKS (Contemporary hits), WRQN, (Classic hits), WXKR (Classic rock), Country stations WMIM, WKKO, WCKY-FM, and WPFX, WIOT (Mainstream rock), WQQO (Hot AC), Urban AC stations WIMX and WJUC, and WJZE (Urban contemporary)

WSPD serves as the market's only commercial news/talk station, while WCWA serves as the market's only full power sports radio outlet. Religious stations include WJYM, WPAY, WWYC, and WOTL.

WGTE-FM serves as Toledo's NPR affiliate, while college and school run stations share the 88.3 FM frequency - WXTS-FM (Toledo Public Schools \- 8 a.m. to 8 p.m.) and WXUT (University of Toledo \- 8 p.m. to 8 a.m.)

## Infrastructure

[edit]

### Transportation

[edit]

#### Major highways

[edit]

A 1955 Interstate planning map of Toledo The Veterans' Glass City Skyway carries I-280 over the Maumee River Anthony Wayne Bridge

Three major interstate highways run through Toledo. Interstate 75 (I-75) travels north–south and provides a direct route to Detroit and Cincinnati. The Ohio Turnpike carries east–west traffic on I-80/90. The Turnpike serves Toledo via exits 52, 59, 64, 71, and 81. The Turnpike connects Toledo to Chicago in the west and Cleveland in the east.

In addition, there are two auxiliary interstate highways in the area. Interstate 475 is a 20-mile bypass that begins in Perrysburg and ends in west Toledo, meeting I-75 at both ends. It is cosigned with US 23 for its first 13 miles. Interstate 280 is a spur that connects the Ohio Turnpike to I-75 through east and central Toledo. The Veterans' Glass City Skyway is part of this route, which was the most expensive ODOT project ever at its completion. This 400-foot (120 m) tall bridge includes a glass covered pylon, which lights up at night, adding a distinctive feature to Toledo's skyline.[107] The Anthony Wayne Bridge, a 3,215-foot (980 m) suspension bridge crossing the Maumee River, has been a staple of Toledo's skyline for more than 80 years. It is locally known as the "High-Level Bridge."

#### Mass transit

[edit]

Local bus service is provided by the Toledo Area Regional Transit Authority; commonly shortened to TARTA. Toledo area Paratransit Services; TARPS are used for the disabled. Intercity bus service is provided by Greyhound Lines and Barons Bus Lines. The station is located at Martin Luther King, Jr. Plaza which it shares with Amtrak. Barons Bus Lines also provides daily trips to Ann Arbor, Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, Columbus, and Cincinnati. Toledo has various cab companies within its city limits and other ones that surround the metro.

#### Airports

[edit]

Toledo Express Airport, located in the suburbs of Monclova and Swanton Townships, is the primary airport that serves the city. Additionally, Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport is 45 miles north. Toledo Executive Airport (formerly Metcalf Field) is a general aviation airport southeast of Toledo near the I-280 and Ohio SR 795 interchange. Toledo Suburban Airport is another general aviation airport located in Lambertville, MI just north of the state border.

#### Railroads at present

[edit]

Amtrak, the national passenger rail system, provides service to Toledo and other major cities under the Floridian and the Lake Shore Limited. Both lines stop at Martin Luther King, Jr. Plaza, which was built as Central Union Terminal by the New York Central Railroad—along its Water Level Route—in 1950. Of the seven Ohio stations served by Amtrak, Toledo was the busiest in fiscal year 2011, boarding or detraining 66,413 passengers.[108] Freight rail service presently in Toledo is operated by the Norfolk Southern Railway, CSX Transportation, Canadian National Railway, Ann Arbor Railroad, and Wheeling and Lake Erie Railway. All except the Wheeling have local terminals; the Wheeling operates into Toledo from the east through trackage rights on Norfolk Southern to connect with the Ann Arbor and CN railroads.

#### Railroads in the past

[edit]

Historically, Toledo was a major rail hub where the New York Central (later, the Penn Central), Baltimore and Ohio, Wabash Railroad, Nickel Plate Road, Ann Arbor Railroad, Detroit, Toledo and Ironton Railroad, Pennsylvania Railroad, Chesapeake and Ohio Railway/Pere Marquette Railway, Wheeling and Lake Erie railroads moved a large amount of freight to and from Toledo's many industries such as Libbey-Owens-Ford Glass, and Willys-Overland (Jeep) Motors. Most of these companies used Central Union Terminal on Emerald Avenue. The Ann Arbor Railroad used its station on Cherry Street. The Pennsylvania Railroad used its station on Summit Street.[109][110]

#### Interurbans

[edit]

Map of Toledo Railways and Light Company's Lines c. 1907

Toledo had a streetcar system and interurban railways[111] linking it to other nearby towns but these are no longer in existence. Seven interurban companies radiated from Toledo. In the early 1930s, three of the seven, the Cincinnati and Lake Erie from Cincinnati, Columbus, Dayton, and Springfield, the Lake Shore Electric from Cleveland, and the Eastern Michigan Ry from Detroit, moved a large amount of freight and number of passengers between those heavily industrialized cities. The Great Depression and growing inter city competition from trucks on newly improved roads by the Ohio caused abandonment of all by 1938, and some interurban lines much earlier.[112] The interurban station where all lines met and exchanged passengers was on N. Summit Street. Freight was exchanged in a rail yard with a warehouse off Lucas Street.[113]

### Healthcare

[edit]

Originating in Toledo, ProMedica is an integrated healthcare organization founded in 2009. It has grown rapidly to become the country's 15th largest non-profit health care system in the United States, with 2018 revenues of $7 billion.[114] It is headquartered on Madison Avenue in Downtown Toledo and maintains 13 hospitals in Northwest Ohio and Southeast Michigan, including ProMedica Toledo Hospital, the largest acute care hospital in the area.[115]

Mercy Health - St. Vincent Medical Center, Toledo's first hospital and part of Mercy Health Partners, holds the highest designation for treating high-risk mothers and babies, is a Level I Trauma Center for children and adults, and is an accredited Chest Pain Center.[116] It is located in the Vistula Historic District on the city's north side.

There are also 18 community health centers in Toledo.[117] Some examples include the Cordelia Martin Community Health Center, the East Toledo Community Health Center, and the Monroe Street Neighborhood Center.

### Water

[edit]

The Division of Water Treatment filters an average of 80 million gallons of water per day for 500,000 people in the greater Toledo Metropolitan area.[118] The Division of Water Distribution serves 136,000 metered accounts and 10,000 fire hydrants and maintains more than 1,100 miles (1,800 km) of water mains.[119] The Toledo Metropolitan Area receives its water from Lake Erie, with the process being managed by the City of Toledo Public Utilities Water Treatment Division, under the authority of the Mayor and City Council with direction provided by the Toledo Regional Water Commission.[120] Water is collected through a water intake pipe that is situated a few miles off the shore of Lake Erie.[29]

The National Guard delivering water during the 2014 event

In August 2014, two samples from a water treatment plant toxin test showed signs of microcystis. Roughly 400,000, including residents of Toledo and several surrounding communities in Ohio and Michigan were affected by the water contamination. Residents were told not to use, drink, cook with, or boil any tap water on the evening of August 1, 2014.[121] The Ohio National Guard delivered water and food to residents living in contaminated areas. As of August 3, 2014[update], no one had reported being sick and the governor had declared a state of emergency in three counties.[122][123] The ban was lifted on August 4.[124]

## Notable people

[edit]

Main article: List of people from Toledo, Ohio

## In popular culture

[edit]

The popular phrase "Holy Toledo", is thought to originally be a reference to the city's array of grand church designs from Gothic, Renaissance and Spanish Mission. There are many other theories as well.[125][126]

John Denver recorded "Saturday Night In Toledo, Ohio", composed by Randy Sparks. He wrote it in 1967 after arriving in Toledo with his group and finding no nightlife at 10 p.m.[127] After Denver performed the song on The Tonight Show, Toledo residents objected. In response, the City Fathers recorded a song entitled "We're Strong For Toledo". Ultimately the controversy was such that John Denver cancelled a concert in Toledo shortly thereafter. But when he returned for a 1980 concert, he set a one-show attendance record at the venue, Centennial Hall, and sang the song to the approval of the crowd.[128]

M*A*S*H TV series character Corporal Maxwell Klinger, best known for consistently cross-dressing during the first seven seasons of the show, was from Toledo.[129]

The Kenny Rogers 1977 hit song "Lucille" was written by Hal Bynum and inspired by his trip to Toledo in 1975.[130]

Toledo is mentioned in the song "Our Song" by Yes from their 1983 album 90125. According to Yes drummer Alan White, Toledo was especially memorable for a sweltering-hot 1977 show the group did at Toledo Sports Arena.[131]

The season 1 episode of the Warner Bros television series Supernatural titled "Bloody Mary" was set in Toledo.[132]

Toledo is the setting for the 2010 television comedy Melissa & Joey, with the first-named character being a city councilwoman.[133]

The 2018 sitcom A.P. Bio is set in Toledo.[134]

## Sister cities

[edit]

Toledo was twinned with Toledo, Spain, in 1931, creating the first sister city relationship in the United States.[135][136]

Toledo's sister cities are:[137][138]

* Beqaa Valley, Lebanon
* Coburg, Germany
* Coimbatore, India
* Delmenhorst, Germany
* Hyderabad, Pakistan
* Londrina, Brazil
* Nanchong, China
* Poznań, Poland
* Qinhuangdao, China
* Szeged, Hungary
* Tanga, Tanzania
* Toledo, Spain
* Toyohashi, Japan

## See also

[edit]

* Geography portal
* North America portal
* United States portal
* Ohio portal
* Cities portal

* Auto-Lite strike
* Baseball parks of Toledo, Ohio
* Glassmen Drum and Bugle Corps, Drum Corps International World Class Drum and Bugle Corps
* Greater Toledo
* Outbreak of green-blue algae in Lake Erie
* Roman Catholic Diocese of Toledo
* Toledo Area Regional Transit Authority, local bus transportation
* Toledo City League, high school sports league
* USS Toledo, 3 ships

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
2. ^ Official records for Toledo were kept at downtown from January 1871 to January 1943, Toledo Municipal Airport from February 1943 to December 1945, Metcalf Field from January 1946 to January 11, 1955, and at Toledo Express Airport since January 12, 1955. For more information, see ThreadEx.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "laborare est orare". Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on April 8, 2021. Retrieved March 28, 2020.
2. ^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 19, 2022. Retrieved September 20, 2022.
3. ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Toledo, Ohio
4. ^ a b c d "Toledo city, Ohio". QuickFacts. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 15, 2025.
5. ^ "Zip Code Lookup". USPS. Archived from the original on October 4, 2023. Retrieved December 2, 2014.
6. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
7. ^ "City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2022". United States Census Bureau, Population Division. Archived from the original on July 11, 2022. Retrieved December 26, 2023.
8. ^ "Toledo's population continues to decline, according to census estimate". Toledo Blade. Archived from the original on June 6, 2020. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
9. ^ "Port Industry Statistics". www.aapa-ports.org. Archived from the original on March 11, 2020. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
10. ^ Atlas of Great Lakes Indian History (University of Oklahoma Press: Norman, 1986) pp. 3, 58–59
11. ^ R. Douglas Hurt, The Ohio Frontier: Crucible of the Old Northwest, 1720–1830 (Indiana University Press: Bloomington, 1998), pp. 8–12
12. ^ a b Charles E. Slocum, "Forts Miami and Fort Industry" Archived December 27, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, Ohio Archaeological and Historical Publications, Volume XII, 1903; hosted at American History and Genealogy Project, accessed December 26, 2015
13. ^ "Treaty Between the Ottawa, Chippewa, Wyandot, and Potawatomi Indians". World Digital Library. November 17, 1807. Archived from the original on May 8, 2019. Retrieved August 3, 2013.
14. ^ a b Federal Writers' Project (1940). The Ohio Guide. US History Publishers. ISBN 9781603540346. `{{cite book}}`: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
15. ^ a b Gieck, Jack (1988). A Photo Album of Ohio's Canal Era, 1825–1913. Kent: Kent State University Press. ISBN 9780873383530.
16. ^ Hodge, Frederick Webb (1910). "Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico: N-Z". Books.google.com. p. 167\. Archived from the original on May 23, 2024. Retrieved May 23, 2016.
17. ^ Helen Hornbeck Tanner, ed., Atlas of Great Lakes Indian History (University of Oklahoma Press: Norman, 1986) pp. 48-51
18. ^ Larry Angelo (2nd chief of the Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma), The Migration of the Ottawas from 1615 to Present, (1997), pp. 3-6
19. ^ Tanber, George J. (December 24, 2000). "Benjamin Franklin Stickney: His remarkable life and times". The Blade. Archived from the original on November 16, 2015. Retrieved December 16, 2016.
20. ^ Mitchell, Gordon (June 2004). "History Corner: Ohio-Michigan Boundary War, Part 2". Professional Surveyor Magazine. Archived from the original on July 28, 2011. Retrieved August 3, 2014.
21. ^ Simonis, Louis A. (1979). Maumee River, 1835. Defiance: Defiance County Historical Society.
22. ^ Messer-Kruse, Timothy. "Toledo Topics: Life at the Top in Jazz Age Toledo". Toledo's Attic. Toledo. Archived from the original on August 5, 2020. Retrieved May 5, 2020.
23. ^ "Downtown Toledo: What went wrong?". Toledo Blade. Archived from the original on January 16, 2021. Retrieved May 6, 2020.
24. ^ Wessner, Charles (2013). "Rebuilding Ohio's Innovation Economy". National Academies Press (US). Archived from the original on August 13, 2022. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
25. ^ "The State of Urban Agriculture | Toledo City Paper". Toledo City Paper. August 30, 2017. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved May 6, 2020.
26. ^ "Hitting the wall: Vibrant murals continue to proliferate in Toledo". Toledo Blade. Archived from the original on September 14, 2019. Retrieved May 6, 2020.
27. ^ "Lofts a fit downtown". Toledo Blade. Archived from the original on January 16, 2021. Retrieved May 6, 2020.
28. ^ a b Castle, Anna-Lisa (August 1, 2019). "Five Years Later: Lessons From the Toledo Water Crisis". Alliance for the Great Lakes. Archived from the original on December 16, 2022. Retrieved December 16, 2022.
29. ^ a b c d Wines, Michael (August 4, 2014). "Behind Toledo's Water Crisis, a Long-Troubled Lake Erie". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 16, 2022. Retrieved December 16, 2022.
30. ^ "Toledo Water Crisis: A timeline of what's happened so far". wtol.com. August 3, 2014. Archived from the original on December 16, 2022. Retrieved December 16, 2022.
31. ^ a b "Cleveland Cliffs invests $700 million in Toledo". wtol.com. April 6, 2018. Archived from the original on July 16, 2020. Retrieved July 16, 2020.
32. ^ "Toledo DR Plant". January 4, 2024. Archived from the original on December 5, 2023. Retrieved November 11, 2023.
33. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Archived from the original on August 24, 2019. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
34. ^ "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 2, 2012. Retrieved January 6, 2013.
35. ^ "History of the Oak Openings Region". Green Ribbon Initiative. Archived from the original on February 21, 2010. Retrieved August 3, 2014.
36. ^ Bacon, Mardges (2018). John McAndrew's modernist vision: from the Vassar College Art Library to the Museum of Modern Art in New York. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. ISBN 978-1-61689-786-4. OCLC 1059450963.
37. ^ a b c "NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on May 25, 2015. Retrieved May 9, 2021.
38. ^ a b "WMO Climate Normals for TOLEDO/EXPRESS, OH 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (FTP). Retrieved March 10, 2014. (To view documents see Help:FTP)
39. ^ "Station: Toledo Express AP, OH". U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on June 24, 2022. Retrieved May 9, 2021.
40. ^ "Thread Stations Extremes". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on March 5, 2020. Retrieved February 27, 2011.
41. ^ "Toledo, OH - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast". Weather Atlas. Archived from the original on July 4, 2019. Retrieved July 4, 2019.
42. ^ "Lake Erie's toxic algae blooms: Why is the water turning green?". NSF - National Science Foundation. April 8, 2019. Archived from the original on December 16, 2022. Retrieved December 16, 2022.
43. ^ US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. "Great Lakes: Harmful Algal Blooms". oceanservice.noaa.gov. Archived from the original on December 16, 2022. Retrieved December 16, 2022.
44. ^ Michalak, Anna M.; Anderson, Eric J.; Beletsky, Dmitry; Boland, Steven; Bosch, Nathan S.; Bridgeman, Thomas B.; Chaffin, Justin D.; Cho, Kyunghwa; Confesor, Rem; Daloğlu, Irem; DePinto, Joseph V.; Evans, Mary Anne; Fahnenstiel, Gary L.; He, Lingli; Ho, Jeff C.; Jenkins, Liza; Johengen, Thomas H.; Kuo, Kevin C.; LaPorte, Elizabeth; Liu, Xiaojian; McWilliams, Michael R.; Moore, Michael R.; Posselt, Derek J.; Richards, R. Peter; Scavia, Donald; Steiner, Allison L.; Verhamme, Ed; Wright, David M.; Zagorski, Melissa A. (April 16, 2013). "Record-setting algal bloom in Lake Erie caused by agricultural and meteorological trends consistent with expected future conditions". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (16): 6448–6452\. Bibcode:2013PNAS..110.6448M. doi:10.1073/pnas.1216006110. PMC 3631662. PMID 23576718.
45. ^ Michalak, Anna M.; Anderson, Eric J.; Beletsky, Dmitry; Boland, Steven; Bosch, Nathan S.; Bridgeman, Thomas B.; Chaffin, Justin D.; Cho, Kyunghwa; Confesor, Rem; Daloğlu, Irem; Depinto, Joseph V.; Evans, Mary Anne; Fahnenstiel, Gary L.; He, Lingli; Ho, Jeff C.; Jenkins, Liza; Johengen, Thomas H.; Kuo, Kevin C.; Laporte, Elizabeth; Liu, Xiaojian; McWilliams, Michael R.; Moore, Michael R.; Posselt, Derek J.; Richards, R. Peter; Scavia, Donald; Steiner, Allison L.; Verhamme, Ed; Wright, David M.; Zagorski, Melissa A. (2013). "Record-setting algal bloom in Lake Erie caused by agricultural and meteorological trends consistent with expected future conditions". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (16): 6448–6452\. Bibcode:2013PNAS..110.6448M. doi:10.1073/pnas.1216006110. PMC 3631662. PMID 23576718.
46. ^ a b Blue, Circle of (September 20, 2022). "Lake Erie's Failed Algae Strategy Hurts Poor Communities the Most". Great Lakes Now. Archived from the original on December 16, 2022. Retrieved December 16, 2022.
47. ^ "Resettlement to Revitalization: Toledo's History of Immigration". August 10, 2021. Archived from the original on September 29, 2023. Retrieved September 24, 2023.
48. ^ United States Census Bureau. "Census of Population and Housing". Archived from the original on April 26, 2015. Retrieved December 2, 2014.
49. ^ "State & County QuickFacts: Toledo (city), Ohio". U.S. Census Bureau. July 8, 2014. Archived from the original on July 10, 2014. Retrieved August 3, 2014.
50. ^ a b c d e "Ohio - Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 12, 2012. Retrieved April 30, 2012.
51. ^ a b From 15% sample
52. ^ "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Toledo, OH Metro Area". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved February 6, 2013.
53. ^ Messina, Ignazio (January 14, 2009). "Thousands added to Toledo census count". The Blade. Toledo. Archived from the original on September 14, 2012. Retrieved February 14, 2009.
54. ^ "P004 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Toledo city, Ohio". United States Census Bureau.
55. ^ "P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Toledo city, Ohio". United States Census Bureau.
56. ^ "P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Toledo city, Ohio". United States Census Bureau.
57. ^ "QuickFacts: Toledo city, Ohio". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 20, 2024.
58. ^ Creamer, John; Shrider, Emily A.; Burns, Kalee; Chen, Frances (September 13, 2022). "Poverty in the United States: 2021". US Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 19, 2024.
59. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on December 27, 1996. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
60. ^ "State & County QuickFacts: Toledo (city), Ohio". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on May 3, 2012. Retrieved April 30, 2012.
61. ^ "QT-P13. Ancestry: 2000 - Toledo city, Ohio". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved August 3, 2014.
62. ^ "FBI — Table 4 Montana - Ohio". FBI. Archived from the original on May 29, 2016. Retrieved July 28, 2016.
63. ^ "Toledo's crime rate takes plunge". Toledo Blade. Archived from the original on September 5, 2014. Retrieved August 28, 2014.
64. ^ "Top 100 most dangerous places to live in the U.S. in 2018". January 2, 2018. Archived from the original on June 24, 2019. Retrieved June 24, 2019.
65. ^ "Ohio Human Trafficking Task Force: Recommendations to Governor John R. Kasich" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on January 14, 2016.
66. ^ "Toledo homicides in 2020 highest in 39 years, TPD data shows". July 23, 2021. Archived from the original on July 22, 2022. Retrieved July 22, 2022.
67. ^ "Homicides in city make big jump, children latest victims". May 2022. Archived from the original on July 22, 2022. Retrieved July 22, 2022.
68. ^ "How Toledo Police plan to fight violence in Toledo". January 11, 2022. Archived from the original on June 27, 2022. Retrieved July 22, 2022.
69. ^ "'It's just crazy': 12 major cities hit all-time homicide records". ABC News. Archived from the original on May 23, 2024. Retrieved July 22, 2022.
70. ^ Clymer, Floyd (1950). Treasury of Early American Automobiles, 1877–1925. New York: Bonanza Books. p. 158.
71. ^ "Toledo, Ohio". Ohio History Central. July 1, 2005. Archived from the original on March 21, 2013. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
72. ^ "Toledo Transmission". media.gm.com. GM. Archived from the original on January 17, 2019. Retrieved November 24, 2018.
73. ^ "Cities on the Front Lines". The American Prospect. Archived from the original on August 17, 2016. Retrieved February 13, 2017.
74. ^ Ramsey, Duane (July 30, 2009). "State awards solar research grant to UT, BGSU". Toledo Free Press. Toledo. Archived from the original on August 8, 2014. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
75. ^ Swicord, Jeff (July 28, 2009). "Old US Industrial Town Looking Forward to a Green Future". Voice of America. Washington, D.C. Archived from the original on August 25, 2009.
76. ^ "A look inside Balance Farms, downtown Toledo's aquaponics operation". The Blade. Archived from the original on June 22, 2019. Retrieved November 25, 2019.
77. ^ Lane, Tahree; Smith, Ryan E. (January 20, 2008). "Public art effort expands as Toledo program takes on change in 30th year". The Blade. Toledo. Archived from the original on August 15, 2014. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
78. ^ "Toledo Sculpture Tours" (PDF). Arts Commission of Greater Toledo. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 23, 2024. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
79. ^ "'Tatum's Town' highlights Toledo's long love affair with music". Toledo Blade. Archived from the original on July 19, 2020. Retrieved July 16, 2020.
80. ^ "Artists and bands from Toledo, OH". AllMusic. Archived from the original on May 7, 2021. Retrieved May 2, 2020.
81. ^ a b "The Great Lakes Historical Society: Museum". The Great Lakes Historical Society. Archived from the original on April 16, 2015. Retrieved April 7, 2015.
82. ^ Visit Imagination Station, Toledo's Science Center. (n.d.). Imagination Station. Retrieved June 21, 2021, from https://www.imaginationstationtoledo.org/visit/ Archived June 13, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
83. ^ "History of Tony Packo's: The Real Story". Tony Packo's. Archived from the original on February 7, 2011. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
84. ^ Kent, Julie (December 17, 2013). "Cleveland Losing its Lingerie Sporting Football Team the Crush to Toledo". The Cleveland Leader. Archived from the original on July 7, 2014. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
85. ^ [1] Archived May 10, 2018, at the Wayback Machine Toledo Maroons Franchise Encyclopedia
86. ^ "LPGA Tour announces official return date with new event at Inverness Club". Golf. June 16, 2020. Archived from the original on September 10, 2021. Retrieved September 10, 2021.
87. ^ "Event Information | Solheim Cup". www.solheimcupusa.com. Archived from the original on September 10, 2021. Retrieved September 10, 2021.
88. ^ "A Rich History". Metroparks Toledo. Archived from the original on February 17, 2020. Retrieved January 31, 2020.
89. ^ "Best US Zoo Winners: 2014 10Best Readers' Choice Travel Awards". 10Best. May 21, 2014. Archived from the original on March 5, 2018. Retrieved August 29, 2015.
90. ^ "Stranahan Arboretum". The University of Toledo. Archived from the original on December 5, 2019. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
91. ^ Ott, Thomas; Dealer, The Plain (May 30, 2012). "Toledo's Hollywood Casino opens for business along Interstate 75". cleveland. Archived from the original on January 18, 2022. Retrieved April 8, 2021.
92. ^ a b c d e "Colleges and Universities in Toledo, Ohio". MyCollegeOptions.org. Archived from the original on February 24, 2015. Retrieved February 23, 2015.
93. ^ "School District Square Mileage". Ohio Department of Education. Archived from the original on July 24, 2019. Retrieved July 24, 2019.
94. ^ "Enrollment Data". Toledo Public Schools. Archived from the original on October 4, 2019. Retrieved July 24, 2019.
95. ^ "2022 Best Charter Elementary Schools in the Toledo Area". Niche. Archived from the original on August 10, 2023. Retrieved March 21, 2022.
96. ^ "The Catholic Diocese of Toledo: Catholic Schools". toledodiocese.org. Archived from the original on October 28, 2018. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
97. ^ "History of Maumee Valley Country Day School". December 8, 2016. Archived from the original on December 8, 2016. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
98. ^ "History, Fight Song, & Alma Mater - Central Catholic High School". July 9, 2016. Archived from the original on July 9, 2016. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
99. ^ "St. Francis de Sales School: About Us". March 8, 2018. Archived from the original on March 8, 2018. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
100. ^ "About Us - St. John's Jesuit". August 31, 2018. Archived from the original on August 31, 2018. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
101. ^ "Who We Are – NDA". April 2, 2018. Archived from the original on April 2, 2018. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
102. ^ "Fast Facts - St. Ursula Academy". October 28, 2018. Archived from the original on October 28, 2018. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
103. ^ "History | Cardinal Stritch". October 28, 2018. Archived from the original on October 28, 2018. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
104. ^ "History and Governance | Toledo Christian Schools". June 17, 2017. Archived from the original on June 17, 2017. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
105. ^ "Emmanuel Christian School: A History of Christian Education". December 19, 2017. Archived from the original on December 19, 2017. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
106. ^ Curry Lance, Keith; Lyons, Ray (November 15, 2009). "America's Star Libraries: Who's In, Who's Out". Library Journal. New York. Archived from the original on April 20, 2013. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
107. ^ "Ohio DOT endorses design for Maumee River crossing". Civil Engineering. 70 (9): 12. September 2000. Archived from the original on August 8, 2014. Retrieved August 4, 2014 – via Transportation Research Board.
108. ^ "Amtrak Fact Sheet, Fiscal Year 2011: State of Ohio" (PDF). Amtrak. December 2011. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
109. ^ Railroad maps of the 1930s-40s; and Toledo Municipal corporation records.
110. ^ "Index of Railroad Stations, 1468". Official Guide of the Railways. 87 (7). National Railway Publication Company. December 1954.
111. ^ Patch, David (May 27, 2007). "Toledo was hub of interurban 100 years ago". The Blade. Toledo. Archived from the original on April 29, 2015. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
112. ^ The Cincinnati and Lake Erie Railroad, Keenan, Jack: Golden West Books, San Marino, CA, 1974. ISBN 0-87095-055-X: p77-79.
113. ^ Keenan, p 155, inc. Lucas rail yard photo.
114. ^ "ProMedica to acquire HCR ManorCare". Modern Healthcare. April 26, 2018. Archived from the original on June 6, 2020. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
115. ^ "Locations | ProMedica". www.promedica.org. Archived from the original on June 10, 2020. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
116. ^ "St. Vincent Medical Center". www.mercy.com. Archived from the original on April 4, 2020. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
117. ^ "Free and Income Based Clinics Toledo OH". www.freeclinics.com. Archived from the original on October 20, 2020. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
118. ^ "Division of Water Treatment". City of Toledo. Archived from the original on August 6, 2014. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
119. ^ "Division of Water Distribution". City of Toledo. Archived from the original on August 6, 2014. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
120. ^ "Water Treatment". City of Toledo. Archived from the original on December 22, 2022. Retrieved December 16, 2022.
121. ^ Henry, Tom (August 3, 2014). "Water crisis grips hundreds of thousands in Toledo area, state of emergency declared". The Blade. Toledo. Archived from the original on August 6, 2014. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
122. ^ Capelouto, Susanna; Morgenstein, Mark (August 3, 2014). "400,000 in Toledo, Ohio, water scare await test results". CNN. Archived from the original on August 3, 2014. Retrieved August 3, 2014.
123. ^ Queally, James (August 2, 2014). "Toxic Ohio tap water tested as 500,000 residents wait". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on August 2, 2014. Retrieved August 3, 2014.
124. ^ Karimi, Faith; Morgenstein, Mark (August 4, 2014). "'Our water is safe,' Toledo mayor says in lifting ban". CNN. Archived from the original on August 4, 2014. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
125. ^ "Holy Toledo". Toledo.com. Archived from the original on October 24, 2020. Retrieved May 2, 2020.
126. ^ "'Holy Toledo' is still thriving". The Blade. Archived from the original on January 16, 2021. Retrieved May 2, 2020.
127. ^ Barhite, Brandi (December 26, 2008). "'Saturday Night In Toledo' author changes his tune". Toledo Free Press. Toledo. Archived from the original on June 29, 2014. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
128. ^ "Saturday Night in Toledo, Ohio". Toledo History Box. August 9, 2011. Archived from the original on December 19, 2014. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
129. ^ "The Blade | Toledo's breaking news, sports, and entertainment watchdog". The Blade. Archived from the original on November 6, 2019. Retrieved December 13, 2023.
130. ^ Reindl, J. C. (March 22, 2010). "Music fades, curtain closes on once-hot Toledo night spot". The Blade. Archived from the original on March 12, 2014. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
131. ^ Kisiel, Ralph (March 1, 1984). "Sweltering Night Keeps City Fresh in the Memory of Yes". The Blade. p. 2. Retrieved November 7, 2010.[permanent dead link]
132. ^ "Supernatural: "Bloody Mary" Review - IGN". Au.ign.com. April 18, 2008. Archived from the original on May 23, 2024. Retrieved May 23, 2016.
133. ^ Baird, Kirk (August 26, 2010). "TV series 'Melissa & Joey' is set in Toledo, but city lacks starring role". The Blade. Toledo. Archived from the original on August 25, 2014. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
134. ^ "Watch A.P. Bio Streaming (2018- ) | Peacock". @peacocktv. Archived from the original on June 6, 2023. Retrieved June 6, 2023.
135. ^ "Oldest Sister City Relationship Established Between Toledo, Ohio and Toledo, Spain". Sister Cities International (SCI). January 30, 1931. Archived from the original on February 9, 2019. Retrieved April 16, 2019.
136. ^ Hendel, Barbara (October 7, 2018). "Toledo Sister Cities marks 25 years". Toledo Blade. Archived from the original on April 16, 2019. Retrieved April 16, 2019.
137. ^ "Welcome". Toledo Sister Cities International. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved July 19, 2020.
138. ^ "Londrina, Brazil". Toledo Sister Cities International. Archived from the original on May 23, 2024. Retrieved July 19, 2020.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Bloom, Matthew (Spring 2010). "Symbiotic Growth in the Swamp: Toledo and Northwest Ohio, 1860–1900". Northwest Ohio History. 77 (2): 85–104.
* DeMatteo, Arthur Edward. "Urban reform, politics, and the working class: Detroit, Toledo, and Cleveland, 1890–1922" (PhD dissertation, University of Akron; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1999. 9940602).

## External links

[edit]

Toledo, Ohio at Wikipedia's sister projects

* Definitions from Wiktionary
* Media from Commons
* News from Wikinews
* Quotations from Wikiquote
* Texts from Wikisource
* Textbooks from Wikibooks
* Resources from Wikiversity
* Travel information from Wikivoyage

* Official website
* Greater Toledo Convention and Visitors Bureau Archived November 29, 2017, at the Wayback Machine
* Toledo, Ohio, 1876 from the World Digital Library
* About Toledo, Ohio (via Britannica)

Places adjacent to Toledo, Ohio

|  Whiteford Township |  Bedford Township |  Erie Township
Washington Township

|
|

|  |
Sylvania Township, Ottawa Hills
Springfield Township |

Toledo

| Oregon
|  |
Monclova Township | Maumee, Perrysburg Township | Rossford, Northwood

* v
* t
* e

Toledo, Ohio and suburbs

Metropolitan area · TMACOG · Mayors · Port Authority · Media · Catholic Diocese

History|

* Timeline
* Toledo War (Timeline)
* Battle of Fallen Timbers
* Auto-Lite strike
* 1960 Cal Poly crash
* 1967 Toledo riot
* Cook serial murders
* Sister Pahl murder
* 2005 riot
* 2006 terrorism plot
* 2018 terrorism plot

Transportation|

* TARTA
* Toledo Express Airport
* Executive Airport
* Suburban Airport
* Martin Luther King Jr. Plaza (train / intercity bus)

Attractions|

* Arboretum
* Art Museum
* Botanical Garden
* Cathedral
* Fort Meigs
* Hollywood Casino
* Imagination Station
* Library
* Lighthouse
* Maumee Bay
* Metroparks Toledo
* National Museum of the Great Lakes
* Oliver House
* One SeaGate
* Opera
* Sculpture in the Park
* Stranahan Theater
* Tony Packo's Cafe
* Symphony Orchestra
* Yacht Club
* Zoo

Shopping malls|

* Franklin Park Mall
* The Shops at Fallen Timbers
* Woodville Mall (defunct)
* North Towne Square (defunct)
* Southwyck Mall (defunct)
* Portside Festival Marketplace (defunct)

Businesses|

* The Andersons
* Block Communications
* Dana
* GM Powertrain
* Jeep (Toledo Complex)
* Libbey
* Marco's
* O-I Glass
* Owens Corning
* ProMedica
* Teledyne
* Tuffy
* Welltower

| Former|

* Champion (acquired)
* Kirk (defunct)
* Lane Drug (acquired)
* Lasalle & Koch (acquired)
* Libbey-Owens-Ford (acquired)
* Lion Store (acquired)
* Seaway Food Town (acquired)
* Tiedtke's (defunct)
* Toledo Scale (acquired)
* Willys (acquired)

|

Hospitals|

| Mercy|

* St. Charles
* St. Vincent
* St. Vincent Children's
* Perrysburg Hospital

|

ProMedica|

* Bay Park
* Flower
* Toledo
* Toledo Children's

University of Toledo |

* UTMC

McLaren|

* St. Luke's (defunct)

Education|

| Secondary|

* Catholic
* Public

|

Tertiary|

* Bowling Green State University
* Davis College
* Lourdes University
* Mercy College of Ohio
* Owens Community College
* Professional Skills Institute
* Stautzenberger College
* Toledo Academy of Beauty
* University of Toledo

Sports|

| Professional|

* Mud Hens (MiLB)
* Walleye (ECHL)

|

College|

* Toledo Rockets
* Bowling Green Falcons
* Lourdes Gray Wolves

High school|

* Toledo City League
* TRAC
* NLL
* TAAC

Golf Tournaments|

* Solheim Cup (2021)
* U.S. Open (1920, 1931, 1957, 1979)
* PGA Championship (1986, 1993)
* NCAA Men's Championship (1944, 2009)
* Dana Open
* Glass City Classic

Venues|

* Fifth Third Field
* Huntington Center
* Inverness Club
* Highland Meadows Golf Club
* Speedway (Menards 200)
* Sports Arena (defunct)
* Glass Bowl
* Savage Arena
* Ned Skeldon Stadium
* Tam-O-Shanter

Neighborhoods|

* Downtown
* Harvard Terrace
* Hopewell Heights
* Library Village
* Old Orchard
* Old West End
* Ottawa
* Point Place
* Vistula
* Warehouse District
* Westmoreland

Suburbs|

* Assumption
* Berkey
* Bowling Green
* Delta
* Holland
* Jerusalem Twp.
* Lake Twp.
* Lyons
* Maumee
* Metamora
* Monclova Twp.
* Northwood
* Oregon
* Ottawa Hills
* Perrysburg
* Perrysburg Twp.
* Providence Twp.
* Rossford
* Springfield Twp.
* Swanton
* Sylvania
* Sylvania Twp.
* Walbridge
* Waterville
* Whitehouse

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Municipalities and communities of Lucas County, Ohio, United States

County seat: Toledo

Cities|

* Maumee
* Oregon
* Sylvania
* Toledo
* Waterville

Map of Ohio highlighting Lucas County

Villages|

* Berkey
* Harbor View
* Holland
* Ottawa Hills
* Swanton‡
* Whitehouse

Townships|

* Harding
* Jerusalem
* Monclova
* Providence
* Richfield
* Spencer
* Springfield
* Swanton
* Sylvania
* Washington
* Waterville

CDPs|

* Curtice‡
* Neapolis
* Reno Beach

Other
communities|

* Bono
* Frankfort
* Mitchaw
* Monclova
* Hopewell Heights
* Richfield Center
* Shoreland
* Yondota

Ghost towns|

* Marengo
* Providence

Footnotes|

‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties

* Ohio portal
* United States portal

* v
* t
* e

State of Ohio

Columbus (capital)

Topics|

* Outline
* Climate change
* Geography
* Government
* administrative divisions
* congressional delegations
* elections
* History
* Law
* People
* Symbols
* motto
* Tourist attractions
* Portal

Society|

* Abortion
* Culture
* Crime
* Demographics
* African Americans
* Economy
* Education
* colleges and universities
* Gun laws
* Homelessness
* LGBT rights
* Politics
* Sports

Regions|

* Allegheny Plateau
* Appalachian Ohio
* The Bluegrass
* Glacial till plains
* Great Black Swamp
* Lake Erie (List of Lake Erie Islands)
* Mahoning Valley
* Miami Valley
* Northeast Ohio
* Northwest Ohio
* Vacationland
* Western Reserve

Metro areas|

* Akron
* Canton
* Cincinnati
* Cleveland
* Columbus
* Dayton
* Huntington–Ashland
* Lima
* Mansfield
* Sandusky
* Steubenville
* Toledo
* Youngstown–Warren

Largest cities|

* Akron
* Canton
* Cincinnati
* Cleveland
* Columbus
* Cuyahoga Falls
* Dayton
* Dublin
* Elyria
* Euclid
* Hamilton
* Kettering
* Lakewood
* Lorain
* Middletown
* Newark
* Parma
* Springfield
* Toledo
* Youngstown

Counties|

* Adams
* Allen
* Ashland
* Ashtabula
* Athens
* Auglaize
* Belmont
* Brown
* Butler
* Carroll
* Champaign
* Clark
* Clermont
* Clinton
* Columbiana
* Coshocton
* Crawford
* Cuyahoga
* Darke
* Defiance
* Delaware
* Erie
* Fairfield
* Fayette
* Franklin
* Fulton
* Gallia
* Geauga
* Greene
* Guernsey
* Hamilton
* Hancock
* Hardin
* Harrison
* Henry
* Highland
* Hocking
* Holmes
* Huron
* Jackson
* Jefferson
* Knox
* Lake
* Lawrence
* Licking
* Logan
* Lorain
* Lucas
* Madison
* Mahoning
* Marion
* Medina
* Meigs
* Mercer
* Miami
* Monroe
* Montgomery
* Morgan
* Morrow
* Muskingum
* Noble
* Ottawa
* Paulding
* Perry
* Pickaway
* Pike
* Portage
* Preble
* Putnam
* Richland
* Ross
* Sandusky
* Scioto
* Seneca
* Shelby
* Stark
* Summit
* Trumbull
* Tuscarawas
* Union
* Van Wert
* Vinton
* Warren
* Washington
* Wayne
* Williams
* Wood
* Wyandot

Ohio portal

* v
* t
* e

All-America City Award Hall of Fame (1949–2025)

Three-time winners|

* Alexandria, VA (1963, 1984, 1985)
* Allentown, PA (1962, 1974, 1975)
* Asheville, NC (1951, 1969, 1997)
* Bloomington, IN (1958, 1981, 1982)
* Boston, MA (1949, 1951, 1962)
* Chelsea, MA (1998, 2014, 2025)
* Cincinnati, OH (1949, 1950, 1981)
* Danville, VA (1977, 2020, 2024)
* Dayton, OH (1951, 1978, 1991)
* Delray Beach, FL (1993, 2001, 2017)
* Fort Worth, TX (1964, 1993, 2011)
* Gastonia, NC (1963, 2000, 2010)
* Grand Rapids, MI (1949, 1960, 1981)
* Hickory, NC (1967, 1987, 2007)
* Independence, MO (1961, 1982, 2001)
* Kinston, NC (1988, 2009, 2025)
* Laurinburg, NC (1956, 1967, 2003)
* Mount Pleasant, SC (2010, 2018, 2023)
* Norfolk, VA (1959, 2013, 2016)
* Rochester, New York (1981, 1998, 2020)
* Seward, AK (1963, 1965, 2005)
* Shreveport, LA (1953, 1980, 1999)
* Somerville, MA (1972, 2009, 2015)
* Spokane, WA (1975, 2004, 2015)
* Tacoma, WA (1956, 1984, 1998)
* Tallahassee, FL (1999, 2015, 2025)

Four-time winners|

* Anchorage, AK (1956, 1965, 1985, 2002)
* Baltimore, MD (1952, 1977, 1991, 2012)
* Columbus, OH (1958, 1987, 1992, 2006)
* Edinburg, TX (1968, 1995, 2000, 2024)
* Fayetteville, NC (1985, 2001, 2011, 2023)
* Fort Wayne, IN (1983, 1998, 2009, 2021)
* Grand Island, NE (1955, 1967, 1981, 1982)
* Louisville, KY (1963, 1995, 2012, 2022)
* Peoria, IL (1953, 1966, 1989, 2013)
* Philadelphia, PA (1949, 1951, 1957, 1994)
* Rockville, MD (1954, 1961, 1977, 1979)
* Seattle, WA (1959, 1966, 2024, 2025)
* Toledo, OH (1950, 1983, 1984, 1998)

Five-time winners|

* Akron, OH (1980, 1981, 1995, 2008, 2025)
* Cleveland, OH (1949, 1982, 1984, 1986, 1993)
* Dubuque, IA (2007, 2012, 2013, 2017, 2019)
* El Paso, TX (1969, 2010, 2018, 2020, 2021)
* Hampton, VA (1972, 2002, 2014, 2023, 2025)
* New Haven, CT (1958, 1998, 2003, 2008, 2022)
* Stockton, CA (1999, 2004, 2015, 2017, 2018)
* Tupelo, MS (1967, 1989, 1999, 2011, 2015)
* Wichita, KS (1961, 1993, 1999, 2009, 2019)
* Worcester, MA (1949, 1960, 1965, 1981, 2000)

Six-time winners|

* Des Moines, IA (1949, 1977, 1982, 2003, 2010, 2017)
* Phoenix, AZ (1950, 1958, 1980, 1989, 2009, 2022)

Seven-time winners|

* Kansas City, MO (1950, 1951, 1986, 1994, 2006, 2017, 2021)
* Roanoke, VA (1952, 1982, 1988, 1996, 2012, 2017, 2024)

Nine-time winners|

* San Antonio, TX (1949, 1951, 1983, 2012, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2022, 2023)

* v
* t
* e

Midwestern United States

Topics|

* Culture
* Geography
* Economy
* Government and politics
* History
* Sports

Subregions|

* Northern Midwest
* East North Central states
* West North Central states
* Southern Midwest

States|

* Ohio
* Indiana
* Michigan
* Illinois
* Missouri
* Iowa
* Wisconsin
* Minnesota
* North Dakota
* South Dakota
* Nebraska
* Kansas

Major cities|

* Chicago
* Detroit
* Minneapolis
* St. Paul
* St. Louis
* Cleveland
* Columbus
* Dayton
* Cincinnati
* Grand Rapids
* Fort Wayne
* Indianapolis
* Milwaukee
* Green Bay
* Madison
* Des Moines
* Kansas City
* Wichita
* Omaha
* Sioux Falls
* Rapid City
* Fargo
* Rochester
* Toledo

State capitals|

* Columbus
* Indianapolis
* Lansing
* Springfield
* Jefferson City
* Des Moines
* Madison
* St. Paul
* Bismarck
* Pierre
* Lincoln
* Topeka

* v
* t
* e

Great Lakes megalopolis as defined by the RPA

Includes all metropolitan areas that have a population of 150,000 or greater according to the most recent national census.

Great Lakes region cities|

* Brantford
* Buffalo–Niagara Falls
* Buffalo
* Niagara Falls
* Chicago
* city
* Cleveland
* city
* Detroit
* city
* Erie
* city
* Grand Rapids
* city
* Guelph
* Green Bay
* city
* Hamilton
* Holland
* Kalamazoo
* city
* Kenosha
* Lansing
* city
* London
* Milwaukee
* city
* Muskegon
* Niagara Region
* St. Catharines
* Niagara Falls
* Welland
* Niles
* Oshawa
* Rochester, New York
* city
* South Bend
* city
* Toledo
* city
* Toronto
* city
* Traverse City
* city
* Waterloo Region
* Kitchener
* Cambridge
* Waterloo
* Windsor

Surrounding cities|

* Akron
* city
* Altoona
* Ann Arbor
* Barrie
* Bloomington, Indiana
* city
* Bloomington–Normal
* Bloomington, Illinois
* Normal
* Canton
* city
* Champaign
* city
* Cincinnati
* city
* Columbus
* city
* Dayton
* city
* Eau Claire
* city
* Elkhart
* Flint
* Fort Wayne
* city
* Fox Cities
* Appleton
* Oshkosh
* Indianapolis
* city
* Jackson
* Janesville–Beloit
* Kankakee
* city
* La Crosse–Onalaska
* La Crosse
* Onalaska
* Lafayette
* city
* Madison
* city
* Mahoning Valley
* Youngstown
* Minneapolis–Saint Paul
* Minneapolis
* Saint Paul
* Pittsburgh
* city
* Peoria
* city
* Peterborough
* Rockford
* city
* Rochester, Minnesota
* city
* St. Cloud
* city
* Saginaw
* city
* Springfield
* city
* Terre Haute
* city
* Quad Cities
* Bettendorf
* Davenport
* East Moline
* Moline
* Rock Island

Cities of states south of region|

* Elizabethtown
* city
* Kansas City
* city
* Louisville
* city
* St. Louis
* city
* Topeka
* city

Other metro-regions|

* Quebec City–Windsor Corridor
* Golden Horseshoe
* Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area
* Detroit–Windsor
* Greater Pittsburgh
* Metro East

Other megaregions

* v
* t
* e

County seats of Ohio

* Akron
* Ashland
* Athens
* Batavia
* Bellefontaine
* Bowling Green
* Bryan
* Bucyrus
* Cadiz
* Caldwell
* Cambridge
* Canton
* Carrollton
* Celina
* Chardon
* Chillicothe
* Cincinnati
* Circleville
* Cleveland
* Columbus
* Coshocton
* Dayton
* Defiance
* Delaware
* Eaton
* Elyria
* Findlay
* Fremont
* Gallipolis
* Georgetown
* Greenville
* Hamilton
* Hillsboro
* Ironton
* Jackson
* Jefferson
* Kenton
* Lancaster
* Lebanon
* Lima
* Lisbon
* Logan
* London
* Mansfield
* Marietta
* Marion
* Marysville
* McArthur
* McConnelsville
* Medina
* Millersburg
* Mount Gilead
* Mount Vernon
* Napoleon
* New Lexington
* New Philadelphia
* Newark
* Norwalk
* Ottawa
* Painesville
* Paulding
* Pomeroy
* Port Clinton
* Portsmouth
* Ravenna
* Sandusky
* Sidney
* Springfield
* St. Clairsville
* Steubenville
* Tiffin
* Toledo
* Troy
* Upper Sandusky
* Urbana
* Van Wert
* Wapakoneta
* Warren
* Washington Court House
* Wauseon
* Waverly
* West Union
* Wilmington
* Woodsfield
* Wooster
* Xenia
* Youngstown
* Zanesville

* v
* t
* e

The 100 most populous cities of the United States

|    |

1. New York, New York
2. Los Angeles, California
3. Chicago, Illinois
4. Houston, Texas
5. Phoenix, Arizona
6. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
7. San Antonio, Texas
8. San Diego, California
9. Dallas, Texas
10. Jacksonville, Florida
11. Fort Worth, Texas
12. San Jose, California
13. Austin, Texas
14. Charlotte, North Carolina
15. Columbus, Ohio
16. Indianapolis, Indiana
17. San Francisco, California
18. Seattle, Washington
19. Denver, Colorado
20. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
21. Nashville, Tennessee
22. Washington, D.C.
23. El Paso, Texas
24. Las Vegas, Nevada
25. Boston, Massachusetts

26. Detroit, Michigan
27. Louisville, Kentucky
28. Portland, Oregon
29. Memphis, Tennessee
30. Baltimore, Maryland
31. Milwaukee, Wisconsin
32. Albuquerque, New Mexico
33. Tucson, Arizona
34. Fresno, California
35. Sacramento, California
36. Atlanta, Georgia
37. Mesa, Arizona
38. Kansas City, Missouri
39. Raleigh, North Carolina
40. Colorado Springs, Colorado
41. Omaha, Nebraska
42. Miami, Florida
43. Virginia Beach, Virginia
44. Long Beach, California
45. Oakland, California
46. Minneapolis, Minnesota
47. Bakersfield, California
48. Tulsa, Oklahoma
49. Tampa, Florida
50. Arlington, Texas

51. Aurora, Colorado
52. Wichita, Kansas
53. Cleveland, Ohio
54. New Orleans, Louisiana
55. Henderson, Nevada
56. Honolulu, Hawaii
57. Anaheim, California
58. Orlando, Florida
59. Lexington, Kentucky
60. Stockton, California
61. Riverside, California
62. Irvine, California
63. Corpus Christi, Texas
64. Newark, New Jersey
65. Santa Ana, California
66. Cincinnati, Ohio
67. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
68. Saint Paul, Minnesota
69. Greensboro, North Carolina
70. Jersey City, New Jersey
71. Durham, North Carolina
72. Lincoln, Nebraska
73. North Las Vegas, Nevada
74. Plano, Texas
75. Anchorage, Alaska

76. Gilbert, Arizona
77. Madison, Wisconsin
78. Reno, Nevada
79. Chandler, Arizona
80. St. Louis, Missouri
81. Chula Vista, California
82. Buffalo, New York
83. Fort Wayne, Indiana
84. Lubbock, Texas
85. St. Petersburg, Florida
86. Toledo, Ohio
87. Laredo, Texas
88. Port St. Lucie, Florida
89. Glendale, Arizona
90. Irving, Texas
91. Winston-Salem, North Carolina
92. Chesapeake, Virginia
93. Garland, Texas
94. Scottsdale, Arizona
95. Boise, Idaho
96. Hialeah, Florida
97. Frisco, Texas
98. Richmond, Virginia
99. Cape Coral, Florida
100. Norfolk, Virginia

|
|
|
|

Cities ranked by United States Census Bureau population estimates for July 1, 2024.

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* 2
* VIAF
* FAST
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Czech Republic
* Spain
* Israel
* Catalonia

Geographic|

* MusicBrainz area

Other|

* IdRef
* NARA
* Yale LUX

*[Pop.]: Population
*[%±]: Percent change
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template