Toledo, Spain

City in Castilla–La Mancha, Spain

For other uses, see Toledo.

Municipality in Castilla–La Mancha, Spain

Toledo

Municipality

Toledo and the Tagus River

Cathedral

Alcázar

Flag

Coat of arms

Nickname(s):

La ciudad imperial (The Imperial City) and Ciudad de las Tres Culturas (City of the Three Cultures)

Location of Toledo

Coordinates: 39°51′24″N 4°1′28″W﻿ / ﻿39.85667°N 4.02444°W﻿ / 39.85667; -4.02444
Country| Spain
Autonomous Community| Castilla–La Mancha
Province| Toledo
Settled| Pre-Roman
Government

• Mayor| Carlos Velázquez (PP)
Area

• Land| 232.1 km2 (89.6 sq mi)
Elevation

| 529 m (1,736 ft)
Population

(2018)[2]

• Total

| 86,281[1]
• Density| 359.58/km2 (931.3/sq mi)
Postcodes|

45001–45009

Area code| +34 925
Website| toledo.es

UNESCO World Heritage Site

Official name| Historic City of Toledo
Criteria| Cultural: i, ii, iii, iv
Reference| 379
Inscription| 1986 (10th Session)
Area| 259.85 ha
Buffer zone| 7,669.28 ha

Toledo (UK: /tɒˈleɪdoʊ/ tol-AY-doh;[3] Spanish: [toˈleðo] ⓘ) is a city and municipality of Spain, the capital of the province of Toledo and the de jure seat of the government and parliament of the autonomous community of Castilla–La Mancha.

Toledo is primarily located on the right (north) bank of the Tagus in central Iberia, nestled in a bend of the river.

Built on a previous Carpetanian settlement, Toledo developed into an important Roman city of Hispania, later becoming the capital (civitas regia) of the Visigothic Kingdom and seat of a powerful archdiocese. Often unsubmissive to Umayyad central rule during the Islamic period, Toledo (طليطلة) nonetheless acquired a status as a major cultural centre (promoting productive cultural exchanges between the Ummah and the Latin Christendom), which still retained after the collapse of the caliphate and the creation of the Taifa of Toledo in the early 11th century. Following the Christian conquest in 1085, Toledo continued to enjoy an important status within the Crown of Castile, open to the Muslim and Jewish influences.[4] In the early modern period, the economy stayed afloat for a while after the loss of political power to Madrid thanks to the silk industry, but Toledo entered a true decline in the 1630s, in the context of overall economic recession.[5]

In the 21st century, population growth in the municipality has largely concentrated in the Santa María de Benquerencia (aka Polígono) district,[6] a modern residential area detached from the historic centre located upstream on the left (south) bank of the Tagus.

The city has a Gothic Cathedral, and a long history in the production of bladed weapons, which are now common souvenirs of the city. Toledo was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1986 for its extensive monumental and cultural heritage.

As of January 2024[update], the municipality had a population of 86,526.[7] The municipality has an area of 232.1 km2 (89.6 sq mi).

## Toponym

[edit]

The earliest written reference to Toletum appears in the work of the Roman historian Livy, who suggested that the name derived from Tollitum, which evolved into Tollitu, Tollito, Tolleto, Tolledo, and eventually Toledo. The name is thought to mean "raised" or "elevated." An alternative interpretation, cited by Martín Gallego, attributes the name to the "double bends or meanders formed by the river that surrounds it." The 12th-century writer Abū 'Abd Allāh al-Ayyūbī claimed that Tulaytulah (طليطلة), the Arabic name for the city, means "the joyful," though he offered no further explanation.[8] Jewish tradition derives the name from the Hebrew toledot ("generations" or "histories") or tulaytula ("wandering" or "migration"), associating it with Jewish exiles who are said to have settled in the area following the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 CE.[9] Over the centuries, the city has been known by various names: Toletum in Latin, طليطلة (Tulaytulah) in Arabic, טולדות (Toldoth) in Judaeo-Spanish, and Tolétho in Mozarabic.[8]

The name Toledo has been adopted by five cities in the United States—located in the states of Ohio, Illinois, Oregon, Iowa, and Washington—as well as by other localities in Canada, Belize, Brazil, Portugal, Colombia, the Philippines, and Uruguay. In Spain, there are four additional places bearing the name in the provinces of Huesca, Ourense, Asturias, and Tenerife.

One of Toledo's well-known epithets, "The City of Three Cultures," refers to a historical period during which Christians, Jews, and Muslims coexisted in the city. However, this label has been described as "grandiose" and is often attributed to politicians and tourism promoters. Critics argue that the myth of peaceful religious coexistence masks a more complex history marked by religious oppression.[10]

## Coat of arms

[edit]

Main article: Coat of arms of Toledo (Spain)

The town was granted arms in the 16th century, which were based on the coat of arms of the King of Spain by special royal privilege.

## History

[edit]

Main article: History of Toledo, Spain

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Toledo, Spain.

### Roman era and late antiquity

[edit]

Toledo (Latin: Toletum) is described by the Roman historian Livy (ca. 59 BCE – 17 CE) as urbs parva, sed loco munita ("a small city, but fortified by location"). Roman general Marcus Fulvius Nobilior fought a battle near the city in 193 BCE against a confederation of Celtic tribes, defeating them and capturing a king called Hilermus.[11][12] At that time, Toletum was a city of the Carpetani tribe in the region of Carpetania.[13] It was incorporated into the Roman Empire as a civitas stipendiaria, (a tributary city of non-citizens) and later a municipium.[14] With this status, city officials obtained Roman citizenship for public service, and the forms of Roman law and politics were increasingly adopted.[15] At approximately this time, a Roman circus, city walls, public baths, and a municipal water supply and storage system were constructed in Toletum.[16]

The Roman circus in Toledo was one of the largest in Hispania. The circus could hold up to 15,000 spectators. A fragmentary stone inscription records circus games paid for by a citizen of unknown name to celebrate his achieving the sevirate, a kind of priesthood conferring high status.[16] Games were held in the circus late into the 4th and early 5th centuries, an indication of active city life and ongoing patronage by wealthy elites.[17]

Toledo started to gain importance in late antiquity. There are indications that large private houses (domus) within the city walls were enlarged, while several large villas were built north of the city through the 3rd and 4th centuries.[18] Church councils were held in Toledo in the years 400 and 527 to discuss the conflict with Priscillianism.[19] In 546 (or possibly earlier), Visigoth rulers installed the capital of their kingdom in Toledo.[20] King Theudis was in Toledo in 546, where he promulgated the only law of which records remain from the period, known from a single manuscript.[21]

Throughout the 7th century, a series of further church councils—the so-called Councils of Toledo—attempted to reconcile differing theological views and enacted anti-Jewish laws.[22] By the end of the 7th century, the bishop of Toledo was the leader of all other bishops in Hispania, a situation unusual in Europe. The city was also unmatched as a symbolic center of monarchy.[23][24]

When internal divisions developed under the Visigothic nobles, Tariq bin Ziyad captured Toledo in 711 or 712[25] on behalf of the Umayyad Caliphate of Damascus as part of the Islamic conquest of the Iberian Peninsula. Tariq's superior, Governor Musa, disembarked in Cádiz and proceeded to Toledo, where he executed the Visigothic nobles, destroying much of the existing power structure.[26][27]

### Middle Ages

[edit]

Baños de Tenerías, one of the Muslim baths in the city

Following the Umayyad conquest, invaders were ethnically diverse, and available evidence suggests that in the area of Toledo (locally known as Arabic: طُلَيْطِلَة, romanized: Ṭulayṭilah under Islamic rule), Berber settlement predominated over Arab.[28] In 742, the Berbers in Al-Andalus rebelled against the Arab Umayyad governors. They took control of the north and unsuccessfully laid siege to the city.[29]

The city retained its importance as a literary and ecclesiastical centre well into the mid-8th century, as the Chronicle of 754 demonstrated.[30] During this period, several letters show of the primacy that the church of Toledo held.[n. 1]

Under the Umayyad Emirate of Cordoba, Toledo was the centre of numerous insurrections against the Cordobese government from 761 to 857.[32][33] Girbib ibn-Abdallah, a poet from Toledo, wrote verses against the Umayyads, helping to inspire a revolt in the city against the new emir in 797.[34][35] By the end of the 8th century, the Umayyads had made Toledo the administrative center of the Central March of Al-Andalus.[36] In 852, a new revolt broke out in Toledo. The Umayyad governor was held hostage to secure the return of Toledan hostages held in Córdoba. In reprisal for a prior attack by Toledans, emir Muhammad I sent an army to attack them, but was defeated. Toledo allied with King Ordoño I of Asturias. They fought together at the Battle of Guadacelete but lost. Later in 857, the Toledans attacked Talavera but were again defeated. In 859, Muhammad I negotiated a truce with Toledo. Though locked in conflict with neighboring cities, the city became virtually independent for twenty years. Cordobese authorities re-asserted control over Toledo in 873, after the successful Umayyad siege on the city, which forced defenders to submit.[37][38][39] The Banu Qasi gained nominal control of Toledo until 920. A new period of unruliness followed in the 920 and 930s,[40] until Caliph Abd-ar-Rahman III captured the city in 932 after an extensive siege.[41]

Territory controlled by the Taifa of Toledo circa 1037

In the wake of the early 11th-century Fitna of al-Andalus, Toledo became the centre of an independent polity, the so-called Taifa of Toledo, under the rule of the Dhu l-Nunids.[42] The population of Toledo at this time was about 28,000, including a Jewish population of 4,000.[43] The Mozarab community had its own Christian bishop. The taifa was centered on the Tagus and bordered Sierra de Guadarrama, Guadalajara, Medinaceli, the Taifa of Valencia and the Mountains of Toledo.[44]

The taifa, however, fell into political disarray, owing to the economic draining caused by the parias (tributes) imposed by the Kingdom of León as well as territorial mutilations, and so a revolt erupted in 1079, which was followed by the Aftasid ruler of Badajoz taking control of the city.[45]

On 25 May 1085, Alfonso VI of León took Toledo and established direct personal control over the city from which he had been exacting tribute. Around that time, the city's demographics featured a heterogeneous composition, with Mozarabs, Muslims, and Jews, to which incoming Christians from northern Iberia and Frankish elements were added. Initially, therefore, different fueros were simultaneously in force for each community.[46] After the Christian conquest, the city's Mozarab community grew by immigration from the Muslim south.[47]

Toledo preserved its status as a cultural centre. A tag-team translation centre was established in which books in Arabic or Hebrew would be translated into Castilian by Muslim and Jewish scholars, and from Castilian into Latin by Castilian scholars, thus letting long-lost knowledge spread through Christian Europe again. Under the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Toledo, multiple persecutions (633, 653, 693) and stake burnings of Jews (638) occurred; the Kingdom of Toledo followed up on this tradition with forced conversions and mass murder (1368, 1391, 1449, 1486–1490) and rioting and bloodbath against the Jews of Toledo (1212).[48][49]

A major popular revolt erupted in 1449, with elements of tax mutiny, anti-Jewish and anti-converso sentiment, and appeals to the civic community, eventually expanding from an urban revolt to anti-seigneurial riots in countryside settlements outside the city.[50]

### Modern era

[edit]

Toledo as depicted in the Civitates orbis terrarum (1572)

During the persecution of the Jews in the late 15th and early 16th centuries, members of the local Jewish community produced texts on their long history in Toledo.[citation needed] After the crushing of the Revolt of the Comuneros, Charles V's court was installed in Toledo, with the monarch choosing the city as his residence at least 15 times from 1525 on.[51] Charles granted the city a coat of arms.[51] From 1528 to 1561 the population increased from 31,930 to 56,270.[51] In 1561, during the first years of his son Philip II's reign, the royal court was moved to Madrid.

The archbishops of Toledo remained powerful brokers in the political and religious affairs of Spain for the rest of the Ancien Régime,[52] also owning large amounts of seigneurial land across most of the southern half of the Inner Plateau and some nearby territories.[53]

Republican militia women besieging the Alcázar, controlled by the Nationalist faction

The mass arrival of deported unruly Moriscos from Granada ('moriscos nuevos') in Toledo and its lands (6,000 arrived to the city only, at least temporarily)[54] in the wake of the Alpujarras rebellion posed a formidable logistic challenge, and the uneasy preexisting system of social relations between the moros viejos ('old Moors') and the Old Christians was disrupted.[55] By and large, Granadan new Moriscos were subject to xenophobic abuse and became stigmatised as bloodthirsty and sacrilegious.[56]

Opening of the railway in Toledo in June 1858

The city excelled in silk manufacturing during the early modern period. The silk industry reached a peak in the 16th century, entering a protracted decline in the later years of that century and ultimately disappearing by the turn of the 19th century.[57]

The Peninsular War affected the city in a very negative way.[58] Over the 19th century, Toledo underwent a progressive change from a convent city to a bureaucratic city.[59] The city being quite impervious to external influence at the time, the bourgeoisie exerted a limited influence.[60]

Following the exclusion of Toledo from the railway to the Portuguese border in the 1850s, the construction of a rail connection from Castillejo to Toledo promoted by the Marquis of Salamanca was approved in June 1856.[61] The line was opened on 12 June 1858.[62] Tourism fostered by the arrival of rail contributed to the development of the hospitality industry in the late 19th century.[63] By the turn of the 20th century, Toledo's population stood at about 23,000.[64] The neighborhood of Santa Bárbara came into existence after the arrival of rail.[65]

Following the July 1936 coup d'etat in Spain, the acting military commander in Toledo, José Moscardó, refused to provide weapons to Madrid and hid instead in the Alcázar with a garrison of about 1,000 rebels, food, ammunition and some hostages.[66] After 21 July, they became subject to an unsuccessful siege by forces loyal to the Republic during the early stages of the Spanish Civil War.[67] Leading rebel general (and soon-to-be "caudillo") Francisco Franco and his Army of Africa took a detour from their advance towards Madrid (which gave the Republicans time to build up the defenses in Madrid and receive early foreign support) and lifted the siege of the Alcázar in late September 1936.[68] The two months of resistance of the garrisoned rebel military would become a core symbol of the mythology built around the Francoist regime and its ideology.[69]

Heinrich Himmler and General José Moscardó visiting the ruins of the Alcázar

In October 1940, Heinrich Himmler, leading Nazi and Chief of German Police, visited Spain on the invitation extended by Director General of Security José Finat y Escrivá de Romaní. The main purpose of the visit was to inspect the Spanish security forces, discuss Spanish-German police cooperation, and prepare for the planned meeting at Hendaye between Franco and Hitler. During his trip, Himmler visited the ruins of the Alcázar.

By 1950, the population was around 40,243.[70] Urban planning vis-à-vis the development of the neighborhoods of Palomarejos and Polígono ensued in the second half of the 20th century.[70]

Spanish rooftop view by Nedi Lufcic

In the 1980s, in the context of the creation of the autonomous communities in Spain, Toledo became the de facto capital of the autonomous community of Castilla–La Mancha, hosting the seat of the Cortes of Castilla–La Mancha (the regional legislature) and the presidency of the regional government (the executive).

Toledo continues to be a major tourist destination, attracting visitors from around the world who come to see historic landmarks, such as the Toledo Cathedral, the Alcázar, and the many synagogues and mosques that reflect its diverse cultural past.[71]

Toledo hosts numerous cultural events and festivals, such as Semana Santa (Holy Week) processions and the Corpus Christi festival, which draw large crowds and celebrate Castilian Spanish religious and cultural traditions.[72]

## Climate

[edit]

Toledo has a typical cold semi-arid climate (Köppen: BSk). Winters are cool, while summers are hot and dry. Precipitation is low and mainly concentrated in the period between mid-autumn and mid-spring. The highest temperature ever recorded in Toledo was 44.2 °C (111.6 °F) on 13 August 2021; the lowest was −13.4 °C (7.9 °F) on 12 January 2021.[73]

Climate data for Toledo, Spain, altitude 515 metres (1,690 feet) (1991–2020), extremes (1982-present)

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Record high °C (°F)  | 22.0
(71.6)  | 23.8
(74.8)  | 29.0
(84.2)  | 34.5
(94.1)  | 37.7
(99.9)  | 42.0
(107.6)  | 42.9
(109.2)  | 44.2
(111.6)  | 41.3
(106.3)  | 34.1
(93.4)  | 25.6
(78.1)  | 22.2
(72.0)  | 44.2
(111.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)  | 11.9
(53.4)  | 14.3
(57.7)  | 18.1
(64.6)  | 20.5
(68.9)  | 25.2
(77.4)  | 31.1
(88.0)  | 35.1
(95.2)  | 34.5
(94.1)  | 29.1
(84.4)  | 22.6
(72.7)  | 15.8
(60.4)  | 12.0
(53.6)  | 22.5
(72.5)
Daily mean °C (°F)  | 6.8
(44.2)  | 8.4
(47.1)  | 11.7
(53.1)  | 14.1
(57.4)  | 18.4
(65.1)  | 23.7
(74.7)  | 27.2
(81.0)  | 26.8
(80.2)  | 22.1
(71.8)  | 16.6
(61.9)  | 10.7
(51.3)  | 7.3
(45.1)  | 16.2
(61.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)  | 1.7
(35.1)  | 2.6
(36.7)  | 5.2
(41.4)  | 7.7
(45.9)  | 11.6
(52.9)  | 16.3
(61.3)  | 19.3
(66.7)  | 19.1
(66.4)  | 15.0
(59.0)  | 10.5
(50.9)  | 5.5
(41.9)  | 2.5
(36.5)  | 9.8
(49.6)
Record low °C (°F)  | −13.4
(7.9)  | −9.0
(15.8)  | −5.8
(21.6)  | −2.6
(27.3)  | −0.3
(31.5)  | 4.3
(39.7)  | 10.0
(50.0)  | 10.0
(50.0)  | 5.4
(41.7)  | 0.0
(32.0)  | −5.6
(21.9)  | −8.0
(17.6)  | −13.4
(7.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches)  | 25.3
(1.00)  | 24.6
(0.97)  | 33.0
(1.30)  | 39.5
(1.56)  | 38.9
(1.53)  | 18.7
(0.74)  | 5.7
(0.22)  | 8.6
(0.34)  | 20.7
(0.81)  | 48.7
(1.92)  | 37.7
(1.48)  | 35.9
(1.41)  | 337.3
(13.28)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) | 4.8  | 4.6  | 5.1  | 6.1  | 5.8  | 2.7  | 1.0  | 1.5  | 3.0  | 6.5  | 5.8  | 5.9  | 52.8
Average relative humidity (%)  | 75  | 67  | 59  | 56  | 51  | 41  | 34  | 37  | 48  | 63  | 73  | 77  | 57
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 152  | 184  | 229  | 261  | 298  | 351  | 391  | 360  | 273  | 217  | 162  | 136  | 3,014
Percentage possible sunshine | 51  | 61  | 62  | 65  | 67  | 78  | 86  | 85  | 73  | 63  | 54  | 46  | 66
Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología (AEMET OpenData)[74][75]

Climate data for Toledo, Spain, altitude 515 metres (1,690 feet) (1982–2010)

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)  | 11.5
(52.7)  | 14.0
(57.2)  | 18.1
(64.6)  | 19.9
(67.8)  | 24.2
(75.6)  | 30.5
(86.9)  | 34.6
(94.3)  | 34.0
(93.2)  | 29.0
(84.2)  | 22.1
(71.8)  | 15.6
(60.1)  | 11.6
(52.9)  | 22.1
(71.8)
Daily mean °C (°F)  | 6.4
(43.5)  | 8.3
(46.9)  | 11.6
(52.9)  | 13.5
(56.3)  | 17.6
(63.7)  | 23.2
(73.8)  | 26.8
(80.2)  | 26.3
(79.3)  | 22.0
(71.6)  | 16.1
(61.0)  | 10.5
(50.9)  | 7.1
(44.8)  | 15.8
(60.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)  | 1.3
(34.3)  | 2.6
(36.7)  | 5.0
(41.0)  | 7.2
(45.0)  | 11.0
(51.8)  | 15.9
(60.6)  | 18.9
(66.0)  | 18.6
(65.5)  | 14.9
(58.8)  | 10.2
(50.4)  | 5.3
(41.5)  | 2.5
(36.5)  | 9.5
(49.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches)  | 26.0
(1.02)  | 25.0
(0.98)  | 23.0
(0.91)  | 39.0
(1.54)  | 44.0
(1.73)  | 24.0
(0.94)  | 7.0
(0.28)  | 9.0
(0.35)  | 18.0
(0.71)  | 48.0
(1.89)  | 39.0
(1.54)  | 41.0
(1.61)  | 342.0
(13.46)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 4.9  | 4.7  | 3.9  | 6.4  | 6.4  | 2.9  | 1.0  | 1.5  | 2.9  | 6.8  | 5.9  | 6.3  | 53.6
Average snowy days  | 0.6  | 0.5  | 0.3  | 0  | 0  | 0  | 0  | 0  | 0  | 0  | 0.1  | 0.2  | 1.7
Average relative humidity (%)  | 76.0  | 69.0  | 59.0  | 58.0  | 54.0  | 45.0  | 39.0  | 41.0  | 51.0  | 66.0  | 74.0  | 79.0  | 59.0
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 151  | 172  | 228  | 249  | 286  | 337  | 382  | 351  | 260  | 210  | 157  | 126  | 2,922
Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[76][77]

## Demographics

[edit]

Historical population| Year| Pop.| ±%

|
|

1842| 13,580| —
1857| 17,275| +27.2%
1877| 20,331| +17.7%
1887| 19,817| −2.5%
1900| 23,375| +18.0%
1910| 22,745| −2.7%
1920| 26,175| +15.1%
1930| 26,907| +2.8%
1940| 31,467| +16.9%
| Year| Pop.| ±%

|
|

1950| 38,136| +21.2%
1960| 40,660| +6.6%
1970| 44,190| +8.7%
1981| 54,335| +23.0%
1991| 59,802| +10.1%
2001| 68,382| +14.3%
2011| 83,872| +22.7%
2021| 85,254| +1.6%
Source: INE[78]

## Economy

[edit]

The manufacture and selling of swords was affected by the decrease in tourism caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.[79]

The metal-working industry has historically been Toledo's economic base, with a great tradition in the manufacturing of swords and knives and a significant production of razor blades, medical devices, and electrical products. (The Toledo Blade, the American newspaper in Toledo's Ohio namesake city, is named in honor of the sword-making tradition.) Soap and toothpaste industries, flour milling, glass, and ceramics have also been important.[80]

The manufacture of swords in the city of Toledo goes back to Roman times, but it was under Moorish rule and during the Reconquista that Toledo and its guild of swordsmiths played a key role.[citation needed] Between the 15th and 17th centuries, the Toledo sword-making industry enjoyed a great boom, to the point where Toledo steel came to be regarded as the best in Europe. Swords and daggers were made by individual craftsmen, although the sword-makers guild oversaw their quality.[citation needed] In the late 17th and early 18th century, production began to decline, prompting the creation of the Royal Arms Factory in 1761 by order of King Charles III. The Royal Factory brought together all the sword-makers' guilds of the city and was located in the former mint. In 1777, recognizing the need to expand the space, Charles commissioned the architect Sabatini to construct a new building on the outskirts of the city. This was the beginning of several phases of expansion. Its importance was such that it eventually developed into a city within the city of Toledo.[citation needed]

In the 20th century, the production of knives and swords for the army was reduced to cavalry weapons only, and, after the Spanish Civil War, to the supply of swords to the officers and NCOs of the various military units. Following the closure of the factory in the 1980s, the building was renovated to house the campus of the Technological University of Castilla–La Mancha in Toledo.[81] According to the Statistical Institute of Castilla–La Mancha, in 2007 the share of employment by sector was as follows: 86.5% of the population engaged in the services, 6.6% in construction, 5.4% in industry and 1.5% in agriculture and livestock.[82]

### Unemployment

[edit]

In the decade up to 2008, unemployment in absolute terms remained fairly stable in the city of Toledo, but in 2009 this figure increased significantly: nearly 62% higher than 2008, with the number of unemployed rising from 2,515 to 4,074 (figures at 31 March each year), according to the Junta de Comunidades de Castilla La Mancha.[83] Of this 62%, one-third of the increase took place in the first quarter.[84]

According to other statistics from the same source, almost half the unemployed in the city of Toledo (1,970 persons) are among those whose education does not go beyond the compulsory secondary level.[citation needed] However, there are groups whose level of studies is such that they have not been registered as unemployed, including those who have completed class 1 professional training, or those with virtually nonexistent unemployment rates (less than 0.1%), which is the case of the unemployed with high school degrees or professional expertise.[citation needed]

The largest group among the unemployed is those who have no qualifications (27.27%).[citation needed]

## Politics

[edit]

Main article: Politics of Toledo (Spain)

Toledo City Hall

Toledo has a 25-member City Council, elected by closed lists every four years. The 2023 election saw a pact between the 9 members of the People's Party and the 4 members of Vox, allowing Carlos Velázquez of the PP to become mayor, a position which had been held by the Socialists since 2007.

## Culture

[edit]

The old city is located on a mountaintop with a 150-degree view, surrounded on three sides by a bend in the Tagus River, and contains many historical sites, including the Alcázar, the cathedral (the primate church of Spain), and the Zocodover, a central market place.

From the 4th century to the 16th century, about thirty synods were held at Toledo. The earliest, directed against Priscillian, was assembled in 400. At the synod of 589, the Visigothic king Reccared declared his conversion from Arianism to Catholicism; the synod of 633 decreed uniformity of Catholic liturgy throughout the Visigothic Kingdom and took stringent measures against baptized Jews who had relapsed into their former faith. Other councils forbade circumcision, Jewish rites, and observance of the Sabbath and festivals. Throughout the seventh century, Jews were flogged, executed, had their property confiscated, were subjected to ruinous taxes, forbidden to trade, and, at times, dragged to the baptismal font.[85] The council of 681 assured to the archbishop of Toledo the primacy of Spain. At Guadamur, very close to Toledo, the Treasure of Guarrazar was excavated in 1858, the best example of Visigothic art in Spain.

As nearly one hundred early canons of Toledo found a place in the Decretum Gratiani, they exerted an important influence on the development of ecclesiastical law. The synod of 1565–1566 concerned itself with the execution of the decrees of the Council of Trent, and the last council held at Toledo, 1582–1583, was guided in detail by Philip II.

Toledo had large communities of Muslims and Jews until they were expelled from Spain in 1492 (Jews) and 1502 (Mudéjars). Today's city contains the religious monuments the Synagogue of Santa María la Blanca, the Synagogue of El Tránsito, the Mosque of Cristo de la Luz and the Church of San Sebastián dating from before the expulsion, still maintained in good condition. Among Ladino-speaking Sephardi Jews, in their various diasporas, the family name Toledano is still prevalent, indicating ancestry from the city (the name is also attested among non-Jews in various Spanish-speaking countries).

In the 13th century, Toledo was a major cultural centre under the guidance of Alfonso X, known as "El Sabio" ("the Wise") for his love of learning. The Toledo School of Translators, established under Archbishop Raymond of Toledo, continued to bring vast stores of knowledge to Europe by rendering great academic and philosophical works in Arabic into Latin. The Palacio de Galiana, built in the Mudéjar style, is one of the monuments remaining from that period.

The Cathedral of Toledo (Catedral de Toledo) was built between 1226 and 1493 and modeled after Bourges Cathedral, though it also combines some characteristics of the Mudéjar style. It is remarkable for its incorporation of light and features a Baroque altar called El Transparente, several storeys high, with fantastic figures of stucco, paintings, bronze castings, and several colors of marble, a masterpiece of medieval mixed media by Narciso Tomé. For a few minutes every day, a shaft of light shines through, from which this feature of the cathedral derives its name. The Mozarabic Chapel in the Toledo Cathedral still uses the Mozarabic Rite and music.[86][87] Two notable bridges secured access to Toledo across the Tagus, the Alcántara bridge and the later built San Martín bridge.

The Monasterio de San Juan de los Reyes is a Franciscan monastery, built 1477–1504, in a remarkable combination of Gothic-Spanish-Flemish style with Mudéjar ornamentation.

Toledo was home to El Greco for the latter part of his life, and is the subject of some of his most famous paintings, including The Burial of the Count of Orgaz, exhibited in the Church of Santo Tomé.

When Philip II moved the royal court from Toledo to Madrid in 1561, the old city went into a slow decline from which it never recovered.

### Toledo steel

[edit]

Main article: Toledo steel

Toledo has been a traditional sword-making, steel-working centre since about 500 BCE, and came to the attention of Rome when used by Hannibal in the Punic Wars. Soon, it became a standard source of weaponry for Roman legions.[88]

Toledo steel was famed for its very high quality alloy,[89] whereas Damascene steel, a competitor from the Middle Ages on, was also famed for a specific metal-working technique.[90]

Today there is a significant trade, and many shops offer all kinds of swords to their customers, whether historical or modern swords used in films, as well as armor from the medieval period and other times, which are also exported to other countries.

### Gastronomy

[edit]

Carcamusas (made of lean pork with seasonal vegetables) are considered a local specialty.[91]

Some of the local specialties include lamb roast or stew, cochifrito, alubias con perdiz (beans with partridge) and perdiz estofoda (partridge stew), carcamusa, migas, gachas manchegas, and tortilla a la magra. In addition, there are local versions of dishes from the nearby capital of Spain, Madrid, as is the case of the cocido toledano. Two of the city's most famous food products are Manchego cheese and marzipan, which has a Protected Geographical Indication (mazapán de Toledo).[92][93]

See also: Cuisine of Castilla–La Mancha

### Holidays

[edit]

2010 Feast of Corpus Christi

The Virgen del Valle pilgrimage is celebrated on May 1 at the Ermita de la Virgen del Valle, a popular spot for visitors.[citation needed] Holy Week, which has been declared of National Tourist Interest, is marked in spring with various processions (including several on Good Friday) and religious and cultural events.[citation needed] The local feast of Corpus Christi [es] has held the status of celebration of International Tourist Interest since 1980.[94] It was conventionally celebrated 60 days after Resurrection Sunday.[95] The celebration of Catholic feasts had its heyday during the Baroque, post-Trent period.[96] A processional cortege travels around two kilometres (1.2 miles) of streets and richly decorated awnings.[citation needed] The Virgen del Sagrario is celebrated on 15 August, featuring a procession inside the Cathedral and drinking water of the Virgin from jars.[citation needed] Labour Day celebrations begin on the night of April 30.

## Main sights

[edit]

Cathedral of Saint Mary of Toledo The tomb of Saint Beatrice of Silva The Alcázar of Toledo Castle of San Servando, formerly occupied by the Knights Templar Puerta del Cambrón, completed in 1576

The city of Toledo was declared a Historic-Artistic Site in 1940. UNESCO later gave the city the title of World Heritage in 1987. Sights include:

* The tomb of Saint Beatrice of Silva, founder of the Order of the Immaculate Conception, at the Monastery of the Conceptionist nuns of Toledo.
* Posada de la Santa Hermandad, a type of military peacekeeping association of armed individuals, characteristic of municipal life in medieval Spain.
* Castle of San Servando, a medieval castle near the banks of the Tagus River and the Infantry Academy.
* The Gothic Cathedral of Saint Mary of Toledo, dating from the thirteenth century, is the second biggest cathedral in Spain. Inside is the Baroque altarpiece El Transparente, created by Narciso Tomé.
* Monasterio de San Juan de los Reyes, in Isabelline Gothic style (15th century).
* The Renaissance Museo-Hospital de Santa Cruz (16th century).
* El Greco Museum, a house-museum designed as a recreation of the artist's home, which was lost centuries ago. It houses several important paintings.
* Santa María la Blanca, the oldest synagogue building in Europe still standing, now owned by the Catholic Church.
* Synagogue of El Transito, in the Jewish Quarter. It is home to the Sephardic Museum.
* Hospital de Tavera Museum Duque de Lerma. Renaissance style, dating from the sixteenth century. Influenced the layout of El Escorial.
* Church of Santiago del Arrabal, in Mudéjar style.
* Iglesia de Santo Tome. Mudéjar style, from the fourteenth century; houses the famous Burial of Count Orgaz by El Greco.
* El Cristo de la Luz, a former small mosque-oratory built in 999, later extended with Mudéjar apse for conversion into a Catholic church.
* Galiana Palace (13th century), in Mudéjar style.
* Tornerías Mosque (11th century).
* Alcázar fortress (16th century), located in the highest part of town, overlooking the city. Since 2009 it has housed the collection of the Army Museum.
* Iglesia de San Andrés, with its crypt containing 60 mummies of infantes, dukes, nuns, and others, in a good state of preservation, open to visitors.
* Puerta Bab al-Mardum (10th century), the oldest city gate of Toledo.
* Puerta de Bisagra Antigua (10th century), the main entrance to the city in Andalusian times. Also known as "Puerta de Alfonso VI".
* Puerta del Sol (14th century), built by the Knights Hospitallers.
* Puerta de Bisagra Nueva (16th century), of Moorish origin re-built by Alonso de Covarrubias. The main entrance and face of Toledo today.
* Puerta del Cambrón, of Muslim origin, re-built in the 16th century.
* San Román (Museum of the Councils and Visigoth culture).
* Ermita del Cristo de la Vega, in Mudéjar style (11th century).
* Alcántara bridge, Roman bridge across the Tagus.
* Puente de San Martin, medieval bridge across the Tagus.

To mark the fourth centenary of the publication of the first part of Don Quixote, the Council of Communities of Castilla–La Mancha designed a series of routes through the region crossing various points cited in the novel. Known as the Route of Don Quixote, two of the designated pathways, sections 1 and 8, are based in Toledo; those linking the Castillian city with La Mancha and the Toledo Mountains take advantage of the natural route that passes through the Cigarrales and heads to Cobisa, Burguillos of Toledo and Nambroca, where it takes the Camino Real of Sevilla to suddenly turn towards Mascaraque Almonacid de Toledo, near Mora in La Mancha.

Civic Centers in Toledo

The Mascaraque-Toledo stretch of the Route of Don Quixote has recently been officially included in the Camino de Levante branch of the Camino de Santiago, starting in Valencia and passing through Alicante and Cartagena. Both routes on this stretch have been declared European Cultural Routes.

## Transport

[edit]

Toledo has long been an obligatory stop in the centre of the peninsula. The roads leading to historic Toledo are still used and in many cases have provided the basis for existing roads leading into the city.

### Roads

[edit]

From Toledo, the N-400 links the city with Cuenca via Ocaña and Tarancón. It is currently in the process of transformation into the future A-40 Castilla–La Mancha motorway, which will link Maqueda (where it joins the Extremadura motorway), Toledo, Ocaña (where it attaches to the Motorway of Andalusia), Tarancón (where it connects with the Levante motorway), Cuenca and Teruel.

The old 401 National Road (Madrid-Toledo-Ciudad Real) was transformed in the late 1980s into the current A-42 as a result of splitting and removing the road that the various crossings included (Illescas, Yuncos, etc.).

The split path extends up to 7 kilometres (4 miles) south of Toledo, towards Ciudad Real, where it continues as a conventional road. At this point, the A-42 connects with the Highway of the Vineyard that goes as far as Tomelloso. There are plans to extend the A-42, by a toll road, to Ciudad Real and Jaén.

In the early twenty-first century, the toll motorway AP-41 was built, in order to reduce traffic congestion between Toledo and Madrid.

Toledo is also part of the N-403, Toledo–Maqueda–Ávila–Adanero State Highway Network. Part of the route of this road will be replaced by that of the aforementioned Castilla–La Mancha Highway.

In addition to these roads, several regional and provincial roads link the city with the regions of Montes de Toledo, La Jara, and La Mancha.

### Rail

[edit]

AVE class 112 entering the Toledo Railway Station

In the mid-nineteenth century, Toledo was one of the first Spanish cities to receive rail service, with the arrival of the Madrid – Aranjuez line, which was inaugurated by Isabella II on June 12, 1858. The current Toledo Railway Station, (built in Neo-Mudéjar style), was opened on April 24, 1919.

The line suffered some technical issues and service disruptions but continued to serve as the main intercity route until the early twenty-first century. On July 2, 2003, the last conventional train service between the two capitals ended and work began on a high-speed link to Madrid, which entered service on November 15, 2005.[97] The new line reduced the travel time to Madrid to just under 30 minutes.

## Health

[edit]

In the early 1960s, construction of the "Virgen de la Salud" Social Security Health Residence began. The original building still remains in use, although successive extensions were added (maternity, outpatient clinics, operating rooms, etc.) to the existing complex. The complex was also extended to move the clinic to a new nearby building, now converted into the San Ildefonso Specialty Centre.

The National Hospital for Paraplegics

The National Hospital for Paraplegics [es], inaugurated on 7 October 1974, became a national centre for the treatment of spinal cord injuries.[98] It also focuses on the social integration of patients.

The devolution of healthcare responsibilities to the Junta de Comunidades de Castilla–La Mancha gave new impetus to the health infrastructure, demonstrated in 2007 when construction began on the new General Hospital of Toledo in Santa María de Benquerencia. The different parts of the relevant health centres were also provided.

The Toledo Hospital Complex also features the integrated Geriatric Hospital Virgen del Valle, a result of reform and modernization of the old tuberculosis hospital built in the mid-twentieth century. The centre is located outside the city, near the Parador Nacional de Turismo Conde de Orgaz.

The city also has several private health centers, including Hospital de las Tres Culturas and Clínica Nuestra Señora del Rosario.

## Sport

[edit]

Toledo suffered from a shortage of sports facilities.[citation needed] Much of this problem was resolved when the Central School of Physical Education of the Army moved its headquarters to the premises of the Infantry Academy.[citation needed] In the 1990s, the city council took over the old facilities of the military centre, which now include an athletics track, Olympic swimming pool and an indoor sports hall, numerous outdoor courts built in the area of the former runway, having been demolished, and the old gym complex pools (indoor and outdoor).[citation needed]

Besides these facilities, the city of Toledo has sports pavilions in the districts of Santa María de Benquerencia, Santa Bárbara, San Antón (Complejo Deportivo), outdoor pools in Azucaica, Palomarejos, Santa María de Benquerencia, Santa Barbara and Santa Teresa and indoor swimming pools in the gardens of the Alcázar (old town), Santa María de Benquerencia and San Antonio.[citation needed]

A football fixture between CD Toledo and Real Murcia at the Estadio Salto del Caballo

Toledo has a football team, CD Toledo, founded on 24 April 1928.[99] Their home turf is the Estadio Salto del Caballo, inaugurated on 23 November 1973.[100] The team played for 7 seasons in the Segunda División, during which it reached the play-off final for promotion to La Liga at the end of the 1993–94 season, losing 4–1 on aggregate to Real Valladolid. Toledo players have included Abel Resino, Luis Garcia, former Arsenal coach Unai Emery, Rufete and Casquero. In the 2024–25 season, CD Toledo will play in the Tercera Federación, the fifth tier of Spanish football.

Toledo has two basketball teams: CB CEI Toledo, with a long history of mixed success in both regional and national leagues (EBA) and has just[when?] been promoted to 1st Autonomic, and CB Polígono, whose male team was promoted to the EBA League for the 2009/10 season, [clarification needed] seven years after relegation.[citation needed] This club is based in the Santa María de Benquerencia district and has one of the largest youth systems in Castilla–La Mancha.

Toledo has been represented in athletics since 2 April 1979 by the Toledo Athletic Club, which is characterised mainly by its success in cross-country, winning a large number of medals in the Spanish championships, in addition to its (male and female) athletes who competed in the 1st division of the national track league in the late 1990s. Among the athletes who have passed through its lanes are Julio Rey, Roberto Parra, Chema Martinez and Julia Lobato.

Since the victory of Federico Bahamontes, 'The Eagle of Toledo', in the 1959 Tour de France, cycling has been one of the most popular sports in the city. At present,[when?] however, no school in Santa María de Benquerencia has a velodrome.[citation needed] Other leading professional cyclists from the city include Nemesio Jiménez, who competed at the 1968 Mexico City Olympics, and Ángel de las Heras.

The volleyball club Voleibol Asociación Toledo plays in the National First Division, while the popular Toledo Rugby Club competes in the Madrid league system.[citation needed]

At the individual level, the swimmer Javier Noriega and the marathon runner Julio Rey competed in both 2004 Athens Olympics and 2008 Beijing Olympics. Rey, the current Spanish marathon record holder (2 hours, 6 minutes, and 52 seconds) announced his retirement in October 2009.[101]

## Media

[edit]

Various local and provincial newspapers are published in the city. In addition, national newspapers such as the daily ABC publish unique local editions.[citation needed] Among the local newspapers are the subscription-based La Tribuna de Toledo and El Día de Toledo, as well as the free Global Castilla–La Mancha and Toledo News. The general information weekly magazines Echoes and Here are also published.

There is also local media on television, radio, and the Internet. CMM TV, the regional public television, is headquartered in Toledo.[102] In addition, there are several local television stations: Canal Diocesano-Popular TV and Teletoledo.

As regards radio stations, there is Radio Toledo (Onda Cero), as well as COPE, Cadena SER, RNE, RCM, and Radio Aquí, and the local Onda Polígono and the diocesan station Radio Santa Maria. In digital and social media: Onda Toledo, Toledo Digital, and La Cerca.[citation needed]

## Twin towns – sister cities

[edit]

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Spain

Toledo is twinned with:[103]

* Aachen, Germany (1984)
* Agen, France (1973)
* Corpus Christi, Texas, United States (1989)
* Damascus, Syria (1994)
* Guanajuato City, Mexico (1978)
* Heraklion, Greece (2014)
* Nara, Japan (1972)
* Old Havana, Cuba (2005)
* Safed, Israel (1981)
* Toledo, Ohio, United States (1931)
* Veliko Tarnovo, Bulgaria (1983)

## See also

[edit]

* Spain portal

* Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain
* Councils of Toledo
* Toledo School of Translators
* Palacio de Galiana
* Cerro del Bu
* Artificio de Juanelo
* List of people from Toledo, Spain

## References

[edit]

Informational notes

1. ^ "Not only were its clerics still well enough equipped in intellectual terms to provide authoritative guidance on a wide range of ecclesiastical discipline and doctrine, but this was also actively sought."[31]

Citations

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2. ^ Municipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute.
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4. ^ Shawky Sayed, Zeinab (2009). "Ṭulayṭula: Capital de la cultura árabe medieval". Un Mundo, Muchas Miradas (2). Servicio Editorial de la UPV/EHU: 144.
5. ^ Casa Martínez, Elena María de la (2012–2013). "Una visión histórica, literaria y gráfica del territorio, ciudad y arquitectura de Toledo en la Edad Moderna" (PDF). Oppidum (8–9): 230. ISSN 1885-6292.8–9&rft.pages=230&rft.date=2012/2013&rft.issn=1885-6292&rft.aulast=Casa+Martínez&rft.aufirst=Elena+María+de+la&rft_id=https://oppidum.es/oppidum-08-09-pdf/op08-09.07_casa.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Toledo,+Spain" class="Z3988">
6. ^ "Toledo creció en nueve años en 2.208 habitantes mientras el Polígono aumentó en 2.916". Vecinos (337). September 2019.
7. ^ "Tabla2902". www.ine.es. Retrieved 2016-03-01.
8. ^ a b "La ciudad de Toledo en la web de la Diputación de Toledo". Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
9. ^ Gerber, Jane S. (2021), Lieberman, Phillip I. (ed.), "The Jews of Muslim Spain", The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 5: Jews in the Medieval Islamic World, The Cambridge History of Judaism, vol. 5, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 166, doi:10.1017/9781139048873.009, ISBN 978-0-521-51717-1, retrieved 2025-05-29
10. ^ Palomero Plaza 2007, p. 175. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPalomero_Plaza2007 (help)
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12. ^ Livy, History of Rome, 35, 22
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25. ^ Collins, Roger (2004). Visigothic Spain, 409–711. Blackwell. p. 134. ISBN 9780631181859.
26. ^ Collins, Roger (2004). Visigothic Spain, 409–711. Blackwell. p. 133. ISBN 9780631181859.
27. ^ Collins, Roger (1989). Arab Conquest of Spain. Blackwell. p. 30.
28. ^ Collins, Roger (1989). Arab Conquest of Spain, 710–797. Blackwell. p. 195.
29. ^ Collins, Roger (1989). Arab Conquest of Spain, 710–797 (Paperback 1994 ed.). Blackwell. pp. 108–110.
30. ^ Collins, Roger (1989). Arab Conquest of Spain, 710–797 (Paperback 1994 ed.). Blackwell. pp. 57–80.
31. ^ Collins, Roger (1989). Arab Conquest of Spain, 710–797 (Paperback 1994 ed.). Blackwell. p. 72.
32. ^ Roger Collins, Early Medieval Spain: Unity in Diversity, 400–1000, (St. Martin's Press, 1995), 187.
33. ^ Collins, Roger (1989). Arab Conquest of Spain, 710–797 (Paperback 1994 ed.). Blackwell. pp. 172, 201–203.
34. ^ Collins, Roger (1989). Arab Conquest of Spain, 710–797 (Paperback 1994 ed.). Blackwell. pp. 209–210.
35. ^ Collins, Roger (2014). Caliphs and Kings: Spain, 796–1031 (Paperback 2014 ed.). Wiley Blackwell. pp. 32–33.
36. ^ Collins, Roger (2014). Caliphs and Kings: Spain, 796–1031 (Paperback 2014 ed.). Wiley Blackwell. pp. 27–28.
37. ^ Collins, Roger (2014). Caliphs and Kings: Spain, 796–1031 (Paperback 2014 ed.). Wiley Blackwell. pp. 43–44, 47.
38. ^ Collins, Roger (2014). Caliphs and Kings: Spain, 796–1031 (Paperback 2014 ed.). Wiley Blackwell. pp. 79–81.
39. ^ Collins, Roger (2014). Caliphs and Kings: Spain, 796–1031 (Paperback 2014 ed.). Wiley Blackwell. p. 171.
40. ^ Collins, Roger (2014). Caliphs and Kings: Spain, 796–1031 (Paperback 2014 ed.). Wiley Blackwell. p. 145.
41. ^ Ann Christys, Christians in Al-Andalus 711–1000, (Curzon Press, 2002), 20.
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44. ^ Reilly, Bernard F. (1992). Contest of Christian and Muslim Spain 1031–1157 (1995 paperback ed.). Blackwell. pp. 6–7.
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47. ^ Reilly, Bernard F. (1992). Contest of Christian and Muslim Spain 1031–1157 (1995 paperback ed.). Blackwell. p. 20.
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69. ^ Reig Tapia, Alberto (1998). "El asedio del Alcázar: mito y símbolo político del franquismo". Revista de Estudios Políticos (101): 110. ISSN 0048-7694.
70. ^ a b Álvarez Ahedo 2017, p. 18.
71. ^ "Toledo: Spain's Historic, Spiritual, and Artistic Capital". classroom.ricksteves.com. Retrieved 2024-09-23.
72. ^ "Toledo | History, Culture & Architecture | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2024-09-23.
73. ^ "La ola de frío congela el interior de España con hasta 25 grados bajo cero" [The cold wave freezes the interior of Spain to 25 degrees below zero] (in Spanish). El País. 13 January 2021. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
74. ^ "AEMET OpenData". AEMET. Retrieved 2024-05-14.
75. ^ "Valores extremos. Toledo".
76. ^ "Valores extremos. Toledo".
77. ^ "Valores normales Toledo".
78. ^ "INEbase. Alterations to the municipalities in the Population Censuses since 1842" (in Spanish). National Statistics Institute.
79. ^ Celorio, Álvaro (3 October 2020). "La pandemia funde el negocio de las espadas toledanas: "Esto se va a quedar como una leyenda"". Público.
80. ^ "Economía de Toledo". Archived from the original on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 9 July 2008.
81. ^ "lacerca.com – Las espadas forjadas en Toledo se remontan a la época romana". Archived from the original on 2 August 2008. Retrieved 15 July 2008.
82. ^ "Instituto de Estadística de Castilla-La Mancha – Ficha municipal" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 December 2009. Retrieved 21 July 2008.
83. ^ "Instituto de Estadística de la Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha – Datos estadísticos de Toledo (Todos los Informes > Informes por Temas > Estadísticas Municipales > Mercado de Trabajo)". Archived from the original on 7 July 2022. Retrieved 5 April 2009.
84. ^ "Informe Anual 2008: Anuario Estadístico del Mercado de Trabajo de Castilla-La Mancha" (PDF). Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 June 2025.
85. ^ S. Katz, The Jews in the Visigothic Kingdoms of Spain and Gaul, (Cambridge 1937). Cited in Paul Johnson (writer), A History of the Jews, p. 177
86. ^ Beale-Rivaya, Yasmine (2018). A Companion to Medieval Toledo: Reconsidering the Canons. Brill Publishers. p. 100\. ISBN 9789004380516.
87. ^ F. Bosch, Lynette M. (2010). Art, Liturgy, and Legend in Renaissance Toledo: The Mendoza and the Iglesia Primada. Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 61\. ISBN 9780271043814.
88. ^ "History of Swords from Toledo". Swords from Toledo. Archived from the original on 1 August 2013. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
89. ^ Zamorano, Mariano. "Damascene Technique in Metal Working". Fabrica de Espadas y Armas Blanca. Archived from the original on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
90. ^ "History of the Toledo Swords". Aceros de Hispania (in Spanish). Retrieved 31 July 2013.
91. ^ Santos, Ángel Luis de (4 February 2022). "Este es el plato más típico de cada provincia española". La Razón.
92. ^ "red2000.com – Toledo : Gastronomía". Retrieved 11 January 2012.
93. ^ "viajegastronomico.com – Platos Típicos". Viajegastronomico.com. 7 November 2020. Archived from the original on October 31, 2020. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
94. ^ "La Diputación toledana participa en la ofrenda floral del Corpus Christi". Dclm. 14 June 2017.
95. ^ "Toledo se echa a la calle para celebrar la festividad del Corpus Christi". Telecinco. 16 June 2022.
96. ^ Rodríguez de Gracia, Hilario (2004). "El Corpus de Toledo. Una fiesta religiosa y profana en los siglos XVI y XVII" (PDF). Zainak. 26: 386.
97. ^ Ramirez, Francisca (2020-11-22). "15 años del AVE que modernizó a Toledo" [15 years of the high-speed rail that modernized Toledo]. ABC (in Spanish). Toledo, Spain. Retrieved 2023-06-22.
98. ^ Vega, Mercedes (14 July 2014). "Toledo avanza en la élite mundial de la investigación con parapléjicos". ABC.
99. ^ "El C.D. Toledo celebra sus 90 años de existencia con una exposición retrospectiva". La Voz del Tajo. 7 April 2018.
100. ^ Miguel, Sergio (2 February 2014). "Adiós al primer goleador del Salto del Caballo". La Tribuna de Toledo.
101. ^ "Julio Rey, plusmarquista español de maratón, se retira por problemas físicos". El Diario Montañes (in European Spanish). 2009-10-22. Retrieved 2021-02-05.
102. ^ "Contáctanos | Informacion Corporativa". CM Media. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
103. ^ "Toledo's sister cities". destinotoledo.com. Destino Toledo. 2016-05-17. Retrieved 2019-12-31.

Also

*  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). "TOLETUM". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Toledo, Spain.

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Toledo, Spain.

* Municipality
* Spain's official website – Info about Toledo

Places adjacent to Toledo, Spain

| Rielves | Bargas; Olías del Rey and Mocejón | Aranjuez

|
|

|  |
Albarreal de Tajo; Dehesa de Daramezas (Guadamur) and Polán |

Toledo

| Almonacid de Toledo and Aranjuez
|  |
Guadamur | Guadamur; Argés; Cobisa; Burguillos de Toledo and Nambroca | Nambroca

* v
* t
* e

Toledo landmarks

Gates|

* Puerta Bab al-Mardum
* Puerta de Alarcones
* Puerta de Alcántara
* Puerta de Bisagra
* Puerta de Bisagra Nueva
* Puerta del Cambrón
* Puerta de los Doce Cantos
* Puerta del Sol
* Puerta del Vado

Religious buildings|

* Agustinas Calzadas
* Carmelitas Descalzas de San José
* Carmelitas Descalzos
* Cristo de la Vega
* El Salvador
* La Magdalena
* Las Concepcionistas
* Monastery of San Juan de los Reyes
* Monastery of Santo Domingo el Antiguo
* Monastery of Santo Domingo el Real
* Mosque of Cristo de la Luz
* Mosque of las Tornerías
* Nuestra Señora de la Estrella
* Purísima Concepción
* San Andrés
* San Antonio de Padua
* San Bartolomé
* San Cipriano
* San Clemente
* San Felipe de Neri
* San Idelfonso
* San Juan de la Penitencia
* San Lorenzo
* San Lucas
* San Miguel el Alto
* San Pedro Mártir
* San Román
* San Sebastián
* Santa Clara la Real
* Santa Fé
* Santa Isabel de los Reyes
* Santa Leocadia
* Santas Justa y Rufina
* Santa Úrsula
* Santiago del Arrabal
* Santos Justo y Pastor
* Santo Tomé
* San Vicente
* Synagogue of Santa María la Blanca
* Synagogue of El Transito
* Toledo Cathedral
* Tower of San Cristóbal

Bridges|

* Puente de San Martín
* Roman Puente de Alcántara

Other sights|

* Alcázar of Toledo
* Alhóndiga
* Arab baths of Ángel
* Arab baths of Caballel
* Arab baths of Cenizal
* Arab baths of Tenerías
* Archbishop's Palace
* Basements of Cardenal Cisneros
* Bullring
* Castle of San Servando
* Cerro del Bu
* Cigarrales
* Colegio de Nuestra Señora de los Infantes
* Cortes of Castile-La Mancha
* Flour factory San José
* Former Casino
* Hospital del Nuncio Nuevo
* Infantry Academy
* Islamic Halls of Colegio de Doncellas
* Palacio de Fuensalida
* Palacio de Galiana
* Palacio de La Cava
* Palacio del Marqués de Malpica
* Real Colegio de Doncellas Nobles
* Roman aqueducts
* Roman baths
* Roman Cave of Hercules
* Roman circus of Toledo
* Roman remains under Alfonso X
* Roman vaults of Nuncio Viejo
* School of Arts and Crafts of Toledo
* The Jewish House
* The Templar House
* Toledo railway station
* Well of El Salvador
* University of Castilla-La Mancha
* Juridical and Social Sciences faculty
* Vice-Rectorate of Teaching and International Relations
* Walls

Museums and
performing arts|

* Caja Castilla-La Mancha Foundation
* El Greco Museum
* Hospital de Tavera
* Army Museum of Toledo
* Museum of Santa Cruz
* San Marcos Arts Centre
* Sephardic Museum
* Teatro Rojas
* Workshop of the Moor

Streets and squares|

* Plaza de San Justo
* Plaza de las Cuatro Calles
* Plaza de Zocodover
* Plaza Nueva

See also|

* Jewish quarter of Toledo
* Subterranean Toledo

* v
* t
* e

World Heritage Sites in Spain

For official site names, see each article or the List of World Heritage Sites in Spain.

North West|

* Caves of Altamira and Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain1
* Monuments of Oviedo and the Kingdom of the Asturias
* Roman walls of Lugo
* Route of Santiago de Compostela1
* Santiago de Compostela (Old Town)
* Tower of Hercules

Flag of Spain

North East|

* Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests5
* Caves of Altamira and Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain1
* Mudéjar Architecture of Aragon
* Pirineos - Monte Perdido2
* Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin1
* Route of Santiago de Compostela1
* San Millán Yuso and Suso Monasteries
* Vizcaya Bridge

Centre|

* Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests5
* Aranjuez Cultural Landscape
* Archaeological Ensemble of Mérida
* Archaeological Site of Atapuerca
* Old Town of Ávila with its Extra-mural Churches
* Burgos Cathedral
* Old Town of Cáceres
* Historic Walled Town of Cuenca
* Monastery and Site of El Escorial
* Heritage of Mercury. Almadén and Idrija3
* Las Médulas
* Monastery of Saint Mary of Guadalupe
* Paseo del Prado and Buen Retiro, a landscape of Arts and Sciences
* Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin1
* Route of Santiago de Compostela1
* Old City of Salamanca
* Old Town of Segovia and its Aqueduct
* Siega Verde4
* Historic City of Toledo
* University and Historic Precinct of Alcalá de Henares

East|

* Archaeological Ensemble of Tarraco, Tarragona
* Catalan Romanesque Churches of the Vall de Boí
* Palau de la Música Catalana and Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona
* Palmeral of Elche
* Poblet Abbey
* Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin1
* Silk Exchange in Valencia
* Works of Antoni Gaudí

South|

* Alhambra, Generalife and Albaicín, Granada
* Cathedral, Alcázar and General Archive of the Indies, Seville
* Dolmens Site of Antequera
* Doñana National Park
* Historic Centre of Córdoba
* Madinat al-Zahra
* Renaissance Monuments of Úbeda and Baeza
* Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin1

Balearic Islands|

* Cultural Landscape of the Serra de Tramuntana
* Ibiza, Biodiversity and Culture
* Prehistoric Sites of Talayotic Menorca

Canary Islands|

* Garajonay
* Risco Caído and the Sacred Mountains
* San Cristóbal de La Laguna
* Teide National Park

* 1 Shared with other region/s
* 2 Shared with France
* 3 Shared with Slovenia
* 4 Shared with Portugal
* 5 Shared with Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, North Macedonia, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland and Ukraine

* v
* t
* e

Municipalities in the province of Toledo

* Ajofrín
* Alameda de la Sagra
* Albarreal de Tajo
* Alcabón
* Alcaudete de la Jara
* Alcañizo
* Alcolea de Tajo
* Aldea en Cabo
* Aldeanueva de Barbarroya
* Aldeanueva de San Bartolomé
* Almendral de la Cañada
* Almonacid de Toledo
* Almorox
* Arcicóllar
* Argés
* Azután
* Añover de Tajo
* Barcience
* Bargas
* Belvís de la Jara
* Borox
* Buenaventura
* Burguillos de Toledo
* Burujón
* Cabañas de Yepes
* Cabañas de la Sagra
* Cabezamesada
* Calera y Chozas
* Caleruela
* Calzada de Oropesa
* Camarena
* Camarenilla
* Camuñas
* Cardiel de los Montes
* Carmena
* Carranque
* Carriches
* Casarrubios del Monte
* Casasbuenas
* Castillo de Bayuela
* Cazalegas
* Cebolla
* Cedillo del Condado
* Cervera de los Montes
* Chozas de Canales
* Chueca
* Ciruelos
* Cobeja
* Cobisa
* Consuegra
* Corral de Almaguer
* Cuerva
* Domingo Pérez
* Dosbarrios
* El Campillo de la Jara
* El Carpio de Tajo
* El Casar de Escalona
* El Puente del Arzobispo
* El Real de San Vicente
* El Romeral
* El Toboso
* El Viso de San Juan
* Erustes
* Escalona
* Escalonilla
* Espinoso del Rey
* Esquivias
* Fuensalida
* Garciotum
* Gerindote
* Guadamur
* Gálvez
* Herreruela de Oropesa
* Hinojosa de San Vicente
* Hontanar
* Hormigos
* Huecas
* Huerta de Valdecarábanos
* Illescas
* Illán de Vacas
* La Estrella
* La Guardia
* La Iglesuela
* La Mata
* La Nava de Ricomalillo
* La Puebla de Almoradiel
* La Puebla de Montalbán
* La Pueblanueva
* La Torre de Esteban Hambrán
* La Villa de Don Fadrique
* Lagartera
* Las Herencias
* Las Ventas con Peña Aguilera
* Las Ventas de Retamosa
* Las Ventas de San Julián
* Layos
* Lillo
* Lominchar
* Los Cerralbos
* Los Navalmorales
* Los Navalucillos
* Los Yébenes
* Lucillos
* Madridejos
* Magán
* Malpica de Tajo
* Manzaneque
* Maqueda
* Marjaliza
* Marrupe
* Mascaraque
* Mazarambroz
* Mejorada
* Menasalbas
* Mesegar de Tajo
* Miguel Esteban
* Mocejón
* Mohedas de la Jara
* Montearagón
* Montesclaros
* Mora
* Méntrida
* Nambroca
* Navahermosa
* Navalcán
* Navalmoralejo
* Navamorcuende
* Noblejas
* Noez
* Nombela
* Novés
* Numancia de la Sagra
* Nuño Gómez
* Ocaña
* Olías del Rey
* Ontígola
* Orgaz
* Oropesa
* Otero
* Palomeque
* Pantoja
* Paredes de Escalona
* Parrillas
* Pelahustán
* Pepino
* Polán
* Portillo de Toledo
* Puerto de San Vicente
* Pulgar
* Quero
* Quintanar de la Orden
* Quismondo
* Recas
* Retamoso de la Jara
* Rielves
* Robledo del Mazo
* San Bartolomé de las Abiertas
* San Martín de Montalbán
* San Martín de Pusa
* San Pablo de los Montes
* San Román de los Montes
* Santa Ana de Pusa
* Santa Cruz de la Zarza
* Santa Cruz del Retamar
* Santa Olalla
* Santo Domingo-Caudilla
* Sartajada
* Segurilla
* Seseña
* Sevilleja de la Jara
* Sonseca
* Sotillo de las Palomas
* Talavera de la Reina
* Tembleque
* Toledo
* Torralba de Oropesa
* Torrecilla de la Jara
* Torrico
* Torrijos
* Totanés
* Turleque
* Ugena
* Urda
* Valdeverdeja
* Valmojado
* Velada
* Villacañas
* Villafranca de los Caballeros
* Villaluenga de la Sagra
* Villamiel de Toledo
* Villaminaya
* Villamuelas
* Villanueva de Alcardete
* Villanueva de Bogas
* Villarejo de Montalbán
* Villarrubia de Santiago
* Villaseca de la Sagra
* Villasequilla
* Villatobas
* Yeles
* Yepes
* Yuncler
* Yunclillos
* Yuncos

* v
* t
* e

Capitals of provinces of Spain

* A Coruña
* Albacete
* Alicante
* Almería
* Ávila
* Badajoz
* Barcelona
* Bilbao
* Burgos
* Cáceres
* Cádiz
* Castellón de la Plana
* Ciudad Real
* Córdoba
* Cuenca
* Girona
* Granada
* Guadalajara
* Huelva
* Huesca
* Jaén
* Logroño
* Las Palmas
* León
* Lleida
* Lugo
* Madrid
* Málaga
* Murcia
* Ourense
* Oviedo
* Palencia
* Palma de Mallorca
* Pamplona
* Pontevedra
* Salamanca
* San Sebastián
* Santander
* Santa Cruz de Tenerife
* Segovia
* Seville
* Soria
* Tarragona
* Teruel
* Toledo
* Valencia
* Valladolid
* Vitoria-Gasteiz
* Zamora
* Zaragoza

* v
* t
* e

Capitals of autonomous communities of Spain

* Seville
* Andalusia
* Zaragoza
* Aragon
* Oviedo
* Asturias
* Palma
* Balearic Islands
* Vitoria-Gasteiz
* Basque Country
* Santa Cruz and Las Palmas
* Canary Islands
* Santander
* Cantabria
* Toledo
* Castilla–La Mancha
* Valladolid
* de facto, Castile and León
* Barcelona
* Catalonia
* Mérida
* Extremadura
* Santiago de Compostela
* Galicia
* Logroño
* La Rioja
* Madrid
* Community of Madrid
* Murcia
* Region of Murcia
* Pamplona
* Navarre
* Valencia
* Valencian Community
* Ceuta1
* Melilla1

1 Autonomous cities

* v
* t
* e

Capitals of Europe

Capitals of dependent territories and states whose sovereignty is disputed shown in italics.

Sovereign states|

* Amsterdam, Netherlands1
* Andorra la Vella, Andorra
* Ankara, Turkey2
* Astana, Kazakhstan2
* Athens, Greece
* Baku, Azerbaijan2
* Belgrade, Serbia
* Berlin, Germany
* Bern, Switzerland
* Bratislava, Slovakia
* Brussels, Belgium3
* Bucharest, Romania
* Budapest, Hungary
* Chișinău, Moldova
* Copenhagen, Denmark
* Dublin, Ireland
* Helsinki, Finland
* Kyiv, Ukraine
* Lisbon, Portugal
* Ljubljana, Slovenia
* London, United Kingdom
* Luxembourg, Luxembourg
* Madrid, Spain
* Minsk, Belarus
* Monaco5
* Moscow, Russia
* Nicosia, Cyprus2
* Oslo, Norway
* Paris, France
* Podgorica, Montenegro
* Prague, Czech Republic
* Reykjavík, Iceland
* Riga, Latvia
* Rome, Italy
* San Marino, San Marino
* Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Skopje, North Macedonia
* Sofia, Bulgaria
* Stockholm, Sweden
* Tallinn, Estonia
* Tbilisi, Georgia2
* Tirana, Albania
* Vaduz, Liechtenstein
* Valletta, Malta
* Vatican City4
* Vienna, Austria
* Vilnius, Lithuania
* Warsaw, Poland
* Yerevan, Armenia2
* Zagreb, Croatia

States with
limited recognition|

* North Nicosia, Northern Cyprus2
* Pristina, Kosovo
* Sokhumi, Abkhazia2
* Tiraspol, Transnistria
* Tskhinvali, South Ossetia2

Dependencies|

| United Kingdom|

| Constituent countries|

* London, England
* Edinburgh, Scotland
* Cardiff, Wales
* Belfast, Northern Ireland

|

Crown Dependencies and
Overseas Territories|

* Douglas, Isle of Man
* Episkopi Cantonment, Akrotiri and Dhekelia
* Gibraltar, Gibraltar
* St Helier, Jersey
* Saint Peter Port, Guernsey

Other|

* Longyearbyen, Svalbard (Norway)
* Tórshavn, Faroe Islands (Denmark)

Federal states|

| Austria|

* Bregenz, Vorarlberg
* Eisenstadt, Burgenland
* Graz, Styria
* Innsbruck, Tyrol
* Klagenfurt, Carinthia
* Linz, Upper Austria
* Salzburg, Salzburg
* Sankt Pölten, Lower Austria
* Vienna, Vienna

|

Belgium|

| Communities|

* Brussels, Flemish Community and French Community
* Eupen, German-speaking Community

|

Regions|

* Brussels, Brussels-Capital Region and Flanders
* Namur, Wallonia

Bosnia and Herzegovina|

* Banja Luka (de facto), Republika Srpska
* Brčko, Brčko District
* Sarajevo, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Germany|

* Berlin, Berlin
* Bremen, Bremen
* Dresden, Saxony
* Düsseldorf, North Rhine-Westphalia
* Erfurt, Thuringia
* Hamburg, Hamburg
* Hanover, Lower Saxony
* Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein
* Magdeburg, Saxony-Anhalt
* Mainz, Rhineland-Palatinate
* Munich, Bavaria
* Potsdam, Brandenburg
* Saarbrücken, Saarland
* Schwerin, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
* Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg
* Wiesbaden, Hesse

Russia|

| Republics|

* Cheboksary, Chuvashia
* Cherkessk, Karachay-Cherkessia
* Elista, Kalmykia
* Grozny, Chechnya
* Izhevsk, Udmurtia
* Kazan, Tatarstan
* Magas, Ingushetia
* Makhachkala, Dagestan
* Maykop, Adygea
* Nalchik, Kabardino-Balkaria
* Petrozavodsk, Karelia
* Saransk, Mordovia
* Simferopol, Crimea (disputed)
* Syktyvkar, Komi
* Ufa, Bashkortostan
* Vladikavkaz, North Ossetia–Alania
* Yoshkar-Ola, Mari El

|

Autonomous okrugs|

* Naryan-Mar, Nenets

Krais|

* Krasnodar, Krasnodar Krai
* Perm, Perm Krai
* Stavropol, Stavropol Krai

Oblasts|

* Arkhangelsk, Arkhangelsk Oblast
* Astrakhan, Astrakhan Oblast
* Belgorod, Belgorod Oblast
* Bryansk, Bryansk Oblast
* Ivanovo, Ivanovo Oblast
* Kaliningrad, Kaliningrad Oblast
* Kaluga, Kaluga Oblast
* Kirov, Kirov Oblast
* Kostroma, Kostroma Oblast
* Krasnogorsk and Moscow, Moscow Oblast (de facto)
* Kursk, Kursk Oblast
* Lipetsk, Lipetsk Oblast
* Murmansk, Murmansk Oblast
* Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
* Orenburg, Orenburg Oblast
* Oryol, Oryol Oblast
* Penza, Penza Oblast
* Pskov, Pskov Oblast
* Rostov-on-Don, Rostov Oblast
* Ryazan, Ryazan Oblast
* Gatchina, Leningrad Oblast
* Samara, Samara Oblast
* Saratov, Saratov Oblast
* Smolensk, Smolensk Oblast
* Tambov, Tambov Oblast
* Tula, Tula Oblast
* Tver, Tver Oblast
* Ulyanovsk, Ulyanovsk Oblast
* Veliky Novgorod, Novgorod Oblast
* Vladimir, Vladimir Oblast
* Volgograd, Volgograd Oblast
* Vologda, Vologda Oblast
* Voronezh, Voronezh Oblast
* Yaroslavl, Yaroslavl Oblast

Federal cities|

* Moscow
* Saint Petersburg
* Sevastopol (disputed)

Switzerland|

* Aarau, Aargau
* Altdorf, Uri
* Appenzell, Appenzell Innerrhoden
* Basel, Basel-Stadt
* Bellinzona, Ticino
* Chur, Grisons
* Delémont, Jura
* Frauenfeld, Thurgau
* Fribourg, Canton of Fribourg
* Geneva, Canton of Geneva
* Herisau, Appenzell Ausserrhoden
* Lausanne, Vaud
* Liestal, Basel-Landschaft
* Lucerne, Canton of Lucerne
* Neuchâtel, Canton of Neuchâtel
* Sarnen, Obwalden
* Schaffhausen, Canton of Schaffhausen
* Schwyz, Canton of Schwyz
* Sion, Valais
* Solothurn, Canton of Solothurn
* Stans, Nidwalden
* St. Gallen, Canton of St. Gallen
* Glarus, Canton of Glarus
* Zug, Canton of Zug
* Zurich, Canton of Zürich

Autonomous
entities|

| Italy|

| Autonomous regions|

* Cagliari, Sardinia
* Palermo, Sicily
* Trento, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol
* Aosta, Aosta Valley
* Trieste, Friuli Venezia Giulia

|

Portugal|

| Autonomous regions|

* Ponta Delgada, Angra do Heroísmo, & Horta, Azores
* Funchal, Madeira

|

Spain|

* Barcelona, Catalonia
* Las Palmas & Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands
* Logroño, La Rioja
* Madrid, Community of Madrid
* Mérida, Extremadura
* Murcia, Region of Murcia
* Oviedo, Asturias
* Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands
* Pamplona, Navarre
* Santander, Cantabria
* Santiago de Compostela, Galicia
* Seville, Andalusia
* Toledo, Castilla–La Mancha (de facto)
* Valencia, Valencian Community
* Valladolid, Castile and León (de facto)
* Vitoria-Gasteiz, Basque Country (de facto)
* Zaragoza, Aragon

Other|

* Ajaccio, Corsica Collectivité (France)
* Batumi, Adjara (Georgia)
* Comrat, Gagauzia (Moldova)
* Karyes, Mount Athos (Greece)
* Mariehamn, Åland Islands (Finland)
* Nakhchivan, Nakhchivan (Azerbaijan)
* Novi Sad, Vojvodina (Serbia)
* Simferopol, Crimea (Ukraine)

* 1 Also the capital of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
* 2 Continental placement may vary depending on geographic convention being followed
* 3 Also the seat of the European Union, see Institutional seats of the European Union and Brussels and the European Union
* 4 A city-state

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Czech Republic
* 2
* Israel

Geographic|

* MusicBrainz area
* Pleiades

Other|

* IdRef
* İslâm Ansiklopedisi
* Kulturenvanteri monument
* Yale LUX

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