Tombouctou Region

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Parts of this article (those related to the formation of the Taoudenit Region) need to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2016)

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Region of Mali

Region in Mali

Tombouctou Region

Region

Location within Mali

Interactive map of Tombouctou Region in Mali

Coordinates: 21°8′45″N 4°1′15″W﻿ / ﻿21.14583°N 4.02083°W﻿ / 21.14583; -4.02083
Country|  Mali
Capital| Timbuktu
Area

[1]

• Total

| 56,435 km2 (21,790 sq mi)
Population

(2022 census)[2]

• Total

| 975,139
• Density| 17/km2 (45/sq mi)
Time zone| UTC±0 (UTC)
HDI (2017)| 0.309[3]
low

Tombouctou Region or Timbuktu Region (Bambara: ߕߎߡߎߕߎ ߘߌߣߋߖߊ, Tumutu Dineja) is one of the administrative regions of Mali. For administrative purposes, the region is subdivided into five cercles.

The region is part of northern Mali that was separated and declared independent by the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA) during the Tuareg rebellion of 2012. In the course of the conflict, the MNLA lost control of the territory to Islamist militias.

Tombouctou Region is world-famous for its capital, the ancient city Timbuktu (French: Tombouctou), synonymous to 19th-century Europeans with an elusive, hard-to-reach destination. The city gained fame in 1390 when its ruler, Mansa Musa I, went on a pilgrimage to Mecca, stopping with his entourage in Egypt and dispensing enough gold to devalue the Egyptian currency. This started the legend of a city in the interior of Africa, where roads were said to be paved with gold and buildings topped with roofs of gold.[citation needed]

## History

[edit]

This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (September 2014)

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The city is located at the southern edge of the Sahara, near the Niger River, which has headwaters in the highlands very near the Atlantic coast before its long 3,200 kilometres (2,000 mi) journey to the north east, before finally turning south to reach the Atlantic. The riches of the kingdom were due to Tombouctou's position as the southern terminus of the trans-Saharan trade in gold, salt, kola nuts, copper and slaves.

Timbuktu's decline began with the capture of the city by Morocco in 1592. Many Islamic scholars were dispersed, some to Morocco. Morocco had difficulty holding onto the city, as the supply lines were long compared to the closer kingdoms vying for dominance of the region. Furthermore, the Moroccans did not establish a proper means of which to govern Timbuktu, and their other holdings along the Niger bend. Ultimately, however, it was the rise of sea trade along the West Africa coast that doomed the overland routes that connected North Africa to sub-Saharan Africa. The city lost its economic base and its fine university was not enough to save Timbuktu from decline.

Cut off from major trade routes, the city retained an aura of spectacular treasure. When French explorers rediscovered the city in 1815, they were disappointed to find a sand-blown city of low mud buildings.

The region was marginalized under French colonial control, which ended in 1960. The French opened up shorter trade routes to the Atlantic, cutting into the trans-Sahara trading economy and people in the city.

In early 2012, the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad and other militant groups opposed to the government of Mali swept through the region, entering Timbuktu without a fight after making a deal with local Arab militias. On 6 April 2012, the region was declared independent from Mali as part of the new country of Azawad. However, Mali refused to acknowledge the Azawadi Declaration of Independence, and the international community continues to recognise Bamako's claim to the region.

Cercles of the Tombouctou Region prior to the formation of the Taoudénit Region

## Administrative subdivisions

[edit]

The region is divided into five cercles:[4][5]

Cercle name | Area (km2) | Population
Census 1998 | Population
Census 2009

|
|
|

Niafunké | 12,000 | 119,900 | 184,285
Diré | 1,750 | 76,960 | 111,324
Goundam | 92,688 | 113,897 | 150,150
Tombouctou[6] | 347,488 | 68,228 | 124,546
Gourma-Rharous | 45,000 | 63,634 | 111,386

The larger parts of Timbuktu and Goundam cercles (323,326 km² with about 134,000 inhabitants) were separated in 2016 to form the new Taoudenit Region.[7]

## See also

[edit]

* Regions of Mali
* Cercles of Mali

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Synthèse des 108 Plans Communaux Sécurité Alimentaire de la Région de Tombouctou 2006-2010 (PDF) (in French), Commissariat à la Sécurité Alimentaire, République du Mali, USAID-Mali, 2006, archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-05-19.
2. ^ Regions of Mali, retrieved 2024-01-16.
3. ^ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 2018-09-13.
4. ^ Loi N°99-035/ du 10 Aout 1999 Portant Création des Collectivités Territoriales de Cercles et de Régions (PDF) (in French), Ministère de l'Administration Territoriales et des Collectivités Locales, République du Mali, 1999, archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-09.
5. ^ Communes de la Région de Tombouctou (PDF) (in French), Ministère de l’administration territoriale et des collectivités locales, République du Mali, archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-09.
6. ^ Figures for Tumbuktu Cercle before separation of the new Taoudenit Region
7. ^ Mali : Taoudeni, contrée historique, 21.02.2017, Maliactu.net, accessed 5 November 2022

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tombouctou Region.

* "Tombouctou, Mali : Image of the Day". earthobservatory.nasa.gov. 11 October 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-11.

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Regions of Mali

* Bamako Capital District
* Gao
* Kayes
* Kidal
* Koulikoro
* Ménaka
* Mopti
* Ségou
* Sikasso
* Taoudénit
* Tombouctou

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Communes and towns of Tombouctou Region

Capital: Timbuktu

Diré Cercle|

* Diré (Diré)
* Binga (Sarakoira)
* Arham (Arham)
* Bourem Sidi Amar (Bourem Sidi Amar)
* Dangha (Dangha)
* Garbakoïra (Garbakoïra)
* Haibongo (Haibongo)
* Kirchamba (Kirchamba)
* Kondi (Kondi)
* Sareyamou (Sareyamou)
* Tienkour (Tienkour)
* Tindirma (Tindirma)
* Tinguereguif (Gari)

Goundam Cercle|

* Goundam (Goundam)
* Alzounoub (Sonima)
* Bintagoungou (Bintagoungou)
* Douekire (Douekire)
* Adarmalane (Adarmalane)
* Gargando (Gargando)
* Issa Bery (Toucabangou)
* Kaneye (Kaneye)
* Doukouria (Doukouria)
* M'Bouna (M'Bouna)
* Tilemsi (Kel Malha)
* Tele (Hangabéra)
* Essakane (Essakane)
* Raz El Ma (Raz El Ma)
* Tin Aicha (Tin Aicha)
* Tonka (Tonka)

Gourma-Rharous Cercle|

* Gourma-Rharous (Gourma-Rharous)
* Bambara Maoudé (Bambara Maoudé)
* Banikane (Banikane)
* Gossi (Gossi)
* Haribomo (Daka Fifo)
* Inadiatafane (Inadiatafane)
* Ouinerden (Adiora)
* Hanzakoma (Minkiri)
* Séréré (Madiakoye)

Niafunké Cercle|

* Soboundou (Niafunké)
* Banikane Narhawa (Banikane)
* Koumaira (Koumaira)
* Léré (Léré)
* Dianke (Dianke)
* N'Gorkou (N'Gorkou)
* Fittouga (Saraféré)
* Soumpi (Soumpi)

Timbuktu Cercle|

* Tombouctou (Tombouctou)
* Lafia (Aglal)
* Alafia (Toya)
* Ber (Ber)
* Bourem-Inaly (Bourem-Inaly)
* Kabara
* Salam (Agouni)

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