Tonalá, Jalisco

City and municipality in Jalisco, Mexico

Tonalá

Church in Tonalá

Coat of arms
Location

Location in the State of Jalisco

Administration
Country | Mexico
State | Jalisco
Region | Región Centro
Metropolitan Area | Guadalajara Metropolitan Area
Municipality
• Neighborhoods
| Tonalá
193

Municipal president | Sergio Armando Chávez Dávalos (2021-)
Political party |
Geography
City Area | 51.66 km2
Metro Area | 2,740 km2
Elevation | 1,540 m
Coordinates : | 20°37′N 103°14′W﻿ / ﻿20.617°N 103.233°W﻿ / 20.617; -103.233
Population
City Population (2020) | 442,440 city; 569,913 municipality  | [1]
Metro Population (2020) | 5,268,642 (Rank 3) | [2]
City Density | 8,564/km2
Metro Density | 1,897.29/km2
General Information
Demonym | Tonalteca
Time Zone | CST (UTC−6)
• Summer | CDT (UTC−5)
Postal Code | 45400–45429
Area Code | +52 (Mexico) / +33 (Jalisco)
Website – H. Ayuntamiento de Tonalá

Tonalá (Spanish pronunciation: [tonaˈla]) is a city and municipality within the Guadalajara Metropolitan Area in the state of Jalisco in Mexico. With a population of 442,440, it is the fourth largest city in the state, the other three being the other major population centres in the metro area: Guadalajara, Zapopan, and Tlaquepaque. It is best known as a major handcrafts center for Jalisco, especially pottery, as well as its very large Thursday and Sunday street market, dedicated to handcrafts.

## The city

[edit]

Santiago Apostol Parish

The “municipal palace” or local government building is distinguished by its clock tower and arches, which are decorated in ceramic tiles in traditional motifs.[3] There are also ceramic murals created by Salvador Vázquez and Francisco Basulto.[4] In 2013, the local government opened an exhibition hall and museum in the building called the Tonalá Puebla-Museo, to promote local handcrafts, arts and culture.[5]

The main church for the city is the Santiago Apostol Parish. Constructed in the 16th century, it is the second oldest standing church in the Valley of Atemajac. It is best known as the site of the masked Dance of the Tastoanes, performed in honor of Saint James on July 25.[3] The atrium of the church as a monument to Pius IX, created in 1887. The facade of the church is of sandstone; the sides have buttresses decorated in vegetative motifs and one side has a medallion with an anagram and the date of March 24, 1813 and lion gargoyles. The main entrance is flanked by pilasters that support a frieze. Above this is the choir window framed in vegetation in relief topped by a niche. There is a single bell tower with two levels. The interior consists of three naves and vaulted ceiling, with a Neo Classical main altar.[4]

Capilla de la Cruz Blanca (White Cross Chapel) is where the first mass in western Mexico was said in 1530 by Franciscan friars. The exterior is sober, made of stone and the facade has two small bell towers. The interior contains murals that represent the native flora and fauna of the area. The Santuario del Sagrado Corazón (Sacred Heart Sanctuary) was built in the 19th century in Gothic style over what was the Nuestra Señora de la Soledad Hospital. The interior feature a very large oil painting of “Via Crucis” depicting the stations of the cross.[3] The San Gaspar Parish dates from the 16th century, named in honor of one of the Three Kings. Another 16th-century parish is Purisima Concepción.[6]

Exhibit at the Museo Nacional de la Cerámica

Main cultural centers are the Museo Nacional de la Cerámica,[7] the Casa de Artesanos and the Museo Tonallan.[4][8] The Museo Nacional de la Cerámica is mostly dedicated to Jalisco ceramics, especially that of Tonalá. There are halls dedicated to ceramics from other parts of the country as well as a hall dedicated to miniatures.[4][3] The museum has a collection of about 500 pieces from the pre Hispanic period to contemporary winners of various competitions. It was founded in 1986, by a group of businessmen along with artisans Jorge Wilmot and Ken Edwards in Wilmot's former home. The initial collection came from the Instituto Nacional Indigenista (National Indigenous Institute), which has been since augmented by winners from the Certamen Estatal de la Cerámica (Jalisco State Ceramic Contest). The museum closed for a year in 1995 but has been open since 1996 despite financial problems. Most pieces arebruñido, bandera, petatillo and canelo, the most common types produced in Tonalá.[9]

The Tonallán Museum contains exhibits related to the municipality's history, dances such as the Tastoanes and handcrafts from the pre Hispanic era to the present.[3] It has three halls, one dedicated to painting, sculpture and handcrafts/folk art, another to archeology and traditional ceramics and the last to the Tastoanes dance. It also offers interactive workshops for schools in pottery.[4]

The Tonalá Regional Museum is in a rustic adobe building. It hosts temporary exhibits by artists and artisans of the region.[4]

One other cultural institution is the Casa de Artesanos. It has various areas that sell the area's handcrafts including the Casa de los Artesanos, which is noted for its murals and a permanent collection of the best of the town's work.[3]

Overlooking the town is the Cerro de la Reina (Queen's Hill), named after the last indigenous ruler of Tonalá, Cihualpilli. At its summit, there is a monument to her, a chapel dedicated to the Virgin of Guadalupe and a flagpole holding Jalisco's highest Mexican flag, the sixth highest in the country. The hill was originally site for the queen's home.[6][3]

One of the most important popular festivals is the Fiestas de Sol (Sun Festivals) which occurs in the first half of April. It features artisans from all over Jalisco along with traditional dance, food, parades, the election of a queen, cultural and musical events and more.[8] The Festival of Santa Cruz occurs in May and is marked by processions in each of the city's neighborhoods, centered on the carrying of a cross. Saint James, the patron of the city, is celebrated on July 25. This event is distinguished by the dance of the matachines and the Tastoanes, done only here. The Tastoanes dance symbolized the battles between the indigenous and the conquistadors in the 16th century. One of the main characters is Saint James himself, who according to tradition appeared during the fight to help the Spanish.[4] The municipality hosts the annual Concurso Nacional de la Cerámica, with a purse of about 600,000 pesos for original ceramic pieces. The event attracts artisans from Michoacán, Oaxaca, Chihuahua, the State of Mexico and Jalisco. It is sponsored by the Instituto de la Artesania Jalisciense and the Fondo Nacional para el Fomento de las Artesanías.[10]

## The municipality

[edit]

The city of Tonalá functions as the local government for 58 other communities, which cover a territory of 119.58km2.[4][8] It is bordered by the municipalities of Zapotlanejo, El Salto, Juanacatlán, Tlaquepaque and Guadalajara.[4][8] The city is the largest community with a population of 408,759, followed by Puente Grande(5,664), Coyula(29,674), Centro de Readaptación Social(13,071) and La Punta(4,889).(2010 figures).[4] The municipal government consists of a president, eleven representatives and a syndic, which are elected every three years.[4]

Outside of the municipal seat, important landmarks include the Santa Cruz de las Huertas Church, the parishes of Coyula and Tololotlán, all in colonial style, the main bridge over the Santiago River, the Garita del Puente Grande from the 18th century and the former Arroyo de Emmedio hacienda.[4][8]

## History

[edit]

Monument to Cihuapilli in the main town square

The name comes from the Nahuatl phrase Tonallán, which means "Where the Sun rises".[3][4] The town approved its seal (coat of arms) in 1985, designed by Rogelio Contreras Colina.[4][8]

The town started as a Zapotec settlement [citation needed], which latter incorporated Toltec and Nahua migrants, leading to a blending of cultures. Another influence were the nomadic Cocos and Tecuexes, who also lived in the area. Religious practice focused on gods such as Teoplizintli (child god), Heri (sciences) and Nayart (god of war), along with Tenaguachi and Tezcatipoca.[4][8]

During the Salitre War in 1510, the Purépecha invaded the area, which at that time was a dominion, however, this effort was defeated.[4]

When the Nuño de Guzmán and Spanish arrived in 1530, the town was the capital of a dominion ruled by a woman named Cihualpilli Tzapotzinco. This dominion included Tlaquepaque, Tololotlán, Coyolán, Mexquitán, Tzalatitán, Atemajac, Tetlán, Tateposco, Tlaxomulco, Cuescomatitán, Coyutlán and Toluquilla as tribute paying entities.[4][8]

The leaders of the dominion were divided on how to respond to the foreigners Cihualpilli did not want to resist, due to Spanish power, but local leaders, notably those from Coyolan, Ichcatán, Tzalatitán, and Tetlán wanted to resist. Cihualpilli sent gifts to Guzmán, who not only demanded more, but also demanded allegiance to the Spanish king. Dissidents gathered numbering about 3,000 and attacked the Spanish. This began a battle that lasted several hours, with a Spanish victory on March 25, 1530. Cihualpilli was baptized with the name Juana Bautista. The territory was renamed Nueva Galicia and the town Santiago de Tonalá.[4][8]

The new province was initially governed by Diego Vazquez Buendia and remained the main settlement in the area until the founding of Guadalajara in 1535. Evangelization was carried out by the Franciscans and the Augustinians until the early 17th century.[4][8]

In 1824, the Tonalá became one of the twenty six departments of Jalisco, officially named a town, then in the same year became subordinate to Zapotlanejo. Through the rest of the 19th century, its status changed and was unclear, mentioned as a municipality in a decree in 1873 but declared subordinate to Zapotlanejo and San Pedro in 1889.[4][8]

More than MXN $100 million was transferred to the Center for Multidisciplinary Health Research, University Center of Tonalá (CUTonalá), to detect and prevent COVID-19. 110 people worked in laboratories, 470 attended a Call center, and 135 people worked in the Voluntary Isolation Center (CAV) in the Villa Primavera Hotel of the University of Guadalajara.[11] Merchants at the traditional tianguis (outdoor market) reported that their earnings had fallen by 60% due to health safety concerns related to the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico by December 2020.[12] Tonalá reported 4,357 confirmed cases and 540 deaths from the pandemic as of February 26, 2021.[13]

Eleven people were killed and at least two wounded when unidentified armed assailants attacked a party on February 27, 2021.[14]

## Economy

[edit]

Basic dishes for sale at a stand at the Thursday street market of the city Cristacolor glass blowing workshop in Tonalá

Tonalá is rated as having a very low level of socio-economic marginalization. Overall, the main sources of employment for the municipality include handcrafts, tourism, transportation, commerce and administration. Forty three percent work in commerce and services, 32% in handcrafts and other industries, and 21% in administrative and professional services. Less than one percent work in agriculture.[4]

The most visible economic activity is handcrafts, especially pottery. It is a major center for this activity in Jalisco, along with Tlaquepaque.[15] The town has been a ceramics center since the pre Hispanic period.[4][9] The variety include traditional Jalisco varieties from the colonial period such as bruñido, petatillo, bandera, canelo, betus and even bruñido with applications of gold leaf.[3][4] In the 1970s, Ken Edwards and Jorge Wilmot introduced stone ware and high fire ceramics to Tonalá.[9][4] Ceramic pieces include plates, platters, jars, cantaros, cooking pots, flower pots, flower vases, miniatures and other kinds of decorative pieces.[3] One popular design motif in Tonalá ceramics is called the Flor de Tonalá (Tonalá flower), which is an oval center with rounded petals.[9]

A number of other handcrafted items are made in Tonalá as well, with blown glass coming second after ceramics. Others include ironwork, woodworking, especially furniture, cartonería (animals, clowns and dolls), tin and brass objects.[4][3][6]

The handcrafts business means ups and downs for the municipality, depending on the market. For example, many businesses closed and other reduced operations when there are economic recessions in either Mexico or the US as 80% of exports go to the latter country. Another issue is the importation of cheaper and similar Asian products.[16]

Unlike Tlaquepaque, the town of Tonalá has not been geared for tourists in the sense of hotels, restaurant and scenic streets.[9][6] Despite this, it received thousands of visitors each week, most drawn by the street market or “tianguis” that is set up each Thursday and Sunday.[15] This market is centered on the town main road for about a kilometer, and spills into adjoining side streets.[15][17] This market can have from between 3,500 and 4,000 vendors, especially during the Christmas and Holy Week holidays when tourism is highest in Mexico.[18][17]

Aside from handcrafts, commerce is mostly limited to basic needs, with 1,000 small grocery stores, 128 butcher shops, and 142 businesses selling produce. There are also eleven municipal markets and thirty nine other tianguis markets. Agriculture is done on small-scale, raising corn, sorghum, vegetables, dairy cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, domestic fowl and bees. There is also some fish farming and mining for sand, gravel, marble and construction stone.[4]

## Government

[edit]

### Municipal presidents

[edit]

Main article: List of municipal presidents of Tonalá, Jalisco

## Geography

[edit]

The municipality is located in the eastern part of the state. With an average altitude of 1.500 meters above sea level, the territory has three kinds of relief: areas of rugged terrain, semi flat and flat areas. The main elevations are the Cerro Cúpula de la Reina, and Xólotl, both 1,720 meters above sea level.[4][8]

### Climate

[edit]

The climate is semi dry with the driest months in the winter and spring. It is semi-warm without a well-defined winter with about six days a year with temperatures at freezing or below. Most of the annual rainfall, 900mm, falls between July and October. Dominant winds are from the east.[8]

### Hydrography

[edit]

The main river is the Santiago originally called the Cichnahuay, which flows in the west and north of the territory. Tributary streams include the Popul, Las Jicamas and Agua Amarilla, all located in the east of the municipality. There are also dams called La Rusia, De Sermeño and El Ocotillo, with the Colimilla on the Santiago River itself.[4][8] The Santiago River carves one of the main natural attractions of the municipality, the Colimilla Ravine. The municipal has also been known for thermal springs, said to have curative powers, since the colonial period. The main thermal spring today are those of Agua Caliente.[8][6]

### Flora and fauna

[edit]

The municipality contains 420 hectares of forest that contains mostly huizache, mesquite, holm oak and oak.[4][8] Most of the vegetation is deciduous, with leaves falling during the dry season and scrub plants.[4]

Wildlife is mostly limited to the ravines and include various rodents, skunks, deer, wildcats, armadillos, opossums and various bird species.[4]

## Demographics

[edit]

Ninety seven percent of the population lives in urban areas, with a population density of just over 4,000 people per square km. Population growth from 2005 to 2010 was 3.45%, down from 7.2% the previous five years. As of 2010 only 3,389 people spoke an indigenous language, mostly Nahuatl. Just over 90% of the population is Roman Catholic. Most of the rest are Protestant or profess no religion.[4][8]

## Education

[edit]

The municipality has 145 pre-schools, 166 primary schools, 41 middle schools, eighteen high/vocational schools, one special education center and two continuing educational centers. About 60 percent of the population has finished primary school and 3,36% are illiterate.[4]

In 2012 the Centro Universitario de Tonalá was opened as part of the Universidad de Guadalajara.[19]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tonalá, Jalisco.

## See also

[edit]

* Ceramics of Jalisco
* Municipalities of Mexico
* Metropolitan areas of Mexico

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Citypopulation.de
2. ^ Citypopulation.de Population of Guadalajara metropolitan area
3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Jimenez Gonzalez, Victor Manuel, ed. (2009). Jalisco: Guía para descubrir los encantos del estado. Mexico City: Editorial Océano de México. pp. 103–104\. ISBN 978-607-400-180-8.103-104&rft.pub=Editorial+Océano+de+México&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-607-400-180-8&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Tonalá,+Jalisco" class="Z3988">
4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag "Tonalá". Mexico: Government of Jalisco. Retrieved January 15, 2014.
5. ^ Mariana Jaime (September 12, 2013). "Será Tonalá Pueblo-Museo". Mural. Guadalajara. p. 5.
6. ^ a b c d e Alicia Calderon (July 17, 1999). "Tonala: Cuna artesanal de Mexico". Mural. Guadalajara. p. 5.
7. ^ "Museo Nacional de la Cerámica Jorge Wilmot". Secretaría de Cultura, Jalisco, México. Retrieved May 13, 2020.
8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "Estado de Jalisco-Tonalá". Enciclopedia de los Municipios y Delegaciones de México. Mexico: INAFED. 2010. Retrieved January 15, 2014.
9. ^ a b c d e Erin Cassin (February 1, 2006). "Uncovering Tonala's history at the National Ceramic Museum". Mexconnect newsletter. ISSN 1028-9089. Retrieved January 15, 2014.
10. ^ "Premian a ganadores de concurso artesanal en Tonalá". NOTIMEX. Mexico City. July 21, 2012.
11. ^ "Inauguran Área de Diagnóstico COVID-19 en CUTonalá | Centro Universitario de Tonalá". cutonala.udg.mx. Univerdad de Guadalajara. Retrieved February 27, 2021.
12. ^ Toledo, Pablo (December 22, 2020). "Nuevas medidas por COVID-19 preocupa a tianguistas de Tonalá". UDG TV (in European Spanish). Retrieved February 27, 2021.
13. ^ "Coronavirus (COVID-19) en Tonalá, Jalisco". gncys.com (in Mexican Spanish). February 1, 2020. Retrieved February 27, 2021.
14. ^ "Masacre en Jalisco: ataque armado en una fiesta en Tonalá dejó al menos 11 muertos". infobae (in European Spanish). Infobae. February 27, 2021. Retrieved February 27, 2021.
15. ^ a b c Lourdes Lopez (September 20, 1998). "Tonala, pueblo en Jalisco dedicado a la alfareria: Los tianguis de jueves y domingos lo convierten en uno de los mercados de artesanias mas grandes del mundo". La Opinion. Los Angeles. p. 5F.
16. ^ Jorge Velazco (December 21, 2001). "Artesanias de Tonala: Fragilidad que se deteriora". Reforma. Mexico City. p. 12.
17. ^ a b "Tianguis Tonalá". Retrieved January 15, 2014.
18. ^ "Venden productos artesanales comerciantes de Tonalá en Pascua". NOTIMEX. Mexico City. April 8, 2012.
19. ^ "Centro Universitario de Tonalá". Jalisco: Universidad de Guadalajara. Retrieved January 15, 2014.

* v
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State of Jalisco

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Topics|

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Metropolitan areas|

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Municipalities
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(municipal seats)|

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Protected areas|

* Agave Landscape and Ancient Industrial Facilities of Tequila
* Barranca de Oblatos
* Bosque Mesófilo Nevado de Colima
* Chamela-Cuixmala
* Cuenca Alimentadora del Distrito Nacional de Riego 043 Estado de Nayarit
* La Primavera
* Laguna de Sayula
* Sierra de Manantlán
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* Vallarta Botanical Gardens
* Volcán Nevado de Colima

Authority control databases

International|

* VIAF

National|

* Germany
* Czech Republic

Geographic|

* MusicBrainz area

## External links

[edit]

* Ayuntamiento de Tonalá Official website
* Handcraft producers in Tonalá
* Handcraft producers in Tonalá
* Exhibition of Tonalá artists in New York
* www.elclima.com.mx

* v
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Mexican handcrafts and folk art

Clay and ceramics|

* Mexican ceramics
* Ceramics of Jalisco
* Pottery of Metepec
* Soteno family
* Barro negro pottery
* Blanco family (Oaxaca)
* Green glazed pottery of Atzompa
* Mata Ortiz pottery
* Talavera pottery
* Tree of Life

Textiles and other fiber crafts|

* Amuzgo textiles
* Basketry of Mexico
* Huipil
* Mexican rag doll
* Petate
* Quechquemitl
* Rebozo
* Tenango embroidery
* Textiles of Mexico
* Textiles of Oaxaca

Paper|

* Amate
* Cartonería
* Lupita dolls
* Miss Lupita project
* Piñata

Crafts towns|

* Ocotlán de Morelos
* San Bartolo Coyotepec
* San Martín Tilcajete
* San Pablito
* Santa Clara del Cobre
* Punzo family
* Santa María Atzompa
* Santo Tomás Jalieza
* Temoaya
* Tenancingo, State of Mexico
* Teotitlán del Valle
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* Tlaquepaque
* Tonalá, Jalisco

Organizations and
festivals|

* Alfeñique fair
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* Museo Universitario de Artes Populares María Teresa Pomar
* National Fund for the Development of Arts and Crafts
* National Museum of Mexican Art
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* Palm Sunday Handcraft Market

Artisans|

* see List of Mexican artisans

Handcrafts by federal entity|

* Chiapas
* Guanajuato
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* Mexico City
* Michoacán
* Oaxaca
* Puebla
* State of Mexico
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Related topics|

* Alebrije
* Alfeñique in Mexico
* Huichol art
* Mexican featherwork
* Mexican handcrafted fireworks
* Mexican ironwood carvings
* Mexican lacquerware
* Mexican mask-folk art
* Mexican pointy boots
* Piteado
* Popotillo art
* Sawdust carpet
* Traditional copper work in Mexico
* Traditional metal working in Mexico
* Traditional Mexican handcrafted toys
* Vochol
* Votive paintings of Mexico
* María Teresa Pomar
* Marta Turok

* v
* t
* e

State of Jalisco

Guadalajara (capital)

Topics|

* Art
* Ceramics
* Cities
* Economy
* Flag
* Government
* Congress
* Governors

Metropolitan areas|

* Guadalajara
* Ocotlán
* Puerto Vallarta

Municipalities
and
(municipal seats)|

* Acatic
* Acatlán de Juárez
* Ahualulco de Mercado
* Amacueca
* Amatitán
* Ameca
* Arandas
* Atemajac de Brizuela
* Atengo
* Atenguillo
* Atotonilco El Alto
* Atoyac
* Autlán de Navarro
* Ayotlán
* Ayutla
* Bolaños
* Cabo Corrientes (El Tuito)
* Cañadas de Obregón
* Casimiro Castillo
* Chapala
* Chimaltitán
* Chiquilistlán
* Cihuatlán
* Cocula
* Colotlán
* Concepción de Buenos Aires
* Cuautitlán de García Barragán
* Cuautla
* Cuquío
* Degollado
* Ejutla
* El Arenal
* El Grullo
* El Limón
* El Salto
* Encarnación de Díaz
* Etzatlán
* Gómez Farías (San Sebastián del Sur)
* Guachinango
* Guadalajara
* Hostotipaquillo
* Huejúcar
* Huejuquilla El Alto
* Ixtlahuacán de los Membrillos
* Ixtlahuacán del Río
* Jalostotitlán
* Jamay
* Jesús María
* Jilotlán de los Dolores
* Jocotepec
* Juanacatlán
* Juchitlán
* La Barca
* La Huerta
* La Manzanilla de La Paz
* Lagos de Moreno
* Magdalena
* Mascota
* Mazamitla
* Mexticacan
* Mezquitic
* Mixtlán
* Ocotlán
* Ojuelos de Jalisco
* Pihuamo
* Poncitlán
* Puerto Vallarta
* Quitupan
* San Cristóbal de la Barranca
* San Diego de Alejandría
* San Gabriel
* San Ignacio Cerro Gordo
* San Juan de los Lagos
* San Juanito de Escobedo (Antonio Escobedo)
* San Julián
* San Marcos
* San Martín de Bolaños
* San Martín de Hidalgo
* San Miguel el Alto
* San Sebastián del Oeste
* Santa María del Oro
* Santa María de los Ángeles
* Sayula
* Tala
* Talpa de Allende
* Tamazula de Gordiano
* Tapalpa
* Tecalitlán
* Techaluta de Montenegro
* Tecolotlán
* Tenamaxtlán
* Teocaltiche
* Teocuitatlán de Corona
* Tepatitlán de Morelos
* Tequila
* Teuchitlán
* Tizapan El Alto
* Tlajomulco de Zúñiga
* Tlaquepaque
* Tolimán
* Tomatlán
* Tonalá
* Tonaya
* Tonila
* Totatiche
* Tototlán
* Tuxcacuesco
* Tuxcueca
* Tuxpan
* Unión de San Antonio
* Unión de Tula
* Valle de Guadalupe
* Valle de Juárez
* Villa Corona
* Villa Guerrero
* Villa Hidalgo
* Villa Purificación
* Yahualica de González Gallo
* Zacoalco de Torres
* Zapopan
* Zapotiltic
* Zapotitlán de Vadillo
* Zapotlán del Rey
* Zapotlán el Grande
* Zapotlanejo

Protected areas|

* Agave Landscape and Ancient Industrial Facilities of Tequila
* Barranca de Oblatos
* Bosque Mesófilo Nevado de Colima
* Chamela-Cuixmala
* Cuenca Alimentadora del Distrito Nacional de Riego 043 Estado de Nayarit
* La Primavera
* Laguna de Sayula
* Sierra de Manantlán
* Sierra de Quila
* Vallarta Botanical Gardens
* Volcán Nevado de Colima

Authority control databases

International|

* VIAF

National|

* Germany
* Czech Republic

Geographic|

* MusicBrainz area

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