Tortricidae

Family of tortrix moths

This article is about the family of moths. For other uses, see Tortricidae (disambiguation).

Tortricidae

Temporal range: Eocene–Present

PreꞒ

Bactra lancealana
Scientific classification
Domain:  | Eukaryota
Kingdom:  | Animalia
Phylum:  | Arthropoda
Class:  | Insecta
Order:  | Lepidoptera
Infraorder:  | Heteroneura
Clade:  | Eulepidoptera
Clade:  | Ditrysia
Clade:  | Apoditrysia
Superfamily:  | Tortricoidea
Latreille, 1803
Family:  | Tortricidae
Latreille, 1803
Subfamilies & tribes

* Chlidanotinae
* Tortricinae
* Olethreutinae

See also Taxonomy of Tortricidae for full list of genera.

Diversity
Over 1,050 genera
Over 10,350 species
Synonyms

Olethreutidae

The Tortricidae are a family of moths, commonly known as tortrix moths or leafroller moths,[1] in the order Lepidoptera. This large family has over 11,000 species described, and is the sole member of the superfamily Tortricoidea, although the genus Heliocosma is sometimes placed within this superfamily.[2][3] Many of these are economically important pests. Olethreutidae is a junior synonym. The typical resting posture is with the wings folded back, producing a rather rounded profile.

Notable tortricids include the codling moth and the spruce budworm, which are among the most well-studied of all insects because of their economic impact.[4]

## Description

[edit]

Tortricid moths are generally small, with a wingspan of 3 cm or less.[5] Many species are drab and have mottled and marbled brown colors, but some diurnal species are brightly colored and mimic other moths of the families Geometridae and Pyralidae.

## Life cycle and behavior

[edit]

Tortricid eggs are often flattened and scale-like.

Larvae in the subfamilies Chlidanotinae and Olethreutinae usually feed by boring into stems, roots, buds or seeds. Larvae in the subfamily Tortricinae, however, feed externally and construct leaf rolls. Larvae in the subfamily Tortricinae tend to be more polyphagous than those in Chlidanotinae and Olethreutinae. Tortricinae also possess an anal fork for flicking excrement away from their shelters.

## Some common tortricids

[edit]

The tortricids include many economically important pests, including:

* Summer fruit tortrix moth (Adoxophyes orana)
* Fruit tree tortrix moth (Archips podana)
* Rose leaf roller (Archips rosana)
* Argyrotaenia ljungiana, a pest on vines, maize, and fruit trees
* Peach moth (Cydia molesta)
* Codling moth (Cydia pomonella)
* Plum fruit moth (Cydia funebrana)
* Pea moth (Cydia nigricana)
* Chestnut and acorn moth (Cydia splendana)
* Light brown apple moth (Epiphyas postvittana)
* Hemp borer (Grapholita delineana)
* Oriental fruit moth (Grapholita molesta)
* Cherry fruitworm (Grapholita packardi)
* European grapevine moth (Lobesia botrana)
* Barred fruit tree tortrix moth (Pandemis cerasana)
* Grape berry moth (Paralobesia viteana)
* Long-palped tortrix or vine leaf roller (Sparganothis pilleriana)
* Bud moth (Spilonota ocellana)
* False codling moth (Thaumatotibia (Cryptophlebia) leucotreta)
* Spruce budworm (Genus Choristoneura)

See also Mexican jumping bean moth (Cydia saltitans)

### A typical tortricid – the codling moth

[edit]

The Tortricidae are considered to be the single most important family of insects that feed on apples, both economically and in diversity of feeding found on fruit, buds, leaves, and shoots. In New York, no fewer than seventeen species of Tortricidae have gained pest status in regards to apple production.[citation needed]

The codling moth Cydia pomonella causes worm-holes in apples. It has been accidentally spread from its original range in Europe and is now found in North and South America, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand, wherever apples are grown. Control has required the use of the harshest available insecticides – historically lead arsenate and DDT were used for control. These chemicals brought considerable environmental dangers, and in any case the insect gradually developed resistance to them. Currently, organophosphate sprays are favored and are timed carefully to catch the hatching larvae before they can bore into the fruit.

## Gallery

[edit]

* Choristoneura fumiferana larva

* Choristoneura lambertiana pupa

* Eumarozia malachitana

* Pandemis limitata larva

* Pandemis limitata pupa

* Pandemis limitata adult

## See also

[edit]

* List of Tortricidae genera

## References

[edit]

1. ^ McLeod, Robin (December 31, 2019). "Family Tortricidae - Tortricid Moths". BugGuide. Archived from the original on May 17, 2024. Retrieved February 7, 2020.
2. ^ van Nieukerken; et al. (2011). "Order Lepidoptera Linnaeus, 1758. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3148: 212–221\. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.41. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-10-13. Retrieved 2012-01-14.
3. ^ "Tracking our Taxonomic Progress" (PDF). Torts. Newsletter of the Troop of Reputed Tortricid Systematists. Vol. 20, no. 1\. 8 January 2019. pp. 12–13\. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 May 2024. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
4. ^ Brown, John W. (2005). Tortricidae (Lepidoptera). Apollo Books. ISBN 9788788757415. Archived from the original on 2024-05-17. Retrieved 2016-05-08.
5. ^ Hanson, Paul E. (2018). Insects and Other Arthropods of Tropical America. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-5694-7

## Further reading

[edit]

* Firefly Encyclopedia of Insects and Spiders, edited by Christopher O'Toole, ISBN 1-55297-612-2, 2002

## External links

[edit]

* Tortricid.net
* "Family Tortricidae". Insecta.pro. Retrieved February 7, 2020.
* Eurasian Tortricidae
* Tortricid Fauna of Apple in New York.(Lepidoptera: Tortricidae): Including an Account of Apples' Occurrence in the State, Especially as a Naturalized Plant. by P. J. Chapman and S. E. Link, Geneva: New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, 1971
* Rhyacionia frustrana, Nantucket pine tip moth on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site

* v
* t
* e

Extant Lepidoptera families

* Kingdom: Animalia
* Phylum: Arthropoda
* Class: Insecta
* Subclass: Pterygota
* Infraclass: Neoptera
* Superorder: Holometabola

Suborder Zeugloptera

| Micropterigoidea|

Micropterigidae (mandibulate archaic moths)

|

Suborder Aglossata

| Agathiphagoidea|

Agathiphagidae (kauri moths)

|

Suborder Heterobathmiina

| Heterobathmioidea|

Heterobathmiidae

|

Suborder Glossata

| Dacnonypha|

| Eriocranioidea|

* Eriocraniidae

|

Acanthoctesia|

| Acanthopteroctetoidea|

* Acanthopteroctetidae (archaic sun moths)

|

Lophocoronina|

| Lophocoronoidea|

Lophocoronidae

|

Neopseustina|

| Neopseustoidea|

* Aenigmatineidae
* Neopseustidae (archaic bell moths)

|

Exoporia|

| Hepialoidea|

* Anomosetidae
* Hepialidae (swift moths, ghost moths)
* Neotheoridae (Amazonian primitive ghost moths)
* Palaeosetidae (miniature ghost moths)
* Prototheoridae (African primitive ghost moths)

|

Mnesarchaeoidea|

* Mnesarchaeidae (New Zealand primitive moths)

| M

| Adeloidea|

Adelidae (fairy longhorn moths)
Cecidosidae
Heliozelidae
Incurvariidae
Prodoxidae (yucca moths)

|

Andesianoidea|

* Andesianidae (Andean endemic moths)

Nepticuloidea|

Nepticulidae (pigmy, or midget moths)
Opostegidae (white eyecap moths)

Palaephatoidea|

Palaephatidae (Gondwanaland moths)

Tischerioidea|

Tischeriidae (trumpet leaf miner moths)

| Simaethistoidea|

Simaethistidae

|

Tineoidea|

Acrolophidae (burrowing webworm moths)
Arrhenophanidae
Eriocottidae (Old World spiny-winged moths)
Psychidae (bagworm moths)
Tineidae (fungus moths)

Gracillarioidea|

Bucculatricidae (ribbed cocoon makers)
Douglasiidae (Douglas moths)
Gracillariidae
Roeslerstammiidae

Yponomeutoidea|

Acrolepiidae (false diamondback moths)
Bedelliidae
Glyphipterigidae (sedge moths)
Heliodinidae
Lyonetiidae
Plutellidae
Yponomeutidae (ermine moths)
Ypsolophidae

Gelechioidea|

Autostichidae
Batrachedridae
Blastobasidae
Coleophoridae (case-bearers, case moths)
Cosmopterigidae (cosmet moths)
Elachistidae (grass-miner moths)
Gelechiidae (twirler moths)
Lecithoceridae (long-horned moths)
Lypusidae
Metachandidae
Momphidae (mompha moths)
Oecophoridae (concealer moths)
Pterolonchidae
Scythrididae (flower moths)
Xyloryctidae (timber moths)

Galacticoidea|

Galacticidae

Zygaenoidea|

Heterogynidae
Zygaenidae (burnet, forester, or smoky moths)
Himantopteridae
Lacturidae
Somabrachyidae
Megalopygidae (flannel moths)
Aididae
Anomoeotidae
Cyclotornidae
Epipyropidae (planthopper parasite moths)
Dalceridae (slug caterpillars)
Limacodidae (slug, or cup moths)

Cossoidea|

Cossidae (carpenter millers, or goat moths)
Dudgeoneidae (dudgeon carpenter moths)

Sesioidea|

Brachodidae (little bear moths)
Castniidae (castniid moths: giant butterfly-moths, sun moths)
Sesiidae (clearwing moths)

Choreutoidea|

Choreutidae (metalmark moths)

Tortricoidea|

Tortricidae (tortrix moths)

Urodoidea|

Urodidae (false burnet moths)

Schreckensteinioidea|

Schreckensteiniidae (bristle-legged moths)

Epermenioidea|

Epermeniidae (fringe-tufted moths)

Alucitoidea|

Alucitidae (many-plumed moths)
Tineodidae (false plume moths)

Pterophoroidea|

Pterophoridae (plume moths)

Whalleyanoidea|

Whalleyanidae

Immoidea|

Immidae

Copromorphoidea|

Copromorphidae (tropical fruitworm moths)
Carposinidae (fruitworm moths)

Thyridoidea|

Thyrididae (picture-winged leaf moths)

Calliduloidea|

Callidulidae (Old World butterfly-moths)

Papilionoidea
(butterflies)|

Papilionidae (swallowtail butterflies)
Hedylidae (American moth-butterflies)
Hesperiidae (skippers)
Pieridae (whites, yellows, orangetips, sulphurs)
Riodinidae (metalmarks)
Lycaenidae (gossamer-winged butterflies: blues, coppers and relatives)
Nymphalidae (brush-footed, or four-footed butterflies)

Hyblaeoidea|

Hyblaeidae (teak moths)

Pyraloidea|

Pyralidae (snout moths)
Crambidae (grass moth)

Mimallonoidea|

Mimallonidae (sack bearer moths)

Lasiocampoidea|

Lasiocampidae (eggars, snout moths, or lappet moths)

Bombycoidea|

Anthelidae (Australian lappet moth)
Apatelodidae (American silkworm moths)
Bombycidae (silk moths)
Brahmaeidae (Brahmin moths)
Carthaeidae (Dryandra moth)
Endromidae (Kentish glory and relatives)
Eupterotidae
Phiditiidae
Saturniidae (saturniids)
Sphingidae (hawk moths, sphinx moths and hornworms)

Noctuoidea|

Erebidae (underwing, tiger, tussock, litter, snout, owlet moths)
Euteliidae
Noctuidae (daggers, sallows, owlet moths, quakers, cutworms, darts)
Nolidae (tuft moths)
Notodontidae (prominents, kittens)
Oenosandridae

Drepanoidea|

Drepanidae (hook-tips)
Cimeliidae (gold moths)
Doidae

Geometroidea|

Sematuridae
Pseudobistonidae
Epicopeiidae (oriental swallowtail moths)
Uraniidae
Geometridae (geometer moths)

Superfamily unassigned|

Millieriidae

Note: division Monotrysia is not a clade.

* Taxonomy of the Lepidoptera
* Lists by region

Taxon identifiers

Tortricidae|

* Wikidata: Q28953
* Wikispecies: Tortricidae
* ADW: Tortricidae
* AFD: Tortricidae
* BAMONA: Tortricidae
* BioLib: 17323
* BOLD: 425
* BugGuide: 9524
* EoL: 914
* EPPO: 1TORTF
* Fauna Europaea: 4189
* Fauna Europaea (new): b5d5ffd6-500e-443d-8343-fa552883ef08
* GBIF: 5343
* iNaturalist: 47155
* IRMNG: 103478
* ITIS: 117856
* NBN: NBNSYS0000161175
* NCBI: 7139
* NZOR: 0fc452e2-1cd2-44c3-ad88-c150bb1e3216
* Open Tree of Life: 116636
* Paleobiology Database: 134448
* PPE: tortricidae
* WoRMS: 989101

Authority control databases: National |

* Germany
* Czech Republic

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