Toungoo dynasty

Imperial dynasty of Burma (1510–1752)

This article is about the dynasty that ruled Myanmar between the 16th and 18th centuries. For the Toungoo period (တောင်ငူ ခေတ်), as used in traditional Burmese historiography, see First Toungoo Empire.

Toungoo dynasty

တောင်ငူမင်းဆက်
taungnguumainn saat

1510–1752

Toungoo Dynasty at its greatest extent (1580)

The restored Taungoo or Nyaungyan Dynasty c. 1650

Status| Empire/Kingdom
Capital| Toungoo (Taungoo) (1510–1539)
Pegu (Bago) (1539–1599)
Ava (Inwa) (1599–1613)
Pegu (Bago) (1613–1635)
Ava (Inwa) (1635–1752)
Common languages| Official
Burmese

Regional

* Thai, Pak Tai (Ayutthaya)
* Mon (Lower Burma)
* Shan (Shan states)
* Lanna (Lan Na)
* Lao (Lan Xang)
* Meithei (Manipur)

Religion

| Official
Theravada Buddhism

Minority

* Animism
* Christianity
* Hinduism
* Islam

Government| Absolute monarchy

• 1485–1530

| Mingyi Nyo

• 1530–1550

| Tabinshwehti

• 1550–1581

| Bayinnaung

• 1605–1628

| Anaukpetlun

• 1629–1648

| Thalun

• 1733–1752

| Mahadhammaraza Dipadi
Legislature| None
History|

• Toungoo dynasty founded

| 1485

• Independence from Ava Kingdom

| 16 October 1510

• Expansion of Bayinnaung

| 1510–1599

• Nyaungyan Restoration

| 1599–1752

• Hanthawaddy conquest

| 23 March 1752
Population

• Census

| 1,982,000 - 2,313,000[citation needed]
Currency| Silver

Preceded by | Succeeded by

|

|  | Kingdom of Ava

|

| Hanthawaddy Kingdom
| Confederation of Shan States
| Lan Na Kingdom
| Ayutthaya Kingdom
| Lan Xang
| Manipur (kingdom)
| Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom |

|

Konbaung dynasty |
Ayutthaya Kingdom |
Today part of|

* Myanmar
* Thailand
* India
* Laos
* China
* Malaysia
* Cambodia
* Vietnam

History of Myanmar

* Prehistory of Myanmar 11,000–200 BCE
* Pyu city-states 200 BCE – 1050 CE

(Sri Ksetra kingdom, Tagaung Kingdom)

* Mon kingdoms 825?–1057? CE

(Thaton kingdom)

* Arakanese kingdoms 788?–1406

* Pagan kingdom 849–1297
* Early Pagan kingdom 849–1044
* Warring states period
* Upper Myanmar 1297–1555
* Myinsaing and Pinya kingdoms 1297–1365
* Sagaing kingdom 1315–1365
* Kingdom of Ava 1365–1555
* Prome kingdom 1482–1542
* Hanthawaddy kingdom 1287–1539, 1550–1552
* Shan States 1215–1563
* Kingdom of Mrauk U 1429–1785
* Toungoo dynasty 1510–1752
* First Toungoo Empire 1510–1599
* Nyaungyan restoration 1599–1752
* Restored Hanthawaddy 1740–1757
* Konbaung dynasty 1752–1885

* British colonial period 1824–1948
* Anglo-Burmese Wars 1824–1885
* Resistance movement 1885–1895
* Nationalist movement 1900–1948
* Japanese occupation 1942–1945

* Modern era 1948–present
* AFPFL government 1948–1962
* Ne Win dictatorship 1962–1988
* SLORC / SPDC junta 1988–2010
* Political reforms 2011–2015
* SAC junta 2021–present

* Timeline
* List of capitals
* Leaders
* Royal chronicles
* Military history
* Military rule

Myanmar portal

* v
* t
* e

The Toungoo dynasty (Burmese: တောင်ငူမင်းဆက်, [tàʊɰ̃ŋù mɪ́ɰ̃ zɛʔ]; also spelt Taungoo dynasty, and also known as the Nyaungyan dynasty, was the ruling dynasty of Burma (Myanmar) from the mid-16th century to 1752. At its peak, Toungoo "exercised suzerainty from present-day Assam, Manipur to the Cambodian marches and from the borders of Arakan to Yunnan" and was the largest empire and the only great power country in the history of Southeast Asia."[1] The dynasty ruled in two periods: the First Toungoo Empire (1510–1599) and the Nyaungyan Restoration (1599–1752).

Its early kings Tabinshwehti and Bayinnaung succeeded in reunifying the territories of the Pagan Kingdom for the first time since 1287 and in incorporating the Shan States for the first time, in addition to including Manipur, Chinese Shan States, Siam and Lan Xang.[2] The empire collapsed in the 18 years following Bayinnaung's death in 1581. The dynasty quickly regrouped under the leadership of Nyaungyan Min and his son, Anaukpetlun, who succeeded in restoring a smaller, more manageable kingdom, encompassing Lower Burma, Upper Burma, Shan States and Lan Na by 1622. The Restored Toungoo kings, now based in Ava (Inwa), created a legal and political system whose basic features would continue under the Konbaung dynasty well into the 19th century. The crown completely replaced the hereditary chieftainships with appointed governorships in the entire Irrawaddy valley and greatly reduced the hereditary rights of Shan chiefs. Its trade and secular administrative reforms built a prosperous economy for more than 80 years.

The kingdom entered a gradual decline due to the "palace rule" of its kings. Starting from the 1720s, the kingdom was beset with raids by the Meitei people of the Chindwin River, and a rebellion in Chiang Mai. Raids by the Meitei intensified in the 1730s, reaching increasingly deeper parts of central Burma. In 1740, the Mon people in Lower Burma began a rebellion, founding the Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom. The Hanthawaddy armies captured Inwa in 1752 and ended the 266-year-old Toungoo dynasty.

## History

[edit]

King Mingyi Nyo founded the First Toungoo Empire (1510–1599) at Taungoo far up the Sittaung River south of Inwa towards the end of the Ava Kingdom in 1510. After the conquest of Inwa by the Mohnyin-led Shan sawbwas in 1527, many Burmese-speakers migrated to Taungoo, which became a new centre.

Mingyi Nyo's son, King Tabinshwehti, unified most of Burma, consolidating his power and pushing southward, over-running the Irrawaddy Delta and crushing the Hanthawaddy capital of Bago. In 1544, Tabinshwehti was crowned as king of all Burma at the ancient capital of Bagan. By that time, the geopolitical situation in Southeast Asia had changed dramatically. The Shan gained power in a new kingdom in the north, the Ayutthaya Kingdom had established itself as a suzerain power around the Chao Phraya river basin, while the Portuguese Empire had arrived in the south and conquered Malacca.

The King of Toungoo in Pegu receives an envoy (17th century)

With the coming of European traders, Burma was once again an important trading centre, and Tabinshwehti moved his capital to Bago due to its strategic position for commerce. He then began assembling an army for an attack on coastal Rakhine State to the west. Tabinshwehti's forces were defeated at Arakan but he was able to gain control of Lower Burma up to Pyay. He led his retreating army eastward to the Ayutthaya Kingdom, where he was again defeated in the Burmese–Siamese War (1547–49). A period of unrest and rebellions among other conquered peoples followed and Tabinshwehti was assassinated in 1550.

### Bayinnaung's Empire

[edit]

Tabinshwehti's brother-in-law, Bayinnaung, succeeded to the throne in 1550 and reigned 30 years, launching a campaign of conquest invading several states, including Manipur (1560) and Ayutthaya (1564). An energetic leader and effective military commander, he made Taungoo the most powerful state in Southeast Asia and extended his borders from Laos to Ayutthaya.[citation needed] Bayinnaung was poised to deliver a final, decisive assault on the western kingdom of Arakan when he died in 1581. His son Nanda Bayin and his successors were forced to quell rebellions in other parts of the kingdom, and the conquest of Arakan was never achieved.

### Restored Taungoo

[edit]

Faced with rebellion by several cities and renewed Portuguese incursions, the Taungoo rulers withdrew from southern Burma and founded a second dynasty at Ava, the Nyaungyan or Restored Taungoo Dynasty (1597–1752). Bayinnaung's grandson, Anaukpetlun (1605–1628), once again reunited Burma in 1613 and decisively defeated Portuguese attempts to take over Burma. Anaukpetlun's successor Thalun (1629–1648) rebuilt the war torn country. Based on Thalun's revenue inquest in 1635, the Irrawaddy valley's population was estimated to be around 2 million.[3]

The dynasty survived for another century and a half until the death of Mahadhammayaza in 1752. Encouraged by the French in India, Bago finally rebelled against Inwa, further weakening the state, which fell in 1752. The downfall of the Taungoo dynasty has been more broadly ascribed to institutional weaknesses in the capital, which intensified factionalism and succession disputes, and the uneven impact of growing trade and potential price inflation, on the elite's income streams.[4]

## Family tree

[edit]

See also: Burmese monarchs' family tree

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

| | | | | | | | |
Mingyi Swe
V. of Toungoo
~1490s–1549
r.1540–1549| | Yaza Dewi
~1500-?
Queen| | Mingyi Nyo
1459–1530
r. 1510–1530| | | | | | | Yadana Dewi
1490s-?
Central Palace
Queen| | | | Soe Min
Hteik-Tin
~1460s-~1530s
Chief queen| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Dhamma Dewi
~1514/15-1580s
Chief queen| | Tabinshwehti
1516–1550
r. 1530–1550| | Khay Ma Naw
Chief queen| | Atula Thiri
~1518–1568
Chief queen| | Bayinnaung
1516–1581
r. 1550–1581| | | | Khin Pyezon
~1530s-?
Queen| | | | Shin
Htwe Myat| | | Sanda Dewi
1517/18–1580s?
Chief queen | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | Hanthawaddy
Mibaya
~1536–1606
Chief queen| | Nanda
1535–1600
r. 1581–1599| | | | | | | | | | | Nyaungyan
1555–1605
r. 1599–1605| | | Khin Hpone
Myint
~1560-1610s
Chief queen| | | | | |
| | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Atula
Sanda Dewi
Chief queen| | | Anaukpetlun
1578–1628
r. 1605–1628| | Khin
Myo Myat| |
| | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Min Lat| | | | | Mingala Dewi| | | | | Thalun
1584–1648
r. 1629–1648| | | | | Khin Myo Sit| | | | Khin
Myat Hset| | | Minye
Deibba
1608–1629
r. 1628–1629| | Khin
Hnin Paw
of Kengtung
Chief queen
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | Ne Myo
Ye Kyaw| | Khin Ma
Min Sit| | Atula Sanda
Dewi
Chief queen| | Pindale
1608–1661
r. 1648–1661| | | Min Phyu
Chief queen| | | Pye
1619–1672
r. 1661–1672| | Khin Ma Lat| |
| | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
Atula
Thiri
Chief queen| | Minye
Kyawhtin
1651–1698
r. 1673–1698| | Sanda Dewi| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Narawara
1650–1673
r. 1672–1673| | | | | |
| |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| |
| | | | | | | | Sanay
1673–1714
r. 1698–1714| | Maha Dewi
Chief queen| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| |
| | | | | | | | | | | | Taninganway
1689–1733
r. 1714–1733| | Mingala Dewi
Chief queen| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Maha Dhamma
Yaza
1714–1754
r. 1733–1752| | Nanda
Dipadi
Chief queen| | | | | | | | | | | |

## Governance

[edit]

During the Toungoo dynasty, the Burmese crown undertook a series of reforms that strengthened the stability and relative longevity of the dynasty. While the First Toungoo Empire had established the precedent of stitching together independent kingdoms under a single monarch, Restored Toungoo monarchs more successfully subordinated lowland principalities under the Burmese throne's direct control.[4] Senior princes of these principalities were required to live at the Burmese capital under close supervision, and the ceremonial insignia of these provincial rulers was downgraded.[4] Other reforms included direct central control of provincial deputies, more effective links with provincial village chiefs, and expansion of the ahmudan system around the capital.[4] Beginning in 1635, the Burmese crown began to conduct comprehensive censuses, and consolidated access to provincial manpower and tax collections.[4] The Burmese monkhood in Upper Burma was also subject to more effective personnel and financial regulations.[4]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Lieberman 2003: 151–152
2. ^ Lieberman, Victor B. (14 July 2014). Burmese Administrative Cycles: Anarchy and Conquest, c. 1580-1760. Princeton University Press. p. 16\. ISBN 978-1-4008-5585-8. Archived from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
3. ^ Dr. Than Tun (December 1968). "Administration Under King Thalun". Journal of Burma Research Society. 51, Part 2: 173–188.
4. ^ a b c d e f Lieberman, Victor (2018). "Was the Seventeenth Century a Watershed in Burmese History?". In Reid, Anthony J. S. (ed.). Southeast Asia in the Early Modern Era: Trade, Power, and Belief. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-1-5017-3217-1. Archived from the original on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2020.

* Victor B. Lieberman, "Burmese Administrative Cycles: Anarchy and Conquest, c. 1580–1760", Princeton University Press, 1984.

* v
* t
* e

Burmese monarchs

Pagan dynasty
849–1297|

* Pyinbya
* Tannet
* Sale
* Theinhko
* Nyaung-u Sawrahan
* Kunhsaw Kyaunghpyu
* Kyiso
* Sokkate
* Anawrahta
* Saw Lu
* Kyansittha
* Sithu I
* Narathu
* Naratheinkha
* Sithu II
* Htilominlo
* Naratheinga Uzana1
* Kyaswa
* Uzana
* Narathihapate
* Kyawswa2

Myinsaing and Pinya kingdoms
1297–1364|

* Athinkhaya1, Yazathingyan1 and Thihathu1
* Thihathu
* Uzana I
* Sithu1
* Kyawswa I
* Kyawswa II
* Narathu
* Uzana II

Sagaing kingdom
1315–1364|

* Saw Yun
* Tarabya I
* Anawrahta I
* Kyaswa
* Anawrahta II
* Tarabya II
* Minbyauk Thihapate

Kingdom of Ava
1364–1555|

* Thado Minbya
* Swa Saw Ke
* Tarabya
* Minkhaung I
* Thihathu
* Min Hla
* Kale Kye-Taung Nyo
* Mohnyin Thado
* Minye Kyawswa I
* Narapati I
* Thihathura
* Minkhaung II and Thihathura II
* Narapati II
* Sawlon3 and Thohanbwa3
* Hkonmaing3
* Narapati III3
* Narapati IV3

Hanthawaddy kingdom
1287–1539, 1550–1552|

* Wareru
* Hkun Law
* Saw O
* Saw Zein
* Zein Pun
* Saw E
* Binnya E Law
* Binnya U
* Maha Dewi1
* Razadarit
* Binnya Dhammaraza
* Binnya Ran I
* Binnya Waru
* Binnya Kyan
* Leik Munhtaw
* Shin Sawbu
* Dhammazedi
* Binnya Ran II
* Takayutpi
* Smim Sawhtut4
* Smim Htaw4

Mrauk U kingdom
1429–1785|

* Saw Mon
* Khayi
* Ba Saw Phyu
* Dawlya
* Ba Saw Nyo
* Ran Aung
* Salingathu
* Raza
* Gazapati
* Saw O
* Thazata
* Minkhaung
* Min Bin
* Dikkha
* Saw Hla
* Sekkya
* Phalaung
* Razagyi
* Khamaung
* Thiri Thudhamma
* Sanay
* Narapati
* Thado
* Sanda Thudhamma
* Thiri Thuriya
* Wara Dhammaraza
* Muni Thudhammaraza
* Sanda Thuriya I
* Nawrahta
* Mayuppiya
* Kalamandat
* Naradipati
* Sanda Wimala I
* Sanda Thuriya II
* Sanda Wizaya
* Sanda Thuriya III
* Naradipati II
* Narapawara
* Sanda Wizala
* Madarit
* Nara Apaya
* Thirithu
* Sanda Parama
* Apaya
* Sanda Thumana
* Sanda Wimala II
* Sanda Thaditha
* Maha Thammada

Prome kingdom
1482–1542|

* Thado Minsaw
* Bayin Htwe
* Narapati5
* Minkhaung5

Toungoo dynasty
1510–1752|

* Mingyi Nyo
* Tabinshwehti
* Bayinnaung
* Nanda
* Nyaungyan
* Anaukpetlun
* Minye Deibba
* Thalun
* Pindale
* Pye
* Narawara
* Minye Kyawhtin
* Sanay Min
* Taninganway Min
* Mahadhammaraza Dipadi

Restored Hanthawaddy kingdom
1740–1757|

* Smim Htaw Buddhaketi
* Binnya Dala

Konbaung dynasty
1752–1885|

* Alaungpaya
* Naungdawgyi
* Hsinbyushin
* Singu
* Phaungka
* Bodawpaya
* Bagyidaw
* Tharrawaddy
* Pagan
* Mindon
* Thibaw

* 1 Regent or Co-Regent
* 2 Mongol vassal (1297)
* 3 Confederation of Shan States (1527–55)
* 4 Brief revival (1550–52)
* 5 Vassal of the Confederation of Shan States (1532–42)

* v
* t
* e

Myanmar articles

Myanmar is also known as Burma

History|

* Prehistory
* Waithali kingdom
* Pyu city-states
* Thaton kingdom
* Pagan kingdom
* Launggyet dynasty
* Myinsaing kingdom
* Pinya kingdom
* Sagaing kingdom
* Kingdom of Ava
* Prome kingdom
* Hanthawaddy kingdom
* Kingdom of Mrauk U
* Toungoo dynasty
* First Toungoo Empire
* Restored Hanthawaddy kingdom
* Konbaung dynasty
* Shan States
* Karenni States
* British rule
* Japanese occupation
* Union of Burma
* Socialist Republic
* 8888 Uprising
* State Peace and Development Council
* 2007 protests
* 2011–2015 political reforms
* 2021 coup
* Protests
* Civil war

Geography|

* Borders
* Cities
* Climate
* Deforestation
* Ecoregions
* Islands
* Lakes
* Mountains
* Protected areas
* Rivers
* Wildlife
* Earthquakes
* Volcanoes

Politics|

* Administrative divisions
* Constitution
* Corruption
* Elections
* Foreign relations
* Human rights
* LGBT
* Women's rights
* Conflict
* Law enforcement
* Military
* military rule
* commander-in-chief
* Parliament
* State Administration Council
* Political parties
* President
* list
* Prime Minister
* list

Economy|

* Agriculture
* Central bank
* Opium production
* Telecommunications
* Myanmar kyat (currency)
* Tourism
* Transportation
* Units of measurement

Society|

* Crime
* Demographics
* Education
* Environmental issues
* Ethnic groups
* Health
* Human trafficking
* Languages
* Religion
* Women
* Prostitution
* Sex trafficking

Culture|

* Art
* Anthem
* State Seal
* Capitals
* Calendar
* Zodiac
* Censorship
* Cinema
* Clothing
* Cuisine
* Dance
* Etymology
* Festivals
* Flag
* Folklore
* Literature
* Media
* Music
* National symbols
* Public holidays
* Sports
* Traditional
* Tattooing
* Twelve Auspicious Rites
* Weddings

* Category
* Commons
* Portal
* Outline of Myanmar

Authority control databases

National|

* United States
* Israel

Other|

* Yale LUX

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template