Tracking system

Technological system for locating moving persons or objects

Not to be confused with Issue tracking system.

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A resident of Beaumont, Texas has his armband scanned as part of the tracking-system being used to identify residents using the transportation services offered by the city of Beaumont to evacuate the city in advance of Hurricane Gustav's landfall on August 31, 2008. Tracking-system on a forklift truck An M998 High-Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV) carrying a radar and tracking system shelter sits parked at an airfield during Operation Desert Shield. The shelter is used by the Marines of the 3rd Remotely Piloted Vehicle (RPV) Platoon to track their Pioneer RPVs during flight.

A tracking system or locating system is used for tracking persons or objects that do not stay in a fixed location, and supplying a time-ordered sequence of positions (track).

## Applications

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A myriad of tracking systems exist. Some are 'lag time' indicators, that is, the data is collected after an item has passed a point for example, a bar code or choke point or gate.[1] Others are 'real-time' or 'near real-time' like Global Positioning Systems (GPS) depending on how often the data is refreshed. There are bar-code systems which require items to be scanned and other which have automatic identification (RFID auto-id). For the most part, the tracking worlds are composed of discrete hardware and software systems for different applications. That is, bar-code systems are separate from Electronic Product Code (EPC) systems and GPS systems are separate from active real time locating systems or RTLS. For example, a passive RFID system would be used in a warehouse to scan the boxes as they are loaded on a truck - then the truck itself is tracked on a different system using GPS with its own features and software.[2] The major technology “silos” in the supply chain are:

### Distribution/warehousing/manufacturing

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Indoors assets are tracked repetitively reading e.g. a barcode,[3] any passive and active RFID, then, feeding read data into Work in Progress models (WIP) or Warehouse Management Systems (WMS) or ERP software. The readers required per choke point are meshed auto-ID or hand-held ID applications.

However, tracking could also be capable of providing data monitoring without being bound to a fixed location by using a cooperative tracking capability such as an RTLS.

### Yard management

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Outdoors mobile assets of high value are tracked by choke point,[4] 802.11, Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI), Time Delay on Arrival (TDOA), active RFID or GPS Yard Management; feeding into either third party yard management software from the provider or to an existing system. Yard Management Systems (YMS) couple location data collected by RFID and GPS systems to help supply chain managers to optimize utilization of yard assets such as trailers and dock doors. YMS systems can use either active or passive RFID tags.

### Fleet management

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Fleet management is applied as a tracking application using GPS and composing tracks from subsequent vehicle's positions. Each vehicle to be tracked is equipped with a GPS receiver and relays the obtained coordinates via cellular or satellite networks to a home station.[5] Fleet management is required by:

* Large fleet operators, (vehicle/railcars/trucking/shipping)
* Forwarding operators (containers, machines, heavy cargo, valuable shippings)
* Operators who have high equipment and/or cargo/product costs
* Operators who have a dynamic workload

### Person tracking

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See also: Real-time locating system, Targeted surveillance, Cell phone surveillance, and Digital contact tracing

Person tracking relies on unique identifiers that are temporarily (RFID tags) or permanently assigned to persons like personal identifiers (including biometric identifiers), or national identification numbers and a way to sample their positions, either on short temporal scales as through GPS or for public administration to keep track of a state's citizens or temporary residents. The purposes for doing so are numerous, for example from welfare and public security to mass surveillance.

#### Attendance management

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Mobile phone services

Further information: Mobile phone tracking

Location-based services (LBS) utilise a combination of A-GPS, newer GPS and cellular locating technology that is derived from the telematics and telecom world. Line of sight is not necessarily required for a location fix. This is a significant advantage in certain applications since a GPS signal can still be lost indoors. As such, A-GPS enabled cell phones and PDAs can be located indoors and the handset may be tracked more precisely. This enables non-vehicle centric applications and can bridge the indoor location gap, typically the domain of RFID and Real-time locating system (RTLS) systems, with an off the shelf cellular device.

Currently[when?], A-GPS enabled handsets are still highly dependent on the LBS carrier system, so handset device choice and application requirements are still not apparent. Enterprise system integrators need the skills and knowledge to correctly choose the pieces that will fit the application and geography.

### Research

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In the life sciences, animal tracking leverages a range of technologies to gather time-resolved data on animal identities, movement, and other behaviors in both wild and controlled environments with minimal human interference. For example, GPS telemetry systems log an animal's location at regular intervals locally[6], while satellite tags transmit location data remotely[7]. Acoustic tags that communicate with underwater receiver arrays enable passive or active tracking of marine animals[8]. RFID tags also enable contactless identification and behavioral monitoring[9]. For smaller species, including social insects, barcode-based tracking systems allow automated identification and monitoring of hundreds of individuals simultaneously[10]. These technologies vary in spatial and temporal resolution, data volume and handling, energy requirements, and operational range, but have in common that they enable scalable, long-term monitoring of animal movement across diverse environments and biological scales.

## Operational requirements

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Positional tracking in a virtual reality headset

Regardless of the tracking technology, for the most part, the end-users just want to locate themselves or wish to find points of interest. The reality is that there is no "one size fits all" solution with locating technology for all conditions and applications.

Application of tracking is a substantial basis for vehicle tracking in fleet management, asset management, individual navigation, social networking, or mobile resource management and more. Company, group or individual interests can benefit from more than one of the offered technologies depending on the context.

### GPS tracking

[edit]

Main article: GPS tracking

GPS has global coverage but can be hindered by line-of-sight issues caused by buildings and urban canyons; Map matching techniques, which involve several algorithms, can help improve accuracy in such conditions.[11] RFID is excellent and reliable indoors or in situations where close proximity to tag readers is feasible, but has limited range and still requires costly readers. RFID stands for Radio Frequency Identification. This technology uses electromagnetic waves to receive the signal from the targeting object to then save the location on a reader that can be looked at through specialized software.[12][13]

### Real-time locating systems (RTLS)

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RTLS are enabled by Wireless LAN systems (according to IEEE 802.11) or other wireless systems (according to IEEE 802.15) with multilateration. Such equipment is suitable for certain confined areas, such as campuses and office buildings. RTLS requires system-level deployments and server functions to be effective.

## In virtual space

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In virtual space technology, a tracking system is generally a system capable of rendering virtual space to a human observer while tracking the observer's coordinates. For instance, in dynamic virtual auditory space simulations, a head tracker provides information to a central processor in real time and this enables the processor to select what functions are necessary to give feedback to the user in relation to where they are positioned.[1]

Additionally, there is vision-based trajectory tracking, that uses a color and depth camera known as a KINECT sensor to track 3D position and movement. This technology can be used in traffic control, human-computer interface, video compression and robotics.[14]

## See also

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* Data logger
* Geopositioning
* GPS tracking
* Intelligent Mail barcode
* Internet geolocation
* Locating engine
* Location-based service
* MAC address anonymization
* Mass surveillance
* Multilateration
* Positional tracking
* Real-time locating
* RFID in schools
* Simultaneous localization and mapping
* Track and trace
* Vehicle tracking system

## References

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1. ^ a b MICHAEL, THOMAS ONUOHA (August 2012). COMPUTERIZED CRIME TRACKING INFORMATION SYSTEM - CASE STUDY OF NIGERIAN POLICE, ENUGU (PDF) (B.Sc in information technology thesis). Caritas University. CST/2008/259.
2. ^ Kamel Boulos, Maged N; Berry, Geoff (2012). "Real-time locating systems (RTLS) in healthcare: a condensed primer". International Journal of Health Geographics. 11 (1): 25. doi:10.1186/1476-072x-11-25. ISSN 1476-072X. PMC 3408320. PMID 22741760.
3. ^ Clancy, Heather. "California security company uses barcodes to help track assets". CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on February 13, 2012. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
4. ^ "Cisco Unveils Wireless Location Solution and New Unified Wireless Network Software Release". CISCO. Archived from the original on July 20, 2008. Retrieved May 22, 2007.
5. ^ "10 tips for selecting a GPS fleet management solution". Phc News. Archived from the original on 2013-08-26. Retrieved 2011-08-30.
6. ^ Cagnacci, Francesca; Boitani, Luigi; Powell, Roger A.; Boyce, Mark S. (2010-07-27). "Animal ecology meets GPS-based radiotelemetry: a perfect storm of opportunities and challenges". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 365 (1550): 2157–2162\. doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0107. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 2894970. PMID 20566493.
7. ^ Block, B. A.; Jonsen, I. D.; Jorgensen, S. J.; Winship, A. J.; Shaffer, S. A.; Bograd, S. J.; Hazen, E. L.; Foley, D. G.; Breed, G. A.; Harrison, A.-L.; Ganong, J. E.; Swithenbank, A.; Castleton, M.; Dewar, H.; Mate, B. R. (July 2011). "Tracking apex marine predator movements in a dynamic ocean". Nature. 475 (7354): 86–90\. doi:10.1038/nature10082. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 21697831.
8. ^ Hussey, Nigel E.; Kessel, Steven T.; Aarestrup, Kim; Cooke, Steven J.; Cowley, Paul D.; Fisk, Aaron T.; Harcourt, Robert G.; Holland, Kim N.; Iverson, Sara J.; Kocik, John F.; Mills Flemming, Joanna E.; Whoriskey, Fred G. (2015-06-12). "Aquatic animal telemetry: A panoramic window into the underwater world". Science. 348 (6240) 1255642. doi:10.1126/science.1255642. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 26068859.
9. ^ Harrison, Natasha Dean; Kelly, Ella L. (2022-10-27). Zhu, Zhiyuan (ed.). "Affordable RFID loggers for monitoring animal movement, activity, and behaviour". PLOS ONE. 17 (10): e0276388. Bibcode:2022PLoSO..1776388H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0276388. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 9612574. PMID 36302036.
10. ^ Gernat, Tim; Rao, Vikyath D.; Middendorf, Martin; Dankowicz, Harry; Goldenfeld, Nigel; Robinson, Gene E. (2018-02-13). "Automated monitoring of behavior reveals bursty interaction patterns and rapid spreading dynamics in honeybee social networks". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115 (7): 1433–1438\. Bibcode:2018PNAS..115.1433G. doi:10.1073/pnas.1713568115. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5816157. PMID 29378954.
11. ^ Jafarlou, Minoo; Naderi, Hassan (2022). "Improving Fuzzy-logic based map-matching method with trajectory stay-point detection". arXiv:2208.02881 [cs.LG].
12. ^ Warner 2007.
13. ^ "RFID". RFID Journal LLC. 20 February 2022. Archived from the original on 22 August 2013. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
14. ^ Jurado, Francisco; Palacios, Guillermo; Flores, Francisco (November 2012). "Vision-Based Trajectory Tracking on the 3D Virtual Space for a Quadrotor". 2012 IEEE Ninth Electronics, Robotics and Automotive Mechanics Conference. pp. 31–36\. doi:10.1109/CERMA.2012.13. ISBN 978-1-4673-5096-9. S2CID 2874317.

* Nield, David. "All the Ways Google Tracks You—And How to Stop It". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 2024-08-23.

* "What Does Google Do With Your Data?". What Does Google Do With Your Data?. Retrieved 2024-08-23.

## Further reading

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* Jensen, R. C. (2008). "Can I Come in?". THE Journal. 35 (10): S4 – S6. "New access-control devices are an important addition to the sophisticated work that one Texas school district is doing to protect its students."
* Warner, D. J. (2007). "Call to Action: The Fourth Amendment, the Future of Radio Frequency Identification, and Society". Loy. L. A. L. Rev. 854. 40. "Imagine a world where children all wear wristbands about the size of a Zippo lighter'-not as the newest fashion statement, but instead for security. These wristbands can transmit a signal with an effective range of over two football fields, narrowing down each child's position to within thirty feet. Furthermore, the system can track the children over a two square mile area surrounding their school. If a child walks off their path or does not make it to school on time, the centralized system automatically sends an e-mail or text message to the child's parents. ... In addition, cars near the children's school are fitted with the same technology, and if a vehicle drives near a child, a voice prompt will alert the driver ... While this scenario may seem fitting for the newest science fiction motion picture, the scene is reality in Yokohama City, Japan"
* Jurado, Francisco; Palacios, Guillermo; Flores, Francisco (2012). "Vision-Based Trajectory Tracking on the 3D Virtual Space for a Quadrotor". 2012 IEEE Ninth Electronics, Robotics and Automotive Mechanics Conference. pp. 31–36\. doi:10.1109/CERMA.2012.13. ISBN 978-1-4673-5096-9. S2CID 2874317.

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