Transgender genocide

Characterization of discrimination against trans people

Liddy Bacroff, a German trans woman who was targeted by the Nazi regime as an "incurable transvestite" and murdered at the Mauthausen concentration camp in 1943[1] Part of a series on

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Transgender genocide or trans genocide is a term used by some scholars and activists to describe genocide targeted towards transgender people as well as describe an elevated level of systematic discrimination and violence against transgender people.

The term is related to the common meaning as well as the legal concept of genocide, which the Genocide Convention describes as an intentional effort to completely or partially destroy a group based on its nationality, ethnicity, race, or religion.[2] Some legal scholars and transgender rights activists have argued this definition should be expanded to include transgender persons.[3]

## Scholarship

[edit]

Activist holding a "Stop Trans Genocide" sign

### International law

[edit]

Some scholars have argued that the definition of genocide should be applied to transgender persons, or expanded to cover transgender persons, because they are victims of institutional discrimination, persecution, and violence.[4] In a 2008 academic article in hate studies, Jeremy Kidd and Tarynn Witten argue that the abuse and violence against transgender people would qualify as genocide as defined by the Genocide Convention, if the definition was expanded to include gender identity and sexual orientation.[5] In line with the convention, they argue that transphobic discrimination and violence are not random or atomized, but rather come from the intent "to eradicate a group of people who violate a widely held and popularly reinforced norm of binary gender with a connection to heteronormative sexuality."[5] They say that this motive of "eradication/annihilation" (p. 51) is systemic, pandemic, institutionalized (e.g., through the penal system and military), and spread widely through media and film. They say that transgender people face an increased risk of abuse and violence throughout their lives and that, despite being targeted in ways that fit some criteria of the Genocide Convention, they do not have access to the same legal protections as other groups.[6]

The Rome Statute, a 1998 treaty that established the International Criminal Court and codified investigations into genocide, outlines a definition of gender-based persecution. This definition, however, only "refers to the two sexes, male and female."[7] Valerie Oosterveld attributed this definition to conservative political pressure from states like Azerbaijan, the Holy See, and some nongovernmental organizations in the lead-up to the treaty's adoption.[8] While this definition has not yet been litigated at the ICC, it is likely that it would be used to exclude transgender people from international legal protections.[7]

In a 2014 article, Brian Kritz assessed the ability of the International Criminal Court to protect and promote transgender rights, arguing that existing law should be explicitly extended to transgender people.[9] He noted that the lack of existing protections for transgender people under international law was in-and-of-itself "a violation of the basic human rights of the global transgender and intersex populations."[10]

Scholars have made similar arguments regarding the legal definition of crimes against humanity.[11][12]

In the past, international courts have interpreted genocidal sexual violence to be a problem of cisgender women alone, often classifying the same systematic sexual violence against all members, who are not cisgender women, as crimes against humanity, as was done by the United Nations International Fact-Finding Mission for Myanmar. David Eichert argues that this interpretation "discounts the suffering of victims and needlessly weakens attempts to identify, prevent, and punish the crime of genocide" and pleads for the field to adopt a broader understanding of genocidal sexual violence, which is not limited to cisgender women alone.[13]

### Genocide studies

[edit]

Genocide studies research that focuses exclusively on transgender people is rare, with Lily Nellans noting that "the unique and specific experiences of queer people during genocide remain absent from this type of research, limiting our understanding of genocidal processes".[14] Henry Theriault has argued that discrimination against transgender people is "largely tolerated" despite the fact that identical laws targeting other marginalized people would spark severe public outcry.[15]

Alexander Laban Hinton, an anthropologist focused on genocide, has criticized what he characterizes as "the prioritization of certain protected groups and not others" in established legal definitions of genocide, specifically noting transgender people as a group that could never be targeted by genocide in the status quo.[16] Haley Marie Brown describes violence against transgender women as a "life force atrocity" that is justified using genocidal logic, describing how such violence is often coupled with attempts to eliminate any evidence of a person's transness through complete destruction of their bodies.[17]

Leah Owen, a lecturer at Swansea University, has argued that anti-transgender ideologies rely on "discourses of 'toxification'", drawing on a paper by Rhiannon Neilsen[18] that proposed "toxification" as a more precise alternative to the traditional fourth stage of genocide, dehumanization.[19] Owen compares Nielsen's concept of toxification, in which groups of people are compared to pathogens or threats and their removal from society is necessitated, to statements from Popes Benedict XVI and Francis, Janice Raymond, Abigail Shrier, and Helen Joyce,[20] arguing that regardless of agreement on other issues, anti-transgender activists consistently seek to reduce or eliminate transgender people's public presence. Nevertheless, she refrains from claiming that the modern anti-gender movement is inciting genocide yet, arguing that it lacks a securitizing urge to mobilize against transgender people.[21]

### Biomedical and genetic ethics

[edit]

Some surveys have indicated that there is a concern among transgender individuals that trans-associated genetic research may lead to eugenics. A study conducted in 2021 found that many of those surveyed believe that genetic research could end up with a kind of "eugenics" that would, in effect, "eliminate" transgender people, while some respondents feared that, in more transphobic areas, trans-associated research would lead to "medical genocide".[22][non-primary source needed] This concern has been supported by scholars who highlight the link between the medical care transgender people can access and receive and eugenics movements historically and contemporaneously.[23][24][25][26] In 2022, a study found that almost of half of individuals interviewed feared the "weeding out" of LGBTQ individuals while a quarter explicitly referred to "cleansing or eugenics".[27]

Sterilization that is forced upon transgender people, in order to obtain legal recognition, is characterized by political theorist Anna Carastathis as a violation of reproductive rights, eugenic, and genocidal.[28] On the extent of this practice among European counties, she cites a 2013 report by the UN Special Rapporteur on Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment.[29][30] Recognizing that transgender persons are not covered by legal definitions of genocide, she argues "that trans people are systematically written out of legal existence" both through the compulsory sterilization and their exclusion from the Genocide Convention.[31] In contradistinction to Carastathis, political scientist Jemima Repo argues that compulsory sterilization does give transgender people a political existence, but at the expense of a capacity to extend kinship (i.e., family) into the future. As a result, Repo says that reproduction, at least in Finland, becomes a mode of transgender resistance in the face of sterilization demands.[32]

### Other fields

[edit]

Transgender genocide has been examined by scholars of queer studies, hate studies, and other fields.[5][33]

## Background

[edit]

Further information: Violence against LGBTQ people

Throughout history, many transgender persons have experienced systematic persecution, including mass incarceration, forceful changes of gender, and social death. Historians have described as genocidal selected actions against transgender people, including colonialist and Nazi activities that occurred before the term genocide was used in international law.[34][35] Adam Jones wrote in his 2017 book Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction that "In recent years, as gay rights have become gradually more accepted and respected, the burden of atrocity has increasingly targeted transgender women and male transvestites."[34]

### Nazi Germany

[edit]

Main article: Transgender people in Nazi Germany

German students and Nazi SA members plunder the library of the Institute for Sexology Nazi Party members at the Opernplatz book burning in Berlin

Matthew Waites examines the absence of sexuality, gender, sexual orientation or gender identity as group categories in the Genocide Convention. He argues that those targeted by the Nazis because of their non-conforming gender identities should be recognized as a genocide unique from the Holocaust.[33] According to the Museum of Jewish Heritage, the Nazi German government "brutally targeted the trans community, deporting many trans people to concentration camps and wiping out vibrant community structures."[36] This area of research is underdeveloped and the number of transgender victims is unknown.[37][38] Heather Panter, writing in the book Genocide and Victimology, noted that the number of transgender people targeted by the Nazis was likely lower than the number of gay people targeted.[39]

Matt Fuller and Leah Owen argued that while Nazi anti-queer ideology was "incoherent and erratic", they targeted transgender people with extermination and memoricide.[40] They cited the looting and burning of the books at the Institute for Sexology as an example of this memoricide. [41] The Institute for Sexology published journals on trans and queer issues and pioneered early gender-affirming surgeries.[42] The institute also hosted the D'Eon Organization, which was founded in 1930 to advocate trans rights.[43] Fuller and Owen cited Bauer (2017) to explain a psychological element to this, stating "the mere presence of the bodies and desires of trans people was a challenge, threat, and source of anxiety to many Nazis, meaning they – or the physical archive that reflected their identity – had to be destroyed."[44]

The Nazis provided varied justifications for their targeting of queer people and that they often conflated trans issues with homosexuality.[45] In a document outlining the division of labor in the Reich office for the Combatting of Homosexuality and Abortion, "transvesites" were listed as a responsibility of the organization, separately from "all manifestations of homosexuality" and "combating of all enemies of positive population growth", suggesting trans identity was conceived of as a distinct issue and threat by the Nazis. As part of the 1933 mass incarceration of gay men in Fuhlsbüttel concentration camp, Hamburg city administration told the chief of police to "pay particular attention to transvestites and to deliver them to the concentration camps if necessary."[46]

Fuller and Owen further argued that transmasculine and transfeminine individuals faced inconsistent treatment. Masculine presentations from those assigned female at birth were stigmatized: the National Socialist Women's League published a book in 1934 which warned gender ambiguity represented "signs of degeneration emanating from an alien race ... inimical to reproduction and for this reason damaging to the Volk. Healthy races do not artificially blur sexual differences" and Himmler complained in 1937 about the "nauseat[ing] catastrophe that was masculinizing ['young girls and women'] so that, over time, the difference between the sexes, the polarity, is blurred. From there, the path to homosexuality is not too far off." There is an inconsistency in individual accounts of transmasculine people.[46] One was forcibly detransitioned, another was detained in Lichtenburg concentration and released 10 months later with a permit from the Gestapo to wear men's clothing, and another was allowed to dress as a man without a permit following a medical examination and a promise that they had never engaged in homosexual relations.[46]

In 2022, the Regional Court of Cologne ruled that denying that trans people were targeted by the Nazis qualifies as "a denial of Nazi crimes".[47]

On 27 January 2023, the German government dedicated its annual Holocaust memorial commemoration to LGBTQ victims of the Holocaust. This marked the first time the German government had granted official recognition to transgender people as victims of the Holocaust.[48][49] In a speech given at the commemoration, German Bundestag President Bärbel Bas stated "For our remembrance culture, it's important that we tell the stories of all victims of persecution, that we make their injustice visible, that we recognize their suffering."[48] Transgender people have also been recognized or commemorated as victims of the Holocaust by the Human Rights Campaign,[50] Amnesty International,[51] the European Parliament,[52] the Museum of Jewish Heritage,[36] and the United Nations.[53]

### Indonesia

[edit]

Main article: Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66

In the mid-1960s in South Sulawesi, an Islamic militia (Ansor) and an Islamic purification movement (led by Kahar Muzakkar) stigmatized, persecuted, and murdered many among the bissu, a transgender social group. The bissu were seen as objectionable under Islam and, in 1966, an Islamic "Operation Repent" targeted nonconforming Indonesian genders. Bissu rituals were violently suppressed, bissu heads were shorn, and bissu were ordered to conform to male gender roles or die. To demonstrate this coercive threat, a bissu leader was decapitated.[54][55][56]

### Brazil

[edit]

Jones describes Brazil's treatment of transgender people as "unquestionably gendercidal", noting that at least one trans person was reported killed every 27 hours in 2014.[34] Brazil has had the highest amount of transgender murder victims in the world since 2009, with the average lifespan of a transgender Brazilian being less than half that of a cisgender Brazilian.[57][58] Activists in Brazil have also described the targeting of transgender people, particularly Afro-Brazilian transgender women, as a genocide.[58][59][60] The neologism transgenerocídio (Portuguese: transgendercide) is a term used in Brazil to classify transgender genocide.[61][62]

### United States

[edit]

Further information: Transgender rights in the United States, 2020s anti-LGBT movement in the United States, and Violence against transgender people in the United States

Sue E. Spivey and Christine Robinson have argued that the ex-gay movement, which encourages transgender as well as other LGBT people to renounce their identities, advocates social death and therefore could meet some legal definitions of genocide.[63] Spivey and Robinson argued that "by waging a culture war using hate propaganda and misusing scientific research to gain public legitimacy, the movement seeks to deploy state powers and the medical profession to perpetrate genocidal acts on its behalf."[64]

Transgender journalist Emily St. James has described some US laws as meeting criteria mentioned in the United Nations definition of genocide, including laws banning gender-affirming care ("causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part"), and those allowing child protective services to pursue child abuse claims against the parents of children receiving gender-affirming care and remove said children ("forcibly transferring children of the group to another group").[65]

Transgender healthcare bans in the US have been condemned by medical organizations. A report published by Yale School of Medicine in response to bans on gender-affirming care in Alabama and Texas argued that the bans were no more ethical than a prohibition on healthcare for any other life-threatening medical condition.[66] The president of World Professional Association of Transgender Health wrote an opinion article in the New York Times stating her view that these laws constituted an effort to "rid the world of transgender people."[67] Similar sentiments were expressed in a WPATH public communique: "Anti-transgender health care legislation is not about protections for children but about eliminating transgender persons on a micro and macro scale."[68]

In a 2015 interview with CBC Radio, Terryn Witten, an expert on transgender violence, said that if just looking at the United States, she would not use the term genocide and instead refer to it as "rampant murder".[69] Witten does argue that when taking a global perspective, there is a transgender genocide ongoing.[69] In the same interview, hate crime expert Bernie Farber of the Canadian Jewish Congress contested the use of the term "transgender genocide" to describe the situation internationally or in the US or Canada due to the state offering protections to trans people in contrast with the state taking a policy of elimination. He described it as being insensitive to victims of recognized genocides, such as the Holocaust, because it does not meet the legal test, despite the "terrible crimes against the community." He argued that it could be applicable on a national level in certain locations, such as in Russia or Uganda. [70]

Statements made by American right-wing media figures regarding trans people have been criticized as genocidal. During a speech at the 2023 Conservative Political Action Conference, political commentator Michael Knowles stated "There can be no middle way in dealing with transgenderism. It is all or nothing", continuing: "For the good of society, and especially for the good of the poor people who have fallen victim to this confusion, transgenderism must be eradicated from public life entirely".[71][72] The previous week, Knowles had claimed on his online show presented by the Daily Wire that a genocide against trans people is impossible because they are "not a legitimate category of being."[72] His statements were criticized by the Human Rights Campaign[73] as well as the Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention which noted "The speed of Knowles' response suggests that he may be concerned that his words put him in violation of laws against incitement and may make him accountable for future hate crimes and mass atrocities against trans people."[74] Matt Walsh, another Daily Wire commentator and a key figure of the anti-gender movement in the US, garnered similar criticism in December 2024 after stating "We are not gonna rest until every child is protected, until trans ideology is entirely erased from the earth" at a protest against gender-affirming care for transgender youth.[75] Far-right US Representative Marjorie Taylor Greene was faced with backlash from Minnesota Democratic Party Chairman Ken Martin and other public figures in February of 2022 when she threatened that her husband would beat a trans camp counselor "into the ground" during an appearance on conspiracy theorist Alex Jones's Infowars program, further stating such action was necessary to "stand up against" trans people while claiming their presence around children constitutes child grooming.[76] Charlie Kirk, founder of the conservative organization Turning Point USA, was accused of encouraging mass violence against LGBTQ+ people in February 2023 when he stated in regards to trans women participating in women's sports that "Someone should have took care of it the way we used to take care of things in the 1950s and '60s" during a conversation with anti-trans activist Riley Gaines on his Real America's Voice show, also claiming that "the decline of American men" and a decrease in testosterone levels has caused trans identity to become more common.[77]

In 2025, the Lemkin Institute put out a "Red Flag Alert for Genocide" of transgender individuals, in particular citing conservative commentator Michael Knowles's comments of eradicating "transgenderism". They further stated that the Trump Administration's actions, such as identity denial, are part of a "genocidal process against the transgender community".[74]

## Activism

[edit]

Trans and other queer activists have used the term "transgender genocide" to oppose discrimination and violence against transgender people, especially when seen as a global phenomenon.[78] In 2013, it was reported that, "...a coalition of NGOs from South America and Europe started the 'Stop Trans Genocide' campaign."[79] For example, the term was used by a Latin American trans activist who sought asylum in Germany.[80] In 2018, Planned Parenthood of New York City president Laura McQuade said in a speech that a Trump administration proposal to change federal recognition of transgender persons would lead to genocide.[81]

## See also

[edit]

* List of people killed for being transgender
* AIDS–Holocaust metaphor
* Black genocide
* Gender and violence

## Notes

[edit]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Rosenkranz, Ulf & White.
2. ^ Waites 2018, pp. 48–49.
3. ^ Waites 2018, pp. 58–59.
4. ^ Kritz 2014, pp. 2–3; Kidd & Witten 2008, pp. 51–54; Eichert 2021, p. 157; Waites 2018, p. 55
5. ^ a b c Kidd & Witten 2008, pp. 51–54.
6. ^ Kidd & Witten 2008, p. 24.
7. ^ a b Chertoff 2017, p. 1053.
8. ^ Oosterveld 2006, pp. 57–58.
9. ^ Kritz 2014, pp. 35–38.
10. ^ Kritz 2014, p. 38.
11. ^ Moore 2017, p. 1287.
12. ^ Hagopian 2016, p. 57.
13. ^ Eichert 2021, pp. 157–159.
14. ^ Nellans 2020, p. 51.
15. ^ Theriault 2012, p. 137.
16. ^ Hinton 2019, p. 137.
17. ^ Brown 2022, pp. 186–189.
18. ^ Neilsen 2015, pp. 83, 86–87.
19. ^ Owen 2022, pp. 482, 485–487.
20. ^ Owen 2022, pp. 486–488.
21. ^ Owen 2022, pp. 488–490.
22. ^ Rajkovic et al. 2022, p. 41.
23. ^ Amin 2018, p. 594.
24. ^ Radi 2020, p. 398.
25. ^ Lowik 2018, p. 426.
26. ^ Horbury & Yao 2020, p. 451.
27. ^ Hammack-Aviran et al. 2022, p. 253.
28. ^ Carastathis 2015, pp. 79–80.
29. ^ Carastathis 2015, p. 79.
30. ^ Méndez 2013, p. 19.
31. ^ Carastathis 2015, p. 81.
32. ^ Repo 2019, pp. 88, 101–103.
33. ^ a b Waites 2018, p. 55.
34. ^ a b c Jones 2017, pp. 637–639.
35. ^ Fuller & Owen 2022, pp. 529–530.
36. ^ a b Museum of Jewish Heritage 2022.
37. ^ Carlo 2022.
38. ^ Bradlow 2020.
39. ^ Panter 2020, p. 74.
40. ^ Fuller & Owen 2022, pp. 535–537.
41. ^ Fuller & Owen 2022, pp. 534–535.
42. ^ Fuller & Owen 2022, pp. 530–531.
43. ^ Sutton 2012, p. 348.
44. ^ Fuller & Owen 2022, pp. 535–536.
45. ^ Fuller & Owen 2022, pp. 531, 536.
46. ^ a b c Fuller & Owen 2022, p. 533.
47. ^ "Vollbrecht-Tweet darf als Leugnung von NS-Verbrechen bezeichnet werden" [Vollbrecht tweet can be described as a denial of Nazi crimes]. Der Spiegel (in German). November 11, 2022. Archived from the original on June 16, 2024. Retrieved December 31, 2022.
48. ^ a b Anarte 2023.
49. ^ Wiggins 2023.
50. ^ Lhant 2022.
51. ^ Munir 2019.
52. ^ Pasikowska-Schnass 2024.
53. ^ Guterres 2021.
54. ^ Davies 2010, pp. 197–198.
55. ^ Boellstorff 2005, p. 39.
56. ^ Sutton 2002, pp. 37–38.
57. ^ Bowater & Moraes 2015.
58. ^ a b Pinheiro 2022.
59. ^ Swift 2021.
60. ^ Araujo 2022.
61. ^ "O crime de feminicídio e o combate à violência contra as mulheres: a ineficácia das medidas protetivas" [The crime of femicide and the fight against violence against women: the ineffectiveness of protective measures]. Boletim Jurídico (in Brazilian Portuguese). June 7, 2021. Archived from the original on May 5, 2023. Retrieved May 5, 2023.
62. ^ "Feminicídio" [Femicide]. Todo Estudo (in Brazilian Portuguese). May 25, 2021. Archived from the original on May 7, 2023. Retrieved May 5, 2023.
63. ^ Spivey & Robinson 2010, pp. 68–70.
64. ^ Spivey & Robinson 2010, p. 83.
65. ^ St. James 2022.
66. ^ Boulware et al. 2022, p. 3.
67. ^ Bowers 2023.
68. ^ "Statement of Opposition to Legislation Banning Access to Gender-Affirming Health Care in the US" (PDF). World Professional Association of Transgender Health. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 12, 2023. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
69. ^ a b Grant 2015, time: 5:53.
70. ^ Grant 2015, time: 17:25.
71. ^ Osborn 2025, pp. 6–7.
72. ^ a b Dodds 2025.
73. ^ Luneau 2023.
74. ^ a b Lemkin Institute 2025.
75. ^ McCann Ramirez 2024.
76. ^ Palmer 2022.
77. ^ Bickerton 2023.
78. ^

* Jauk 2016
* Gray 2019, pp. 3–4
* Torchia 2019
* Chang & Skolnik 2017, p. 1697
* "Montana tries again with another transgender genocide Law". QueerMed. May 1, 2021. Archived from the original on May 17, 2023. Retrieved July 5, 2022.

79. ^ "Transgender Europe: TDOR 2013". Transgender Europe. November 13, 2013. Archived from the original on August 7, 2024. Retrieved July 5, 2022.
80. ^ Hunglinger 2020.
81. ^ Maskar 2018.

### Works cited

[edit]

* Amin, Kadji (2018). "Glands, Eugenics, and Rejuvenation in Man into Woman: A Biopolitical Genealogy of Transsexuality". Transgender Studies Quarterly. 5 (4): 589–605\. doi:10.1215/23289252-7090059.
* Anarte, Enrique (January 27, 2023). "German parliament remembers LGBTQ+ victims of the Nazis". Reuters. Berlin, Germany. Archived from the original on March 17, 2024. Retrieved March 16, 2023.
* Araujo, Felipe Neis (February 28, 2022). "Harm Reduction and Liberation for Black Trans Drug Users in Brazil". Filter. Archived from the original on April 23, 2024. Retrieved July 5, 2022.
* Bickerton, James (March 17, 2023). "College Chancellor Threatened With Legal Action Over Charlie Kirk Protests". Newsweek. Archived from the original on March 12, 2024.
* Boellstorff, Tom (2005). The Gay Archipelago: Sexuality and Nation in Indonesia. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691123349.
* Boulware, Susan; Kamody, Rebecca; Kuper, Laura; McNamara, Meredithe; Olezeski, Christy; Szilagyi, Nathalie; Alstott, Anne (April 28, 2022). "Biased Science: The Texas and Alabama Measures Criminalizing Medical Treatment for Transgender Children and Adolescents Rely on Inaccurate and Misleading Scientific Claims" (PDF). Yale School of Medicine. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 16, 2024. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
* Bowater, Donna; Moraes, Priscilla (April 22, 2015). "Brazil: Targeting trans people with impunity". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on April 16, 2024. Retrieved July 5, 2022.
* Bowers, Marci (April 1, 2023). "What Decades of Providing Trans Health Care Have Taught Me". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 17, 2023. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
* Bradlow, Josh (January 27, 2020). "Remembering the Holocaust". Stonewall UK. Archived from the original on December 22, 2023. Retrieved July 5, 2022.
* Brown, Haley Marie (2022). "The forgotten murders: Gendercide in the twenty-first century and the destruction of the transgender body". In Cox, John; Khoury, Amal; Minslow, Sarah (eds.). Denial: The Final Stage of Genocide. New York: Routledge. pp. 184–195\. ISBN 9780367818982.
* Carastathis, Anna (2015). "Compulsory sterilisation of transgender people as gendered violence". In Kantsa, Venetia; Zanini, Giulia; Papadopoulou, Lina (eds.). (In)Fertile Citizens: Anthropological and Legal Challenges of Assisted Reproduction Technologies (PDF). University of the Aegean. pp. 79–92\. ISBN 978-618-82208-5-0. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 17, 2024.
* Carlo, Andrea (April 7, 2022). "How LGBTQ Victims Were Erased From Holocaust History". Time. Archived from the original on June 8, 2023. Retrieved July 5, 2022.
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## Further reading

[edit]

* Baader, Benjamin M. (2019). "Genocide, transsexuality, the limits of coherence, and the radiance of the universe". Homosexuality, Transsexuality, Psychoanalysis and Traditional Judaism. Routledge. ISBN 9781315180151.
* Bloch, L. June (2023). "Anti-Trans Laws, the UN Genocide Convention and the Legal Calculation of Acceptable Suicide Rates". Anthropology Now. 15 (2–3): 146–161\. doi:10.1080/19428200.2023.2321049.2–3&rft.pages=146-161&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info:doi/10.1080/19428200.2023.2321049&rft.aulast=Bloch&rft.aufirst=L.+June&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Transgender+genocide" class="Z3988">
* Brown, Haley Marie (2021). "The forgotten murders: Gendercide in the twenty-first century and the destruction of the transgender body". Denial: The Final Stage of Genocide?. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-43734-8.
* von Joeden-Forgey, Elisa (2022). "Gender and genocide". In Bloxham, Donald; Moses, A. Dirk (eds.). Genocide: Key Themes. Oxford University Press. pp. 126–127\. ISBN 978-0-19-286526-7.
* Standish, Katerina (2022). "Everyday genocide: femicide, transicide and the responsibility to protect". Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research. 14 (3): 215–230\. doi:10.1108/JACPR-10-2021-0642.

* v
* t
* e

Transgender and gender non-conforming topics

Gender identities|

* Androgyne
* Bissu, Calabai, Calalai
* Burrnesha
* Cisgender
* Gender bender
* Hijra
* Non-binary or genderqueer
* Gender fluidity
* Kathoey
* Koekchuch
* Third gender
* Bakla
* Faʻafafine
* Femminiello
* Khanith
* Māhū
* Mudoko dako
* Mukhannath
* Muxe
* Travesti
* Two-spirit
* Winkte
* X-gender
* Trans man
* Trans woman
* Fakaleitī
* Mak nyah
* Rae-rae
* Transgender
* Youth
* Akava'ine
* Trans*
* Transsexual

Health care and medicine|

* Gender dysphoria
* causes
* in children
* Hormone therapy
* feminizing
* masculinizing
* DIY
* Legal status
* Misinformation
* Surgery
* feminizing
* masculinizing
* Pregnancy
* Puberty blocker

Rights|

* Gender self-identification
* Legal gender
* Legal recognition of non-binary gender
* Legal status
* Marriage
* Rights movement
* Rights organizations
* Toilets
* bathroom bills
* unisex
* Yogyakarta Principles

Discrimination|

* Against non-binary people
* Against transgender men
* Anti-gender movement
* Anti-trans movement in the UK
* Gender-critical or trans-exclusionary radical feminism
* Asylum seekers
* Cisgenderism
* Inequality
* Prison
* Transmisogyny
* Violence
* genocide
* killings
* trans panic

Society and culture|

* Anatomical terminology
* Blåhaj
* Christianity
* LGBTQ-related films
* Events
* Awareness Week
* Day of Remembrance
* Day of Visibility
* March
* Non-binary People's Day
* LGBTQ
* Flags
* History
* Media portrayals
* fictional characters
* film
* People
* Pornography
* Publications
* Sexuality
* Sports
* ice hockey
* chess
* Youth
* more

Theory and
concepts|

* Androphilia and gynephilia
* Blanchard's typology
* Childhood gender nonconformity
* Cisgender / cissexual
* Cisnormativity
* Cross-dressing
* Deadnaming
* Gender binary
* Gender detransitioning
* Gender expression
* Gender transitioning
* Gender identity
* Gender modality
* Gender nonconformity
* Gender-sexuality questioning
* Postgenderism
* Rapid-onset dysphoria
* Studies
* Transfeminism
* views
* Transmedicalism
* Transmisogyny

By country|

| History|

* Argentina [es]
* Australia
* Brazil
* Cambodia
* Chile [es]
* China
* Finland
* India
* Iran
* Russia
* Singapore
* United Kingdom
* United States
* legal

|

People|

* China
* ancient Egypt
* France [fr]
* Nazi Germany
* South Korea
* Singapore

Rights|

* Argentina
* 2012 law
* 2021 law
* Australia
* Re Kevin
* Bolivia
* 2016 law [es]
* Brazil
* Canada
* 2016 bill C-16
* Chile
* 2018 law [es]
* Germany
* India
* 2014 Bill
* 2019 Act
* Kerala
* Tamil Nadu
* Iran
* Ireland
* New Zealand
* Pakistan
* 2017 bill
* 2018 Act
* South Africa
* 2003 Act
* South Korea
* Spain
* 2022 law
* United Kingdom
* 2004 act
* United States
* legal history
* title IX
* Uruguay
* 2018 law [es]

Political
office-holders|

* United States

See also|

* 2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States
* Androgyny
* Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
* Gender
* Gender diversity
* Gender studies
* Healthcare and the LGBTQ community
* Intersex
* Legal recognition of intersex people
* Queer heterosexuality
* LGBTQ
* Mental health of LGBTQ people
* Sex
* Sex–gender distinction
* Sexual orientation
* Social construction of gender
* Suicide among LGBTQ people

* Outline
* Timeline
* Category

* v
* t
* e

Genocide

Genocides
(chronological list)|

Before 1490

* Destruction of Carthage (146 BCE)
* Asiatic Vespers (88 BCE)
* Gauls (50s BCE)
* Eburones
* Bar Kokhba (132–136)
* Ancestral Puebloans (800s)
* Harrying of the North (1069–1070)
* Mongol conquests (1200s–1360s)
* Cathars (1209–1229)
* Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate (1311)
* Timurid conquests (1393–1394)
* Guanches (1402–1496)

1490 to 1912

* Taíno (1493–1550)
* Jaragua massacre (1503)
* Ainu (1500s–)
* Indigenous peoples in Brazil
* 11th Parallel massacre (1963)
* Tanaru (1970s–2009)
* Helmet massacre (1988)
* Akuntsu (1990)
* Haximu (1993)
* Yanomami (2019–2023)
* Aztecs (1521)
* Kashmiri Shias (1548–1872)
* Huguenots (1572)
* Kalinago (1626)
* Indigenous peoples in the United States
* Pequots (1636–1638)
* Beaver Wars (1609–1701)
* Huron
* Sullivan Expedition (1779)
* Indian removal (1830–1847)
* Trail of Tears (1830–1850)
* California (1846–1873)
* Dakota (1862)
* Osage Indian murders (1918–1931)
* Cultural genocide
* Indigenous peoples in Canada
* Beaver Wars (1609–1701)
* Beothuk (1700s–1800s)
* Residential school system (1874–1996)
* Sixties Scoop (1951–1985)
* Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women
* Jews in the Cossack Hetmanate (1648–1657)
* 1740 Batavia massacre (1740)
* Great Gypsy Round-up (1749)
* Dzungars (1750s)
* Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II (1780–1783)
* Chechens (1785–2017)
* French Hatians (1804)
* Meiteis (1819–1826)
* Indigenous peoples in Australia
* Black War (1825–1832)
* Stolen Generations (1869–1977)
* Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women
* Pacification of Algeria (1830–1875)
* El Ouffia
* Charrúa (1831)
* Moriori (1835)
* Assyrians in Hakkari (1843–1846)
* Manchus (1850–1864)
* Circassians (1860s)
* Mapuche (1870s–1884)
* Indigenous peoples in Putumayo (1879–1913)
* Congolese (1885–1908)
* Hazaras (1888–1893)
* Selknam (1890s–1900s)
* Hamidian massacres (1894–1896)
* Herero and Nama (1904–1907)
* Ukame (1905–1907)
* Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction
* Albanians in the Balkan Wars (1912–1913)

1913 to 1945

* Late Ottoman genocides
* Greeks (1913–1923)
* Pontic Greeks
* Thracian Bulgarians (1913)
* Assyrians (1915–1919)
* Armenians (1915–1917)
* Christians in Diyarbekir (1915)
* Kurds (1916–1934)
* Indigenous peoples in Venezuela
* Pemon
* Kyrgyz (1916–1917)
* Jews during the Russian Civil War (1917–1920)
* Russian White Terror
* Cossacks (1919–1933)
* Ingrian Finns (1920s–1930s)
* Volga Tatars and Germans (1921–1922)
* Kantō Massacre (1923)
* Napalpí massacre (1924)
* Swiss Yenish, Sinti, and Manouche (1926–1973)
* Japanese war crimes in the Pacific War
* Manchukuo (1931–1945)
* Nanjing Massacre (1937–1938)
* Three Alls policy (1940–1942)
* Sook Ching (1942)
* Nanshitou massacre (1942–1945)
* Libyan Arabs (1929–1934)
* Kazakhs (1930–1933)
* La Matanza (1932)
* Holodomor (1932–1933)
* Simele massacre (1933)
* Romani Holocaust (1935–1945)
* Spanish White Terror (1936–1947)
* Yekatit 12 (1937)
* Polish Operation (1937–1938)
* Alevi Kurds (1937–1938)
* Parsley massacre (1937)
* Generalplan Ost (1939–1945)
* Poland
* Baltic lands
* Croatia
* Czech lands
* Ukraine
* Hunger Plan
* The Holocaust (1941–1945)
* German atrocities committed against Soviet POWs (1941–1945)
* Serbs in Croatia (1941–1945)
* Muslims and Croats in Serbia (1941–1945)
* Chechens and Ingush (1944–1948)
* Crimean Tatars (1944–1948)

1946 to 1999

* Hyderabadi Muslims (1948)
* Indigenous peoples in Paraguay (1956–1989)
* Maya (1962–1996)
* Papua (1962–)
* Arab and Indian Zanzibaris (1964)
* 1966 anti-Igbo pogrom (1966)
* Biafra (1966–1970)
* Equatoguinean (1969–1979)
* Feyli Kurds (1970–2003)
* Bangladesh (1971)
* Acholi and Lango (1972–1979)
* Burundi
* 1972
* 1993
* East Timor (1974–1999)
* Cambodian (1975–1979)
* Jummas (1977–1997)
* Afghans (1979–1989)
* Baganda (1981–1985)
* 1982 Hama massacre (1982)
* Sabra and Shatila massacre (1982)
* Sri Lankan Tamils (1983–2009)
* Gukurahundi (1983–1987)
* Anfal (1986–1989)
* Isaaq (1987–1989)
* National Population Program (1987–2002)
* Amhara (1990–)
* Ahwaris (1991–2003)
* Bosnian (1992–1995)
* Srebrenica massacre
* Rwandan (1994)
* Hutus during the First Congo War (1996–1997)

21st century

* Effacer le tableau (2002–2003)
* Darfur (2003–)
* Masalit massacres
* Iraqi Sunni Arabs (2003–)
* Southern Kaduna (2011–2023)
* Iraqi Turkmen (2014–2017)
* Yazidis (2014–2017)
* Shias under ISIS (2014–)
* Christians under ISIS (2014–)
* Rohingyas, Kachins, and Burmese Muslims (2017–)
* Tigrayans, Kunamas, and Irobs (2020–2022)
* Bucha massacre (2022)
* Gazans (2023–)

Terms|

* Cultural genocide
* Democide
* Autogenocide
* Domicide
* Ecocide
* Ethnocide
* Eugenics
* Gendercide
* Androcide
* Transgender genocide
* Genocide of indigenous peoples
* Memoricide
* Policide
* Politicide
* Classicide
* Eliticide
* Utilitarian genocide
* War of annihilation

Methods|

* Cultural genocide
* Death marches
* Death squades
* Ethnic cleansing
* Extermination camp
* Forced adoption
* Forced assimilation
* Forced conversion
* Incitement
* Massacres
* Killing Fields
* Pogroms
* Mass killing
* Rape
* Settler colonialism
* Urbicide

Denial|

* The Holocaust
* Trivialization
* Armenian
* Japanese history textbook controversies
* Nanjing
* Serbian
* Bosnian
* Rwandan
* Holodomor
* Cambodian
* Indigenous

Issues|

* Definitions
* Names of the Holocaust
* Terminology of the Armenian genocide
* Holocaust terminology
* Genocide law
* Prevention
* Effects on young survivors
* Politics of recognition
* Justification
* Mass killings under communist regimes
* Anti-communist mass killings

Legal proceedings|

Holocaust trials (1943–2022)

* Krasnodar trial (1943)
* Kharkov trial (1943)
* Épuration légale (1944–1951)
* Majdanek trials (1944–1989)
* Chełmno trials (1945–2001)
* Dachau trials (1945–1947)
* Belsen trials (1945–1948)
* Euthanasia trials (1945–1949)
* Nuremberg trial (1945–1946)
* Minsk trial (1945–1946)
* Riga trial (1946)
* Stutthof trials (1946–1947)
* Post–World War II Romanian war crime trials (1946–1953)
* Supreme National Tribunal (1946–1948)
* Hamburg Ravensbrück trials (1946–1948)
* Nuremberg Military Tribunals (1946–1949)
* Erich von Manstein (1949)
* Ulm Einsatzkommando trial (1958)
* War crimes trials in Soviet Estonia (1961–1962)
* Eichmann trial (1961)
* Belzec trial (1963–1965)
* Frankfurt Auschwitz trials (1963–1989)
* Treblinka trials (1964–1970)
* Sobibor trial (1965–1966)
* Fedorenko trial (1986)
* Finta trial (1994)

20th century

* Budak trial (1945)
* International Military Tribunal for the Far East (1946–1948)
* Belgrade Process (1946)
* Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal (1946–1948)
* Bosnian genocide case (1993–2007)
* International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (1993–2017)
* Slobodan Milošević (2002–2006)
* Radovan Karadžić (2008–2016)
* Ratko Mladić (2011–2017)
* Trials of the Derg members (1994–2008)
* International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (1994–2015)
* Khmer Rouge Tribunal (1997–2022)
* Croatia–Serbia genocide case (1999–2015)

21st century

* International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur (2005–)
* Permanent Peoples' Tribunal on Sri Lanka (2010–2023)
* International Crimes Tribunal of Bangladesh (2012–)
* Mohammad Salimullah v. Union of India (2017)
* Rohingya genocide case (2019–)
* International Criminal Court investigation in Bangladesh/Myanmar (2019–)
* Uyghur Tribunal (2020–2021)
* International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine (2022–)
* Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2022–)
* South Africa v. Israel (2023–)
* Defense for Children International – Palestine et al v. Biden et al (2023–2024)
* Nicaragua v. Germany (2024)

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