Transgender rights in Germany

Rights of transgender people living in Germany

This article needs to be updated. The reason given is: The Transsexuellengesetz is now obsolete and the Selbstbestimmungsgesetz is already in effect. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (December 2024)

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LGBT protesters

Transgender rights in the Federal Republic of Germany are regulated by the Selbstbestimmungsgesetz ("Self-determination law")[1] since 2024 and are indirectly affected by other laws like the Abstammungsrecht ("Law of Descent").[2] The Scholz cabinet replaced the 1980 Transsexuellengesetz law with the Selbstbestimmungsgesetz ("Self-determination law"), which removed financial and bureaucratic hurdles to legal gender and name changes.[3] A requirement to undergo sex-reassignment surgery to change key identity documents had already been declared unconstitutional in 2011.[4] Discrimination protections on the basis of gender identity and sexual orientation vary across Germany, but discrimination in employment and the provision of goods and services is in principle banned countrywide.

## Transsexuals Act

[edit]

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

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Main article: Transsexuals Act (Germany)

In 1980, West Germany passed a law regulating the change of first names and legal gender, the Gesetz über die Änderung der Vornamen und die Feststellung der Geschlechtszugehörigkeit in besonderen Fällen (Law concerning the change of first name and determination of gender identity in special cases), also known as the Transsexuellengesetz (Transsexuals Act – TSG). Since 1990, following the reunification of East and West Germany, it used to apply to all of Germany.

To change either name or gender, two independent medical court experts had to be commissioned by the judge. They were asked to evaluate, whether

* the person "does not identify with the birth-assigned sex/gender,[Note 1] but with the other one",[5] and
* "feels a compulsion to live according to his/her ideas for at least three years",[5] and
* it is to be assumed with high probability, that the feeling of belonging to the other sex/gender[Note 1] is not going to change".[5][citation needed]

### Name changes

[edit]

One could have either obtained a change of name alone, and proceed later with a change of legal gender, if possible or desired, or obtained both in a single legal procedure.[citation needed]

The name change became legally void if a child of the trans person is born more than 300 days after the name change.[6]

Several court decisions had further specified several matters. For example, a person with only a name change had the right to be called "Herr" or "Frau" (Mr. or Ms.) according to their first name, not their legal gender; similarly, documents had to be issued reflecting their actual gender identity, not legal gender. Job references, certifications and similar from the time before the change of name may have been reissued with the new name, so effectively there was no way for a new employer to learn about the change of name and/or legal gender. Also, people with only a name change did not have to divulge their legal gender to employers.[citation needed]

A name change was registered as previous last names in the resident registration (German "Melderegister").[7] It was also registered in the Federal Central Tax Office as previous last names with the Tax Identification Number.[8] The previous gender could have been seen via the previous last names.

### Gender marker changes

[edit]

To change legal gender before 1980, it used to be required that the person:

* was permanently infertile,[9] and
* has had surgery through which their outer sexual characteristics are changed to a "significant approximation" to the appearance of their preferred biological sex.[9]

The administrative procedure for changing the legal gender under the TSG was lengthy and costly, requiring several assessments. According to a government study, the average cost for the assessments was 1,660 euros, with an additional 206 euros spent on court fees, on average.[10] According to the LGBT rights association LSVD, some medical professionals that conducted the assessments also asked invasive questions about intimate details such as sexual fantasies, their underwear, masturbatory behaviour and other sexual practices.[11] This contrasted with a comparatively easier process for intersex people under § 45b PStG.

### Constitutional challenges

[edit]

During its lifetime, the TSG had been found unconstitutional on a variety of grounds by the Federal Constitutional Court since its inception. In 1982, the requirement that a candidate be 25 years of age was found in violation of the equality clause of the German Constitution (Art. 3).[12] In 2006, the court ordered lawmakers to amend the law so that the TSG would apply for non-Germans who have legal residency status in Germany, as long as their country of citizenship does not have equivalent laws.[13] In 2008, the court declared that the requirement that a candidate be unmarried was unconstitutional.[14] In January 2011, the court declared the criteria for gender change requiring gender-affirming surgery and sterilization or infertility unconstitutional.[4][15]

## Self-Determination Act

[edit]

Main article: Self-Determination Act (Germany)

Germany's 2021-2025 ruling coalition committed to removing the TSG (and para. 45b Personenstandsgesetz, PStG) and replacing it with self-identification. For this purpose, it drafted the Gesetz über die Selbstbestimmung in Bezug auf den Geschlechtseintrag (Law on self-determination with regard to gender entry, SBGG), unofficially known as the Selbstbestimmungsgesetz (Self-Determination Act), publishing a ministry-level draft (a so-called Referentenentwurf) in May 2023.

The law was voted upon in the Bundestag on 12 April 2024. It was adopted with 372 votes in favour, 251 against, 11 abstentions and 100 absent.[16] On 17 May 2024 the Bundesrat voted against raising objections to the law, thereby passing it in practice, and finishing the legislative process.[17] The law went into effect on 1 February 2024.[18]

### Name and gender marker changes

[edit]

The Selbstbestimmungsgesetz sets out the following:

* Self-ID for adults to change the gender entry and first name(s) in the civil registry.
* The same for 14 to 17 year-olds with the consent of their parents or guardians.
* If the parents or guardians do not consent, a Family court can replace the decision of the parents or guardians.
* For children under 14, a change can be done via a declaration of the parents or guardians (the child must be present during the declaration).[19]
* Changes are done by the civil registration office Standesamt (previously Amtsgericht).
* Ahead of a change, a person must register three months beforehand (Karenzzeit).
* After a change, the gender and name cannot be changed for 1 year.[1]

### Criticism

[edit]

Queer associations criticised the draft for the 3-month waiting period, which did not previously exist in TSG and para. 45b PStG.[20] Furthermore, trans people with legal guardians (due to impairments or disabilities) would not get self-ID under the draft. Legal guardians should be there to protect vulnerable people from things like giving away their possessions, but not to prevent them from coming out as trans, the association Queer Handicap argued.[21]

## Healthcare

[edit]

The use of puberty blockers in youth experiencing gender dysphoria has been endorsed by numerous organizations:[22]

Extended content

* Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie [de] (German Society for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy) (DGKJP)
* Akademie für Ethik in der Medizin [de] (Academy for Ethics in Medicine) (AEM)
* Deutsche Ärztliche Gesellschaft für Verhaltenstherapie [de] (German Medical Society for Behavioral Therapy) (DÄVT)
* Deutsche Gesellschaft für Endokrinologie [de] (German Society for Endocrinology) (DGE)
* Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe [de] (German Society for Gynecology and Obstetrics) (DGGG)
* Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin [de] (German Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine) (DGKJ)
* Deutsche Gesellschaft für pädiatrische und adoleszente Endokrinologie und Diabetologie [de] (German Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Endocrinology and Diabetology) (DGPAED)
* Deutsche Gesellschaft für Medizinische Psychologie [de] (German Society for Medical Psychology) (DGMP)
* Deutsche Gesellschaft für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik und Nervenheilkunde [de] (German Society for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics and Neurology) (DGPPN)
* Deutsche Gesellschaft für Psychoanalyse, Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik und Tiefenpsychologie [de] (German Society for Psychoanalysis, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics and Depth Psychology) (DGPT)
* Deutsche Gesellschaft für Sexualforschung [de] (German Society for Sex Research) (DGfS)
* Deutsches Kollegium für Psychosomatische Medizin [de] (German College for Psychosomatic Medicine) (DKPM)
* Bundesverband für Kinder- und Jugendlichenpsychotherapie e.V. (Federal Association for Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy) (bkj)
* Berufsverband Deutscher Psychologinnen und Psychologen [de] (Professional Association of German Psychologists) (BDP)
* Berufsverband für Kinder und Jugendpsychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie (Professional Association for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy) (BKJPP)
* Bundesarbeitsgemeinschaft der Leitenden Klinikärzte für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, -psychosomatik und -psychotherapie (Federal Association of Senior Clinicians for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy) (BAG)
* Bundespsychotherapeutenkammer [de] (Federal Chamber of Psychotherapists) (BPtK)
* Deutsche Psychoanalytische Gesellschaft [de] (German Psychoanalytic Society) (DPG)
* Deutsche Gesellschaft für Systemische Therapie, Beratung und Familientherapie [de] (German Society for Systemic Therapy, Counseling, and Family Therapy) (DGSF)
* Gesellschaft für Sexualwissenschaft (Society for Sexology) (GSW)
* Kinder- und Jugendlichenpsychotherapie Verhaltenstherapie [de] (Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy and Behavioral Therapy) (KJPVT)
* Verband für lesbische, schwule, bisexuelle, trans*, intersexuelle und queere Menschen in der Psychologie [de] (Association for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans*, Intersex, and Queer People in Psychology) (VLSP)
* Vereinigung Analytischer Kinder- und Jugendlichenpsychotherapeuten in Deutschland (Association of Analytical Child and Adolescent Psychotherapists in Germany) (VAKJP)

## Gender-neutral names

[edit]

In the past, German law required parents to give their child a gender-specific name.[23][24] This is no longer true, since the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany held in 2008 that there is no obligation that a name has to be sex-specific, even if it is the only one.[25]

## Third gender

[edit]

In November 2017, the Bundesverfassungsgericht ("Federal Constitutional Court") ruled that civil status law must allow a third gender option.[26] This means that birth certificates no longer have blank gender entries for intersex people.[27] The process for intersex people to obtain different gender markers has been regulated in § 45b of the Personenstandsgesetz ("Law of Civil Status").[28]

## Parental identification on children's birth certificates

[edit]

While the legal gender for trans people can be changed through the Selbstbestimmungsgesetz, they will still be forcibly misgendered as biological parents on their children's birth certificates with a reference to their old gender (e.g. a trans woman as "father"), with no option of a reissued certificate.[29] This has been overruled in other EU countries like France,[30] but not so far in Germany, potentially involuntarily outing transgender parents to their children's schools and to other governments when they travel, which according to TGEU is a threat to transgender people's freedom of travel.[31]

## Discrimination protections

[edit]

The Equal Treatment Act came into force on 18 August 2006. It bans discrimination based on sexual orientation, gender identity and sex characteristics in employment and the provision of goods and services.[32]

Hate speeches on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity are not banned nationwide in Germany. Some states have laws banning all forms of discrimination in their constitutions (Berlin, Brandenburg, Bremen, Saarland and Thuringia). In those states, hate speech based on both sexual orientation and gender identity is prohibited.[33][34]

## Politicians

[edit]

In September 2021, Nyke Slawik and Tessa Ganserer, members of the Green Party, were elected to the Bundestag. They are openly transgender women. Later that year, the government pledged to loosen restrictions on legal name changes and to compensate transgender people who were sterilized against their will.[35]
Michaela Lindner was one of the first out transgender politicians in Germany.

## See also

[edit]

* LGBT rights in Germany
* Legal status of transgender people
* Intersex rights in Germany
* Transvestite certificate (issued to trans and crossdressing people in Weimar Germany by Magnus Hirschfeld, under the aegis of the Institut für Sexualwissenschaft)[36][37]
* Dora Richter (the first male-to-female trans woman recorded to receive sex reassignment surgery)

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ a b The German word Geschlecht (the teminology used in the law) can be translated as either "sex" or "gender".

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b "Gesetz über die Selbstbestimmung in Bezug auf den..." BMFSFJ (in German). 2023-05-09. Retrieved 2025-02-27.
2. ^ "Gebärende Männer sind Väter! Zeugende Frauen sind Mütter! BVT*-Stellungnahme zum Teilentwurf eines Gesetzes zur Reform des Abstammungsrechts * Bundesverband Trans*" (in German). 12 May 2019.
3. ^ "Eckpunkte für das Selbstbestimmungsgesetz vorgestellt" (in German). 30 June 2022.
4. ^ a b "ERT Notes Steps Taken Around the World Recognising the Gender Identity of Gender Variant Persons". Equal Rights Trust. 2011-12-14. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
5. ^ a b c "Bundesverfassungsgericht - Presse - Voraussetzungen für die rechtliche Anerkennung von Transsexuellen nach § 8 Abs. 1 Nr. 3 und 4 Transsexuellengesetz verfassungswidrig". www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de (in German). Retrieved 2019-02-06.
6. ^ "BGBl. I S. 1654" (PDF) (in German). Bundesansieger Verlag. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
7. ^ "§ 3 BMG - Einzelnorm". www.gesetze-im-internet.de (in German). Retrieved 2022-05-28.
8. ^ "BZSt - tax identification number". www.bzst.de. Retrieved 2022-05-28.
9. ^ a b "Prerequisites for the statutory recognition of transsexuals according to § 8.1 nos. 3 and 4 of the Transsexuals Act are unconstitutional" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-08-15. Retrieved 2017-03-26.
10. ^ "Gutachten: Regelungs- und Reformbedarf für transgeschlechtliche..." BMFSFJ (in German). 19 July 2017. p. 195. Retrieved 2022-11-14.
11. ^ "Das Selbstbestimmungsgesetz: Antworten zur Abschaffung des Transsexuellengesetz (TSG)". www.lsvd.de (in German). Retrieved 2022-11-14.
12. ^ BVerfG, 16.03.1982 - 1 BvR 938/81, 1982-03-16, retrieved 2023-01-09
13. ^ Bundesverfassungsgericht, 1 Senat (2006-07-18). "Bundesverfassungsgericht - Entscheidungen - Ausschluss transsexueller Ausländer von der nach dem TSG eröffneten Möglichkeit, ihren Vornamen zu ändern oder die geänderte Geschlechtszugehörigkeit feststellen zu lassen, ist mit GG Art 3 Abs 1 iVm dem Grundrecht auf Schutz der Persönlichkeit nicht vereinbar, sofern deren Heimatrecht vergleichbare Regelungen nicht kennt". www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de (in German). Retrieved 2023-01-09.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
14. ^ "Bundesverfassungsgericht - Presse - § 8 Abs. 1 Nr. 2 Transsexuellengesetz verfassungswidrig". www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de (in German). Retrieved 2023-01-09.
15. ^ "– German Constitutional Court declares compulsory surgeries unconstitutional". tgeu.org. 28 January 2011. Archived from the original on 17 July 2018. Retrieved 26 March 2017.
16. ^ "Deutscher Bundestag - Änderungen beim Geschlechtseintrag werden einfacher" (in German).
17. ^ "Gesetz über die Selbstbestimmung in Bezug auf den Geschlechtseintrag und zur Änderung weiterer Vorschriften" (in German).
18. ^ "Gesetz über die Selbstbestimmung in Bezug auf den Geschlechtseintrag (SBGG)" (in German). Archived from the original on 15 February 2025. Retrieved 27 February 2025.
19. ^ "Selbst über das eigene Geschlecht bestimmen" (in German). 1 November 2024. Archived from the original on 14 February 2025. Retrieved 3 March 2025.
20. ^ ""Man fühlt sich erschlagen von dem ganzen Misstrauen": Entwurf zum Selbstbestimmungsgesetz löst Kontroverse aus". Der Tagesspiegel Online (in German). ISSN 1865-2263. Retrieved 2023-05-31.
21. ^ Bellm, Nicolas (27 May 2023). "Wir fordern echte Selbstbestimmung statt neuer Hürden!". queerhandicap (in German). Archived from the original on 31 May 2023. Retrieved 8 March 2025.
22. ^ Cite error: The named reference `awmf` was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
23. ^ "Oh no, you can't name your baby THAT!". Retrieved 26 July 2015.
24. ^ Flippo, Hyde "The Germany Way" Published by McGraw-Hill (1996), Pages 96-97
25. ^ BVerfG, 1 BvR 576/07 vom 5.12.2008, paragraph 16
26. ^ Civil Status Law Must Allow a Third Gender Option
27. ^ Germany officially recognising 'third sex' other than male and female The Independent, 8 November 2017
28. ^ "§ 45b PStG - Erklärung zur Geschlechtsangabe und... - dejure.org" (in German).
29. ^ "Transsexuelle darf nicht zweite Mutter ihres Kindes sein". Die Zeit (in German). 4 January 2018.
30. ^ "Trans Frau kann sich in Geburtsurkunde als zweite Mutter eintragen lassen" (in German).
31. ^ "New report on trans parenthood and freedom of movement in the EU". 22 March 2021.
32. ^ "Antidiskriminierungsstelle - Publikationen - AGG in englischer Sprache". antidiskriminierungsstelle.de (in German). Archived from the original on 2016-01-11. Retrieved 2017-03-26.
33. ^ "Rainbow Europe: Germany". rainbow-europe.org. Retrieved 26 March 2017.
34. ^ (in German) Diskriminierungsverbot in die Bremische Landesverfassung
35. ^ Marzano-Lesnevich, Alex (2022-03-04). "Opinion | Who Should Be Allowed to Transition?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-03-04.
36. ^ Gershon, Livia (18 November 2018). "Gender Identity in Weimar Germany". JSTOR Daily. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
37. ^ Frost, Natasha (2 November 2017). "The Early 20th-Century ID Cards That Kept Trans People Safe From Harassment". Atlas Obscura. Retrieved 19 July 2019.

* v
* t
* e

Transgender and gender non-conforming topics

Gender identities|

* Androgyne
* Bissu, Calabai, Calalai
* Burrnesha
* Cisgender
* Gender bender
* Hijra
* Non-binary or genderqueer
* Gender fluidity
* Kathoey
* Koekchuch
* Third gender
* Bakla
* Faʻafafine
* Femminiello
* Khanith
* Māhū
* Mudoko dako
* Mukhannath
* Muxe
* Travesti
* Two-spirit
* Winkte
* X-gender
* Trans man
* Trans woman
* Fakaleitī
* Mak nyah
* Rae-rae
* Transgender
* Youth
* Akava'ine
* Trans*
* Transsexual

Health care and medicine|

* Gender dysphoria
* causes
* in children
* Hormone therapy
* feminizing
* masculinizing
* DIY
* Legal status
* Misinformation
* Surgery
* feminizing
* masculinizing
* Pregnancy
* Puberty blocker

Rights|

* Gender self-identification
* Legal gender
* Legal recognition of non-binary gender
* Legal status
* Marriage
* Rights movement
* Rights organizations
* Toilets
* bathroom bills
* unisex
* Yogyakarta Principles

Discrimination|

* Against non-binary people
* Against transgender men
* Anti-gender movement
* Anti-trans movement in the UK
* Gender-critical or trans-exclusionary radical feminism
* Asylum seekers
* Cisgenderism
* Inequality
* Prison
* Transmisogyny
* Violence
* genocide
* killings
* trans panic

Society and culture|

* Anatomical terminology
* Blåhaj
* Christianity
* LGBTQ-related films
* Events
* Awareness Week
* Day of Remembrance
* Day of Visibility
* March
* Non-binary People's Day
* LGBTQ
* Flags
* History
* Media portrayals
* fictional characters
* film
* People
* Pornography
* Publications
* Sexuality
* Sports
* ice hockey
* chess
* Youth
* more

Theory and
concepts|

* Androphilia and gynephilia
* Blanchard's typology
* Childhood gender nonconformity
* Cisgender / cissexual
* Cisnormativity
* Cross-dressing
* Deadnaming
* Gender binary
* Gender detransitioning
* Gender expression
* Gender transitioning
* Gender identity
* Gender modality
* Gender nonconformity
* Gender-sexuality questioning
* Postgenderism
* Rapid-onset dysphoria
* Studies
* Transfeminism
* views
* Transmedicalism
* Transmisogyny

By country|

| History|

* Argentina [es]
* Australia
* Brazil
* Cambodia
* Chile [es]
* China
* Finland
* India
* Iran
* Russia
* Singapore
* United Kingdom
* United States
* legal

|

People|

* China
* ancient Egypt
* France [fr]
* Nazi Germany
* South Korea
* Singapore

Rights|

* Argentina
* 2012 law
* 2021 law
* Australia
* Re Kevin
* Bolivia
* 2016 law [es]
* Brazil
* Canada
* 2016 bill C-16
* Chile
* 2018 law [es]
* Germany
* India
* 2014 Bill
* 2019 Act
* Kerala
* Tamil Nadu
* Iran
* Ireland
* New Zealand
* Pakistan
* 2017 bill
* 2018 Act
* South Africa
* 2003 Act
* South Korea
* Spain
* 2022 law
* United Kingdom
* 2004 act
* United States
* legal history
* title IX
* Uruguay
* 2018 law [es]

Political
office-holders|

* United States

See also|

* 2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States
* Androgyny
* Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
* Gender
* Gender diversity
* Gender studies
* Healthcare and the LGBTQ community
* Intersex
* Legal recognition of intersex people
* Queer heterosexuality
* LGBTQ
* Mental health of LGBTQ people
* Sex
* Sex–gender distinction
* Sexual orientation
* Social construction of gender
* Suicide among LGBTQ people

* Outline
* Timeline
* Category

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LGBTQ in Germany

History|

| Events|

* First homosexual movement
* Krupp affair (1902)
* Eulenburg affair (1908)

|

Historical institutions|

* Institut für Sexualwissenschaft
* Scientific-Humanitarian Committee

People|

* Politicians

Historic laws|

* Paragraph 175
* Transsexuals Act

Sexuality and Nazism|

* Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany
* Lesbians in Nazi Germany
* Gay Nazis myth
* Röhm scandal (1931–1932)
* The Malicious Practices Act 1933
* Night of the Long Knives (victims)
* Blomberg–Fritsch affair (1938)

Rights and law|

| Rights|

* Intersex
* LGBTQ
* Recognition of same-sex unions
* Transgender

|

Law|

* Third gender law (2018)
* Self-Determination Act (2024)

Organizations|

* Centrum Schwule Geschichte
* Forum Queeres Archiv München
* German Society for Social-Scientific Sexuality Research
* Hirschfeld Eddy Foundation
* Lesbenring
* LSVD+
* Schwules Museum

Locations|

| Gay villages|

* Motzstraße
* Nollendorfplatz
* St. Georg, Hamburg

|

Monuments|

* Frankfurter Engel (Frankfurt)
* Memorial to Homosexuals persecuted under Nazism (Berlin)
* Memorial to gay and lesbian victims of National Socialism (Cologne)
* Memorial to the first homosexual emancipation movement (Berlin)

Media|

| Publications|

* Der Eigene
* Die Freundin
* DU&ICH
* Hinnerk
* Männer
* Siegessäule

|

Works|

* Tabu Homosexualität
* Different from the Others

Other|

PlanetRomeo

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Transgender rights in Europe

Sovereign states|

* Albania
* Andorra
* Armenia
* Austria
* Azerbaijan
* Belarus
* Belgium
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Georgia
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Iceland
* Ireland
*   * Italy
* Kazakhstan
* Latvia
* Liechtenstein
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Moldova
* Monaco
* Montenegro
* Netherlands
* North Macedonia
* Norway
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Russia
* San Marino
* Serbia
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Turkey
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom
* Vatican City

States with limited
recognition|

* Abkhazia
* Kosovo
* Northern Cyprus
* South Ossetia
* Transnistria

Dependencies and
other entities|

* Åland
* Faroe Islands
* Gibraltar
* Guernsey
* Isle of Man
* Jersey
* Svalbard

Other entities|

* European Union

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