Transport in Jakarta

Overview of transport in Jakarta

Transport in Jakarta

People walking at Dukuh Atas TOD

Overview
Locale| Greater Jakarta
Transit type| Commuter rail, metro, light metro, people mover, bus rapid transit and bus, angkot, taxicab, motorcycle taxi, bajaj, private automobile, bicycle, pedestrian

As a metropolitan area of about 30 million people, Jakarta has a variety of transport systems.[1] Jakarta was awarded 2021 global Sustainable Transport Award (STA) for integrated public transportation system.[2]

The city prioritized development of road networks, which were mostly designed to accommodate private vehicles.[3] A notable feature of Jakarta's present road system is the toll road network. Composed of an inner and outer ring road and five toll roads radiating outwards, the network provides inner as well as outer city connections. An 'odd-even' policy limits road use to cars with either odd or even-numbered registration plates on a particular day as a transitional measure to alleviate traffic congestion until the future introduction of electronic road pricing.

There are many bus terminals in the city, from where buses operate on numerous routes to connect neighborhoods within the city limit, to other areas of Greater Jakarta and to cities across the island of Java. The biggest of the bus terminal is Pulo Gebang Bus Terminal, which is arguably the largest of its kind in Southeast Asia.[4] Main terminus for long distance train services are Gambir and Pasar Senen. Whoosh High-speed railways is connecting Jakarta to Bandung and another one is at the planning stage from Jakarta to Surabaya.

A skybridge at CSW-ASEAN TOD

As of September 2023, Jakarta's public transport service coverage has reached 86 percent, which is targeted to increase to 95 percent. Rapid transit in Greater Jakarta consists of TransJakarta bus rapid transit, Jakarta LRT, Jakarta MRT, KRL Commuterline, Jabodebek LRT, and Soekarno-Hatta Airport Rail Link. The city administration is building transit oriented development like Dukuh Atas TOD and CSW-ASEAN TOD in several area across Jakarta to facilitate commuters to transfer between different mode of public transportation.

Privately owned bus systems like Kopaja, MetroMini, Mayasari Bakti and PPD also provide important services for Jakarta commuters with numerous routes throughout the city, many routes are replaced by Minitrans and Metrotrans buses or Mikrotrans microbuses.[5] Pedicabs are banned from the city for causing traffic congestion. Bajaj auto rickshaw provide local transportation in the back streets of some parts of the city. Angkot microbuses also play a major role in road transport of Jakarta. Taxicabs and ojeks (motorcycle taxis) are available in the city. As of January 2023, about 2.6 million people use public transportation daily in Jakarta.[6]

The city administration has undertaken a project to build about 500 kilometers of bicycle lanes. As of June 2021, Jakarta already has 63 kilometers of bicycle lanes, and another 101 kilometers will be added by the end of the year 2021.[7][8]

Soekarno–Hatta International Airport (CGK) is the main airport serving the Greater Jakarta area, while Halim Perdanakusuma Airport (HLP) accommodates private and some commercial domestic flights. Other airports in the Jakarta metropolitan area include Pondok Cabe Airport and an airfield on Pulau Panjang, part of the Thousand Island archipelago.

Indonesia's busiest and Jakarta's main seaport Tanjung Priok serves many ferry connections to different parts of Indonesia. The old port Sunda Kelapa only accommodate pinisi, a traditional two-masted wooden sailing ship serving inter-island freight service in the archipelago. Muara Angke is used as a public port to Thousand Islands, while Marina Ancol is used as a tourist port.[9]

For payment method in public transportation (for KAI Commuter line, TransJakarta, LRT Jakarta, LRT Jabodebek, MRT Jakarta) already using cashless. Travelers can use Electronic money banking cards. The electronic money cards include those issued, namely:

* BRIZZI (issued by Bank BRI)
* TapCash (issued by Bank BNI)
* e-Money (issued by Bank Mandiri)
* Flazz (issued by Bank BCA)
* Jakcard (issued by Bank DKI)

The electronic banking cards is integrated cad can be accepted in KAI Commuter line, TransJakarta, LRT Jakarta, LRT Jabodebek, MRT Jakarta, eToll payment and parking payment. The electronic bank card can be bought in Bank Branch office or in e-commerce.

For the electronic banking card Top Up can be done at:

* Indomaret Outlet (convenience store).
* Alfamart Outlet (convenience store).
* Alfamidi Outlet (convenience store).
* Bright Store Outlet (convenience store).
* e-Money Card Vending Machine.
* ATM machines and NFC-enabled mobile banking.

Jakarta is part of the Maritime Silk Road that runs from the Chinese coast via the Suez Canal to the Mediterranean and there to the Upper Adriatic region.[10][11][12]

## Usage shares

[edit]

As of 2015, about 1.4 million commuters travel into the city center from the outskirts of Jakarta. Based on the survey, 58 percent of these commuters use motorcycles, 12.8 percent use cars and only 27 percent use public transportation.[13] In 2004, a study was undertaken to prepare a master plan for an integrated public transport system within Greater Jakarta, which revealed the mode of transport among city dwellers.[14][15] The city's 9.5% average annual growth rate of motorized vehicles far exceeds the 0.01% increase in road length between 2005 and 2010. As of 2010, public transportation in Jakarta serves only 56% of commuter trips. [15]

## Road transport

[edit]

### Streets and highways

[edit]

See also: List of toll roads in Indonesia

Part of Jakarta Inner Ring Road or Jalan Tol Lingkar Dalam Jakarta in Kuningan, South Jakarta Jakarta pedestrians, joggers and bicyclists take over the main avenue during Car-Free Day

During the Dutch colonial era, a structured road network connecting most major cities throughout Java was developed as a part of the Java Great Post Road by former Governor-General H.W. Daendels. The network was built in the early 19th century, and although the network was later expanded to a great extent, it could not keep up with the rapidly increasing numbers of motorized vehicles, resulting in highly congested traffic.[1][16] The city prioritized development of road networks, which were mostly designed to accommodate private vehicles.[3]

A notable feature of Jakarta's present road system is the toll road network. Composed of an inner and outer ring road and six toll roads radiating outwards, the network provides inner as well as outer city connections. Jakarta Outer Ring Road 2 is an under-construction toll road encircling greater Jakarta area, parallel with Jakarta Outer Ring Road (JORR 1).

The six radiating toll roads are:

* Prof. Dr. Ir. Soedijatmo Toll Road linking to Soekarno–Hatta International Airport
* Jakarta–Tangerang Toll Road linking to Tangerang and further to Merak in the west
* Jakarta–Serpong Toll Road linking to Serpong
* Depok-Antasari Toll Road linking to Depok and planned to go further to Bogor
* Jagorawi Toll Road linking to Bogor and Ciawi in the south
* Jakarta–Cikampek Toll Road linking to Bekasi and Cikampek in the east

The city's 9.5% average annual growth rate of motorized vehicles far exceeded the 0.01% increase in road length between 2005 and 2010.[17] In 2018, over 13 million motorcycles and 4.4 million cars used the roads of Jakarta.[18] In 2019, there were about 88 million movements per day in the Greater Jakarta area,[19] and public transportation accounts for only 30% of commuter trips.[20] According to the National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas) traffic congestion in Greater Jakarta causes a waste of about $7.4 billion each year.[21]

Throughout the years, several attempts have been made to reduce traffic congestion on Jakarta's main arteries. Implemented solutions include a 'three-in-one' rush-hour law, during which cars with fewer than three passengers are prohibited from driving on the main avenues. However, "car jockeys" were paid by commuters to ride into the center of the city to permit the use of three-in-one roads.[22] Another example is the ban on trucks passing main avenues during the day.[23] In 2016, 'odd-even' policy was introduced which designated cars with either odd or even-numbered registration plates on a particular day.[24] This aims to function as a transitional measure to alleviate traffic congestion until the future introduction of Electronic Road Pricing which would be more effective.[25]

Due to the city's acute gridlock, the Jakarta administration has decided to implement Electronic Road Pricing in 10 districts: Tanah Abang, Menteng, Setiabudi, Tebet, Matraman, Senen, Gambir, Tambora, Sawah Besar and Taman Sari.[26] The ERP is planned to be implemented in the three-in-one zone and along Jl. Rasuna Said. The ERP system is expected to be operational by 2019 along with the opening of the Jakarta MRT.[27] Implementation of the ERP system is planned to take place in two phases; the first will be for vehicles moving from the Senayan traffic circle to the Hotel Indonesia traffic circle while the second will be installed from the HI traffic circle to Jl. Medan Merdeka Barat.[28]

### Bus service

[edit]

A Metrotrans bus at Senayan

There are many bus terminals in the city, from where buses operate on numerous routes to connect neighborhoods within the city limit, to other areas of Greater Jakarta area and to cities across the island of Java. The biggest of the bus terminal is Pulo Gebang Bus Terminal, which is arguably the largest of its kind in Southeast Asia.[4] Besides TransJakarta, other private owned bus systems like Kopaja, MetroMini, Mayasari Bakti and PPD also provide important services for Jakarta commuters with numerous routes throughout the city. Since January 2013, Jakarta Government has integrated Kopaja AC buses with TransJakarta feeder bus routes. Many routes are/will replaced/replaced by Minitrans and Metrotrans buses.[29]

### Traditional transports

[edit]

Mikrotrans microbus (angkot) operated by Transjakarta

In 1966, an estimated 160 thousand pedicabs (becak) operated in the city; as much as 15% of Jakarta's total workforce was engaged in becak driving. In 1971, becaks were banned from major roads, and shortly thereafter the government attempted a total ban, which substantially reduced their numbers but did not eliminate them. A campaign to eliminate them succeeded in 1990 and 1991, but during the economic crisis of 1998, some returned amid less effective government attempts to control them.[30] Becaks were banned because they caused traffic congestion and they were seen as the exploitation of humans by other humans.[31] Becaks were replaced by bemo, betor, helicak, minicar, and bajaj.[31] In 2018, Governor Anies Baswedan attempted to allow becaks again because of a political contract with becak drivers during his campaign.[32] Most cycle rickshaw drivers in the 1980s were former landless agricultural laborers from rural areas of Java.[30] As of March 2018[update], there are about 1,500 becaks in Jakarta.[33]

Compressed natural gas fuelled Bajaj in Jakarta.

Bajaj auto rickshaw provide local transportation in the back streets of some parts of the city. From the early 1940s to 1991 they were a common form of local transportation in the city. They are colored blue (for the ones which use Compressed natural gas) and orange (for the ones which use normal gasoline fuel).[34] The blue ones are imported from India with the brand of Bajaj and TVS and the orange ones are the old design from 1990. The government is currently replacing the orange bajajs with the blue ones because blue bajajs are less polluting and the gas fuel is cheaper.[34][35] Bemo was a three-wheeled vehicle similar to bajaj, which were eliminated in 1996 because they were old, too dangerous and cause much pollution, but they continued to exist until recently,[36] when in 2017, Bajaj Qute was introduced to replace bemo.[37] Angkot microbuses also play a major role in road transport of Jakarta. They operates in numerous routes to connect neighborhoods of the city.

### Taxi cab

[edit]

Toyota Avanza taxi, operated by Blue Bird.

Plenty of taxi cabs are available in the city. Many companies operate & maintain pools of different model of cars in their own brands. Go-Jek and Grab also have wide presence. Vehicle for hire companies accessible by mobile apps, known in Indonesia as taksi online (online taxi), has reduced the number of conventional taxi companies operating in Jakarta from 32 to 4 (Blue Bird, Express, Gamya, and Taxiku).[38]

### Motorcycle taxi/ojek

[edit]

Although ojek are not an official form of public transport, they can be found throughout Indonesia and in Jakarta. They are especially useful when navigating crowded urban roads, narrow alleyways, heavy traffic and cramped locations that larger vehicles cannot reach. Most of the ojeks are operated by Gojek and Grab, in Indonesia called ojek online. Gojek was founded in 2011 so that ojek drivers who had been working with unpredictable income could operate professionally with better income, and its app was created in 2015.[39]

### Bicycle

[edit]

Gowes bike sharing station at Bundaran HI, Jakarta

There are bicycle taxis (ojek sepeda ontel) in the Kota Tua (Old City) region. However, the revenues are declining because of the popularity of ojek online.[40] As of late 2023, Jakarta has 314 kilometers of separate bicycle lane, which will be extended to 535 kilometers by 2026.[41] Bicycle-sharing company Gowes, which means "to paddle," in Indonesian, started operation in limited areas of Jakarta in 2018.[42]

## Intercity Rail

[edit]

See also: Trams in Jakarta

Argo Bromo Anggrek, a non-stop train connecting Jakarta and Surabaya

Long-distance railways and local tram services were first introduced during the Dutch colonial era. While the trams were replaced with buses in the post-colonial era, long-distance railways continued to connect the city to its neighboring regions as well as cities throughout the island of Java. Main terminus for long distance train services are Gambir and Pasar Senen.

### High speed rail

[edit]

Further information: High-speed rail in Indonesia

A train HSR KCIC400AF stopped at Halim station connecting Jakarta and Bandung

The Whoosh (short for Waktu Hemat, Operasi Optimal, Sistem Hebat, lit. '"Timesaving, Optimal Operation, Excellent System"')[43][44] is the brand name for high-speed train services on the Jakarta–Bandung high-speed railway (Indonesian: Kereta Cepat Jakarta–Bandung) operated by Kereta Cepat Indonesia China (KCIC).[45][46] The Whoosh is the first high-speed railway in the Southern Hemisphere and South East Asia,[47] covering a distance of 142.3 kilometres (88.4 mi) with a top speed of 350 kilometres per hour (220 mph) connecting two of Indonesia's largest cities, Greater Jakarta with over 34 million population and Greater Bandung with population of 9 million, serving a total of 43 million population.[48][note 1][note 2] It reduces the travel time between the two cities from 3 hours to about 30 minutes.[49]

## Public Transport

[edit]

At present public transport in Greater Jakarta consists of a Jakarta MRT, Jabodebek LRT, Jakarta LRT, KRL Commuterline, Soekarno-Hatta Airport Rail Link and BRT Transjakarta

Symbol  | Name  | Began Operation  | Last Extension  | Terminus  | No. of
Stations  | Length
(km)  | Type  | Depots  | Owner  | Operator(s)  | Ridership(s)
2024[50][51]

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Rail-based
| Tanjung Priok Line | 5 December 2011[a] | 21 December 2015 | Jakarta Kota | Tanjung Priok | 4 | 15.4 km | Commuter rail
(S-train)  | Bukit Duri
Depok
Bogor
Manggarai  | KAI Commuter | KRL Commuterline | 334,361,011
| Cikarang Loop Line | 5 December 2011[a] | 28 May 2022 | Kampung Bandan | Cikarang | 29 | 87.4 km
| Bogor Line | 5 December 2011[a] | 28 May 2022 | Jakarta Kota | Bogor | 23 | 54.8 km
Jakarta Kota | Nambo | 22  | 51 km
| Rangkasbitung Line | 5 December 2011[a] | 1 April 2017 | Tanah Abang | Rangkasbitung | 17 | 72.8 km
| Tangerang Line | 5 December 2011[a] |  | Duri | Tangerang | 11 | 19.3 km
| Soekarno-Hatta Line | 31 December 2017 | 8 September 2019 | Manggarai | Soekarno-Hatta | 5 | 54.3 km | Airport rail link | Manggarai  | KAI | KAI Commuter | 2,380,704
| North-South Line | 24 March 2019 |  | Lebak Bulus | Bundaran HI Bank Jakarta | 13 | 15.7 km | Rapid transit | Lebak Bulus | MRT Jakarta | 39,910,100
| Southern Line | 1 December 2019  |  | Pegangsaan Dua | Velodrome | 6 | 5.8 km | Light metro | Pegangsaan Dua | LRT Jakarta | 1,213,461
| Cibubur Line | 28 August 2023  |  | Dukuh Atas BNI | Harjamukti | 12  | 25.9 km  | Jati Mulya  | KAI | LRT Jabodebek | 21,055,870
| Bekasi Line | 28 August 2023  |  | Dukuh Atas BNI | Jati Mulya | 14  | 29.5 km
Bus rapid transit trunk lines
| Corridor 1 | 1 February 2004 | 22 July 2022 | Blok M | Kota | 22 | 15.48 km | Bus rapid transit | Cipayung

Ciputat

Cakung

Cawang

Pulo Gadung

Cijantung

Cibubur

Klender

Kelapa Gading

Klender

Jembatan Gantung

Rawa Buaya

Pinang Ranti

Kampung Rambutan

Pesing

Pamulang

Petukangan Selatan

Cipayung

| Transjakarta | 383,198,279
| Corridor 2 | 15 January 2006 | 4 March 2023 | Pulo Gadung | Monumen Nasional | 24 | 17.88 km
| Corridor 3 | 15 January 2006 | 4 March 2023 | Kalideres | Monumen Nasional | 14 | 16.14 km
| Corridor 4 | 27 January 2007 |  | Pulo Gadung | Galunggung | 17 | 11.90 km
| Corridor 5 | 27 January 2007  |  | Ancol | Kampung Melayu | 18 | 13.58 km
| Corridor 6 | 27 January 2007 | ca. 2009 | Ragunan | Galunggung | 20 | 15.90 km
| Corridor 7 | 27 January 2007 |  | Kampung Rambutan | Kampung Melayu | 14 | 12.57 km
| Corridor 8 | 21 February 2009 | 4 March 2023 | Lebak Bulus | Pasar Baru | 26 | 25.33 km
| Corridor 9 | 31 December 2010 |  | Pinang Ranti | Pluit | 26 | 31.57 km
| Corridor 10 | 31 December 2010  |  | Tanjung Priok | PGC | 22 | 19.11 km
| Corridor 11 | 28 December 2011 | 28 December 2016 | Pulo Gebang | Kampung Melayu | 16 | 13.86 km
| Corridor 12 | 14 February 2013 | 18 December 2021 | Pluit | Tanjung Priok | 24 | 23.30 km
| Corridor 13 | 13 August 2017 | 12 November 2018 | Ciledug | Tegal Mampang | 15 | 14.18 km
| Corridor 14 | 10 November 2023[b] | 23 August 2024  | Jakarta
International
Stadium  | Senen Raya  | 10  | 9.7 km
Planned/under construction lines
| JIS Line  | TBD  |  | Jatinegara | Tanjung Priok | 9  | TBD  | Commuter rail
(S-train)  | Bukit Duri

Depok

Bogor

Manggarai

| KAI Commuter | KRL Commuterline
| North-South Line
extension  | Under construction  | Bundaran HI Bank Jakarta | Kota  | 7  | 5.8 km  | Rapid transit | Lebak Bulus  | MRT Jakarta
TBD  | Kota  | Ancol Marina  | 3  | 5.2 km  | Ancol Marina
| East-West Line  | Tomang  | Medan Satria  | 21  | 24.5 km  | Rorotan

Balaraja

Tomang  | Kembangan  | 6  | 9.2 km
Kembangan  | Balaraja  | 14  | 29.9 km
Medan Satria  | Cikarang  | 8  | 20.5 km
| Outer Ring Line  | Fatmawati | Kampung Rambutan  | 10  | 12 km  | Kampung Rambutan
| Southern Line
extension  | Under construction  | Velodrome | Manggarai  | 6  | 6.4 km  | Light metro | Pegangsaan Dua  | LRT Jakarta
TBD  | Manggarai  | Dukuh Atas  | 2  | TBD
Dukuh Atas  | Pesing  | TBD
Southeastern Line  | Velodrome | Klender  | 5
Klender  | Halim  | 5
| Northern Line  | Pegangsaan Dua | Rajawali  | 11
Rajawali  | Pesing  | TBD
Kota  | Pantai Indah Kapuk
| Cibubur Line
extension  | Dukuh Atas BNI | Senayan  | 4  | Jati Mulya  | KAI | LRT Jabodebek
Harjamukti  | Baranangsiang  | 5
| Bekasi Line
extension  | Dukuh Atas BNI | Soekarno-Hatta | 9
| PLGP LRT Line  | Pulo Gebang  | Joglo  | TBD  | Pulo Gebang  | TBD
Riderships  | 788,175,314

1. ^ a b c d e Converted as KCJ line
2. ^ Converted as BRT line

### Jakarta BRT

[edit]

Main article: Transjakarta

Transjakarta buses use separate lanes to avoid congested roads, and it has the world's longest bus rapid transit routes.

Transjakarta bus rapid transit service (known as Busway) was developed in the context of development reforms (or reformasi) and used Bogota's TransMilenio system as a model.[52] Jakarta's first busway line, from Blok M to Jakarta Kota opened in January 2004 and as of 11 November 2023, fourteen out of nineteen corridors are in use. Transjakarta has the world's longest bus rapid transit routes (230.9 kilometers (143.5 mi) in length).[53][54] Transjakarta had a total of 128 routes as of April 2018 (corridor, cross route & feeder route) - a significant increase from 41 routes in 2015. TransJakarta has targeted to serve one million passengers per day by the end of 2018.[55] In addition there are 14 feeder routes that serve beyond the exclusive busway corridors. Located in the municipalities surrounding Jakarta, the feeder service uses special buses that allow for boarding at either ground level or the Transjakarta station platforms. Transjakarta owned more than 1,500 buses in the first three months of 2017 and targets to have 3,000 buses by the end of the year.[56]

### KRL Commuterline

[edit]

Main article: KRL Commuterline

A KRL Commuterline in Manggarai station

Greater Jakarta Commuter Rail or commonly known as KRL Commuterline is a commuter rail system which serves commuters in Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, South Tangerang, and Bekasi. The commuter system was started in 2000.[57] The number of passengers in 2014 reached 208 million, rising from 158 million in the previous year.[58] Commuter Line serves all municipalities in Jakarta excluding the Thousand Islands, as well as Greater Jakarta region. The rail system uses rolling stock of rapid transit standard and operates at high frequency with a minimum headway. The average daily ridership was about 0.95 million[59] with a total of 315.8 million commuters used Commuter LineL Jabodetabek in the year 2017.[60]

Major rail stations on the commuter line are Jakarta Kota, Jatinegara, Tanah Abang, Duri, Pasar Senen, Manggarai and Sudirman. As a transit station, Manggarai railway station is the busiest station in Indonesia, with more than 100,000 passengers boarding and alighting each day.[61] Though during rush hours, the number of passengers greatly exceeds the system's capacity, and crowding is common.

### Jakarta MRT

[edit]

Main article: Jakarta MRT

Jakarta MRT train leaving Lebak Bulus Station.

After a long planning and years of delay, Jakarta Mass Rapid Transit is currently in service. Jakarta city government decided for a rail-based system because of its ability to carry large numbers of people quickly and cheaply.[62] Jakarta MRT has a North–South line between Kota and Lebak Bulus and an East–West line. Preparation work started in April 2012,[63] and groundbreaking was done in October 2013. The first phase, between Bundaran HI Bank Jakarta and Lebak Bulus began operations on 24 March 2019,[64] and the entire North–South line is scheduled to be operational by 2027, with segment from Bundaran HI to Kota currently under construction.[65][66]

### Jakarta LRT

[edit]

Main article: Jakarta LRT

Jakarta LRT at Boulevard Utara station.

Jakarta LRT is a light metro system.[67] Eight two-cars trainsets were procured. The first phase of the LRT, from Velodrome to Pegangsaan Dua with six stations and a length of 5.8 kilometers (3.6 mi),[68] began commercial operations on 1 December 2019.[69] Currently phase 1B it's under construction for extension from Velodrome to Manggarai, segment expected to be opening in 2026.

### Jabodebek LRT

[edit]

Main article: Jabodebek LRT

Jabodebek LRT arriving to Dukuh Atas BNI station.

Jabodebek LRT (LRT Jabodebek), formerly known as Greater Jakarta LRT is a light metro system. The light rail transit (LRT) project was launched to replace the previously abandoned monorail project.[70] The groundbreaking ceremony was held on 9 September 2015, with the first phase of the construction will connect Harjamukti in Depok with Dukuh Atas BNI in downtown Central Jakarta, passing through Cawang intersection. This phase is 42.1 kilometers (26.2 miles) long, includes 18 stations, began commercial operation on August 28, 2023 after multiple delays.[71][72]

### Airport rail link

[edit]

See also: Soekarno-Hatta Airport Rail Link

Soekarno-Hatta Airport Rail Link is a commuter train service connecting the Soekarno-Hatta International Airport to Manggarai in Central Jakarta.[73]

### Jak Lingko

[edit]

Jak Lingko (formerly OK OTrip[74]) is a public transport integration program designed to integrate payment between transport modes in Jakarta. The integration includes BRT, Commuter rail, Light Metro, MRT, LRT, Airport rail link and local angkot (Mikrotrans).[75] The payment card caps fares at IDR 5,000 for up to 3 hours on transfers for smaller participating local bus services to or from the TransJakarta BRT network, and aims to reduce transportation costs by 30 percent.[76]

## Air

[edit]

Soekarno–Hatta International Airport Aerial view

Soekarno–Hatta International Airport (CGK) is the main airport serving the Greater Jakarta area. The airport is named after the first President of Indonesia, Soekarno, and the first Vice President of Indonesia, Mohammad Hatta. The airport is often called Cengkareng airport or Soetta by Indonesians. The airport's IATA code, CGK, originates from the name of the Cengkareng locality, Tangerang, Banten, although the location of this airport is located outside of the city, it is used as a gate out by the Jakartans and citizen of the surrounding areas, therefore at the main gate of the airport, there is an inscription "Jakarta Airports".[77] Soekarno–Hatta International Airport was ranked as 17th busiest airport in the world by Airports Council International, with about 63 million passengers in 2017.[78] Today the airport is running over capacity. After T3 Soekarno-Hatta Airport expansion has finished in May 2016, the total capacity of three terminals become 43 million passengers a year. T1 and T2 also will be revitalized, so all the three terminals finally will accommodate 67 million passengers a year.[79]

A second airport, Halim Perdanakusuma Airport (HLP) serves domestic flight of low-cost airline, private and VIP/presidential flights. Other airports in the Jakarta metropolitan area include Pondok Cabe Airport and an airfield on Pulau Panjang, part of the Thousand Island archipelago (Kepulauan Seribu).

## Waterway

[edit]

See also: Port of Tanjung Priok

Port of Tanjung Priok, the busiest port in Indonesia.

### Sea

[edit]

Jakarta's main seaport Port of Tanjung Priok serves many ferry connections to different parts of Indonesia. Port of Tanjung Priok is Indonesia's busiest port, and the 21st busiest port in the world in 2013, handling over 6.59 million TEUs.[80] To boost the port capacity, two-phase "New Tanjung Priok" extension project is currently ongoing. When fully operational in 2023, it will triple existing annual capacity.

The port is also an important employer in the area, with more than 18,000 employees who provide services to more than 18,000 ships every year. The Port of Tanjung Priok has 20 terminals: general cargo, multipurpose terminal, scraps terminal, passenger terminal, dry bulk terminal, liquid bulk terminal, oil terminal, chemicals terminal and three container terminals, 76 berths, a quay length of 16,853 meters (55,292 feet), a total storage area of 661,822 square meters (7,123,790 square feet) and a storage capacity of 401,468 metric tons.[81]

Muara Angke Port is used as a public port to Thousand Islands. In December 2011, Muara Angke Port was renovated for Rp 130 billion ($14.4 million) in a 3 hectare area.[82] The port serves three water transport routes as of 2020:[83]

Route  | Stops

|

Route 1  | Muara Angke – Untung Jawa Island – Lancang Island – Payung Island – Tidung Island
Route 2  | Muara Angke – Untung Jawa Island – Pari Island – Panggang Island – Pramuka Island
Route 3  | Muara Angke – Kelapa Island – Sabira Island

Another ports in Jakarta include the old port of Sunda Kelapa and Marina Ancol Port. Sunda Kelapa Port only accommodate pinisi, a traditional two masted wooden sailing ship serving inter-island freight service in the archipelago. Marina Ancol Port is used as a tourist port, serves speed boat routes to various islands across Thousand Islands.

### River

[edit]

On 6 June 2007, the city administration introduced the Waterway (officially Angkutan Sungai), a new river boat service along the Ciliwung River.[16][84] Due to varying water levels during the dry and wet seasons in addition to heavy water pollution that comes with water from upstream during rain, the service was closed.[85]

## See also

[edit]

* Indonesia portal
* Jakarta portal

* Greater Jakarta Integrated Mass Transit System
* Transport in Indonesia
* Bali MRT

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ The railway does not enter Bandung City proper
2. ^ Laos' Vientiane-Boten railway with speed of 160 kilometres per hour (99 mph) would be classified as semi-high speed rail.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b Joe Cochrane (4 August 2013). "Hours to Go, Just to Get to Work: Indonesians Cope With Infuriating Traffic and Inefficient Public Transit". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
2. ^ "Jakarta wins global 2021 Sustainable Transport Award for integrated public transportation". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
3. ^ a b "Transportation Issues and Future Condition in Tokyo, Jakarta, Manila and Hiroshima" (PDF). Retrieved 11 May 2010.
4. ^ a b "Pulo Gebang, Terminal Terbesar se-ASEAN Diresmikan 28 Desember". Liputan6. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
5. ^ Kurniawan, Ruly. "Ini Pengganti Metromini di Jakarta". detikoto (in Indonesian). Retrieved 13 October 2020.
6. ^ "Heru Budi Asks Transjakarta to Add More Buses to Reduce Congestion". Tempo. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
7. ^ "Get ready for a bike revolution". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
8. ^ "Anies Baswedan Suggests Incentives for Workers Riding Bike to Work". Tempo. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
9. ^ "Pelabuhan Muara Angke Siap Digunakan". Retrieved 13 August 2020.
10. ^ Shenntyara, Mirtha (22 September 2017). "Indonesia: Asia's maritime gateway to the west". Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
11. ^ Hernig 2018, p. 112 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHernig2018 (help); Hartmann, Maennig & Wang 2017, p. 59 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHartmannMaennigWang2017 (help)
12. ^ Yuniarni, Sarah. "Here's How Indonesia Can Benefit From China's Belt and Road Initiative". Jakarta Globe. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
13. ^ "Jakarta Transportation Body Lays Out Strategies to Fix the Capital's $7b Traffic Problem". Jakarta Globe. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
14. ^ Technical Report Table 1.3.2 of the Study on Integrated Transportation Master Plan for Jabodetabek (SITRAMP), undertaken by Pacific Consultants International and ALMEC Corporation on behalf of the Indonesian National Development Planning Agency (BAPPENAS) and the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), 2004,
15. ^ a b "United Nations Forum On Climate Change Mitigation, Fuel Economy And Sustainable Development Of Urban Transport" (PDF). Urban Public Transport System in Jakarta. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
16. ^ a b Williamson, Lucy (6 June 2007). "Jakarta begins river boat service". BBC News.
17. ^ "Gubernur Baru Jakarta Baru". Direktorat Jenderal Bina KEUDA Kementerian Dalam Negeri. 15 October 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2023.
18. ^ "Jakarta's anti-macet policy". The Asean Post. Archived from the original on 8 January 2019. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
19. ^ "LRT or cable car? BPTJ plans mass transportation for Puncak tourist area". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
20. ^ "Public Transportation Usage in Greater Jakarta Has Only Reached 30 Percent". Netral News. Archived from the original on 15 November 2019. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
21. ^ "1.38 million commute into Jakarta daily". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
22. ^ Bachelard, Michael (4 February 2012). "Jakarta's jockeys in demand as gridlock drives city to despair". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 21 May 2018.
23. ^ "Urai Kemacetan, PR Terbesar Kapolda Metro". Archived from the original on 16 June 2015.
24. ^ "Odd-even policy working, decreasing traffic jams". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
25. ^ "Jakarta Police request evaluation of odd-even policy". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
26. ^ "10 districts prepared for electronic road pricing policy trial run in Jakarta". 2 September 2011. Archived from the original on 18 January 2012.
27. ^ "ERP will be implemented in Jakarta next year: Sandiaga". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
28. ^ "Jakarta aims to introduce electronic road pricing in 2019". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
29. ^ Kurniawan, Ruly. "Ini Pengganti Metromini di Jakarta". detikoto (in Indonesian). Retrieved 13 October 2020.
30. ^ a b Azuma, Yoshifumi (2003). Urban peasants: beca drivers in Jakarta. Jakarta: Pustaka Sinar Harapan.
31. ^ a b Puspita, Sherly (17 January 2018). "Kehadiran Becak di Ibu Kota yang Diperdebatkan sejak Dulu..." Kompas (in Indonesian). Retrieved 28 May 2018.
32. ^ Amindoni, Ayomi (2018). "Becak di Jakarta dan 'kontrak politik' Gubernur Anies Baswedan". BBC Indonesia. Retrieved 1 April 2018.
33. ^ Zhacky, Mochamad (11 March 2018). "Becak di Jakarta Sudah Terdata, Anies: Jumlahnya Sekitar 1.500". detiknews (in Indonesian). Retrieved 23 May 2018.
34. ^ a b "Bajaj Oranye Menunggu Giliran Dimusnahkan". Republika Online (in Indonesian). 7 January 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
35. ^ Wicaksono, Pebrianto Eko (11 April 2017). "Pakai CNG, Pengemudi Bajaj Dapat Banyak Manfaat". liputan6.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 26 May 2018.
36. ^ Kunjana, L Gora (13 January 2016). "Bemo, Hidup Segan Mati Tak Mau". BeritaSatu.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 23 May 2018.
37. ^ "Sudah Beroperasi di Jakarta, Ini Tarif Bajaj Roda Empat". Viva.co.id (in Indonesian). 23 July 2017. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
38. ^ Sugianto, Danang (8 October 2017). "Perusahaan Taksi di Jakarta Berguguran, Organda: dari 32 Sisa 4". Detikfinance. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
39. ^ Kristo, Fino Yurio (22 August 2017). "Awal Mula Transportasi Online Menjamur di Indonesia". detikinet (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 28 May 2018.
40. ^ Sari, Nursita (28 May 2018). "Keluh Kesah Pengojek Sepeda Ontel Tatkala Menjamurnya Ojek "Online"..." Kompas (in Indonesian). Retrieved 28 May 2018.
41. ^ Azzahra, Tiara Aliya (9 November 2023). "Pemprov DKI Tetap Kejar Target Jalur Sepeda 535,68 Km hingga 2026" [Jakarta Governor Keeps Chasing Bike Lane Target of 535.68 Km until 2026]. detiknews (in Indonesian). Retrieved 25 July 2025.
42. ^ "New Bike-Sharing Service Set to Help Jakarta Combat Air Pollution, Traffic Congestion". Jakarta Globe. Retrieved 2 November 2019.
43. ^ "Pemerintah Beri Nama Kereta Cepat Jakarta-Bandung 'WHOOSH'". CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian). Retrieved 21 September 2023.
44. ^ AFP (1 October 2023). "Indonesia to launch Jakarta-Bandung high-speed rail, first in Southeast Asia". Jakarta Post.
45. ^ "Identitas Jenama Kereta Api Cepat Indonesia". Kereta Cepat Indonesia China (in Indonesian). Retrieved 21 September 2023.
46. ^ Malleck, Julia (2 October 2023). "Why China laid the tracks for Indonesia's first high-speed rail".
47. ^ Ibrahim, Achmad; Karmini, Niniek (2 October 2023). "Indonesian president launches Southeast Asia's first high-speed railway, funded by China". Associate Press.
48. ^ "Indonesia set to open Southeast Asia's 1st high-speed rail in October". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
49. ^ "Chinese Premier Li Qiang takes a test ride on Indonesia's new high-speed railway". AP News. 6 September 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
50. ^ Ananda, Fariza Rizky (30 January 2025). "KAI Commuter Targetkan Penumpang KRL Tembus 383,7 Juta di 2025" (in Indonesian). Retrieved 17 May 2025.
51. ^ "Perkembangan Transportasi DKI Jakarta Desember 2024" (in Indonesian). Statistics Indonesia. 3 February 2025. Retrieved 17 May 2025.
52. ^ Lo, Ria Hutabarat (5 November 2009). "The City as a Mirror: Transport, Land Use and Social Change in Jakarta". Urban Studies. 47 (3): 529–555\. doi:10.1177/0042098009348557.
53. ^ "Best Practice: Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) System" (PDF). NYC Global Partners’ Innovation Exchange. 4 May 2012. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
54. ^ "Koridor". Transjakarta.
55. ^ "Transjakarta operates new Palmerah Station-Senayan traffic circle route". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 26 April 2018.
56. ^ "With more buses on the streets, a surge in Transjakarta passengers".
57. ^ Sudibya (2007). Pengembangan Restrukturisasi PT Kereta Api (Persero) Divisi Angkutan Perkotaan Jabotabek [Development of Restructuring of PT Kereta Api (Persero) Jabotabek Urban Transport Division] (PDF) (Thesis) (in Indonesian). Semarang: Diponegoro University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
58. ^ "Number of Train Passengers, 2006 – 2014". Statistics Indonesia. Badan Pusat Statistik. Archived from the original on 10 March 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
59. ^ "Commuter line passengers hits 1 million".
60. ^ "Jakarta's Commuter Line Train Gets Ready for More Passengers in 2018".
61. ^ Ravel, Stanly (1 February 2018). "Manggarai Jadi Stasiun Tersibuk di Indonesia". Kompas (in Indonesian). Retrieved 22 May 2018.
62. ^ "Rail-based Transportation, Main Component of Metropolitan City". Berita Jakarta. Archived from the original on 28 July 2012. Retrieved 16 June 2011.
63. ^ Preparation work for MRT begins|The Jakarta Post
64. ^ Bernhart Farras & Chandra Gian Asmara (24 March 2019). "Resmikan MRT Jakarta, Jokowi: Sebuah Peradaban Baru Dimulai".
65. ^ "MRT Jakarta". www.jakartamrt.co.id. Archived from the original on 6 October 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2016.
66. ^ "City launches two busway routes". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
67. ^ "Rencana LRT di Jakarta". Kompas (in Indonesian). Jakarta. 11 September 2015. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
68. ^ Media, Kompas Cyber (24 August 2018). "Kemenhub Lakukan Operasional Terbatas untuk LRT Kelapa Gading - Kompas.com". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 7 September 2018.
69. ^ Yuliani, Putri Anisa (5 December 2019). "Sudah Berbayar, Jumlah Penumpang LRT Jakarta Menurun". Media Indonesia (in Indonesian). Retrieved 11 June 2020.
70. ^ "Ahok confirms cancellation of monorail project". The Jakarta Post. Jakarta. 10 September 2015. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
71. ^ "Greater Jakarta LRT Project Sets Completion Deadline in Early 2022". Tempo.co. Jakarta. 4 June 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
72. ^ Maulia, Erwida (28 August 2023). "Indonesia's Widodo launches greater Jakarta light rail service". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
73. ^ "Airport train kicks off services with promotional fare". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
74. ^ Nursita Sari (8 October 2018). "Nama OK Otrip Diubah Jadi Jak Lingko". kompas.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2 July 2020.
75. ^ Yuliani, Putri Anisa (29 November 2019). "Tiket MRT bakal Terintegrasi Transjakarta, LRT, dan Jak Lingko" (in Indonesian). Retrieved 28 January 2021.
76. ^ Iwan Supriyatna (14 December 2017). "OK Otrip Akan Diuji Coba dari 15 Januari-15 April 2018". kompas.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2 July 2020.
77. ^ "Tol Bandara Dijamin Tidak Banjir". Poskotanews (in Indonesian). 12 January 2012. Archived from the original on 16 June 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
78. ^ "List: The world's 20 busiest airports (2017)". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
79. ^ Pingkan Elita Dundu (17 November 2014). "Agar Penumpang Lebih Aman dan Nyaman di Bandara Soekarno-Hatta". Kompas (in Indonesian). Retrieved 14 December 2016.
80. ^ http://www.worldshipping.org Top 50 world container ports Archived 27 August 2013 at Archive-It
81. ^ "Port of Jakarta facilities". Archived from the original on 24 May 2011. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
82. ^ "Pelabuhan Muara Angke Siap Digunakan". Retrieved 9 December 2011.
83. ^ FDTJ - Transport for Jakarta (2020). "Peta Transportasi Perairan Jakarta (Jakarta Water Transportation Map)" (PDF). Retrieved 1 March 2021.
84. ^ "Jakarta gets its first klong taxis". Bangkok Post. The Post Publishing Public Co. Archived from the original on 18 January 2008.
85. ^ "Rencana Hidupkan Lagi Transportasi Air di Jakarta". CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian). 19 October 2018. Retrieved 18 January 2022.

* v
* t
* e

Jakarta topics

Divisions|

* Central Jakarta
* North Jakarta
* South Jakarta
* East Jakarta
* West Jakarta
* Thousand Islands

History|

* Timeline
* Sunda Kelapa
* Batavia
* List of colonial buildings and structures in Jakarta
* Sunda Kingdom

Demographics|

* Betawi language
* Betawi people

Geography|

* Ciliwung river
* Flooding
* 2007
* 2013
* 2020
* Gelora Bung Karno Sports Complex
* Golden Triangle of Jakarta
* Jakarta metropolitan area
* Kota Tua
* Semanggi Interchange
* SCBD
* Merdeka Square
* Ragunan Zoo
* Tebet Eco Park
* Lapangan Banteng
* GBK Park
* UI Forest

Economics|

* Indonesia Stock Exchange
* Bank Indonesia

Politics|

* Governor
* Jakarta City government
* Parliament
* Istana Negara
* Istana Merdeka
* DPR/MPR Building
* Transmigration program
* ASEAN Headquarters

Education|

* University of Indonesia
* Universitas Terbuka
* Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University
* State University of Jakarta
* Jakarta State Polytechnic
* Atma Jaya University
* Trisakti University
* Bina Nusantara University
* Tarumanagara University
* Universitas Kristen Indonesia
* YARSI University

Landmarks|

* National Monument
* National Museum of Indonesia
* Jakarta History Museum
* Gelora Bung Karno Stadium
* Gelora Bung Karno Sports Complex
* Hotel Indonesia
* Selamat Datang Monument
* Shri Sanathana Dharma Aalayam
* Istiqlal Mosque
* Jakarta Cathedral
* Wayang Museum
* Taman Ismail Marzuki
* Taman Mini Indonesia Indah

Transport|

* Jak Lingko
* Greater Jakarta Integrated Mass Transit System
* Transjakarta
* Metrotrans
* Minitrans
* KRL Commuterline
* Jakarta MRT
* Jakarta LRT
* Jabodebek LRT
* Soekarno–Hatta Airport Rail Link
* Soekarno–Hatta International Airport
* Halim Perdanakusuma International Airport
* Port of Tanjung Priok

Hospitals|

* Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital
* Gatot Soebroto Army Hospital

Satellite cities|

* Bekasi
* Bogor
* Depok
* South Tangerang
* Tangerang
* Bekasi Regency
* Bogor Regency
* small parts of Cianjur Regency
* Tangerang Regency

Others|

* Betawi cuisine
* Water privatisation
* Outline

* Category
* Commons
* Portal

* v
* t
* e

Urban transit in Indonesia

National
Perum DAMRI
Teman Bus [id]
BisKita [id]

Sumatra|

| Aceh|

* Trans Kutaraja [id] (BRT)
* Aceh Commuter

|

North Sumatra|

* A Kualanamu ARS
* Greater Medan Commuter
* Trans Mebidang [id] (BRT)
* Trans Metro Deli [id] (BRT)

South Sumatra|

* Palembang LRT
*   * Trans Musi Jaya [id] (BRT)

West Sumatra|

* Minangkabau Express
* Padang Commuter
* Trans Padang [id] (BRT)

Other|

* Trans Metro Pekanbaru [id] (BRT)
* Trans Bandar Lampung [id] (BRT)
* Trans Metro Batam (BRT)

Java|

| Greater Jakarta|

| Rail|

* Greater Jakarta Commuter
*     *     *     *     *   * Jakarta MRT
*   * Jakarta LRT
*   * Jabodebek LRT
*     *   * Whoosh HSR
* SHIA Skytrain
* SHIA ARS

|

Bus|

* Transjakarta (BRT)
*     *     *     *     *     *     *     *     *     *     *     *     *     *   * Metrotrans
* Minitrans
* Mayasari Bakti [id]
* JR Connexion
* JA Connexion
* TransJabodetabek
* Trans Pakuan [id] (BRT)
* Trans Bekasi Patriot [id] (BRT)
* Trans Depok [id] (BRT)
* Trans Tangerang Ayo [id] (BRT)
* Trans Wibawa Mukti [id] (BRT)
* BSD Link bus [id]

Banten|

* Greater Jakarta Commuter
*   * Merak Commuter

West Java|

* Metro Jabar Trans (BRT)
* Trans Metro Bandung [id] (BRT)
* Trans Cirebon (BRT)
* Greater Bandung Commuter
* Whoosh HSR

Central Java|

* Yogyakarta-Solo Commuter
*     *   * Adisumarmo ARS
* Surakarta Railbus
* Greater Semarang Commuter
* Trans Jateng [id] (BRT)
* Trans Semarang (BRT)
* Batik Solo Trans (BRT)
* Trans Banyumas [id] (BRT)

Yogyakarta|

* Yogyakarta-Solo Commuter
*     *   * YIA ARS
* Trans Jogja (BRT)

East Java|

* SATRIA bus [id]
* Suroboyo Bus (BRT)
* Trans Jatim [id] (BRT)
* Trans Semanggi Suroboyo (BRT)
* Greater Surabaya Commuter

Bali
(Lesser Sunda Islands)|

* Bali Urban Subway
* Trans Sarbagita (BRT)
* Trans Metro Dewata [id] (BRT)

Kalimantan|

| West Kalimantan|

* Trans Pontianak Khatulistiwa [id] (BRT)

|

Central Kalimantan|

* Trans Palangka Raya (BRT)

East Kalimantan|

* Balikpapan City Trans [id] (BRT)

South Kalimantan|

* Trans Banjarbakula (BRT)
* Trans Banjarmasin [id] (BRT)
* BRT Banjarbakula (BRT)

Sulawesi|

* Trans Mamminasata [id] (BRT)
* Trans Palu [id] (BRT)
* Trans-Sulawesi Railway

Papua
(Western New Guinea)|

* Trans Jayapura (BRT)

Other|

* Share taxi (angkot, bemo, mikrolet)
* Car jockey
* Auto rickshaw

Note
Except Transjakarta, BRT in Indonesia is commonly merely a bus with shelter and not isolated from traffic.
*[lit.]: literal translation
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template