Treaty of Adrianople (1829)

Territorial settlement which ended the Russo-Turkish War of 1828–29

For other treaties signed in Adrianople (Edirne), see Treaty of Edirne (disambiguation).

Moscow Triumphal Gate in St. Petersburg (1836–1838) commemorates Russia's victory in the Russo-Turkish War of 1828–1829. Territorial changes since the Treaty of Adrianople.[1]

The Treaty of Adrianople (also called the Treaty of Edirne) concluded the Russo-Turkish War of 1828–29, between Imperial Russia and the Ottoman Empire. The terms favored Russia, which gained access to the mouths of the Danube and new territory on the Black Sea. The treaty opened the Dardanelles to all commercial vessels, granted autonomy to Serbia, and promised autonomy for Greece. It also allowed Russia to occupy Moldavia and Walachia until the Ottoman Empire had paid a large indemnity; those indemnities were later reduced. The treaty was signed on 14 September 1829 in Adrianople by Count Alexey Fyodorovich Orlov of Russia and Abdülkadir Bey of the Ottoman Empire.[2]

## Terms[edit]

The Ottoman Empire gave Russia access to the mouths of the Danube and the fortresses of Akhaltsikhe and Akhalkalaki in Georgia. The Sultan recognized Russia's possession of Georgia (with Imeretia, Mingrelia, Guria) and of the Khanates of Erivan and Nakhichevan which had been ceded to the tsar by Persia in the Treaty of Turkmenchay a year earlier.[3] The treaty opened the Dardanelles to all commercial vessels, thus liberating commerce for cereals, livestock and wood. However, it took the Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi (1833) finally to settle the Straits Question between the signatories.

Under the Treaty of Adrianople, the Sultan reguaranteed the previously promised autonomy to Serbia, promised autonomy for Greece, and allowed Russia to occupy Moldavia and Wallachia until the Ottoman Empire had paid a large indemnity. However, under the modifications the later Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi, these indemnities were sharply curtailed.[4] The treaty also fixed the border between the Ottoman Empire and Wallachia on the thalweg of the Danube, transferring to Wallachia the rule of the rayas of Turnu, Giurgiu and Brăila.[5][6]

The main sections of the treaty were as follows:

1. In recognition of the Treaty of London, the independence of Greece, or autonomy under Ottoman suzerainty, was accepted.
2. The Ottoman Empire had nominal suzerainty over the Danube states of Moldavia and Wallachia; for all practical purposes, they were independent.
3. Russia took control of the towns of Anape and Poti in Caucasus.
4. The Russian traders in Turkey were placed under the legal jurisdiction of the Russian ambassador.

## Demographic changes[edit]

The Carpatho-Danubian-Pontic Space in 1829 AD, after the Treaty of Adrianople, the Danubian Principalities would continue to be occupied by Russian forces for the next 5 years.

Among the inhabitants of the annexed territory, Georgians predominated, in addition to whom there lived Azerbaijanis ("Tatars" in the terminology of that time), Turks, Armenians, Kurds. Soon after the end of hostilities, Turks and Kurds left the newly annexed territories to the Ottoman Empire, and about 30 thousand Ottoman Armenians from Erzurum and Kars Pashalyks settled in their places. The resettled Armenians were not only settled in the Akhaltsikhe and Akhalkalaki regions, but also in Tbilissi, Erevan and Nakhchivan.[7]

## In popular culture[edit]

* The Treaty of Adrianople is mentioned several times in "The General," an episode of the 1960s British TV series The Prisoner.

## See also[edit]

* Internationalization of the Danube River
* Treaty of London (1827)

## References[edit]

1. ^ H.E.Stier (dir.): Grosser Atlas zur Weltgeschichte, Westermann 1984, p. 134, ISBN 3141009198.
2. ^ John Emerich Edward Dalberg Acton (1907). The Cambridge Modern History. Macmillan & Co. p. 202.
3. ^ Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2010). A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. ABC-CLIO. p. 1154\. ISBN 978-1851096725. "The Turks recognize Russian possession of Georgia and the khanates of Yerevan (Erivan) and Nakhichevan that had been ceded by Persia to Russia the year before."
4. ^ Note 285 contained in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 12 (International Publishers: New York, 1979) p. 678.
5. ^ Constantin Giurescu. Istoria Românilor. București, 1938.
6. ^ Nicolae Iorga. Istoria Românilor. București, 1934.
7. ^ Наталия Георгиевна Волкова, «Этнические процессы в Закавказье в XIX–XX вв»

## Further reading[edit]

* Anderson, M.S. The Eastern Question, 1774–1923: A Study in International Relations (1966) online
* Ciachir, Nicolae. "The Adrianople Treaty (1829) and Its European Implications." in European Politics 1815–1848 (Routledge, 2017) pp. 95–113.
* Kerner, Robert J. "IV. Russia's New Policy in the near East after the Peace of Adrianople; Including the Text of the Protocol of 16 September 1829." Cambridge Historical Journal 5.3 (1937): 280–290.
* Šedivý, Miroslav. "From Adrianople to Münchengrätz: Metternich, Russia, and the Eastern Question 1829—33." International History Review 33.2 (2011): 205–233.

## External links[edit]

Full text of the Treaty in "The History of the Eastern Question", p.68, at https://archive.org/details/history-of-eastern-question-2nd/page/n11/mode/2up

Media related to Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829) at Wikimedia Commons

* v
* t
* e

Greek War of Independence (1821–1829)

Background

Ottoman Greece|

| People|

* Armatoles
* Proestoi
* Klephts
* Dionysius the Philosopher
* Daskalogiannis
* Panagiotis Benakis
* Nikolaos Galatis
* Konstantinos Kolokotronis
* Lambros Katsonis
* Cosmas of Aetolia
* Ali Pasha
* Maniots
* Phanariots
* Rum Millet
* Souliotes
* Gregory V of Constantinople

|

Events|

* Orlov Revolt
* Souliote War (1789–1793)
* Souliote War (1803)

Greek Enlightenment|

| People|

* John Caradja
* Athanasios Christopoulos
* Theoklitos Farmakidis
* Rigas Feraios
* Anthimos Gazis
* Theophilos Kairis
* Adamantios Korais
* Eugenios Voulgaris

|

Organizations|

* Ellinoglosso Xenodocheio
* Filiki Eteria
* Nikolaos Skoufas
* Athanasios Tsakalov
* Emmanuil Xanthos
* Panagiotis Anagnostopoulos
* Philomuse Society
* Society of the Phoenix

Publications|

* Adelphiki Didaskalia
* Asma Polemistirion
* Hellenic Nomarchy
* Pamphlet of Rigas Feraios
* Salpisma Polemistirion
* Thourios or Patriotic hymn

European intervention and
Greek involvement in
the Napoleonic Wars|

* Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)
* Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca
* Greek Plan of Catherine the Great
* Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)
* French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars
* Fall of the Republic of Venice
* Republican French rule in the Ionian Islands
* Septinsular Republic
* Greek Legion
* Imperial French rule in the Ionian Islands
* Albanian Regiment
* Adriatic campaign of 1807–1814
* 1st Regiment Greek Light Infantry
* United States of the Ionian Islands

Ideas|

* Greek nationalism
* Eastern Orthodox Christianity
* Liberalism
* Constitutionalism
* Monarchism

Events

Sieges|

* Patras
* Salona
* Navarino
* Livadeia
* 1st Acropolis
* Tripolitsa
* Arta
* Acrocorinth
* Nauplia
* 1st Messolonghi
* 2nd Messolonghi
* 3rd Messolonghi
* 2nd Acropolis

Battles|

* Kalamata
* Wallachian uprising
* Alamana
* Gravia
* Valtetsi
* Doliana
* Lalas
* Vasilika
* Drăgășani
* Sculeni
* Vasilika
* Trench
* Peta
* Dervenakia
* Karpenisi
* Greek civil wars
* Sphacteria
* Maniaki
* Morea
* Lerna Mills
* Mani
* Distomo
* Arachova
* Kamatero
* Phaleron
* Chios expedition
* Martino
* Koronisia
* Petra

Massacres|

* Constantinople
* Thessaloniki
* Navarino
* Tripolitsa
* Naousa
* Samothrace
* Chios
* Psara
* Kasos
* Cyprus

Naval conflicts|

* Eresos
* Chios
* Nauplia
* Samos
* Andros
* Sphacteria
* Gerontas
* Souda
* Alexandria
* Volos
* Itea
* Navarino

Ships|

* Agamemnon
* Aris
* Hellas
* Karteria

Greek regional councils and statutes|

* Messenian Senate
* Directorate of Achaea
* Peloponnesian Senate
* Senate of Western Continental Greece
* Areopagus of Eastern Continental Greece
* Provisional Regime of Crete
* Military-Political System of Samos

Greek national assemblies|

* First (Epidaurus) (Executive of 1822)
* Second (Astros)
* Third (Troezen)
* Fourth (Argos)
* Fifth (Nafplion)

International Conferences,
treaties and protocols|

* Congress of Laibach
* Congress of Verona
* Protocol of St. Petersburg (1826)
* Treaty of London
* Conference of Poros
* London Protocol of 1828
* London Protocol of 1829
* Treaty of Adrianople
* London Protocol of 1830
* London Conference
* Treaty of Constantinople

Related|

* Greek expedition to Syria (1825)
* Russo-Turkish War (1828–29)

Personalities

Greece|

* Chian Committee
* Odysseas Androutsos
* Fotos Bomporis
* Kostas Botsaris
* Markos Botsaris
* Notis Botsaris
* Tousias Botsaris
* Laskarina Bouboulina
* Constantin Denis Bourbaki
* Stefanos Chalis
* Sotiris Charalampis
* Giannis Chondrogiannis
* Dimitrios Christidis
* Panagiotis Danglis
* Hatzimichalis Dalianis
* Dimitrios Deligeorgis
* Dimitrakis Deligiannis
* Kanellos Deligiannis
* Athanasios Diakos
* Dionysis Diakos
* Konstantinos Dimidis
* Ioannis Dimoulitsas
* Adam Doukas
* Georgios Drakos
* Yiannis Dyovouniotis
* Georgios Filippopoulos
* Asimakis Fotilas
* Panagiotakis Fotilas
* Angelis Gatsos
* Antonios Georgantas
* Germanos III of Old Patras
* Georgios Gevidis
* Konstantinos Gofas
* Vasileios Goudas
* Ioannis Gouras
* Dimitrios Gouvelis
* Konstantinos Gouvelis
* Angelis Govios
* Dimitrios Indares
* Isaiah of Salona
* Antonios Kalamogdartis
* George Kalaras
* Dimitrios Kallergis
* Athanasios Kampetis
* Athanasios Kanakaris
* Konstantinos Kanaris
* Stefanos Kanellos
* Ioannis Kapodistrias
* Viaros Kapodistrias
* Stamatios Kapsas
* Georgakis Kapsokalyvas
* Anastasios Karatasos
* Panagiotis Karatzas
* Georgios Karaiskakis
* Aristeidis Karnalis
* Nikolaos Kasomoulis
* Ioannis Kolettis
* Apostolis Kolokotronis
* Ioannis Kolokotronis
* Panos Kolokotronis
* Theodoros Kolokotronis
* Michail Komninos Afentoulief
* Alexandros Kontostavlos
* Panos Koronaios
* Georgios Kountouriotis
* Lazaros Kountouriotis
* Michalis Kourmoulis
* Ioannis Krestenitis
* Lykourgos Krestenitis
* Stamatis Krestenitis
* Antonios Kriezis
* Nikolaos Kriezotis
* Kyprianos of Cyprus
* Konstantinos Lagoumitzis
* Georgios Lassanis
* Georgios Lechouritis
* Leonardos Leonardopoulos
* Georgios Liologlou
* Lykourgos Logothetis
* Andreas Londos
* Yiannis Makriyiannis
* Ioannis Mamouris
* Anastasios Manakis
* Manto Mavrogenous
* Alexandros Mavrokordatos
* Antonios Mavromichalis
* Demetrios Mavromichalis
* Georgios Mavromichalis
* Konstantinos Mavromichalis
* Kyriakoulis Mavromichalis
* Petrobey Mavromichalis
* Dimitrios Meletopoulos
* Andreas Metaxas
* Konstantinos Metaxas
* Hatzigiannis Mexis
* Andreas Miaoulis
* Antonios Miaoulis
* Panagiotis Michanidis
* Spyros Milios
* Nikolaos Mykonios
* Zachos Milios
* Alexander Negris
* Konstantinos Negris
* Theodoros Negris
* Diamantis Nikolaou
* Konstantinos Nikolopoulos
* Ioannis Notaras
* Antonis Oikonomou
* Ioannis Orlandos
* Andronikos Paikos
* Georgios Panou
* Dimitrios Panourgias
* Nakos Panourgias
* Grigorios Papaflessas
* Anagnostis Papageorgiou
* Dimitrios Papanikolis
* Emmanouel Pappas
* Christoforos Perraivos
* Nikolaos Petimezas
* Vasileios Petimezas
* Dionysios Petrakis
* Andreas Pipinos
* Kyriakos Pittakis
* Anastasios Polyzoidis
* Konstantinos Rados
* Ioannis Rangos
* Panagiotis Rodios
* Dionysios Romas
* Georgios Sachtouris
* Georgios Sekeris
* Theofanis Siatisteus
* Georgios Sisinis
* Ioannis Skandalidis
* Zisis Sotiriou
* Nikitas Stamatelopoulos
* Georgios Stavros
* Joseph Stephanini
* Ioannis Stratos
* Sotirios Theocharopoulos
* Zafeirakis Theodosiou
* Emmanouil Tombazis
* Iakovos Tombazis
* Ioannis Trikoupis
* Anastasios Tsamados
* Melchisedek Tsouderos
* Kitsos Tzavellas
* Theodoros Tzinis
* Loukas Vagias
* Thanasoulas Valtinos
* Dimitrios Varis
* Meletis Vasileiou
* Domna Visvizi
* Alexakis Vlachopoulos
* Konstantinos Vlachopoulos
* Pieros Voidis
* Liolios Xirolivaditis
* Demetrios Ypsilantis
* Christoforos Zachariadis
* Andreas Zaimis
* Germanos Zapheiropoulos
* Evangelos Zappas
* Marigo Zarafopoula
* Nikolaos Zervas

Philhellenes|

* António Figueira d'Almeida
* Joseph Balestra
* Samuel Barff
* Paul Marie Bonaparte
* Karl Rudolf Brommy
* Lord Byron
* François-René de Chateaubriand
* Richard Church
* Giuseppe Chiappe
* Lord Cochrane
* Giacinto Collegno
* Charles Fabvier
* Adam Friedel
* Vincenzo Gallina
* Thomas Gordon
* Constantin Guys
* Emmanuel Han
* Frank Abney Hastings
* Carl von Heideck
* Samuel Gridley Howe
* George Jarvis
* Karl Krazeisen
* Henrik Nikolai Krøyer
* Ludwig I of Bavaria
* Ernst Michael Mangel
* Sophie de Marbois-Lebrun, Duchess of Plaisance
* Vasos Mavrovouniotis
* Johann Jakob Meyer
* Ellinika Chronika
* Jonathan Miller
* Julius Michael Millingen
* August Myhrberg
* Karl von Normann-Ehrenfels
* Hadži-Prodan
* Maurice Persat
* Theobald Piscatory
* Maxime Raybaud
* Auguste Regnaud de Saint-Jean d'Angély
* Giuseppe Rosaroll
* Annibale Santorre di Rossi de Pomarolo, Count of Santarosa
* Friedrich Thiersch
* Auguste Hilarion Touret
* Edward John Trelawny
* German Legion [el]
* Serbs
* David Urquhart
* Olivier Voutier
* James Jakob Williams

Moldavia and Wallachia
(Danubian Principalities)
Sacred Band|

* Athanasios Agrafiotis
* Anastasios Christopoulos
* Diamandi Djuvara
* Stefanos Kanellos
* Alexandros Kantakouzinos
* Georgios Kantakouzinos
* Rallou Karatza
* Stamatios Kleanthis
* Georgios Lassanis
* Constantine Levidis
* Dimitrie Macedonski
* Anastasios Manakis
* Giorgakis Olympios
* Yiannis Pharmakis
* Michael Soutzos
* Roxani Soutzos
* Athanasios Tsakalov
* Tudor Vladimirescu
* Konstantinos Xenokratis
* Alexander Ypsilantis
* Demetrios Ypsilantis
* Nikolaos Ypsilantis
* Christoforos Zachariadis

Ottoman Empire, Algeria, and Egypt|

* Sultan Mahmud II
* Hurshid Pasha
* Nasuhzade Ali Pasha
* Ismael Gibraltar
* Omer Vrioni
* Kara Mehmet
* Mahmud Dramali Pasha
* Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha
* Reşid Mehmed Pasha
* Yussuf Pasha
* Ibrahim Pasha
* Soliman Pasha al-Faransawi

Britain, France and Russia|

* George Canning
* Stratford Canning
* Edward Codrington
* Henri de Rigny
* Lodewijk van Heiden
* Alexander I of Russia
* Nicholas I of Russia

Financial aid|

* London Philhellenic Committee
* Ludwig I of Bavaria
* Jean-Gabriel Eynard
* Lazaros Kountouriotis
* Ioannis Papafis
* Georgios Stavros
* Ioannis Varvakis
* Rothschild & Co

Morea expedition|

| Military|

* Nicolas Joseph Maison
* Antoine Simon Durrieu
* Antoine Virgile Schneider
* Auguste Regnaud de Saint-Jean d'Angély
* Camille Alphonse Trézel

|

Scientific|

* Jean Baptiste Bory de Saint-Vincent
* Léon-Jean-Joseph Dubois
* Pierre Peytier
* Stamatis Voulgaris
* Guillaume-Abel Blouet
* Gabriel Bibron
* Prosper Baccuet
* Eugène Emmanuel Amaury Duval
* Pierre-Narcisse Guérin
* Charles Lenormant
* Edgar Quinet

Historians/Memoirists|

* Dimitrios Ainian
* Fotis Chrysanthopoulos
* Ioannis Filimon
* George Finlay
* Ambrosios Frantzis
* Lambros Koutsonikas
* Konstantinos Metaxas
* Panoutsos Notaras
* Panagiotis Papatsonis
* Anastasios Polyzoidis
* Georgios Tertsetis
* Spyridon Trikoupis

Art|

* Eugène Delacroix
* Louis Dupré
* Peter von Hess
* Victor Hugo
* François Pouqueville
* Alexander Pushkin
* Karl Krazeisen
* Andreas Kalvos
* Dionysios Solomos
* Theodoros Vryzakis
* Hellas
* The Reception of Lord Byron at Missolonghi
* Greece on the Ruins of Missolonghi
* Le siège de Corinthe
* The Massacre at Chios
* The Free Besieged
* Hymn to Liberty
* The Archipelago on Fire
* Loukis Laras
* The Apotheosis of Athanasios Diakos

Remembrance|

* 25 March (Independence Day)
* Hymn to Liberty
* Eleftheria i thanatos
* Pedion tou Areos
* Propylaea (Munich)
* Garden of Heroes (Missolonghi)
* Royal Phalanx
* Evzones (Presidential Guard)

* v
* t
* e

Treaties of the Ottoman Empire

Rise (1299–1453)|

* Gallipoli (1403)
* Selymbria (1411)
* Venice (1419)
* Szeged (1444)

Classical Age (1453–1566)|

* Constantinople (1454)
* Constantinople (1479)
* Constantinople (1533)
* Franco-Ottoman (1536)
* Adrianople (1547)
* Amasya (1555)
* Constantinople (1562)

Transformation (1566–1703)|

* Adrianople (1568)
* Constantinople (1590)
* Zitvatorok (1606)
* Nasuh Pasha (1612)
* Busza (1617)
* Serav (1618)
* Khotin (1621)
* Zuhab (1639)
* Vasvár (1664)
* Buczacz (1672)
* Żurawno (1676)
* Bakhchisaray (1681)
* Karlowitz (1699)
* Constantinople (1700)

Old Regime (1703–1789)|

* Pruth (1711)
* Passarowitz (1718)
* Constantinople (1724)
* Ahmet Pasha (1732)
* Constantinople (1736)
* Belgrade (1739)
* Niş (1739)
* Kerden (1746)
* Küçük Kaynarca (1774)
* Aynalıkavak (1779)

Modernization (1789–1908)|

* Sistova (1791)
* Jassy (1792)
* Tripoli (1796)
* Tunis (1797)
* El Arish (1800)
* Constantinople (1800)
* Paris (1802)
* Çanak (1809)
* Bucharest (1812)
* Algiers (1815)
* Erzurum (1823)
* Akkerman (1826)
* Adrianople (1829)
* Constantinople (1832)
* Hünkar İskelesi (1833)
* Kütahya (1833)
* Balta Liman (1838)
* London (1840)
* London (1841)
* Erzurum (1847)
* Paris (1856)
* Scutari (1862)
* San Stefano (1878)
* Cyprus (1878)
* Berlin (1878)
* Halepa (1878)
* Constantinople (1881)
* Tophane (1886)
* Constantinople (1888)
* Brussels Conference Act (1890)
* Constantinople (1897)

Fall (1908–1922)|

* Daan (1911)
* Ouchy (1912)
* London (1913)
* Constantinople (1913)
* Athens (1913)
* Anglo-Ottoman Convention (1913)
* Armenian reforms (1914)
* Sofia (1915)
* Erzincan (1917)
* Brest-Litovsk (1918)
* Trebizond (1918)
* Bucharest (1918)
* Batum (1918)
* Mudros (1918)
* Sèvres (1920)

* Turkey portal
* Treaties of Turkey

* v
* t
* e

Straits Question

* Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca
* Russo-Ottoman Alliance (1799)
* Treaty of Adrianople (1829)
* Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi
* London Straits Convention
* Treaty of Paris (1856)
* Treaty of London (1871)
* League of the Three Emperors
* Treaty of Berlin (1878)
* Anglo–Russian Convention
* Constantinople Agreement
* Gallipoli campaign
* Treaty of Lausanne
* Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Turkish Straits
* Turkish straits crisis
* United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template