Treaty of friendship

Type of international treaty

A treaty of friendship, also known as a friendship treaty, is a common generic name for any treaty establishing close ties between countries. Friendship treaties have been used for agreements about use and development of resources, territorial integrity, access to harbours, trading lanes and fisheries, and promises of cooperation. Whilst not common, there are some treaties agreeing to some forms of military alliance which have use friendship terminology in their titles,[1] as well as some non-aggression pacts. Additionally, friendship treaties have also signalled an independent relationship with emerging states.[2]

## History

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Ancient Greeks distinguished between three different types of friendships between two polities: Philiai, symmachia, and epimachia. Both symmachia and epimachia were types of alliances, with the former committing States to support each other in battle and the latter requiring parties to assist each other if one suffered an invasion. Philiai, then, made the important distinction of denoting friendship between polities but did not give the treaty partners the status of allies. Romans had a similar word amicitia, which was a state of diplomatic relations which could coexist with an alliance, or exist without it. The Romans employed a practice of establishing peace and friendship with polities on its peripheries, though in practice these relationships were usually built on unequal treaties, requiring the neighbour to support Rome militarily, though not necessarily the reverse.[1]

In most cases, the friendship treaties are not based on equal partnership. This is particularly the case in treaties between aboriginal nations and the colonizers, both in America and in the Pacific, throughout the Colonial era. These treaties, often written primarily in the language of the coloniser, manipulated the terminology of friendship by the larger powers in order to create an environment of trust, primarily for the benefit of themselves. While promising protection in return for these benefits, the treaties are more subtle ways of accessing resources for commercial exploitation of smaller nations.[1]

Since the early 2000s, friendship in international relations has been under closer analysis. Whilst friendship terminology had always been used in discourse and diplomacy, the analysis of friendship in international relations had been dismissed as merely being synonymous with good relations. In 2007, Felix Berenskoetter called for the inclusion of friendship analysis into international relations and since then a modest body of literature around the concept has been formed.[3][4]

### Terminology

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In the Soviet Union, Agreement of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance or Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance (Russian: Договор о дружбе, сотрудничестве и взаимопомощи) was a standard Russian language reference to various treaties both internally, between the Soviet Republics, and externally, with countries considered friendly. This terminology is still in use for some post-Soviet states. The terminology was used in many so-called "friendship treaties" the Soviet Union made, but also was used in the Warsaw Pact.[5]

In the United States, these types of treaties are commonly a Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation. More than a hundred "Treaties of Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation" have been signed since independence. Since 1946, these treaties have dealt with commercial matters concerned with the protection of persons, natural and juridical, and of the property and interests of such persons. They define the treatment each country owes the nationals of the other; their rights to engage in business and other activities within the boundaries of the former; and the respect due them, their property and their enterprises.[5]

## List of friendship treaties

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This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

List of Friendship Treaties  Signatories | Treaty | Date Signed

|
|

Mosquito Nation
Great Britain | Treaty of Friendship and Alliance | 16 March 1740
France
United States | Treaty of Amity and Commerce (United States–France) | 6 February 1778
Morocco
United States | Moroccan–American Treaty of Friendship | 28 June 1786
Ottoman Empire
United States | Treaty of Tripoli (Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the United States of America and the Bey and Subjects of Tripoli of Barbary) | 4 November 1796
Johor
United Kingdom | Singapore Treaty of Friendship and Alliance[6] | 6 February 1819
Johor
United Kingdom | Crawfurd Treaty (Treaty of Friendship and Alliance between the Honourable East India Company, and the Sultan and the Temenggong of Johore)[7][8] | 2 August 1824
Argentina
United Kingdom | Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Between Argentina and the United Kingdom | 1825
Hawaii
United States | Hawaii-United States Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation | 1849
Brunei
United States | Brunei–United States Treaty of Peace, Friendship, Commerce and Navigation | 23 June 1850
Japan
United Kingdom | Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty | 14 October 1854
Korea
United States | United States–Korea Treaty of 1882 | 1882
Brazil
Japan | Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Brazil and Japan[9] | 1895
Tonga
United Kingdom | Treaty of Friendship between Tonga and the United Kingdom. | 1900
Bolivia
Chile | Treaty of Peace and Friendship (1904) | 20 October 1904
Mongolia
Tibet | Treaty of friendship and alliance between the Government of Mongolia and Tibet | 11 January 1913
Persia
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic | Russo-Persian Treaty of Friendship | 26 February 1921
Turkey
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic | Treaty of Moscow (1921)[note 1] | 16 March 1921
Germany
United States | Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Consular Relations between Germany and the United States of America | 8 December 1923
Kingdom of Italy
Ethiopian Empire | Italo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1928 (Italo–Ethiopian Treaty of Friendship and Arbitration) | 2 August 1928
Portugal
Spain | Portuguese–Spanish Treaty of Friendship and Non-Aggression | 17 March 1939
Nazi Germany
Soviet Union | German–Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Demarcation | 23 August 1939
Nazi Germany
Turkey | German–Turkish Treaty of Friendship | 18 June 1941
Ecuador
Peru | Rio Protocol aka Protocol of Friendship and Peace | 29 January 1942
China
Soviet Union | Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance | 14 August 1945
China
United States | Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between the United States of America and the Republic of China | 4 November 1946
Finland
Soviet Union | Finno-Soviet Treaty of 1948 | 8 April 1948
India
Bhutan | 1949 Indo-Bhutan Treaty of Peace and Friendship | 9 August 1949
India
Nepal | 1950 Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship | 31 July 1950
Greece
Turkey
Yugoslavia | Balkan Pact (1953) | 28 February 1953
Netherlands
United States | DAFT (Dutch-American Friendship Treaty) | 27 March 1956
Indonesia
Malaya | Treaty of Friendship between the Federation of Malaya and the Republic of Indonesia[10] | 17 April 1959
North Korea
Soviet Union | The DPRK-Soviet Union Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance[11] | 6 July 1961
China
North Korea | Sino-North Korean Mutual Aid and Cooperation Friendship Treaty | 11 July 1961
New Zealand
Samoa | Treaty of Friendship | 1 August 1962
France
West Germany | Élysée Treaty aka Treaty of Friendship | 22 January 1963
India
Soviet Union | Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation | August 1971
Bangladesh
India | Indo-Bangla Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Peace | 19 March 1972
Australia
Japan | Basic Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation | 16 June 1976
Portugal
Spain | Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation between Spain and Portugal | 2 November 1977
China
Japan | Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Japan and China | 12 August 1978
Afghanistan
Soviet Union | Soviet-Afghan Treaty of Friendship[12] | 12 December 1978
Cambodia
Vietnam | Treaty of Peace, Friendship and Cooperation[13] | 1979
Kiribati
United States | Treaty of Tarawa aka Treaty of Friendship Between the United States of America and the Republic of Kiribati | 20 September 1979
Equatorial Guinea
Spain | Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation between Spain and Equatorial Guinea of 1980 | 23 October 1980
Argentina
Chile | Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1984 between Chile and Argentina | 29 November 1984
Finland
Russia | Neighborhood agreement (Naapuruussopimus [fi]) on Friendship, Basics of relationships, Territorial integrity and Cooperation[14] | 20 January 1992
Kazakhstan
Russia | Kazakh-Russian Agreement on Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance[15] | 25 May 1992
Tajikistan
Russia | Russia-Tajikistan Agreement on Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance[16] | 25 May 1993
Russia
Ukraine | Russian–Ukrainian Friendship Treaty | 31 May 1997
North Korea
Russia | North Korea-Russia Treaty of 2000 [ja] | 9 February 2000
China
Russia | 2001 Sino-Russian Treaty of Friendship | 16 July 2001
Italy
Libya | 2008 Treaty of Benghazi[17] | 30 August 2008

1. ^ The preamble of the treaty stating that it is a "Treaty of Friendship and Brotherhood"

## See also

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* Treaty
* Commercial treaty
* List of treaties

## References

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1. ^ a b c Devere, Heather; Mark, Simon; Verbitsky, Jane (2011-12-01). "The Language of Friendship in International Treaties". International Politics. 48. doi:10.1057/ip.2010.34.
2. ^ Devere, Heather (2014). "Friendship in International Treaties". Friendship and International Relations. pp. 182–198\. doi:10.1057/9781137396341_10. ISBN 978-1-349-48459-1.
3. ^ "Friendship and Positive Peace: Conceptualising Friendship in Politics and International Relations (in Politics and Governance)". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2020-03-09.
4. ^ Berenskoetter, Felix (2007-09-01). "Friends, There Are No Friends? An Intimate Reframing of the International". Millennium: Journal of International Studies. 35 (3): 647–676\. doi:10.1177/03058298070350031501. ISSN 0305-8298.
5. ^ a b Walker, Herman. "Modern treaties of friendship, commerce and navigation". Minnesota Law Review.
6. ^ "Treaty of Friendship and Alliance". www.roots.gov.sg. Retrieved 2021-03-14.
7. ^ "1824 Treaty of Friendship and Alliance | Infopedia". eresources.nlb.gov.sg. Retrieved 2021-03-14.
8. ^ "Treaty of Friendship and Alliance between the Honourable East India Company, and the Sultan and the Temenggong of Johore (1824)". Jus Mundi. 1824-08-02.
9. ^ Ninomiya, Masato O centenário do Tratado de Amizade, Comércio e Navegação entre Brasil e Japão November 18, 2011
10. ^ Treaty of Friendship between the Federation of Malaya and the Republic of Indonesia.
11. ^ Studies), Marie DuMond (Center for Strategic and International. "1961 Treaty of Friendship Cooperation and Mutual Assistance Between..." www.documentcloud.org. Retrieved 2020-02-22.
12. ^ Whitney, Craig R. (1978-12-06). "20-Year Treaty Moves Afghans Closer to Soviet". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-03-30.
13. ^ Pobzeb Vang, Five Principles of Chinese Foreign Policies
14. ^ Lukacs, John (1992). "Finland Vindicated". Foreign Affairs. 71 (4): 50–63\. doi:10.2307/20045309. JSTOR 20045309.
15. ^ "Russia-Kazakhstan | Russia-Kazakhstan relations | The Embassy of the Russian Federation to the Republic of Kazakhstan". www.rfembassy.kz. Retrieved 2020-02-22.
16. ^ "Relations of Tajikistan with Russia | Ministry of foreign affairs of the Republic of Tajikistan". mfa.tj. Retrieved 2020-02-22.
17. ^ Ronzitti, Natalino. "The Treaty on Friendship, Partnership and Cooperation between Italy and Libya: New Prospects for Cooperation in the Mediterranean?" (PDF). www.gla.ac.uk. Bulletin of Italian Politics Vol. 1, No. 1, 2009, 125-133.