Tree of life (biblical)

Tree in the Garden of Eden

This article is about the concept in Abrahamic religions. For the general cultural motif, see Tree of life. For other meanings, see Tree of life (disambiguation).

Stained glass window in St Mary the Virgin parish church, Iffley, Oxfordshire, made in 1995 Part of a series on

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In Judaism and Christianity, the tree of life (Hebrew: עֵץ הַחַיִּים, romanized: ‘ēṣ haḥayyīm; Latin: Lignum vitae)[1] is first described in chapter 2, verse 9 of the Book of Genesis as being "in the midst of the Garden of Eden" with the tree of the knowledge of good and evil (עֵץ הַדַּעַת טוֹב וָרָע; Lignum scientiae boni et mali). After the fall of man, "lest he put forth his hand, and take also of the tree of life, and eat, and live for ever",[2] cherubim and a flaming sword are placed at the east end of the Garden to guard the way to the tree of life.[3] The tree of life has become the subject of some debate as to whether or not the tree of the knowledge of good and evil is the same tree.[4]

In the Bible outside of Genesis, the term "tree of life" appears in Proverbs (3:18; 11:30; 13:12; 15:4) and Revelation (2:7; 22:2,14,19). It also appears in 2 Esdras (2:12; 8:52) and 4 Maccabees (18:16), which are included among the Jewish apocrypha.

According to the Greek Apocalypse of Moses, the tree of life is also called the Tree of Mercy. Adam believed the oil of the tree of life would relieve him of his ailments and sent Seth and Eve to the doors of the Garden to beg for some oil of the tree of life.[5]

## Number of trees

[edit]

Karl Budde, in his critical study of 1883, proposed that there was only one tree in the body of the Genesis narrative, and that it had been portrayed in two ways: one as the tree in the middle of the Garden, and two as the forbidden tree. Claus Westermann gave recognition to Budde's theory in 1976.[6]

Ellen van Wolde noted that among Bible scholars "the trees are almost always dealt with separately and not related to each other" and that "attention is almost exclusively directed to the tree of knowledge of good and evil, whereas the tree of life is paid hardly any attention."[7]

## Religious views

[edit]

### Christianity

[edit]

#### Catholic Church

[edit]

In the Catholic Church the Tree of Life in Book of Revelation verse 2:7 is the Eucharist.[8]

#### Eastern Christianity

[edit]

The tree of life,[9] a print from the Phillip Medhurst Collection of Bible illustrations in the possession of the Rev. Philip De Vere at St. George's Court, Kidderminster, England

The Eastern Orthodox Church has traditionally understood the tree of life in Genesis as a prefiguration of the Cross, which humanity could not partake of until after the incarnation, death and resurrection of Jesus.[10]

#### Western Christianity

[edit]

In The City of God (xiii.20–21), Augustine of Hippo offers great allowance for "spiritual" interpretations of the events in the garden, so long as such allegories do not rob the narrative of its historical reality. Enlightenment theologians (culminating perhaps in Brunner and Niebuhr in the twentieth century) sought for figurative interpretations because they had already dismissed the historical possibility of the story.

Others sought very pragmatic understandings of the tree. In the Summa Theologica (Q97), Thomas Aquinas argued that the tree served to maintain Adam's biological processes for an extended earthly animal life. It did not provide immortality as such, for the tree, being finite, could not grant infinite life. Hence after a period of time, the man and woman would need to eat again from the tree or else be "transported to the spiritual life." The common fruit trees of the garden were given to offset the effects of "loss of moisture" (note the doctrine of the humors at work), while the tree of life was intended to offset the inefficiencies of the body. Following Augustine in the City of God (xiv.26), “man was furnished with food against hunger, with drink against thirst, and with the tree of life against the ravages of old age.”

John Calvin (Commentary on Genesis 2:8), following a different thread in Augustine (City of God, xiii.20), understood the tree in sacramental language. Given that humanity cannot exist except within a covenantal relationship with God, and all covenants use symbols to give us "the attestation of his grace", he gives the tree, "not because it could confer on man that life with which he had been previously endued, but in order that it might be a symbol and memorial of the life which he had received from God." God often uses symbols; he doesn't transfer his power into these outward signs, but "by them He stretches out His hand to us, because, without assistance, we cannot ascend to Him." Thus he intends man, as often as he eats the fruit, to remember the source of his life, and acknowledge that he lives not by his own power, but by God's kindness. Calvin denies (contra Aquinas and without mentioning his name) that the tree served as a biological defense against physical aging. This is the standing interpretation in modern Reformed theology as well.

* Mary Assumption parish church in Pühret (Neustift i.M., Upper Austria): Altar of Virgin Mary: Image of Madonna with Child (1900).

* Gilded royal doors carved to represent the tree of life (old wooden church in Chotyniec, Poland)

* Tree of Life at St. Teresa's Catholic Church, Beaconsfield, UK

### Judaism

[edit]

According to Jewish mythology, in the Garden of Eden there is a tree of life or the "tree of souls"[11] that blossoms and produces new souls, which fall into the Guf, the Treasury of Souls. The Angel Gabriel reaches into the treasury and takes out the first soul that comes into his hand. Then Lailah, the Angel of Conception, watches over the embryo until it is born. [12]

#### Jewish Mythology

[edit]

The tree of life appears in Asherah iconography, particularly on the Lachish ewer and Pithos A from Kuntillet Ajrud, where it is flanked by ibexes.[13][14] The tree’s design, with buds, flowers, and possibly almond drupes, resembles the menorah, which is thought to represent a stylized almond tree in Exodus 25:31-36 [15] This suggests a continuation of Asherah’s cultic representation in the temple.[16] Scholars have explored these connections, noting parallels between sacred trees, Asherah, and the menorah.[17][18]

#### Kabbalah

[edit]

Main article: Tree of life (Kabbalah)

The tree of life is represented in several examples of sacred geometry and is central in particular to the Kabbalah, where it is represented as a diagram of ten nodes called sefirot (singular sefirah), or the ten emanations or attributes of God. It portrays how God, the Creator, demonstrates his creative energy throughout the universe, via angels and then to humans. Each of the tree's branches (sefirot) represents a different category of creative force that is overseen by a different Archangel. Believers claim that by focusing on the various energies one by one, people can develop a closer spiritual union with God. Kabbalah is an esoteric method, discipline and school of thought in Jewish mysticism.[19]

## In popular culture

[edit]

The tree of life is mentioned explicitly in the 2006 film The Fountain; it is discussed in connection with the Hebrew Genesis book.

In the 1995 Anime Neon Genesis Evangelion, beings known as Angels possess the “fruit of life”, which provides them with infinite energy, enabling regeneration and shapeshifting, among other abilities.

## See also

[edit]

* Bible portal
* Religion portal

* Adam and Eve
* al-Qurnah
* The Fountain
* Lote tree
* Sephirot
* Sidrat al-Muntaha
* Tree of Jesse
* Tree of life
* Tree of life vision
* Trees in mythology
* Yggdrasil

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Lizorkin-Eyzenberg, Eli (July 7, 2016). "The Power of Hebrew". Israel Study Center. Retrieved March 26, 2017.[dead link]
2. ^ Genesis 3:22
3. ^ Genesis 3:24
4. ^ Mettinger 2007, pp. 5–11; Makowiecki 2020, pp.441-457
5. ^ "The Apocalypse of Moses". www.pseudepigrapha.com. Retrieved 2022-02-23.
6. ^ Mettinger 2007, p. 7
7. ^ Van Wolde, Ellen (1994). Words Become Worlds. Leiden: Brill. p. 32\. ISBN 9004098879.
8. ^ Schmitz, Fr. Mike. “Day 359: John's Apocalypse — The Bible in a Year (with Fr. Mike Schmitz)” Ascension Press. 24 Dec. 2021. YouTube. https://www.YouTube.com/watch?v=cLKNkdyrb94
9. ^ Rev. 22:2
10. ^ Roman, Dr. Alexander, Tree of Life in the Garden of Eden, Ukrainian Orthodoxy, archived from the original on February 27, 2007
11. ^ Scholem, Gershom Gerhard (1990). Origins of the Kabbalah. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691020477. Retrieved 2014-05-01.
12. ^ "200_ THE TREASURY OF SOULS for Tree of Souls: The Mythology of Judaism". Scribd. Archived from the original on 2012-10-30. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
13. ^ Taylor, Joan E. “The Asherah, the Menorah, and the Sacred Tree.” Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 1995
14. ^ Hestrin, Ruth. “The Lachish Ewer and the ‘Asherah.” Israel Exploration Journal, vol. 37, no. 4, 1987, pp. 212–223. Israel Exploration Society.
15. ^ Yarden, L. The Tree of Light: A Study of the Menorah. E&W Library, 1971.
16. ^ Stager, Lawrence E. “Jerusalem and the Garden of Eden.” Eretz-Israel 1999.
17. ^ Hestrin, Ruth. “The Lachish Ewer and the ‘Asherah.” Israel Exploration Journal, vol. 37, no. 4, 1987, pp. 212–223. Israel Exploration Society.
18. ^ Smith, Mark S. The Early History of God. Eerdmans, 2002.
19. ^ Ginzberg, Louis; Kohler, Kaufmann (1906). "Cabala". Jewish Encyclopedia. Kopelman Foundation. Retrieved 23 October 2018.

* Mettinger, Tryggve (2007). The Eden Narrative: A Literary and Religio-historical Study of Genesis 2-3. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 9781575061412.

## External links

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tree of life (Bible) and Tree of life (Christian).

* Entheomedia.org Archived 1 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine
* Ancient Egypt, the tree of life

Jewish and Non-Jewish views

* Colin Low's Notes on Kabbalah - The Tree of Life
* Kheper's Kabbalah Page
* Work of the Chariot
* The Isometric Sephiroth: The Forgotten Correspondences
* Etz Hhaim: The Tree of Life: The Original Tree of the Sepher Yetsira

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Adam and Eve

Source|

* Genesis creation narrative in the Book of Genesis
* Adam
* Eve

Offspring|

* Cain and Abel
* Cain
* Abel
* Aclima
* Luluwa
* Seth
* Awan
* Azura
* Jumella

Related theology|

* Fall of man
* Original sin
* Garden of Eden
* Tree of the knowledge of good and evil
* Serpents in the Bible
* Forbidden fruit
* Apple
* Fig leaf
* Figs in the Bible
* Adam's ale
* Adamic language
* Camael
* Protevangelium
* Rosh Hashanah
* Seed of the woman
* Shamsiel
* Lilith
* Tree of life
* Allegorical interpretations of Genesis

Other cultures|

* Adam–God doctrine
* Adam and Eve in Mormonism
* Adam in Islam
* Adam in rabbinic literature
* Al-A'raf
* Book of Moses
* Endowment
* Manu (Hinduism)
* Mashya and Mashyana
* Serpent seed
* Tree of Jiva and Atman
* Tree of life (Quran)
* Our Lady of Endor Coven

Film|

* Mama's Affair (1921)
* Good Morning, Eve! (1934)
* The Broken Jug (1937)
* The Original Sin (1948)
* The Private Lives of Adam and Eve (1960)
* El pecado de Adán y Eva (1969)
* La Biblia en pasta (1984)
* The Annunciation (1984)
* Second Time Lucky (1984)
* Adipapam (1988)
* Adam (1992)
* Babs (2000)
* The Last Eve (2005)
* Year One (2009)
* The Tragedy of Man (2011)
* Adam and Dog (2011)
* Tropico (2013)

Plays|

* Le Jeu d'Adam (12th century)
* The Broken Jug (1808)
* The Tragedy of Man (1861)
* The Creation of the World and Other Business (1972)

Musicals|

* The Apple Tree (1966)
* Dude (1972)
* Up from Paradise (1973)
* Children of Eden (1991)

Compositions|

* The Creation (1798)
* structure
* La mort d'Adam (1809)
* Ève (1875)
* Genesis Suite (1945)
* Lilith (2001)

Literature|

* Apocalypse of Adam
* Book of Moses
* Book of Abraham
* Books of Adam
* Book of the Penitence of Adam
* Cave of Treasures
* "El amigo de Él y Ella"
* Genesis A and Genesis B
* Harrowing of Hell
* Life of Adam and Eve
* Testament of Adam
* Testimony of Truth (3rd century)
* Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan (6th century)
* "Old Saxon Genesis" (9th century)
* "Adam lay ybounden" (15th century)
* Paradise Lost (1667)
* Le Dernier Homme (1805)
* Extracts from Adam's Diary (1904)
* Eve's Diary (1905)
* The Book of Genesis (2009)
* The Rise and Fall of Adam and Eve (2017)

Art|

* Bernward Doors (1015)
* Tapestry of Creation (11th century)
* Expulsion from the Garden of Eden (1425)
* Vienna Diptych (15th century)
* The Last Judgment (1482)
* The Garden of Earthly Delights (1504)
* Adam and Eve (1507)
* The Creation of Adam (1512)
* The Haywain Triptych (1516)
* Eve, the Serpent and Death (1510s or 1520s)
* Adam and Eve (1528)
* Adam and Eve (1550)
* The Fall of Man (1550)
* Adam and Eve (c. 1550)
* The Garden of Eden with the Fall of Man (1617)
* The Fall of Man (1628)
* Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden (c. 1650)
* The Four Seasons (1660s)
* The Koren Picture-Bible (1692–1696)
* Paradise Lost (19th century)
* Expulsion from the Garden of Eden (1828)
* The First Mourning (1888)
* Adam and Eve (1905)
* Adam and Eve (1909)
* Eve (1931)
* Adam and Eve (1932)
* The Serpent Chooses Adam and Eve (1958)
* Genesis (1960)

Songs|

* "Dese Bones G'wine Rise Again"
* "Adam-ondi-Ahman" (1835)
* "Forbidden Fruit" (1915)
* "The Garden of Eden" (1956)
* "In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida" (1968)
* "Let's Give Adam and Eve Another Chance" (1970)
* "Man Gave Names to All the Animals" (1979)

Albums|

* The Cainian Chronicle (1996)
* Visions of Eden (2006)
* Snakes for the Divine (2010)

Geography|

* Adam-ondi-Ahman
* Tomb of Eve

Biology|

* Mitochondrial Eve
* Y-chromosomal Adam
* The Real Eve

Story within a story|

* Doraemon: Nobita's Diary on the Creation of the World
* Island of Love
* The Visitors

Television|

* "Adam & Eve" (1992)
* "Probe 7, Over and Out" (1963)
* "Simpsons Bible Stories"
* "In-A-Gadda-Da-Leela"
* "Daesong Heavy Industries II: Return to Innocence"
* "Holly Bibble"

Games|

* Demon: The Fallen (2002)

Other|

* Pre-Adamite
* Generations of Adam
* Cave of the Patriarchs
* Adam and Eve cylinder seal
* Genealogies of Genesis
* Carnal knowledge
* Legend of the Rood
* Ystorya Adaf
* Ransom theory of atonement

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