Tulu Nadu

Region and proposed state in southern India

Region in India

Tulu Nadu

Region

Flag

South Canara, an erstwhile district, forms the centre of the Tuluva region called 'Tulu Nadu'.

Coordinates: 13°00′N 75°24′E﻿ / ﻿13.00°N 75.40°E﻿ / 13.00; 75.40
Country|  India
State| Karnataka, Kerala
Districts| Dakshina Kannada, Udupi and Kasaragod
Largest City| Mangalore
No. of districts & Talukas| 3 District and 18 Taluks
Area

[1][2]

• Total

| 10,432 km2 (4,028 sq mi)
Population

(2011)[3]

• Total

| 4,574,385
• Density| 440/km2 (1,100/sq mi)
Demonyms|

* Tuluve (masculine)
* Tuluvedi (feminine)

Languages

• Lingua Franca| Tulu
• Spoken| Tulu, Konkani, Beary, Kannada,malayalam[4]
Time zone| UTC+5:30 (IST)
Telephone code| 0824, 0825
ISO 3166 code| ISO 3166-2:IN
Vehicle registration| KA19, KA20, KA21, KA62, KA70, KL14.

Tulu Nadu, or Tulunad, is a region and proposed state on the southwestern coast of India.[5] The Tulu people, known as 'Tuluva' (pl. 'Tuluver') speak Tulu, a Dravidian language, and are the predominant ethnic group of the region.[6] South Canara, a former district, encompasses the territories of the contemporary Dakshina Kannada (Kudla), Chikmagalur, Hassan, Udupi (Odipu), parts of Shimoga districts of Karnataka State, and Kasaragod district (Kasrod) of Kerala state. These areas collectively form the cultural region of the Tuluver.[7]

Historically, Tulu Nadu lies between the Gangavalli River (Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka) and Chandragiri / Payaswini River (Kasaragod district of Kerala ).[8] Currently, Tulu Nadu consists of the Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts of Karnataka state and Kasaragod district of Kerala state.[9] Despite its distinct cultural identity, the region is not recognized as an official administrative entity.[10][11]

Kudla (Mangaluru) is the largest city of Tulu Nadu, and it is the third largest city by area and fifth largest by population in Karnataka.[12][13] Udipi (Odipu) and Kasrod (Kasaragod), located on the Kerala-Karnataka border, are two other major cities of this region.[14]

Moreover, the term "Tulunadu" appears as "Tuḷu Nāṭṭu" in the "Akananuru", a classical Tamil poetic work that is part of the "Eight Anthologies" (Ettuthokai) - a collection of Sangam literature composed over 2000 years ago.[15][16]

## Etymology

[edit]

According to Keralolpathi, the name Tuluva comes from the name of one of the Cheraman Perumal kings of Kerala, who fixed their residence in the northern portion of their dominions just before its separation from Kerala, and who was called Tulubhan Perumal.[17]

## Foundation Narrative

[edit]

According to its foundation narrative, the district was reclaimed by Parashurama from the sea.[18] In accordance with the 17th-century Malayalam work Keralolpathi, the lands of Kerala and Tulu Nadu were recovered from the Arabian Sea by the axe-wielding warrior sage Lord Parashurama, the sixth avatar of Lord Vishnu (hence, Kerala is also called Parasurama Kshetram 'The Land of Parasurama'[19]). Parasurama threw his axe across the sea, and the water receded as far as it reached. According to legend, this new area of land extended from Gokarna to Kanyakumari.[20] The land which rose from sea was filled with salt and unsuitable for habitation; so Parashurama invoked the Snake King Nagaraja Vasuki, who spat holy poison known as Halahala and converted the soil into fertile lush green land. Out of respect, Vasuki and all snakes were appointed as protectors and guardians of the land. P. T. Srinivasa Iyengar theorised that Cheran Senguttuvan may have been inspired by the Parashurama legend, which was brought by early Aryan settlers.[21]

## History

[edit]

Extent of the Alupa kingdomA regional map of Tulu Nadu in Karnataka. Tulu Nadu also includes Kasaragod district of Kerala state.

### Ancient period

[edit]

According to the works of Sangam literature (300 BCE – 300 CE),[22][23][24] Tulu Nadu was one of the 12 socio-geographical regions included in the ancient Tamilakam.[25] Tulu Nadu must certainly at one time have formed part of ancient Kerala (Chera dynasty), where the western coastal dialect of Middle Tamil was spoken.[17] It must have separated from Tamilakam sometime between 300 CE and 500 CE, when the Kadambas invaded the northern portions of Chera kingdom.[17] No definite historical record relating to Tulu Nadu, other than those were found from Sangam literature, have been found of earlier date than 8th or 9th century CE.[17]

### Alupa dynasty

[edit]

Ptolemy, a Greco-Roman second-century geographer, identifies the Tulu Nadu region as Olokhoira which is widely believed to be a corruption of the term Alva Kheda, "the land of the Alvas".[2] Historically, Tulu Nadu included the two separate lands of Haiva and Tuluva.[26] The longest-ruling and oldest known native dynasty of Tulu Nadu was that of the Alupas (c. 5th – 14th century CE).[27] Their kingdom was also known as Alvakheda. They initially ruled independently and later were the feudatories of the prominent dynasties. The Kadamba dynasty of Banavasi was the earliest, under which the Alupas flourished. Later the Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta, Chalukyas of Badami, Chalukyas of Kalyani, Hoysalas of Dwarasamudra (Halebidu) and Rayas of Vijayanagara were the overlords. The Alupas, however, were independent and their subordination was nominal at best. They ruled until the Vijayanagara Empire took control of Tulu Nadu from 14th to the 17th centuries.[28][29]

During the rule of Vijayanagara, Tulu Nadu was administered in two parts – Mangaluru Rajya and Barkuru Rajya. Tulu Nadu was governed by the native feudatories of the Vijayanagara Empire until the 18th century. These feudatories gained power towards the end of the Alupa period. An Old Malayalam inscription (Ramanthali inscriptions), dated to 1075, mentioning king Kunda Alupa, the ruler of Alupa dynasty of Mangalore, can be found at Ezhimala (the former headquarters of Mushika dynasty), near Payyanur, in Kerala State.[30]

Notable among them were[27] the Chowtas of Ullal and Moodabidri (c. 1160 – c. 1801 CE), Ajilas of Venur (c. 1418–1800), the Savanta or Samantha Rajas of Mulki (c. 1411–1700), the Bhairahawa Ideas of Karkala (c. 1240–1650), the Tolaharas of Suralu (c. 1139–1800), the Bangas of Bangadi (c. 1410–1800), the Rajas of Kumbla (c. 12th century – 1800), and the Rajas of Vitla (c. 1436–1800).

The region became extremely prosperous during the Vijayanagara period with Barkur and Mangalore gaining importance. After the decline of the Vijayanagara Empire, the Keladi Nayakas of Ikkeri controlled much of Tulu Nadu.[31] Over the following many centuries, more ethnic groups migrated to the area. Konkanis from Goa arrived by sea, as Mangaluru was a major port that served not only the Portuguese but also the Arabs for maritime trades. Jains were already a prominent group and even today are uniquely preserved in Tulu Nadu. Though small in number, the Jains left behind indelible reminders of their glory with temples (bastis), (mandirs) in (Moodabidri) and monolithic statues of Jain god Bahubali in Karkala, Venoor and Dharmasthala. In the 16th century, there was a large influx of Catholics to Tulu Nadu from Goa.

Under Portuguese rule, the region was called the Misao do Sul (Mission of the South). In the mid- to late- 18th century, it was conquered by Hyder Ali, the de facto ruler of Mysore. After the British defeated Haidar's successor Tipu Sultan in 1799, the region was attached to the Madras Presidency before being reverted to the state of Mysore after independence. Mangalore played a prominent role in Tipu's battles with the British. The British gained full control by 1801 (Mysore has since been renamed Karnataka). The British ruled the region with Madras (now Chennai) as its headquarters. Under the British, the region was organized into the districts of North Canara and South Canara respectively.[8]

As per Hindu mythology, Parashurama commanded Lord Varuna to make the seas recede to make the Tulu Nadu.[32][33]

When the states were reorganised on linguistic basis in 1956, Tulu Nadu (South Canara) which was earlier a part of Madras Presidency and North Canara which was a part of Bombay Presidency became part of the newly formed Mysore state, which was later renamed as Karnataka. Kasargod became part of the newly formed state of Kerala. The Tuluvas began demanding official language status for Tulu and a separate state named Tulu Nadu for themselves. Organizations like the Tulu Rajya Horata Samiti have taken up the cause of the Tuluvas and meetings and demonstrations were held at towns like Mangalore and Udupi to voice their demand.[34][35]

## Demographics

[edit]

South Canara in 1909 Historical populationYear| Pop.| ±%

|
|

1871 | 918,362| —
1881 | 959,514| +4.5%
1891 | 1,056,081| +10.1%
1901 | 1,134,713| +7.4%
1941 | 1,522,016| +34.1%
1951 | 1,748,991| +14.9%
Sources: Imperial Gazetter of India, Volume 14,[36] and 1951 Census Handbook of South Canara[37]

Religion in South Canara (1951)[37]

1. Hinduism (76.6%)
2. Islam (14.3%)
3. Christianity (8.85%)
4. Other (0.26%)

Language in South Canara (1951)[37]

1. Tulu (39.9%)
2. Malayalam (24.2%)
3. Kannada (17.2%)
4. Konkani (13.6%)
5. Other (5.08%)

Temple stambha, South Canara.

South Canara had a total population of 1,748,991 in 1951, of whom 76.58% were Hindus, 14.31% Muslim, and 8.85% Christian.[37] The most widely spoken language was Tulu which was the mother tongue of 40% of the population, followed by Malayalam which formed the mother tongue of 24% each of the population. Around 17% of the total population spoke Kannada. Around 13% of the population speaks Konkani as their mother tongue. In 1901, South Canara had a density of 109 inhabitants per square kilometre (282/sq mi).[citation needed]

The 1908 Imperial Gazetteer of India lists South Canara, along with the Thanjavur and Ganjam districts, as the three districts of the Madras Presidency where Brahmins are most numerous.[36]

The majority of the people were Billavas and Bunts. There were more Brahmins (12% of the population) in South Kanara than any other district of the Madras Presidency making South Kanara, along with Tanjore and Ganjam as one of the three districts of the province where Brahmins were most numerous.[36]

The original indigenous people of the region are Tuluvas (Bunts, Billavas, Mogaveeras, Tulu gowda, Kulalas, Devadigas, Bearys, Jogis, and Tulu Brahmins) and Malayalis in the Kasaragod Taluk (Nambudiris, Nairs, Thiyyas, Mappilas etc.). The Brahmins who settled first belonged chiefly to the Sthanika and thus they were called as Tulu Brahmins. Others were Shivalli, Saraswat, Havyaka, Kota sub-sections, Mahars, the hill-tribes (Koragas).[38]

## Language

[edit]

Main article: Tulu language

Tulu script has been used for Tulu since at least the 10th century.[39]

The most widely spoken language is Tulu, which belongs to the Dravidian family of languages, and whose native speakers are referred to as Tuluva. The number of Tulu speakers was estimated to be about 1.7 million in 2001,[40][41] although some sources quote as many as 3 million.[42] The other languages spoken in Tulu Nadu include Kundagannada, Arebhashe, Malayalam, Konkani, Koraga, and Beary.[42]

The Tulu script originates from the Grantha script and bears high similarity to the Malayalam script. It was used by Tuluvas for centuries before it was eventually replaced by the Kannada script. Most Sanskrit works and Tulu classics are present in this script, with a few in other scripts.[43][unreliable source?]

## Geography and climate

[edit]

A Yakshagana artist portraying a rakshasa (demon).A typical house in Tulu Nadu, with the roof constructed using Mangalore tiles

Tulu Nadu lies along the Konkan Coast.[44] Tulu Nadu is bounded on the west by the Arabian Sea and on the east by the Western Ghats. The Chandragiri river forms a historical border to the south. Tulu Nadu spans an area of 8,441 km2 (3,259 sq mi), roughly 4.4 percent of the total geographical area of present-day Karnataka and Kasaragod district is the northernmost district of Kerala.[45][citation needed]

The coastal area of Tulu Nadu is rich in rainforests and backwaters. The region has a tropical climate; with hot and humid summers, hot winter days, and a monsoon season with heavy rainfall. Summer and winter months experience similar temperate conditions, with average temperatures ranging from 24–33 °C (75–91 °F).[citation needed] and cooler weather during the monsoon season.[citation needed]

Monsoon starts in the beginning of June, with the heaviest rainfall during Aati month which spans from mid-July to mid-august. Occasional rain persists till Deepawali and Marnemi festivals in October–November. Winter lasts from December to early February. Summer from mid-February till May. With occasional tropical rain during April and may.[citation needed]

## Culture

[edit]

Cultural flag of Tulunadu region in India Chaturmukha Basadi, Karkala Saavira Kambada Basadi, Moodabidri

Non Brahmin communities of Tulu Nadu live by Aliyasantana culture as opposed to magana santhana culture. It is matrilineal system of inheritance in which head of the family is a matriarch. Traditionally the inheritance of the male members of the family went to children of their sisters. Even today a lot of families in mangalore practice kavar paalu while dividing old properties. Kavar paal is a system where children of the male members of the family do not inherit any of their paternal ancestral property.

The Yakshagana is a night-long dance and drama performance practiced in Tulu Nadu with great fanfare.[46][47] Pilivesha is a unique form of folk dance in the region fascinating the young and the old alike, which is performed during Marnemi (or Dussehra in Tulu) and Krishna Janmashtami.[48] Karadi Vesha (Bear Dance) is another popular dance performed during Dasara in Tulu Nadu.[49] Daivaradhane (spirit worship), which is usually done at night, is practised here. Kambala (Buffalo race) is conducted in water-filled paddy fields. The Bhuta Kola is similar to Theyyam in North Malabar.[50][51] Korikatta (cockfighting) is another favorite sport of the people. Nagaradhane (snake worship) is practiced in the Tulu Nadu according to the popular belief of the Naga Devatha who resides underground and guards the species on the surface.[52]

Udupi cuisine is popular across South India, mostly due to Udupi restaurants, which are primarily vegetarian. Apart from Southern India, there are also famous Udupi Hotels in Mumbai and New Delhi.[citation needed]

## Economy

[edit]

Historically, Tulu Nadu was primarily dependent on agriculture and fishing. The main crops grown were rice, Bengal gram, horse gram, vegetables, and fruits. Plantation crops like coconut, areca nut, cocoa, cashew nut, and pepper are also grown. In the early 20th century, the Mangalore tile industry, cashew nut processing, and the banking industry grew substantially. Tulu Nadu is called "the cradle of Indian banking".[53] Five major banks of India (Syndicate Bank, Canara Bank, Corporation Bank, Vijaya Bank, and Karnataka Bank) have their origins here.

List of Banks of Tulu Nadu:

Bank  | Founded  | Place  | Founded by  | Ref.

|
|
|
|

Canara Bank | 1906; 119 years ago (1906) | Mangalore | Ammembal Subba Rao Pai | [54][non-primary source needed]
Karnataka Bank | 1924; 101 years ago (1924) | Mangalore | \-  | [55][non-primary source needed]
Vijaya Bank | 1931; 94 years ago (1931) | Mangalore | A. B. Shetty  | [56][non-primary source needed]
Syndicate Bank | 1925; 100 years ago (1925) | Manipal | T. M. A. Pai, Upendra Pai and Vaman Kudva  | [57][non-primary source needed]
Corporation Bank | 1906; 119 years ago (1906) | Udupi | Khan Bahadur Haji Abdulla Haji Kasim Saheb Bahadur  | [58][non-primary source needed]

In the early part of the 21st century, the area has been transforming itself into a hub of the information technology and medical services industries. There has been large-scale decline in agriculture and related industries due to the non-availability of labor and preference for white-collar jobs. Agricultural land is being converted to commercial and real estate properties, and environmental pollution is increasing drastically due to large-scale deforestation and increase in automobile use. A public sector petroleum refinery (MRPL) was established in the 1990s. Some chemical plants (e.g., fertilizers and pesticides) have been established. This region contributes the second highest revenue to Karnataka state after the city of Bangalore. This region has an international airport at Mangalore which is well connected to the rest of India and middle eastern countries. New Mangalore Port (NMPT) is one of the major port of India located at Panambur, Mangalore.[59]

## Education

[edit]

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|

Tulu Nadu is home to numerous higher education institutions.[60] Mangalore and Manipal are key academic centres in the region. The National Institute of Technology Karnataka (NITK), located in Surathkal, is a centrally funded technical institute and has consistently ranked among India’s top engineering colleges in national surveys such as the NIRF. Kasturba Medical College (KMC), with campuses in both Manipal and Mangalore, was ranked 9th and 21st respectively in the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) 2020 rankings.[61][62]

### Schools

[edit]

* St. Aloysius High School
* Lourdes Central School Bejai Mangalore (CBSE board)
* SHARADA VIDYALAYA Kodialbail, Mangalore
* Podar International School Mangaluru (CBSE board)
* Ganapathy English Medium School
* Little Rock Indian School, Udupi (CBSE)

### Colleges

[edit]

* St Aloysius College (Probably a university)
* Dr. P. Dayananda Pai - P. Satish Pai Government First Grade College Mangalore
* Prerana College
* Expert PU College - Kodialbail
* SCS First Grade College, Mangalore
* Alvas' Education Foundation (Alvas' College) - Bedra (Moodubidire)

### Beaches

[edit]

* Tannirbhavi Beach
* Kodical Beach
* Chitrapura Beach
* Bengre Beach
* Panamburu Beach
* Daibitthil (Sasihithlu) Beach
* Kapu Beach
* Malpe Beach
* Bekal Beach
* Chembirika Beach
* Kappil Beach
* Kanwatheertha Beach

## See also

[edit]

* Tulu Nadu state movement
* List of temples in Tulu Nadu
* Kolathunadu
* Communities of Tulu Nadu

## References

[edit]

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5. ^ Anthropological Survey of India (Department of Anthropology) (1980). Bulletin of the Anthropological Survey of India, Volume 25. Director, Anthropological Survey of India, Indian Museum. p. 41.
6. ^ Minahan, James B. (2012). "Tuluvas". Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia. Ethnic Groups of the World (illustrated ed.). ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-660-7.
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16. ^ "Reference Of Tulunadu". Tulupedia. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
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18. ^ "Culture & Heritage | North Goa District, Government of Goa". Culture & Heritage | North Goa District, Government of Goa. 23 January 2025. Archived from the original on 3 February 2025. Retrieved 3 February 2025.
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23. ^ Nadarajah, Devapoopathy (1994). Love in Sanskrit and Tamil Literature: A Study of Characters and Nature, 200 B.C.-A.D. 500. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN 978-81-208-1215-4.
24. ^ University, Vijaya Ramaswamy, Jawaharlal Nehru (25 August 2017). Historical Dictionary of the Tamils. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-5381-0686-0.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
25. ^ A handbook of Kerala Band 1 (2000), T. Madhava Menon, International School of Dravidian Linguistics, p.98
26. ^ "Tulunadu history". Kerala Tourism. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
27. ^ a b Bhat, N. Shyam (1998). South Kanara, 1799–1860: A Study in Colonial Administration and Regional Response. Mittal Publications. pp. 17–45\. ISBN 9788170995869. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
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29. ^ "Alupa dynasty Inscription". Civilsdaily. 21 October 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
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35. ^ "Tulu organisations to meet soon". The Hindu. 6 March 2008. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
36. ^ a b c The Imperial Gazetteer of India. Vol. 14\. Clarendon Press. 1908.
37. ^ a b c d Government of Madras (1953). 1951 Census Handbook- South Canara District (PDF). Madras Government Press. p. 147.
38. ^ Silva, Severine; Fuchs, Stephan (1965). "The Marriage Customs of the Christians in South Canara, India". Asian Folklore Studies. 24 (2). Nanzan University: 2–3\. doi:10.2307/1177555. JSTOR 1177555.
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42. ^ a b D.N.S. Bhat (1998). Sanford B. Steever (ed.). The Dravidian Languages. Routledge. p. 158\. ISBN 0-415-10023-2.
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45. ^ "Tulu Nadu, Kasaragod, Kerala, India". Kerala Tourism - Bekal. Retrieved 22 January 2025.
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48. ^ Stanley G. Pinto (26 October 2001). "Human 'tigers' face threat to health". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 26 May 2013.
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50. ^ "'Devakoothu'; the lone woman Theyyam in North Malabar". Mathrubhumi.
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60. ^ "Affiliated Colleges". mangaloreuniversity.ac.in. Retrieved 27 June 2025.
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## Further reading

[edit]

* Bhat, P. Gururaja (1975). "Studies in Tuluva history and culture (from the pre-historic times upto the modern)". Studies in Tuluva History and Culture.
* S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar (1942), Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language, University of Madras, ISBN 9789839154801 `{{citation}}`: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
* J. Sturrock (1894), Madras District Manuals – South Canara (Volume-I), Madras Government Press
* Harold A. Stuart (1895), Madras District Manuals – South Canara (Volume-II), Madras Government Press
* Government of Madras (1905), Madras District Gazetteers: Statistical Appendix for South Canara District, Madras Government Press
* Government of Madras (1915), Madras District Gazetteers South Canara (Volume-II), Madras Government Press
* Government of Madras (1953), 1951 Census Handbook- South Canara District (PDF), Madras Government Press
* J. I. Arputhanathan (1955), South Kanara, The Nilgiris, Malabar and Coimbatore Districts (Village-wise Mother-tongue Data for Bilingual or Multilingual Taluks) (PDF), Madras Government Press
* Rajabhushanam, D. S. (1963), Statistical Atlas of the Madras State (1951) (PDF), Madras (Chennai): Director of Statistics, Government of Madras

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tulu Nadu.

* Tulu Nadu – Samajika Chariteyalli ondu samshodhanatmaka Vivechane (History of Tulunadu)
* "Udupi: World Kundapura Kannada day on August 1". www.daijiworld.com. 31 July 2019.

Places adjacent to Tulu Nadu

|  | Uttara Kannada | Shivamogga

|
|

|  |
Arabian Sea |

Tulu Nadu

| Chikkamagaluru
|  |
| Kerala | Kodagu and Hassan

Links to related articles

* v
* t
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Culture of Tulu Nadu

* Yakshagana
* Bhuta Kola
* Aati kalenja
* Kambala
* Kori Kambla
* Nagamandala
* Siddavesa
* Dakke Bali
* Koti and Chennayya
* Hulivesha
* Jumadi
* Epic of Siri
* Chennu Nalike

* v
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South India articles

History|

* Satavahana
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* Cholas
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* Pallava
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* Arakkal kingdom
* Venad (Kingdom of Quilon)
* Travancore Kingdom
* Kingdom of Cochin
* Musunuri Nayaks
* Nizam
* Pandyan kingdom
* Rashtrakutas
* Vijayanagara Empire
* Kingdom of Mysore

Geography|

* Eastern Ghats
* Godavari
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* Sapta Konkan
* Satpura Range
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territories|

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Demographics|

| Peoples|

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|

Languages|

* Beary bashe
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Culture|

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* Category

* v
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Communities in Mangalore

Hinduism|

* Bunts
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* Tulu Kulalas
* Gaud Saraswat Brahmins
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* Kota brahmins
* Devadiga
* Sthanika Brahmins

Christianity|

* Mangalorean Catholics
* Mangalorean Protestants

Islam|

* Bearys
* Konkani Muslims

Jainism|

* Jain Bunt

* v
* t
* e

Proposed states and union territories of India

Central India|

* Baghelkhand (Madhya Pradesh/Uttar Pradesh)
* Bundelkhand (Madhya Pradesh/Uttar Pradesh)
* Gondwana (Chhattisgarh/Madhya Pradesh/Odisha)
* Mahakoshal (Madhya Pradesh)
* Malwa (Madhya Pradesh)
* Vindhya Pradesh (Madhya Pradesh)

East India|

* Bhojpur (Bihar/Uttar Pradesh)
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* Kamtapur (West Bengal)
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* Mithila (Bihar)
* Rarhbhumi (Odisha)

North India|

* Awadh Pradesh (Uttar Pradesh)
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Northeast India|

* Bodoland (Assam)
* Dimaraji (Assam/Nagaland)
* Garoland (Meghalaya)
* Karbi Anglong (Assam)
* Tipraland (Tripura)

South India|

* Karu Nadu (Karnataka)
* Kalyana-Karnataka (Karnataka)
* Kodagu (Karnataka)
* Kongu Nadu (Tamil Nadu)
* Karaikal (Puducherry)
* Malabar (Kerala)
* Rayalaseema (Andhra Pradesh)
* Tulu Nadu (Karnataka/Kerala)

West India|

* Khandesh (Maharashtra)
* Konkan (Goa/Karnataka/Maharashtra)
* Kutch (Gujarat)
* Marathwada (Maharashtra)
* Maru Pradesh (Rajasthan)
* Saurashtra (Gujarat)
* Vidarbha (Maharashtra)

Current states and union territories of India

Authority control databases

International|

* VIAF

National|

* United States
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Other|

* Yale LUX

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*[Pop.]: Population
*[±%]: Percent change
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