Turkish population

The Turkish people are scattered throughout the former Ottoman Empire. Today they form a majority in Turkey and Northern Cyprus. There are also significant Turkish minorities in Balkans, the Caucasus, and the Arab world.

The Turkish population refers to the number of ethnic Turkish people in the world. During the Seljuk (1037–1194) and Ottoman (1299–1923) eras, ethnic Turks were settled across the lands conquered by the two empires. In particular, the Turkification of Anatolia (modern Turkey) was the result of the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 and the formation of the Sultanate of Rum. Thereafter, the Ottomans continued Turkish expansion throughout the regions around the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. Consequently, today the Turkish people form a majority in Turkey and Northern Cyprus. There are also significant Turkish minorities who still live in the Balkans, the Caucasus, the Middle East and the Levant, and North Africa.

More recently, the Turkish people have emigrated from their traditional areas of settlement for various reasons, forming a large diaspora. From the mid-twentieth century onwards, unskilled workers from Turkey settled mainly in German and French speaking countries of Western Europe, in contrast, a "brain drain" of skilled workers from Turkey migrated mostly to North America. Moreover, ethnic Turks from other traditional areas of Turkish settlement have emigrated mostly due to political reasons. For example, the Meskhetian Turks were deported to Central Asia from Georgia in 1944; Turkish Cypriots have emigrated mostly as refugees to the English-speaking world during the Cyprus conflict and its immediate aftermath; Cretan Turks have significant populations in the Arab world as a result of being expelled from Greece; etc..

## Traditional areas of Turkish settlement

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### Turkish majorities

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The 1965 Turkish census was the last census in which people were asked about their mother tongue. This map shows the distribution of people who spoke Turkish during this period. Prior to the Cyprus dispute Turkish Cypriots lived throughout the island of Cyprus. However, the 1974 Cypriot coup d'état initiated by the Greek military junta, which sought to annex the island to Greece, prompted the Turkish invasion of Cyprus followed by the declaration of the Turkish Federated State of Cyprus. Since the establishment of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus in 1983 the majority of Turkish Cypriots live mostly in the northern region of the island. The break-away state remains internationally unrecognised, except by Turkey. Country | Official State census figures | Other estimates | Constitution recognition | See also

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Turkey | N/A. The Turkish census collects data on country of birth but does not collect data on ethnicity. | 60,000,000 – 65,000,000[1][2] | The Turkish language is the official language of the Republic of Turkey, under Article 3 of the 1982 Turkish constitution. | Turkish people
Northern Cyprus | 286,257 (2011 Turkish Cypriot census)[3] | 300,000[4]-500,000 [5] (includes Turkish Cypriots and recent Turkish settlers)
| According to Article 2(2) of the 1985 constitution of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, which is only recognised by Turkey, the Turkish language is the sole official language of the break-away state.[6] | Turkish Cypriots

### Turkish "communities"

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Country | Official State census figures | Other estimates | Constitution recognition | See also

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Cyprus | 1,128 (2011 Cypriot Census)[7] | 2,000 Turkish Cypriots remain in the internationally recognized southern region of the Republic of Cyprus.[8] | Under Article 2 of the Cypriot constitution the Turkish Cypriots, alongside the Greek Cypriots, form one of the two "Communities" in Cyprus. The Turkish Cypriots are therefore recognised as equal participants of the Republic rather than as a minority. Furthermore, under Article 3, the Greek and Turkish languages are the two official languages of Cyprus.[9]
Despite President Makarios III's attempt to amend the constitution and the aim to weaken the rights of Turkish Cypriots, under the 1963 Akritas plan, the original 1960 constitution is still legally in force today. | Turkish Cypriots

### Turkish minorities

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See also: Turkish minorities in the former Ottoman Empire

#### Turkish minorities in the Balkans

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See also: Turks in the Balkans

Map of the Turkish population in Bulgaria. According to the 2011 Bulgarian census the Turks make up a majority in the Kardzhali Province (66.2%) and the Razgrad Province (50.02%). According to the 2011 census of Kosovo the Turks make up a majority in Mamuša (93.1%). According to the 2002 census of the Republic of Macedonia the Turks make up a majority in the Centar Župa Municipality (80.2%) and the Plasnica Municipality (97.8%). According to the 2011 census of Romania the Turks make up a majority in Dobromir (61.93%) located in the Constanța County. Country | Official State census figures | Other estimates | Constitutional recognition/Minority status | Further information | Lists of Turks by country

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Bosnia and Herzegovina | 267 (1991 Bosnian census)[10] | 50,000[11][12] | The Turkish language is officially recognized as a minority language, in accordance with the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, under Article 2, paragraph 2, of the 2010 ratification.[13] | Turks in Bosnia and Herzegovina |
Bulgaria | 588,318 (2011 Bulgarian census)[14] | 750,000[11] | The Bulgarian constitution of 1991 does not mention any ethnic minorities and the Bulgarian language is the sole official language of the State. However, in accordance with Article 36(2), the Turkish minority has the right to study their own language alongside the compulsory study of the Bulgarian language. Moreover, under Article 54(1), the Turkish minority have the right to "develop their culture in accordance with his ethnic identification".[15] | Turks in Bulgaria | List of Bulgarian Turks
Croatia | 367 (2011 Croatian census)[16] | 2,000[17] | The Turks are officially recognised as a minority ethnic group, in accordance with the 2010 Constitution of Croatia.[18] | Turks in Croatia |
Greece | 179,895 (1951 Greek census)[19][20][21] | 150,000[11]
(80,000[22] to 130,000 in Western Thrace,[23][24] 10,000[25] to 15,000 in Athens,[26] 5,000 in Rhodes and Kos,[27] and 5,000 in Thessaloniki)[26] | The Turks of Western Thrace have protected status to practice their religion and use the Turkish language, in accordance with the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne. However, the other sizeable Turkish minorities in Greece have no official recognition.[28] | Turks in Greece |
Kosovo | 18,738 (2011 Kosovar census)[29] | 30,000[30] to 50,000[11] | The Turkish language is recognized as an official language in the municipalities of Prizren and Mamusha and has minority status in Gjilan, Pristina, Vushtrri, and Mitrovica.[31] | Turks in Kosovo |
Republic of Macedonia | 77,959 (2002 Macedonian census)[32] | 170,000–200,000[33][34] | Initially the 1988 draft constitution spoke of the "state of the Macedonian people and the Albanian and Turkish minority". Once the 1991 constitution came into force the Turkish language was used officially where Turks formed a majority in the Centar Župa Municipality and the Plasnica Municipality. Since the 2001 amendment to the constitution, the Turkish language is officially used where Turks form at least 20% of the population and hence it is also an official language of Mavrovo and Rostuša.[35] | Turks in Macedonia |
Montenegro | 104 (2011 Montenegrin census).[36] |  |  | Turks in Montenegro |
Romania | 28,226 (2011 Romanian census)[37] | 55,000[38] to 80,000[39] | The Turkish language is officially recognized as a minority language, in accordance with the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, under Part III of the 2007 ratification.[13] | Turks in Romania |
Serbia | 647 (2011 Serbian census)[40] |  |  | Turks in Serbia |
Total | N/A | 1,300,000 (2011 estimate)[11] |  | Turks in the Balkans |

#### Turkish minorities in the Caucasus

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The Meskheti region of Georgia had the largest Turkish population in Caucasus prior to the Second World War. In 1944 Joseph Stalin deported the Meskhetian Turkish minority to other parts of the Soviet Union, where they now form a large diaspora. Country | Official State census figures | Other estimates | Constitutional recognition/ Minority status | Further information | Lists of Turks by country

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Abkhazia | 731 (2011 Abkhazian census)[41] | 15,000[42] |  | Turks in Abkhazia |
Armenia | Turkish minority N/A.
Although the Soviet censuses recorded a small number of Turks, 19 in 1970,[43] 28 in 1979,[44] and 13 in 1989,[45] they were not recorded in the 2001 Armenian census. |  |  | Turks in Armenia |
Azerbaijan | Turkish minority N/A.
The 2009 Azerbaijani census recorded 38,000 Turks;[46] however, it does not distinguish between the Turkish minority (descendants of Ottoman settlers who remained in Azerbaijan), Meskhetian Turks who arrived after 1944, and recent Turkish arrivals. | 19,000[47]
(Descendants of Ottomans settlers who remained in Azerbaijan only. This does not include the much larger Meskhetian Turkish and mainland Turkish arrivals who form a part of the diaspora) |  | Turks in Azerbaijan |
Georgia | *Pre-World War II:
137,921 (1926 Soviet Census).[48] The Turkish population was not recorded in later censuses; nonetheless, it is estimated that 200,000 Meskhetian Turks were deported to Central Asia in 1944.[48]
*Post-World War II:
The Meskhetian Turk population in the USSR was published for the first in the 1970 census. However, by this point, the Turkish minority in Georgia had already diminished to several hundred due to the forced deportation of 1944.[48] There were 853 Turks in Georgia in 1970,[43] 917 in 1979,[44] and 1,375 in 1989.[45]
*Post-USSR:
Although a small number of Meskhetian Turks have returned to Georgia, they were not recorded in the 2002 Georgian census. | 1,500[49][50] |  | Meskhetian Turks |

#### Turkish minorities in the Levant

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See also: Turks in the Arab world and Turkish Jews in Israel

The Misak-ı Millî ("national oath") sought to include Turkish majority areas in the Mosul Vilayet (in Iraq) and the Aleppo Vilayet and the Zor Sanjak (in Syria) in the proposals for the new borders of a Turkish nation in 1920. The majority of Iraqi Turks live in the so-called "Turkmeneli" region. Turkish people form a majority in Kouachra and Aydamun, in the Akkar District of Lebanon. Country | Census figures | Alternate estimates | Legal recognition | Further information | Lists of Turks by country

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Iraq | 567,000 or 9% of the total Iraqi population (1957 census)[51][52][53][54] | 3,000,000 (Iraqi Ministry of Planning estimate, 2013)[55][56] | In 1925 the Turks were recognised as a constitutive entity of Iraq, alongside the Arabs and Kurds, however, the minority were later denied this status.[57]

In 1997 the Iraqi Turkoman Congress adopted a Declaration of Principles, Article Three of which states the following: "The official written language of the Turkomans is Istanbul Turkish, and its alphabet is the new Latin alphabet."[58][59] | Iraqi Turkmens | List of Iraqi Turks
Israel | 55,700[60] | 280,000[61] | N/A | Turks in Israel |
Jordan | N/A | Turkish minority:

Palestinian-Turkish refugees:
55,000 in Irbid[62]
5,000 near Amman[62]
5,000 in El-Sahne[62]
3,000 in El-Reyyan[62]
2,500 in El-Bakaa[62]
1,500 in El-Zerkaa[62]
1,500 in Sahab[62] | N/A | Turks in Jordan | List of Jordanian Turks
Lebanon | N/A | 80,000[63]
(plus 125,000 to 150,000 Syrian Turkmen refugees[64]) | N/A | Turks in Lebanon | List of Lebanese Turks
Palestine | N/A | est. West Bank: 35,000 to 40,000[65]
total Palestinian-Turkish community: est.400,000 to 500,000[66] | N/A | Turks in Palestine |
Syria | N/A | 500,000–3.5 million[67][68][69][70] | N/A | Syrian Turkmens | List of Syrian Turks

#### Turkish minorities in North Africa

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See also: Turks in the Arab world and Kouloughlis

Country | Census figures | Alternate estimates | Legal recognition | Further information | Lists of Turks by country

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Algeria | N/A | 5%[71] to 25% of Algeria's population[72]
600,000 to 2 million[71][73][74][75]
up to 9.5 million (including partial Turkish origin)[citation needed] | N/A | Turks in Algeria | List of Algerian Turks
Egypt | N/A | 1 to 1.2 million[76]
plus 100,000 Cretan Turks[77] | N/A | Turks in Egypt | List of Egyptian Turks
Libya | 35,062 or 4.7% of Libya's population (1936 census)[78]
| 1,500,000[79]
plus 100,000 Cretan Turks[77] | N/A | Turks in Libya | List of Libyan Turks
Tunisia | N/A | up to 25% of Tunisia's population[72]
estimates: 500,000[80]-2,000,000[81] | N/A | Turks in Tunisia | List of Tunisian Turks

### Other Arab countries

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Country | Census figures | Alternate estimates | Legal recognition | Further information | Lists of Turks by country

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Saudi Arabia | N/A | 150,000[82] | N/A | Turks in Saudi Arabia | List of Saudi Arabian Turks
Yemen | N/A | 10,000 to 100,000[83] or more than 200,000[82] | N/A | Turks in Yemen | List of Yemeni Turks

## Turkish diasporas

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See also: Turkish diaspora and Turks in Europe

### Central Asia

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Country | Official State census figures | Other estimates | Further information | Lists of Turks

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Kazakhstan | 97,015 (2009 Kazakh census)[84] | 150,000)[50]-180,000[49] (Meskhetian Turks only) | Turks in Kazakhstan |
Kyrgyzstan | 38,878 (2009 Kyrgyz census)[85] | 50,000[86] to 70,000[87] (Meskhetian Turks only) | Turks in Kyrgyzstan |
Tajikistan | 1,360 (2010 Tajik census)[88] |  | Turks in Tajikistan |
Turkmenistan | 13,000 (2012 Turkmen census)[89] |  | Turks in Turkmenistan |
Uzbekistan | 106,302 (1989 Uzbek census)[45] | 15,000[90]-38,000[49][91] (Meskhetian Turks only) | Turks in Uzbekistan |

### Europe

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In 2010 Boris Kharkovsky from the Center for Ethnic and Political Science Studies said that there was up to 15 million Turks living in the European Union.[92] According to Dr Araks Pashayan ten million "Euro-Turks" alone were living in Germany, France, the Netherlands and Belgium in 2012.[93] In addition, there are also significant Turkish communities living in Austria, the UK, Switzerland, Italy, Liechtenstein and the Scandinavian countries.

Turks make up the largest ethnic minority group in Austria, Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands.

Country | State census figures on Turkish ethnicity | Other estimates | Further information | Lists of Turks

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Austria | N/A
The Austrian census does not collect data on ethnicity. | 360,000 (2011 est. by the Initiative Minderheiten)[94]
400,000 (2010 est. by Ariel Muzicant)[95]
500,000 (est. by Andreas Mölzer)[96] | Turks in Austria | List of Austrian Turks
Belarus | 55 (1989 Belarusian Census)[45] |  |  |
Belgium | N/A
The Belgian census does not collect data on ethnicity. | Over 200,000 (2012 estimate by Professor Raymond Taras)[97]
250,000 (2019 estimate by Dr Altay Manço and Dr Ertugrul Taş)[98] | Turks in Belgium | List of Belgian Turks
Czech Republic |  | 1,700[99] | Turks in the Czech Republic |
Denmark | N/A
The Danish census does not collect data on ethnicity. | 70,000 (2008 estimate by the Danish Broadcasting Corporation)[100] | Turks in Denmark |
Estonia | 544 (2011 Estonian census)[101] |  |  |
Finland |  | 10,000 (2010 estimate by Professor Zeki Kütük[102]) | Turks in Finland |
France | N/A
The French census does not collect data on ethnicity. | 1,000,000 (2010 estimate by Dr Jean-Gustave Hentz and Dr Michel Hasselmann)[103]
to over 1,000,000[104][105][106][107] | Turks in France | List of French Turks
Germany | N/A
The German census does not collect data on ethnicity. | at least 4,000,000[108][109][110][111][112][113][114][115][116][117] to over 7,000,000[118][119][120][121][122][105] | Turks in Germany | List of German Turks
Hungary | 1,565 (2001 Hungarian census)[123] | 2,500[124] | Turks in Hungary |
Iceland |  | 68[125] |  |
Ireland | N/A
The Irish census does not collect data on ethnicity. | 3,000[126] | Turks in Ireland |
Italy | N/A
The Italian census does not collect data on ethnicity. | 30,000–50,000[127][128][129] (excluding the Turkish minority in Moena) | Turks in Italy |
Latvia |  | 142[130] | lv:Turki Latvijā |
Liechtenstein |  | 1,000[131] | Turks in Liechtenstein |
Lithuania |  | 35[132] |  |
Luxembourg |  | 450[133] |  |
Malta |  | 53[134] |  |
Moldova |  |  | Turks in Moldova |
Monaco |  | 57[135] |  |
Netherlands | N/A
The Dutch census does not collect data on ethnicity. | 500,000[136] to 2,000,000[137][138][139][140][141] | Turks in the Netherlands | List of Dutch people of Turkish descent
Norway | N/A
The Norwegian census does not collect data on ethnicity. | 16,000[142] | Turks in Norway |
Poland |  | 5,000 (2013 estimate from the Institute of Public Affairs, Poland)[143] | Turks in Poland |
Portugal |  | 1,363 (excluding naturalized citizens and people of Turkish origin)[144] |  |
Russia | Recorded 105,058 Turks and 4,825 Meskhetian Turks (2010 Russian census)[145] | 120,000–150,000[146] | Turks in Russia |
Slovakia |  | 150[147] |  |
Slovenia | 259 (2002 Slovenian census)[148] |  |  |
Spain | N/A
The Spanish census does not collect data on ethnicity. | 4,000[149] | Turks in Spain |
Sweden | N/A
The Swedish census does not collect data on ethnicity. | 100,000 (2009 estimate by the Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs[150])
150,000 (2018 estimate by the Swedish Consul General[151])  | Turks in Sweden |
Switzerland | N/A
The Swiss census does not collect data on ethnicity. | 100,000[152]-120,000[153][154] | Turks in Switzerland | List of Swiss Turks
Ukraine | 8,844 Turks and 336 Meskhetian Turks (2001 Ukrainian census)[155] | 10,000 (Meskhetian Turks only)[50] | Turks in Ukraine |
United Kingdom | N/A | 500,000 (including 300,000–350,000 Turkish Cypriots)[156] | Turks in the United Kingdom | List of British Turks

### North America

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Country | Official State census figures | Other estimates | Further information | Lists of Turks

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Canada | 63,955 (2016 Canadian census)[157] | 100,000 (2018 est. by Canadian Ambassador Chris Cooter)[158]
Over 100,000[159][160]
Plus 1,800 Turkish Cypriots[161] | Turkish Canadians | List of Turkish Canadians
United States | 230,342 (2016 American Community Survey estimate)[162] | More than 1,000,000 (2012 estimate by the former United States Secretary of Commerce John Bryson)[163][164] | Turkish Americans | List of Turkish Americans

### Oceania

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Country | Official State census figures | Other estimates | Further information | Lists of Turks

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Australia | 66,919 (2011 census)[165] | 150,000[166] to 200,000[167]
Plus 40,000–120,000 Turkish Cypriots[161][168][169][170] | Turkish Australians | List of Turkish Australians
New Zealand | 957 (2013 census)[171] | 2,000–3,000[172]
Plus 1,600 Turkish Cypriots[161] | Turks in New Zealand |

### Other regions

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Country | Official State census figures | Other estimates | Further information | Lists of Turks by country

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India | N/A. The Indian census collects data on country of birth but does not collect data on ethnicity. but Turk peoples in India Have their organisation to protect their culture, they are mainly reside in the area of west Uttar Pradesh (state) consisting district of Moradabad, Sambhal, Amroha, Rampur, Turks are in majority in Sambhal town about 50%–60% | 2,000[173] | Turks in India |
Pakistan |  | 400 | Turks in Pakistan |
Peru |  | 12,000[174] |  |
Brazil |  | 6,300[175] |  |

## References and notes

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1. ^ "55 milyon kişi 'etnik olarak' Türk". Milliyet. Retrieved 22 November 2015.
2. ^ "Turkey". CIA. Archived from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
3. ^ TRNC State Planning Organization (17 December 2012). "KKTC 2011 Nüfus ve Konut Sayımı" [TRNC 2011 Population and Housing Census] (PDF) (in Turkish). National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria. p. 4\. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2015.
4. ^ "CYPRUS: BRIDGING THE PROPERTY DIVIDE". International Crisis Group. 2010. p. 2\. Archived from the original on 3 November 2011.
5. ^ Cole 2011, p. 95.
6. ^ "The Constitution of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 September 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
7. ^ "Population Enumerated with Cypriot Citizenship, By Ethnic/Religious Group, Age and Sex". Republic of Cyprus Statistics Service. 2001. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
8. ^ Hatay, Mete (2007), "Is the Turkish Cypriot Population Shrinking?" (PDF), www.prio.no, International Peace Research Institute, p. 40, ISBN 978-82-7288-244-9, archived from the original (PDF) on 15 May 2011
9. ^ "The Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus" (PDF). Presidency of the Republic of Cyprus. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
10. ^ "Population grouped according to ethnicity, by censuses 1961–1991". Federal Office of Statistics. Archived from the original on 26 September 2011. Retrieved 16 October 2011.
11. ^ a b c d e Cole, Jeffrey (2011), Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, pp. 367–368, ISBN 978-1-59884-302-6, "Today Turkish/Muslim populations residing in the former European Turkey approximately amounts to 1.3 million, with roughly 50,000 in Bosnia- Herzegovina, 50,000 in Kosovo, 55,000 in Romania, 150,000 in Greece, 200,000 in the Republic of Macedonia, 750,000 in Bulgaria, and the rest living in various Balkan countries. This estimate does not included those citizens of Turkey who work and reside in the Balkans..."
12. ^ Minahan, James (1998), Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States, Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 45, ISBN 978-0313306105
13. ^ a b "List of declarations made with respect to treaty No. 148". Council of Europe. Archived from the original on 22 May 2012. Retrieved 21 December 2013.
14. ^ "Население по местоживеене, възраст и етническа група" [Population by place of residence, age and ethnic group] (in Bulgarian). Национален статистически институт [National Statistical Institute]. Archived from the original on 15 August 2019. Retrieved 22 November 2015.
15. ^ Schwartz, Herman (2002), The Struggle for Constitutional Justice in Post-Communist Europe, University of Chicago Press, p. 184, ISBN 978-0226741963
16. ^ "Stanovništvo prema narodnosti, popisi 1971. – 2011" (in Croatian). Retrieved 22 November 2015.
17. ^ "Altepe'den Hırvat Müslümanlara moral". Zaman. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013. Retrieved 9 September 2011.
18. ^ Anita Skelin Horvat. "Language Policy in Istria, Croatia –Legislation Regarding Minority Language Use" (PDF) (in Bulgarian). p. 51. Retrieved 22 November 2015.
19. ^ Ortakovski, Vladimir (2000), Minorities in the Balkans, Transnational Publishers, p. 187, ISBN 978-1571051295
20. ^ Clogg, Richard (2002), Minorities in Greece: Aspects of a Plural Society, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, p. xi, ISBN 978-1850657057
21. ^ Trudgill, Peter; Schreier, Daniel (2006), "Greece and Cyprus / Griechenland und Zypern", in Ulrich, Ammon (ed.), Sociolinguistics / Soziolinguistik, Walter de Gruyter, p. 1885, ISBN 978-3110199871
22. ^ "Demographics of Greece". European Union National Languages. Retrieved 19 December 2010.
23. ^ "Western Thrace Turkish Minority" (PDF), www.pekem.org, Western Thrace Minority University Graduates Association, p. 2, July 2009, archived from the original (PDF) on 27 July 2011
24. ^ Ergener, Rashid; Ergener, Resit (2002), About Turkey: Geography, Economy, Politics, Religion, and Culture, Pilgrims Process, p. 106, ISBN 978-0-9710609-6-8
25. ^ Madianou, Mirca (2005), Mediating the nation: news, audiences and the politics of identity, Routledge Cavendish, pp. 36–37, ISBN 978-1-84472-028-6
26. ^ a b Pettifer, James; Nazarko, Mentor (2007), Strengthening Religious Tolerance for a Secure Civil Society in Albania and the Southern Balkans, IOS Press, p. 68, ISBN 978-1-58603-779-6
27. ^ Clogg, Richard (2002), Minorities in Greece, Hurst & Co. Publishers, p. 84, ISBN 978-1-85065-706-4
28. ^ Trudgill & Schreier 2006, p. 1886.
29. ^ "Minority Communities in the 2011 Kosovo Census Results: Analysis and Recommendations" (PDF). European Centre for Minority Issues Kosovo. p. 4\. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 January 2014. Retrieved 22 November 2015.
30. ^ "Community Profile: Kosovo Turks", Kosovo Communities Profile 2010, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, 8 February 2011, p. 3.
31. ^ "Community Profile: Turkish Community" (PDF). European Centre for Minority Issues Kosovo. p. 2\. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 April 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
32. ^ Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in the Republic of Macedonia, 2002 (PDF), Republic of Macedonia – State Statistical Office, 2005, p. 34
33. ^ Knowlton, MaryLee (2005), Macedonia, Marshall Cavendish, p. 66, ISBN 978-0-7614-1854-2
34. ^ Abrahams, Fred (1996), A Threat to "Stability": Human Rights Violations in Macedonia, Human Rights Watch, p. 53, ISBN 978-1-56432-170-1
35. ^ Dzankic, Jelena (2016), Citizenship in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia and Montenegro: Effects of Statehood and Identity Challenges, Routledge, p. 81, ISBN 978-1317165798
36. ^ "Population of Montenegro by sex, type of settlement, etnicity, religion and mother tongue, per municipalities" (PDF). Statistical Office of Montenegro. p. 7. Retrieved 21 September 2011.
37. ^ "Privind rezultatele provizorii ale Recensământului Populaţiei şi Locuinţelor – 2011" [Regarding the provisional results of Population and Housing Census - 2011] (PDF) (Press release) (in Romanian). Romania: National Institute of Statistics. 2 February 2012. p. 10\. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 August 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
38. ^ Phinnemore, David (2006), The EU and Romania: accession and beyond, The Federal Trust for Education & Research, p. 157, ISBN 978-1-903403-78-5
39. ^ Constantin, Daniela L.; Goschin, Zizi; Dragusin, Mariana (2008), "Ethnic entrepreneurship as an integration factor in civil society and a gate to religious tolerance. A spotlight on Turkish entrepreneurs in Romania", Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies, 7 (20): 59
40. ^ "Попис становништва, домаћинстава и станова 2011. у Републици Србији: Становништво према националној припадности" [Census of Population, Households and Dwellings 2011 in the Republic of Serbia: Population by National Affiliation] (PDF) (in Serbian). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 August 2013.
41. ^ "Abkhazia Population Censuses (1886–2011)". Retrieved 22 November 2015.
42. ^ Bul Turk. "Abhazya'da Yaşayan Osmanlı Türkleri ilgi bekliyor". Archived from the original on 23 November 2015. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
43. ^ a b "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1970 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР" [The 1970 All-Union Census. National composition of the population in the republics of the USSR]. Демоскоп Weekly (in Russian). Retrieved 10 November 2009.
44. ^ a b "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1979 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР" [The 1979 All-Union Census. National composition of the population in the republics of the USSR]. Демоскоп Weekly (in Russian). Retrieved 10 November 2009.
45. ^ a b c d "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР" [The 1989 All-Union Census. National composition of the population in the republics of the USSR]. Демоскоп Weekly (in Russian). Retrieved 10 November 2009.
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## Further reading

[edit]

* Akgündüz, Ahmet (2008), Labour migration from Turkey to Western Europe, 1960–1974: A multidisciplinary analysis, Ashgate Publishing, ISBN 978-0-7546-7390-3.
* Blagojević, Gordana (2007), Recent Turkish Migrants in Serbia and the Role of the Serbian-Turkish Friendship Association (PDF), Ethnographic Institute of the SASA, Belgrade.
* Federation of Turkish Associations in the UK (2008), "BRIEF HISTORY OF THE FEDERATION OF TURKISH ASSOCIATIONS IN UK", www.turkishfederationuk.com, Federation of Turkish Associations in the UK, archived from the original on 4 March 2009, retrieved 24 October 2009
* Extra, Guus; Gorter, Durk (2001), The other languages of Europe: demographic, sociolinguistic, and educational perspectives, Multilingual Matters, ISBN 978-1-85359-509-7.
* Hunter, Shireen (2002), Islam, Europe's second religion: the new social, cultural, and political landscape, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-275-97609-5.
* Karpat, Kemal H. (2002), Studies on Ottoman social and political history: selected articles and essays, BRILL, ISBN 978-90-04-12101-0.
* Karpat, Kemal H. (2004), Studies on Turkish Politics and Society: Selected Articles and Essays:Volume 94 of Social, economic, and political studies of the Middle East, BRILL, ISBN 978-90-04-13322-8.
* Kasaba, Reşat (2008), The Cambridge History of Turkey: Turkey in the Modern World, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-62096-3.
* Kaya, Ayhan; Kentel, Ferhat (2004), "Euro-Turks: A Bridge, or a Breach, between Turkey and the European Union?" (PDF), www.osce.org, Istanbul Bilgi University, archived from the original (PDF) on 25 December 2019, retrieved 30 April 2011.
* Kibaroğlu, Mustafa; Kibaroğlu, Ayșegül; Halman, Talât Sait (2009). Global security watch Turkey: A reference handbook. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-34560-9..
* Oustinova-Stjepanovic, Galina (2008), Religion and Politics of Sufi Turks in Macedonia A pre-field proposal (PDF), www.ucl.ac.uk: University College London
* Scherrer, Christian P. (2003), Ethnicity, nationalism, and violence: conflict management, human rights, and multilateral regimes, Ashgate Publishing, ISBN 978-0-7546-0956-8.
* TRNC PRIME MINISTRY STATE PLANNING ORGANIZATION (2006), TRNC GENERAL POPULATION AND HOUSING UNIT CENSUS (PDF), www.pekem.org: TRNC PRIME MINISTRY STATE PLANNING ORGANIZATION
* Twigg, Stephen; Schaefer, Sarah; Austin, Greg; Parker, Kate (2005), Turks in Europe: Why are we afraid? (PDF), fpc.org.uk: The Foreign Policy Centre, ISBN 1903558794, archived from the original (PDF) on 9 July 2011
* Vachudová, Milada Anna (2005), Europe Undivided: Democracy, Leverage, and Integration After Communism, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-924119-4
* Warrander, Gail; Knaus, Verena (2008), Bradt Travel Guide Kosovo, Springer, ISBN 978-0-306-47757-7.

* v
* t
* e

Turkish people by country

Traditional areas of
Turkish settlement|

| Turkish majorities:|

Turkey (Muhacirs), Northern Cyprus (Turkish Cypriot diaspora, Mainland Turks)

|

Turkish minorities
in the Balkans:|

* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Greece
* Crete
* Dodecanese
* Western Thrace
* Kosovo
* North Macedonia
* Montenegro
* Romania
* Serbia

Turkish minorities
in the Caucasus:|

* Azerbaijan
* Georgia
* Abkhazia
* Meskhetia

Turkish minorities
in the Levant:|

* Iraq
* Turkmeneli
* Israel
* Jews
* Jordan
* Lebanon
* Palestine
* Syria
* Turkmen Mountain

Turkish minorities
in North Africa:|

* Algeria
* Kouloughlis
* Egypt
* Libya
* Tunisia

Other regions|

* Saudi Arabia
* Yemen

Diaspora in Africa|

South Africa

Diaspora in Europe|

* Austria
* Belgium
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Berlin
* Hungary
* Ireland
* Italy
* Liechtenstein
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Poland
* Portugal
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* United Kingdom
* London

Diaspora in North America|

* Canada
* Mexico
* United States
* South Carolina

Diaspora in the Persian Gulf|

* Kuwait
* Qatar
* United Arab Emirates

Diaspora in Oceania|

* Australia
* New Zealand

Diaspora in South America|

* Argentina
* Brazil
* Venezuela

Diaspora in South Asia|

* Afghanistan
* India
* Pakistan

Diaspora in East Asia|

* China
* Japan

Diaspora in Post-Soviet States|

* Azerbaijan
* Kazakhstan
* Kyrgyzstan
* Russia
* Turkmenistan
* Ukraine
* Uzbekistan

Turkophobia|

* Persecution of Muslims during Ottoman contraction
* Exodus of Muslims from Serbia (1862)
* Kirkuk Massacre of 1924
* 1944 Deportation of the Meskhetian Turks
* Gavurbağı massacre
* Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria (1950-1951)
* 1956–1989 Assimilation of Bulgarian Turks
* 1959 Kirkuk massacre
* Bloody Christmas (1963)
* Akritas plan
* Afrikaanderwijk riots
* Revival Process
* Tochni massacre
* Maratha, Santalaris and Aloda massacre
* Turkish diplomats assassinated by Armenian militant organisations
* Assassination of Taha Carım
* Assassination of Orhan Gündüz
* Assassination of Erkut Akbay
* Assassination of Galip Balkar
* 1983 Orly Airport attack
* 1989 Fergana massacre
* 1990 Komotini events
* 1991 Altun Kupri massacre
* 1993 Solingen arson attack
* National Socialist Underground murders
* Murder of Enver Şimşek
* 2004 Cologne bombing
* Banya Bashi Mosque clashes
* Iraqi Turkmen genocide

See also|

* Turkish communities and minorities in the former Ottoman Empire
* Turkish population
* Turks in Europe
* Turks in the Arab world
* Kouloughlis
* Turks in the Balkans
* Turks in the former Soviet Union
* Turkish diaspora

* v
* t
* e

Turkey

History|

| Ancient and Middle Ages|

* Prehistory of Anatolia
* Classical Anatolia
* Byzantine Anatolia

|

Seljuks and Beyliks|

* Seljuk Empire
* Battle of Manzikert
* Sultanate of Rum
* Anatolian beyliks

Ottoman Empire|

* Rise
* Classical Age
* Conquest of Constantinople
* Transformation
* Ottoman Old Regime
* Tulip era
* Decline and modernization
* Tanzimat
* First Constitutional Era
* Second Constitutional Era
* Dissolution
* Partition

Republic of Türkiye|

* War of Independence
* Proclamation of the republic
* Atatürk's reforms
* Language reform
* Secularism
* One-party period
* Multi-party period

Overviews|

* Constitutional
* Economic
* Ottoman
* Military

Topics|

* Turkic migration
* Oghuz Turks
* Turkification
* Ancient peoples of Anatolia
* History of Anatolia
* History of Thrace

Geography|

| Regions
(west to east)|

* Marmara region
* Aegean region
* Mediterranean region
* Black Sea region
* Central Anatolia region
* Eastern Anatolia region
* Southeastern Anatolia region

|

Topics|

* Climate
* Climate change
* Earthquakes
* East Anatolian Fault
* North Anatolian Fault
* Environmental issues
* Air pollution
* Waste management
* Fauna
* Flora and vegetation
* Geology
* Lakes
* Mountains
* National parks
* Rivers
* Turkish Riviera
* Wildlife

Government|

| Branches|

* Legislative
* Executive
* Cabinet
* Judicial
* Constitutional Court
* Court of Cassation
* Court of Jurisdictional Disputes
* Council of State

|

Politics|

* Elections
* Parliamentary elections
* Presidential elections
* Electoral system
* Political parties
* Referendums

Topics|

* Administrative divisions
* Foreign relations
* Intelligence Services
* Ministry of the Interior
* National Police
* Gendarmerie
* The constitutional system
* Turkish Armed Forces
* Air Force
* Land
* Navy

Economy|

* Automotive
* Banking and Finance
* Construction
* Currency
* Defense
* Energy
* Coal
* Gas
* Oil
* Renewables
* Free trade agreements
* Science and technology
* Telecommunications
* Tourism
* Transportation
* Aviation
* Turkish Airlines
* Railways

Demographics|

* Turkish people
* Ethnic Kurds
* Minorities
* Languages
* Turkish language
* Religion
* Islam in Turkey
* Cities and towns
* Istanbul
* Ankara
* İzmir
* Immigration
* Life expectancy

Society|

* Education
* Universities
* Health care
* Human rights
* LGBT rights
* Individuals
* Law enforcement
* Crime
* Corruption
* Terrorism
* Marriage
* Poverty
* Women in Turkey

| Culture|

* Anthem
* Architecture
* Seljuk
* Ottoman
* Art
* Carpet
* Cinema
* Cuisine
* Ottoman
* Festivals
* Flag
* Folk dance
* Folklore
* Illumination
* Intangible cultural heritage
* Literature
* Media
* TV
* Newspapers
* Radio stations
* Miniature
* Music
* Names
* Painting
* Postage stamps
* Pottery
* Sports
* Football
* Oil wrestling
* Theater
* TV series
* Video games
* Wine
* World heritage sites

|

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