Turks in Italy

Ethnic group in Italy

Ethnic group

Turks in ItalyTotal population

Estimates vary because official Italian statistics do not collect data on ethnicity.

30,000 to 40,000 (2009 academic estimate)[1]

* Turkish citizens: 50,000 (2020 estimate)[2]
Turkish minority of Moena: unknown

Regions with significant populations

* Milan
* Como
* Rome
* Turin
* Venice
* Brescia

Languages

Turkish and Italian

Religion

* Sunni Islam
* Alevism
* irreligious
* Roman Catholicism

Part of a series of articles on

Turkish people

People

* List of Turkish people

Population

Traditional Areas of Turkish Settlement

Turkish majorities:

* Turkey
* Northern Cyprus

* Turkish minorities in the Balkans:

* Bosnia
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Greece
* Kosovo
* Montenegro
* North Macedonia
* Romania
* Serbia

* Turkish minorities in the Caucasus:

* Azerbaijan
* Georgia (Abkhazia and Meskhetia)

* Turkish minorities in the Levant:

* Iraq
* Israel
* Jordan
* Lebanon
* Syria

* Turkish minorities in North Africa:

* Algeria
* Egypt
* Libya
* Tunisia

* Other Turkish minorities:

* Hungary
* Saudi Arabia
* Yemen

* Modern Turkish diasporas

* Turkish diasporas in Europe:

* Austria
* Belgium
* Denmark
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Ireland
* Italy
* Liechtenstein
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Poland
* Russia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom

* Turkish diasporas in the Americas:

* Canada
* Mexico
* United States

* Turkish diasporas in Central Asia:

* Kazakhstan
* Kyrgyzstan
* Turkmenistan
* Uzbekistan

* Turkish diasporas in Oceania:

* Australia
* New Zealand

* Other Turkish diasporas:

* Japan
* Kuwait
* Pakistan
* Qatar
* South Africa
* United Arab Emirates

History

* Prehistory of Anatolia
* Prehistory of Eastern Thrace
* Classical Anatolia
* Byzantine Anatolia
* The Seljuqs
* Anatolian beyliks
* Ottoman Empire
* Republic of Turkey

Culture

* Architecture
* Art
* Carpets
* Cinema
* Cuisine
* Culture of the Ottoman Empire
* Dance
* Festivals
* Folklore
* Literature
* Miniature
* Music
* Nazar boncuğu
* Public holidays
* Shadow plays
* Sports
* Theatre

Languages

* Turkish
* Cypriot Turkish
* Ottoman Turkish
* Karamanli Turkish
* Old Anatolian Turkish
* Oghuz

* Turkic & Altaic

Religion

* Atatürk's Reforms
* Secularism
* Freedom of religion
* Presidency of Religious Affairs

* Islam (Mosques)
* Christianity
* Judaism
* Bahá'í Faith

* v
* t
* e

Turks in Italy, also referred to as Turkish Italians or Italian Turks, (Turkish: İtalya Türkleri) refers to Italian citizens of full or partial Turkish origin. Although some Turks came to Italy as Ottoman migrants, the majority of Italian Turks descend from the Republic of Turkey; moreover, there has also been Turkish migration from other post-Ottoman countries including ethnic Turkish communities that have moved to Italy from the Balkans (e.g. from Bulgaria, Greece, Kosovo, North Macedonia and Romania), the island of Cyprus, North Africa (especially from Egypt and Tunisia) and, more recently, Iraq and Syria.

## History

[edit]

See also: Ottoman invasion of Otranto

### Turkish migration from the Ottoman Empire

[edit]

Map of Otranto by Piri Reis. Fondaco dei Turchi, The Turks' Inn.

During the 15th century, the Ottoman Empire was expanding mightily in southeastern Europe. It completed the invasion and occupation of the Byzantine Empire in 1453 under Sultan Mehmet II by conquering Constantinople and Galata. It seized Genoa's last bastions in the Black Sea in 1475 and Venice's Greek colony of Euboea in 1479. Turkish troops invaded the Friuli region in northeastern Italy in 1479 and again in 1499–1503. The Apulian harbor town of Otranto, located about 100 kilometers southeast of Brindisi, was seized in 1480, but the Turks were routed there in 1481 when Mehmet died and a war for his succession broke out. Cem Sultan, pretender to the Ottoman throne, was defeated despite being supported by the pope; he fled with his family to the Kingdom of Naples, where his male descendants were bestowed with the title of Principe de Sayd by the Pope in 1492. They lived in Naples until the 17th century and in Sicily until 1668 before relocating to Malta.

From the early 17th century through to 1838, the Fondaco dei Turchi served as a one-building-ghetto for Venice's Ottoman Turkish population (thus "dei Turchi"). The fondaco then served as a combination home, warehouse, and market for the Turkish traders. When the Venetian Republic was conquered and abolished by Napoleon Boneparte in 1797, the Turkish traders continued to live in the palazzo until 1838.

#### Turks of Moena

[edit]

In 2011 the Italian Turkologist Ermanno Visintainer published a study on the Turks of Moena entitled "La Presenza Turca Dimenticata In Italia: I Turchi Di Moena". He has argued that the descendants of Ottoman Turks who settled in the region during the seventeenth century have been "forgotten" in Italy.[3] Nonetheless, Moena is often referred to as "Rione della Turchia" (The Turkish Region),[4] owing to a legendary Ottoman soldier who arrived in the town during the Battle of Vienna in 1683. Known as Hasan or Il Turco, he was declared a hero by the locals for revolting against the unfair taxes of the Duchy of Augsburg. He married a local woman and had several children.[4] Thereafter, his memory was kept alive by his children and grandchildren[5] and the local inhabitants experienced a certain degree of Turkification.[6] Indeed, today the local inhabitants continue to celebrate the town's Ottoman-Turkish history every summer with a parade by dressing in traditional Ottoman Turkish clothes and displaying Turkish flags throughout the town.[6]

### Turkish migration from the Republic of Turkey

[edit]

### Turkish migration from the Balkans

[edit]

#### Bulgaria

[edit]

Turkish Bulgarians first began to emigrate to Italy in the late 1980s due to the so-called “Revival Process” under Bulgaria's communist rule (1984-1989). The aggressive Bulgarisation policies targeted towards the ethnic Turkish minority were resisted by many leading them to be sent to prison or the Belene labour camp followed by deportation from Bulgaria; consequently, many Turkish Bulgarians fled to Turkey and Western Europe, with some arriving in Italy.[7]

The social network of the first wave of political emigration of Turkish Bulgarians became the basis of labour migration to Western Europe after the collapse of the totalitarian regime in Bulgaria in late 1989. Thus, the preservation of kinship has opened an opportunity for many Turkish Bulgarian to continue to migrate to the European countries such as Italy.[8]

More recently, during the 2007 enlargement of the European Union, Bulgaria became an EU member which resulted in Turkish Bulgarian migration increasing further due to their freedom of movement rights as EU citizens. Thus, Turkish Bulgarian emigration to Italy in the twenty-first century has been dictated by the economic situation and the stagnation of the labour market in Bulgaria.[8]

#### North Macedonia

[edit]

The Turkish Macedonian minority group has joined other Macedonian citizens in migrating to Italy, most having arrived during the Breakup of Yugoslavia. In 2021, Furkan Çako, who is a former Macedonian minister and member of the Security Council, urged Turkish Macedonians living in Italy to participate in North Macedonia's 2021 census.[9]

#### Romania

[edit]

Since the early 2000s there has been a significant decrease in the population of the Turkish Romanian minority group due to the admission of Romania into the European Union and the subsequent relaxation of travelling and migration regulations. Hence, Turkish Romanians, especially from the Dobruja region, have joined other Romanian citizens in migrating to Italy.[10]

#### Serbia (Sandžak and - if included in Serbia - Kosovo, in particular)

[edit]

Since 2010s, many Turkish refugees from Serbia (especially from either Sandžak or Kosovo - if the latter is included in said country) found asylum in Italy.

### Turkish migration from the Levant

[edit]

#### Cyprus

[edit]

Turkish Cypriots began to leave the island of Cyprus for Western Europe in large numbers due to economic and political reasons in the 20th century, especially after the Cyprus crisis of 1963–64 and then the 1974 Cypriot coup d'état carried out by the Greek military junta which was followed by the reactionary Turkish invasion of the island. More recently, with the 2004 enlargement of the European Union, Turkish Cypriots have had the right to live and work across the European Union, including in Italy, as EU citizens.

The TRNC provides assistance to its Turkish Cypriots residents living in Italy via the TRNC Representative Office located in Rome; in addition, the office in Rome promotes friendly relations between the TRNC and Italy, as well as economic and cultural relations.[11]

## Demographics

[edit]

According to the Istituto Nazionale di Statistica there were 19,068 people from Turkey living in Italy in 2010.[12] However, in 2009 Dr. Yasemin Çakırer estimated that there was 30,000 to 40,000 people of Turkish origin living in Italy.[1] The majority of Turks live in the North-West and North-East of Italy, particularly in Rome, Milan and Venice.[13]

## Notable people

[edit]

Further information: Category:Italian people of Turkish descent

* Özalp Babaoğlu, Professor of computer science at the University of Bologna
* Rayyan Baniya, football player (Turkish mother and Beninese father)
* Leyla Gencer, operatic soprano (Turkish father and Polish mother)
* Mehmet Günsur, model, actor and producer
* Fiore de Henriquez, sculptor (Turkish and Russian mother; Spanish father)[14]
* Antuan Ilgit, Catholic Jesuit priest who converted from Sunni Islam (Turkish German origin)
* Afef Jnifen, model and actress (Turkish Tunisian mother and Tunisian father)[15]
* Julian Ocleppo, tennis player (Turkish American mother and Italian father)
* Ferzan Özpetek, film director and screenwriter
* Romalı Perihan, soprano and model
* Hugo Pratt, comic book creator
* Yvonne Sanson, actress (Turkish mother and French-Russian father)[16][17]
* Cem Sultan, Ottoman prince
* Francesco Taskayali, pianist and composer (Turkish father and Italitan mother)

## See also

[edit]

* Turkey portal
* Italy portal

* Ottoman invasion of Otranto
* Convention between Italy and Turkey, 1932
* Mehmet Ali Ağca
* Süpermenler
* Turks in Europe
* Turks in Austria
* Turks in France
* Turks in Switzerland
* Turks in Libya
* Turks in Tunisia
* Il turco in Italia
* Italy–Turkey relations

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b Çakırer 2009, 763.
2. ^ Seçkin, Barış (2020), İtalya'daki Türk vatandaşları Kovid-19 nedeniyle kayıp vermedi, Anadolu Agency, retrieved 2 November 2020, "İtalya'da yaşayan 50 bin kadar Türk vatandaşının"
3. ^ Visintainer 2011, 16-20.
4. ^ a b Visintainer 2011, 18.
5. ^ Daily Sabah. "Moena: A hidden Turkish town in the foothills of the Alps". Daily Sabah. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
6. ^ a b Visintainer 2011, 19.
7. ^ Maeva, Mila (2008), "Modern Migration Waves of Bulgarian Turks", in Marushiakova, Elena (ed.), Dynamics of National Identity and Transnational Identities in the Process of European Integration, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, pp. 227–229, ISBN 9781847184719
8. ^ a b Maeva, Mila (2011), "Миграция и мобилност на българските турци – преселници в края на ХХ и началото на ХХІ век", Миграции от двете страни на българо-турската граница: наследства, идентичности, интеркултурни взаимодействия., Institute of Ethnology and Folklore Studies with Ethnographic Museum, pp. 49–50, ISBN 978-954-8458-41-2
9. ^ Kuzey Makedonya'daki Nüfus Sayımına Davet: Sonuçlar, Kuzey Makedonya'nın Kurucu Unsuru Türklerin Tapusudur, Tamga Türk, 2021, retrieved 21 May 2021, "Furkan Çako, yurt dışında yaşayan Makedonya Türklerini, ülkedeki nüfus sayımına katılmaya ve kendilerini Türk olarak kaydettirmeye çağırdı. Diplomatımız, Twitter hesabından yaptığı çağrıda şu ifadeleri kullandı: Ülkemizde devam eden #NüfusSayımı2021 sürecine katılmak ve kaydınızı #Türk olarak gerçekleştirmek için yurtdışında yaşayan ve Türkiye, Slovakya, Çek Cumhuriyeti, Almanya, Avusturya, İsviçre, İtalya ve İsveç'te bulunan vatandaşlarımız aşağıdaki bilgilerden yararlanabilirler."
10. ^ Catalina Andreea, Mihai (2016), Cultural resilience or the Interethnic Dobrujan Model as a Black Sea alternative to EuroIslam in the Romanian Turkish-Tatar community, University of Bergamo, p. 150
11. ^ North Cyprus Missions Abroad, CypNet, retrieved 10 May 2021
12. ^ Statistiche Demografiche ISTAT. "Resident Population by sex and citizenship (Middle-East Europe)". Retrieved 27 October 2010.
13. ^ Çakırer 2009, 766.
14. ^ Marsh, Jan (2001), "'All woman and half a man'", The Guardian, retrieved 28 April 2021, "Born in Trieste in 1921, Fiore de Henriquez is paternally descended from Spanish noblemen at the Habsburg court in Vienna, her grandfather and great-uncles being vice-admirals in the Austro-Hungarian navy, while her mother was of Turkish and Russian origin."
15. ^ Sanna, Cristiano (2019). "[Il ritratto] Afef, le quarte nozze, i milioni e quei veleni da scansare. Il potere riservato di una ribelle". Tiscali Spettacoli. Retrieved 26 September 2019. "Lei, figlia del ministro plenipotenziario dei rapporti tra Tunisia e Libia, Mohamed Jnifen, e di Saida Benina, madre di origine turca"
16. ^ "YVONNE SANSON". Film.it. Retrieved 12 February 2021. "Nata a Salonicco in Grecia, Yvonne Sanson arriva in Italia ancora giovanissima e si fÀ subito notare per la sua bellezza altera. Padre franco/russo e madre turca."
17. ^ "Addio a Yvonne Sanson quanti pianti con Nazzari". La Repubblica. 2003. Retrieved 12 February 2021. "Nata a Salonicco nel ' 25, madre turca e padre francese d' origine russa, la Sanson aveva una bellezza bruna e rigogliosa."

## Bibliography

[edit]

* Çakırer, Yasemin (2009), "Göç Trafiğinde Araftakiler: İtalya'daki Türkler", in Erdoğan, Murat (ed.), Yurtdışındaki Türkler: 50. Yılında Göç ve Uyum, Orion Kitabevi, ISBN 978-9944-769-53-2.
* Visintainer, Ermanno (2011), "La Presenza Turca Dimenticata In Italia: I Turchi Di Moena [The Forgotten Turks in Italy: Moena Turks]" (PDF), ORSAM, 76 (14), ISBN 978-9944-5684-6-3

* v
* t
* e

Turkish people by country

Traditional areas of
Turkish settlement|

| Turkish majorities:|

Turkey (Muhacirs), Northern Cyprus (Turkish Cypriot diaspora, Mainland Turks)

|

Turkish minorities
in the Balkans:|

* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Greece
* Crete
* Dodecanese
* Western Thrace
* Kosovo
* North Macedonia
* Montenegro
* Romania
* Serbia

Turkish minorities
in the Caucasus:|

* Azerbaijan
* Georgia
* Abkhazia
* Meskhetia

Turkish minorities
in the Levant:|

* Iraq
* Turkmeneli
* Israel
* Jews
* Jordan
* Lebanon
* Palestine
* Syria
* Turkmen Mountain

Turkish minorities
in North Africa:|

* Algeria
* Kouloughlis
* Egypt
* Libya
* Tunisia

Other regions|

* Saudi Arabia
* Yemen

Diaspora in Africa|

South Africa

Diaspora in Europe|

* Austria
* Belgium
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Berlin
* Hungary
* Ireland
* Italy
* Liechtenstein
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Poland
* Portugal
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* United Kingdom
* London

Diaspora in North America|

* Canada
* Mexico
* United States
* South Carolina

Diaspora in the Persian Gulf|

* Kuwait
* Qatar
* United Arab Emirates

Diaspora in Oceania|

* Australia
* New Zealand

Diaspora in South America|

* Argentina
* Brazil
* Venezuela

Diaspora in South Asia|

* Afghanistan
* India
* Pakistan

Diaspora in East Asia|

* China
* Japan

Diaspora in Post-Soviet States|

* Azerbaijan
* Kazakhstan
* Kyrgyzstan
* Russia
* Turkmenistan
* Ukraine
* Uzbekistan

Turkophobia|

* Persecution of Muslims during Ottoman contraction
* Exodus of Muslims from Serbia (1862)
* Kirkuk Massacre of 1924
* 1944 Deportation of the Meskhetian Turks
* Gavurbağı massacre
* Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria (1950-1951)
* 1956–1989 Assimilation of Bulgarian Turks
* 1959 Kirkuk massacre
* Bloody Christmas (1963)
* Akritas plan
* Afrikaanderwijk riots
* Revival Process
* Tochni massacre
* Maratha, Santalaris and Aloda massacre
* Turkish diplomats assassinated by Armenian militant organisations
* Assassination of Taha Carım
* Assassination of Orhan Gündüz
* Assassination of Erkut Akbay
* Assassination of Galip Balkar
* 1983 Orly Airport attack
* 1989 Fergana massacre
* 1990 Komotini events
* 1991 Altun Kupri massacre
* 1993 Solingen arson attack
* National Socialist Underground murders
* Murder of Enver Şimşek
* 2004 Cologne bombing
* Banya Bashi Mosque clashes
* Iraqi Turkmen genocide

See also|

* Turkish communities and minorities in the former Ottoman Empire
* Turkish population
* Turks in Europe
* Turks in the Arab world
* Kouloughlis
* Turks in the Balkans
* Turks in the former Soviet Union
* Turkish diaspora

* v
* t
* e

Immigration to Italy

Europe|

* Albanians
* Bosnians
* British
* Bulgarians
* Croats
* French
* Greeks
* Kosovars
* Macedonians
* Moldovans
* Poles
* Romanians
* Russians
* Serbs
* Slovenians
* Spaniards
* Swiss
* Ukrainians

Africa|

* Algerians
* Cape Verdeans
* Congolese
* Egyptians
* Ethiopians
* Eritreans
* Ghanaians
* Moroccans
* Nigerians
* Senegalese
* Somalis
* Tunisians

Asia|

* Arabs
* Armenians
* Bangladeshis
* Chinese
* Filipinos
* Indians
* Nepalis
* Pakistanis
* Sri Lankans
* Tamils
* Turks

Americas and Australia|

* Brazilians
* Australians
* Cubans
* Peruvians
* Uruguayans

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