Two Chinas

Geopolitical concept

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Two Chinas

Territories controlled by the People's Republic of China (PRC) (purple) and the Republic of China (ROC) (orange). The size of minor islands controlled by the PRC, the ROC, and other countries (gray) has been exaggerated in this map for ease of identification.

Traditional Chinese| 兩個中國
Simplified Chinese| 两个中国
| Transcriptions

Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin| liǎng gè Zhōngguó (in PRC)
liǎng ge Zhōngguó (in ROC)
Bopomofo| ㄌㄧㄤˇ ㄍㄜ` ㄓㄨㄥ ㄍㄨㄛ´ (in PRC)
ㄌㄧㄤˇ ㄍㄜ˙ ㄓㄨㄥ ㄍㄨㄛ´ (in ROC)
Wade–Giles| liang3 ko4 chung1-kuo2 (in PRC)
liang3 ko chung1-kuo2 (in ROC)
Yale Romanization| lyǎng gè Jūnggwó (in PRC)
lyǎng ge Jūnggwó (in ROC)

Politics of China

Leadership

Leadership generations
Succession of power

* Hu–Wen Administration (2002-2012)
* Xi–Li Administration (2012-2017)
* Xi Administration (since 2017)
* 4th Leadership Core: Xi Jinping
* 20th Party Politburo: Xi Jinping
* 14th State Council: Li Qiang
* Current state leaders
* Current provincial leaders

Party and state leaders
Orders of precedence

* Paramount leader: Xi Jinping

First lady: Peng Liyuan

* Communist Party leader: Xi Jinping
* State representative: Xi Jinping
* Head of government: Li Qiang
* Congress Chairman: Zhao Leji
* Conference Chairman: Wang Huning
* Commander-in-chief: Xi Jinping
* Politburo Standing Committee longest-serving members

Related systems

* Unified power
* Democratic centralism
* Collective leadership
* Organization Department
* Elections
* Civil service

* Constitution
* Law

* Constitution

Previous constitutions

* 1954
* 1975
* 1978

* "People's democratic dictatorship" (Article 1)

* Democratic centralism (Article 3)
* Constitutional oath of office (Article 27)
* Protection of human rights (Article 33)
* Freedom of religion (Article 36)
* Highest state organ of power (Article 57)

* * *

* Chinese legal system
* Civil law tradition
* Socialist law tradition
* Laws
* Legislation Law
* List of statutes

* * *

* General Principles of the Civil Law (to 2020)
* Civil Code (From 2021)
* Marriage Law
* Labour law
* Labour Law
* Labour Contract Law
* Property law
* Property Law
* Intellectual property law
* Patent law

* * *

* Administrative law
* Administrative Procedure Law

* * *

* Criminal law
* Capital punishment
* Capital offences
* Death sentence with reprieve

Communist Party

History

* Principal leaders

Constitution & ideology

*     * Admission Oath (Article 6)
* Socialism with Chinese characteristics

* Communism
* Marxism–Leninism
* Mao Zedong Thought
* Deng Xiaoping Theory

Primary stage of socialism
Four Cardinal Principles
* Three Represents
* Scientific Outlook on Development

Harmonious Socialist Society

* Xi Jinping Thought

Chinese Dream
Four Comprehensives
Two Establishes and Two Safeguards
* Democracy

Organization

*     * National Party Congress (20th)
* Central Committee (20th)

General Secretary (list)

Xi Jinping
* Central Politburo (20th)

Standing Committee (20th)

* Central Secretariat (20th)
* Central Military Commission

Chairman: Xi Jinping

Vice Chairmen:

Zhang Youxia, He Weidong
* National Security Commission

Chairman: Xi Jinping

Vice-Chairman:

Li Qiang, Zhao Leji, Cai Qi

Office Chief: Cai Qi

* Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission

Director: Xi Jinping

Deputy Directors:

Li Qiang, Wang Huning, Cai Qi

Secretary-General: Wang Huning

* Financial & Economic Affairs Commission

Director: Xi Jinping

Deputy Director: Li Qiang

Office Chief: He Lifeng

* General Office

Director: Cai Qi
* Office of the General Secretary

Chief: Cai Qi
* Central Guard Bureau
* Central Guard Unit
* Office of the Central Secrecy Commission
* Organization Department

Head: Li Ganjie
* Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (20th)
* Standing Committee (20th)

Secretary: Li Xi
* Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission

Secretary: Zhang Shengmin
* Central Leading Group for Inspection Work

Leader: Li Xi

* * *

* Provincial committee
* Standing committee

Secretary
Deputy secretaries
* Party group

National People's Congress (14th)

* Elections
* Standing Committee (14th)
* Council of Chairpersons

Chairman: Zhao Leji

Vice-Chairpersons

Top-ranked: Li Hongzhong
Secretary-General: Liu Qi
* Special Committees
1. Ethnic Affairs
2. Constitution and Law
3. Supervisory and Judicial Affairs
4. Financial and Economic Affairs
5. Education, Science, Culture and Public Health
6. Foreign Affairs
7. Overseas Chinese Affairs
8. Environmental Protection and Resources Conservation
9. Agriculture and Rural Affairs
10. Social Development Affairs
* Presidium

State representative

*     * President (list): Xi Jinping

* Presidential Office

Chief: Cai Qi
* Vice President: Han Zheng

Executive organ

*     * State Council (Central People's Government)
* Li Qiang Cabinet

Premier (list): Li Qiang

Vice-Premiers (list)

* Ding Xuexiang
* He Lifeng
* Zhang Guoqing
* Liu Guozhong

State Councilors

* Wang Xiaohong
* Wu Zhenglong
* Shen Yiqin

Secretary-General: Wu Zhenglong

* Cabinet-level departments
* National Development & Reform Commission
* Central bank
* National Audit Office
* General Office

Secretary-General
Deputy Secretaries-General
* State-owned Assets Supervision & Administration Commission
* most Central Enterprises

Military organ

*     * Central Military Commission (CMC)

Chairman (supreme commander):

Xi Jinping
Vice Chairmen:

* Zhang Youxia
* He Weidong

Members:

* Liu Zhenli
* Miao Hua
* Zhang Shengmin

Departments:
1. General Office

Director: Zhong Shaojun
2. Joint Staff Dept.

Chief: Liu Zhenli
3. Political Work Dept.

Director: Miao Hua
4. Logistic Support Dept.

Director: Zhang Lin
5. Equipment Development Dept.

Director: Xu Xueqiang
6. Training and Administration Dept.

Director: Wang Peng
7. National Defense Mobilization Dept.

Director: Liu Faqing
8. Discipline Inspection Commission

Secretary: Zhang Shengmin
9. Politics and Legal Affairs Commission
10. Science and Technology Commission
11. Strategic Planning Office
12. Reform & Organizational Structure Office
13. Int'l Military Cooperation Office
14. Audit Office
15. Offices Administration Agency
National armed forces:

People's Liberation Army

Theater commands
People's Armed Police

China Coast Guard
Militia
* State Council

National Defense Mobilization Commission

Chairman: Li Qiang

Ministry of National Defense

Minister: Dong Jun

Ministry of Veterans Affairs
State Administration for Sci., Tech. & Industry for National Defense

Military history
* Armed conflicts
* Military modernization
* Military reform since 2015
* CMC Leading Group for Military Reform

Leader: Xi Jinping

Supervisory organ

*     * National Supervisory Commission

Director: Liu Jinguo

* * *

* Corruption in China
* Anti-corruption campaign since 2012

* * *

* Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)

* * *

* Commission Against Corruption (Macau)

Judicial organs

*     * Supreme People's Court

President: Zhang Jun

People's Courts Judicial Police
* Supreme People's Procuratorate

Procurator-General: Ying Yong

People's Procuratorates Judicial Police

* * *

* Judiciary of Hong Kong
* Court of Final Appeal
* Department of Justice
* Prosecutions Division
* Law enforcement in Hong Kong
* Disciplined Services
* Security Bureau
* Hong Kong Police Force

* * *

* Judiciary of Macau
* Court of Final Appeal
* Public Prosecutions Office
* Secretariat for Security
* Macau Security Force
* Unitary Police Services [zh]
* Public Security Police
* Judiciary Police [zh]

United front

* Political Consultative Conference
* National Committee

Chairman: Wang Huning

Vice-Chairpersons

Top-ranked: Shi Taifeng
Secretary-General: Wang Dongfeng
* Political parties:

CCP (ruling)

United Front Work Department

Head: Shi Taifeng

* RCCK
* CDL
* CNDCA
* CAPD
* CPWDP
* CZGP
* JS
* TDSL

Historical parties:

* KMT
* CDSP
* YCP

* Federation of Industry and Commerce
* People's organizations

* Law enforcement

* CCP Central Politics and Law Commission

Secretary: Chen Wenqing

* Ministry of Public Security

Minister: Wang Xiaohong

Public Security Organs People's Police
* State Immigration Administration
* Local public security bureaus
* Ministry of State Security

Minister: Chen Yixin

State Security Organs People's Police
* Ministry of Justice

Minister: He Rong

Judicial Administrative Organs People's Police
* Bureau of Prison Administration [zh]
* Office for Safeguarding National Security

* * *

* Urban Management (chengguan)

Propaganda

* Central Leading Group for Propaganda, Ideology and Culture

Leader: Cai Qi

Deputy Leaders: Li Shulei, Shen Yiqin

* Central Guidance Commission on Building Spiritual Civilization

Director: Cai Qi

Deputy Director: Li Shulei

* Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party

Head: Li Shulei

* General Administration of Press and Publication
* China Film Administration
* State Council Information Office
* China Daily
* Ministry of Culture and Tourism
* National Radio and Television Administration
* China Media Group
* China Central Television
* China Global Television Network
* China National Radio
* China Radio International
* Xinhua News Agency
* Reference News
* China News Service
* People's Daily
* Global Times
* China Today

* * *

* Censorship in China
* Radio jamming
* Overseas censorship of Chinese issues
* Media of China
* Internal media
* Publishing industry in China

* * *

* Internet in China
* Internet censorship
* Great Firewall
* Great Cannon
* Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission

Director: Cai Qi

* Cyberspace Administration of China

Director: Zhuang Rongwen

* Hong Kong
* Macau

* Central Leading Group on Hong Kong and Macau Affairs

Leader: Ding Xuexiang
* HK & Macau Affairs Office

Director: Xia Baolong
* Hong Kong Liaison Office
* Macau Liaison Office
* One country, two systems
* Special administrative regions

* * *

* Hong Kong Basic Law
* Chief Executive: John Lee Ka-chiu
* Hong Kong SAR Government
* Politics of Hong Kong
* Pro-Beijing camp
* Pro-democracy camp
* Independence movement
* Mainland & HK CEPA

* * *

* Macao Basic Law
* Chief Executive: Ho Iat-seng
* Macau SAR Government
* Politics of Macau
* Mainland & Macau CEPA

Cross-Strait relations

* Cross-Strait relations
* Chinese Civil War
* One China
* Political status of Taiwan
* Republic of China on Taiwan
* Taiwan Area
* "Taiwan Province", PRC
* Taiwan independence movement
* Anti-Secession Law
* Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement
* Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement
* Chinese unification

* * *

* Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs

Leader: Xi Jinping
Deputy Leader: Wang Huning
* Taiwan Affairs Office

Director: Song Tao
* Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits

Foreign relations

* Central Foreign Affairs Commission

Director: Xi Jinping
Deputy Director: Li Qiang
Secretary-General: Wang Yi
* Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Minister: Wang Yi
Spokespersons
Diplomatic missions

* * *

* Diplomatic missions of China / in China

* * *

* Foreign aid from China / to China
* International Development Cooperation Agency
* Ministry of Commerce
* Exim Bank of China
* China Development Bank
* Belt and Road Initiative
* Silk Road Fund
* Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
* BRICS
* New Development Bank

* * *

* Ministry of National Defense
* International Military Cooperation Office

* * *

* NPC Foreign Affairs Committee
* CCP International Department
* State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs
* Overseas Chinese Affairs Office

* * *

* Chinese nationality law
* Chinese passports (Hong Kong; Macau)
* Visa requirements for Chinese citizens (Hong Kong, Macau)
* Visa policy of China (Hong Kong; Macau)
* National Immigration Administration

* * *

* Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence
* Panda diplomacy
* Beijing Consensus
* Community of Common Destiny

* * *

* China and the United Nations
* China and the World Trade Organization
* Shanghai Cooperation Organisation

* * *

* China–Africa relations
* China–Arab relations
* China–Caribbean relations
* China–European Union relations
* China–Latin America relations
* China–Pacific relations
* China–Russia relations
* China–United States relations

Related topics

* Administrative divisions
* Hukou system
* Family planning
* Ethnic minorities

China portal

* Other countries

* v
* t
* e

Politics of Taiwan

Government

* Constitution of the Republic of China
* Additional Articles of the Constitution

* * *

* Law
* Taxation

Presidency

* President of the Republic of China

Lai Ching-te (DPP)

* Vice President of the Republic of China

Hsiao Bi-khim (DPP)

* * *

* Office of the President
* National Security Council

Executive

Executive Yuan

* Premier

Cho Jung-tai (DPP)

* Vice Premier

Cheng Li-chun (DPP)

Legislature

Legislative Yuan

11th Legislative Yuan

* President of the Legislative Yuan

Han Kuo-yu (KMT)

* Vice President of the Legislative Yuan

Johnny Chiang (KMT)

Judiciary

Judicial Yuan

* President of the Judicial Yuan and Chief Justice

Shieh Ming-yan acting

* Vice President of the Judicial Yuan

Vacant

* * *

* Supreme Court
* High Courts
* District Courts

Other branches

Examination Yuan

* President of the Examination Yuan

Vacant

* Vice President of the Examination Yuan

Vacant

* * *

Control Yuan

* President of the Control Yuan

Chen Chu

* Vice President of the Control Yuan

Lee Hung-chun

* * *

Local government

Mayors and Magistrates

Elections

Central Election Commission

* * *

* Presidential elections
* Legislative elections
* Local elections
* Referendums

Political parties

Represented in the Legislative Yuan

Kuomintang
Democratic Progressive Party
Taiwan People's Party

* * *

Others
New Power Party
Taiwan Statebuilding Party
People First Party
Taiwan Solidarity Union
New Party
Non-Partisan Solidarity Union

Green Party Taiwan

Mass media

Television

Newspapers
United Daily News
Liberty Times
China Times
Taipei Times

* * *

Propaganda
Censorship
Film censorship

White Terror

Foreign relations

Ministry of Foreign Affairs

* Foreign Minister

Lin Chia-lung

* * *

Cross-Strait relations
Special state-to-state relations
One Country on Each Side
1992 Consensus
Taiwan consensus
Chinese Taipei

* * *

Australia–Taiwan relations
Canada–Taiwan relations
France–Taiwan relations
Russia–Taiwan relations
Taiwan–United Kingdom relations
Taiwan–United States relations

Taiwan and the World Health Organization

Related topics

Political status of Taiwan

Republic of China (1912–1949)
Chinese Civil War
One-China policy
China and the United Nations
Chinese unification
Taiwan independence movement
Taiwanese nationalism
Tangwai movement

Third Taiwan Strait Crisis

Taiwan portal

* Other countries

* v
* t
* e

The concept of Two Chinas refers to the political divide between the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC). The PRC was established in 1949 by the Chinese Communist Party, while the ROC was founded in 1912 and retreated to Taiwan after losing the Chinese Civil War.

Despite both claiming to be the legitimate government of all of China (One China), they operate as separate entities with different political systems and ideologies. The differences between the two Chinas are stark, with the PRC being a one-party communist state and the ROC a multi-party democracy after transitioning from one-party military rule. Both countries maintain separate diplomatic relations.[1][2]

## Background

[edit]

See also: History of the Republic of China

In 1912, the Xuantong Emperor abdicated as a result of the Xinhai Revolution, and the Republic of China was established in Nanjing by revolutionaries under Sun Yat-sen. At the same time, the Beiyang government, led by Yuan Shikai, a former Qing dynasty general, existed in Beijing, whose legitimacy was challenged by the Nationalist government under the Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party).

From 1912 to 1949, China was scarred by warlords, the Japanese invasion and the Chinese Civil War. Throughout this turbulent period, multiple governments existed in China. These include Yuan Shikai's Beiyang government (1912–1928), the Chinese Soviet Republic (1931–1937) established by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP),[3] the puppet states of Manchukuo (1932–1945) and Mengjiang (1939–1945), the Fujian People's Government (1933–1934), Wang Jingwei's Japanese-sponsored puppet government (1940–1945), Ganden Phodrang's Tibet (1912–1951), Khoja Niyaz's Turkic Islamic Republic of East Turkestan (1933–1934), the Soviet-backed East Turkestan Republic (1944–1949), the Tuvan People's Republic (1921–1944), Bogd Khan's Mongolian State in Outer Mongolia (1911–1924) and the Mongolian People's Republic (1924–1992), with the latter recognized by China in 1946.

As the Chinese Civil War ended in 1949, the Chinese communist People's Republic of China (PRC), led by CCP Chairman Mao Zedong, took control of Mainland China. The Republic of China, led by President Chiang Kai-shek, retreated the government of the Republic of China to the island of Taiwan, hence effectively dividing China into two political states[a], similar to North and South Korea, West and East Germany and North and South Vietnam.

Though fighting continued for the next several years, by the time of the Korean War the lines of control were sharply drawn: the Communist-led People's Republic of China government in Beijing controlled most of mainland China, while the Kuomintang-led Republic of China government, now in Taipei, controlled the island of Taiwan, some surrounding islands, and a number of islands off the coast of Fujian. This stalemate was enforced with the assistance of the United States government that began deterring an invasion of Taiwan after the start of the Korean War.

For many years, both governments contended to be the sole legitimate government of China. With the fighting largely over, the major battleground became diplomatic. Before the 1970s, the Republic of China was still recognized by many countries and the United Nations as the sole legitimate government of "China", which claimed sovereignty over both mainland China and Taiwan. The Republic of China had been a founding member of the United Nations and was one of the five permanent members of the Security Council until 1971, when they were expelled from the UN and China's representation was replaced by the People's Republic of China (PRC) via UN General Assembly Resolution 2758. Before the 1970s, few foreign governments recognised the People's Republic of China. The first governments to recognise it as the government of "China" were Soviet bloc countries, members of the non-aligned movement, and the United Kingdom (1950). The catalyst to change came in 1971, when the United Nations General Assembly expelled representatives of Chiang Kai-shek by refusing to recognise their accreditations as representatives of China. Recognition for the People's Republic of China soon followed from most other governments, including the United States. The Republic of China continued to compete with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to be recognised as the legitimate government of China.

Since the 1990s, however, a rising movement for formal recognition of Taiwanese independence has made the political status of Taiwan the dominant issue, replacing the debate about the legitimate government of China. A view in Taiwan is that the Republic of China and the People's Republic of China are both sovereign, thus forming "two Chinas", or "one China, one Taiwan". Former Republic of China President Chen Shui-bian adamantly supported this status quo, and accordingly largely abandoned the campaign for the Republic of China to be recognised as the sole legitimate government of China. Under President Chen, the ROC government was campaigning for the Republic of China to join the United Nations as representative of its effective territory—Taiwan and nearby islands—only. Chen's successor, President Ma Ying-jeou, ceased that push.[citation needed]

## Current situation

[edit]

The map shows the One-China policy in practice.

People's Republic of China (PRC)

States recognising PRC only

States recognising PRC with informal ROC relations

Republic of China (ROC)

States recognising ROC only

States with no reported position at present

Main article: Cross-strait relations

In the past, both the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC) have claimed de jure sovereignty over all of China whilst denying the legitimacy of the other.[4][5] The position of the PRC and the Pan-Blue Coalition of the ROC remains that there is only one sovereign entity of China, and that each of them represents the legitimate government of all of China—including both mainland China and Taiwan—and the other is illegitimate. The position of the Pan-Green Coalition of the ROC is that Taiwan is an independent sovereign state named "Republic of China", and Taiwan is not part of "China". As of 2024, 178 UN member states and the State of Palestine maintain diplomatic relation with the PRC. 11 UN member states and the Holy See maintain diplomatic relation with the ROC.

### People's Republic of China

[edit]

The government of the People's Republic of China (PRC) opposes treating the Republic of China (ROC) as a legitimate state and portrays Taiwan as a rogue province of the PRC.[6] The People's Republic of China government has consistently opposed "two Chinas", instead espousing that all of "China" is under one single, indivisible sovereignty under its "One China Principle", explicitly including Taiwan. Under this principle, while the PRC has no de facto control over territory administered by the ROC, the PRC nevertheless claims that the territories controlled by both the PRC and ROC are part of the same, indivisible sovereign entity "China".[7][8]

PRC government policy mandates that any country that wishes to establish a diplomatic relationship with the PRC must first discontinue any formal relationship with the ROC. According to The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, "non-recognition of the Taiwanese government is a prerequisite for conducting formal diplomatic relations with the PRC—in effect forcing other governments to choose between Beijing and Taipei."[9][10] In order to compete for other countries' recognition, each government has given money to certain small countries. Several small African and Caribbean countries have established and discontinued diplomatic relationships with both sides several times in exchange for huge financial support from each side.[11] The PRC also uses its international influence to prohibit the ROC from entering international events such as the Olympic Games under its official name. Instead, the ROC was forced to adopt the name Chinese Taipei to enter such events since the 1980s.[12] Furthermore, on press releases and other media, the PRC never refers to the ROC as such, instead referring to the territory of Taiwan as "China's Taiwan Province", and to the ROC government as "the Taiwan authority".[citation needed]

### Republic of China

[edit]

Until the constitutional reforms of 1991, the Republic of China (ROC) actively asserted its claim of sovereignty over all of China and still opposes treating the People's Republic of China (PRC) as a legitimate state. ROC authorities clarified the constitutional reforms by stating they do not "dispute the fact that the PRC controls mainland China."[13] Since then, the ROC has neither actively asserted these claims nor denied them. Democratization and liberalization of free speech has led to the emergence of the Taiwan independence movement, which supports the idea of "Two Chinas". The ROC's position with respect to "Two Chinas" has varied by administration, with Pan-Green administrations favoring it and Pan-Blue administrations preferring the position of One China with respective interpretations.

In 1999, then President Lee Teng-hui defined the relationship as "Special state-to-state relations".

President Chen Shui-bian declared in 2002 that "with Taiwan and China on each side of the Taiwan Strait, each side is a country". In 2003 he explained that "Taiwan is not a province of one country nor is it a state of another".[14][15] The Chen administration took steps to use the name "Taiwan" internationally to prevent confusion between the "two Chinas", such as placing the word "Taiwan" underneath "Republic of China" on Republic of China passports.[16]

In September 2008 President Ma Ying-jeou from the Kuomintang stated that the relations between the ROC and the PRC are neither between two Chinas nor two states, saying instead that it is a "special relationship". Further, he stated that the sovereignty issues between the two cannot be resolved at present, but he quoted the 1992 Consensus as a temporary measure until a solution becomes available.[17] The spokesman for the ROC Presidential Office Wang Yu-chi (Chinese: 王郁琦) later clarified the President's statement and said that the relations are between two regions of one country, based on the ROC Constitutional position, the Statute Governing the Relations Between the Peoples of the Taiwan Area and Mainland Area and the 1992 Consensus.[18]

President Tsai Ing-wen of the Democratic Progressive Party was elected in 2016 and has refused to recognize the 1992 Consensus.[19] Under the Tsai administration, the English words "Republic of China" were reduced in size on Taiwanese passports, though the corresponding Chinese characters remained unchanged.[20]

## Historical precedents

[edit]

Official name(s)  |  Soviet Zone (1927–1931)

* * *

Chinese Soviet Republic (1931–1937)

* * *

Anti-Japanese Base Areas (1937–1946)

* * *

Liberated Zone (1946–1949)

* * *

People's Republic of China (1949–present) |  Republic of China (1912–present)

|
|

Common name  | China | Taiwan (present)

* * *

China (historical)
Date of establishment  | 1 August 1927

* * *

7 November 1931

* * *

1 October 1949 | 1 January 1912
Effective jurisdiction  | Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan and Jiangsu Soviet Zones (1927–1934)

* * *

Northern Shaanxi and Manchuria (1935–present)

* * *

Mainland China (1949–present)

* * *

Tibet (includes Xizang and Chamdo) (1951–present)

* * *

Hong Kong (1997–present)

* * *

Macau (1999–present) | Mainland China (1912–1949)

* * *

Outer Mongolia (1919–1921)

* * *

Taiwan and Pescadores (1945–present)
Kinmen and Matsu Islands (1912–present)[21]
Representation of "China"
in the United Nations | 1971–present  | 1945–1971
Capital  | Jinggangshan (1927–1930)
Ruijin (1931–1934)
Zhidan (1935)
Yan'an (1936–1947)
Xibaipo (1947–1949)
Beijing (1949–present)  | Nanjing (1912, 1927–1937, 1946–1949)
Beijing (1912–1928)
Chongqing (1937–1946, 1949)
Guangzhou (1949)

Chengdu (1949)
Taipei (1949–present)

Founder  | Mao Zedong | Sun Yat-sen
Incumbent head of state  | Xi Jinping | Lai Ching-te
Incumbent head of government  | Li Qiang | Cho Jung-tai

## See also

[edit]

* Greater China
* Cross-strait relations
* Chinese unification
* Huadu (Taiwan)
* Exclusive mandate

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ The southeastern province of Fujian was split, resulting in the PRC controlling most of the province including the islands of Haitan, Nanri and Meizhou with the ROC retaining control of Kinmen, Matsu and Wuqiu islands.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Gayner, Jeffrey B (2 July 1977). "U.S. Diplomacy and the Two Chinas". Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
2. ^ Swift, John (2003). "The Two Chinas". The Palgrave Concise Historical Atlas of the Cold War. pp. 44–45. doi:10.1057/9780230001183_20. ISBN 978-0-333-99404-7. Archived from the original on 2023-04-11. Retrieved 2021-02-11.
3. ^ Lyman P. Van Slyke, The Chinese Communist movement: a report of the United States War Department, July 1945, Stanford University Press, 1968, p. 44
4. ^ Hudson, Christopher (2014). The China Handbook. Routledge. p. 59\. ISBN 9781134269662. Archived from the original on 2023-04-10. Retrieved 2021-06-28.
5. ^ Rigger, Shelley (2002). Politics in Taiwan: Voting for Reform. Routledge. p. 60\. ISBN 9781134692972. Archived from the original on 2023-04-10. Retrieved 2021-06-28.
6. ^ "CONSTITUTION OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA". The People's Daily. 1982-12-04. Archived from the original on 2010-08-12. Retrieved 2016-05-11.
7. ^ "CONSTITUTION OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA". The People's Daily — Read 3rd paragraph, 10th line-. 1982-12-04. Archived from the original on 2010-08-12. Retrieved 2016-05-11.
8. ^ "Anti-Secession Law". The People's Daily. 2005-03-14. Archived from the original on 2009-08-02. Retrieved 2016-05-11.
9. ^ Erikson, Daniel P.; Chen, Janice (2007). "China, Taiwan, and the Battle for Latin America". The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs. 31 (2): 71.
10. ^ "The One-China Principle and the Taiwan Issue". China Internet Information Center. Archived from the original on 2019-02-27. Retrieved 2014-04-09.
11. ^ "China and Taiwan in Africa". HiiDunia. Archived from the original on 2014-04-13. Retrieved 2014-04-09.
12. ^ Catherine K. Lin (2008-08-05). "How 'Chinese Taipei' came about". Taipei Times. Archived from the original on 2021-06-17. Retrieved 2016-05-11.
13. ^ "TAIWAN (REPUBLIC OF CHINA): Constitution, Government & Legislation". Jurist Legal intelligence, Pitt University. Archived from the original on 8 April 2011. Retrieved 30 July 2011.
14. ^ "Extracted text of the telecast relating to cross-strait relations" (in Chinese). Mainland Affairs Council of Republic of China. 2002-08-03. Archived from the original on 2004-12-17. Retrieved 2009-08-14. "台灣不是別人的一部分；不是別人的地方政府、別人的一省"
15. ^ Wang, James (2003-10-22). "Fortune will favor a brave Taiwan". Taipei Times. Archived from the original on 2015-02-05. Retrieved 2013-03-09.
16. ^ "Chang gives his approval to passports". www.taipeitimes.com. Taipei Times. 15 January 2002. Archived from the original on 1 January 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
17. ^ "Taiwan and China in 'special relations': Ma". China Post. 2008-09-04. Archived from the original on 2008-09-06. Retrieved 2008-09-24.
18. ^ "Presidential Office defends Ma". Taipei Times. 2008-09-05. Archived from the original on 2008-09-11. Retrieved 2008-09-24.
19. ^ "Taiwan opposition candidate calls for return to one China formula". Reuters. November 14, 2019. Archived from the original on December 7, 2019. Retrieved February 17, 2020 - via www.reuters.com.
20. ^ "Taiwan's redesigned passport shrinks words 'Republic of China'". BBC News. 2020-09-02. Retrieved 2023-04-16.
21. ^ "At the Edge of State Control: The Creation of the "Matsu Islands"". Taiwan Insight. University of Nottingham Taiwan Studies Programme. 2021-09-13. Retrieved 2023-05-21. "Taiwan was a colony of Japan, whereas Matsu was part of Fujian"

* v
* t
* e

Cross-strait relations

Diplomatic posts|

* Hong Kong Economic, Trade and Cultural Office (Taiwan)
* Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Hong Kong
* Macau Economic and Cultural Office (Taiwan)
* Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Macau

Diplomacy|

* Opening of the South-North route
* Restoration of Taiwan strait shipping
* Kinmen Agreement
* Wang–Koo summit
* Cross-strait charter
* 2004 Taiwanese cross-strait relations referendum
* May 17 Statement
* 2005 Pan–Blue visits to mainland China
* Cross-strait high-level talks
* First Chen–Chiang summit
* Second Chen–Chiang summit
* Fourth Chen–Chiang summit
* Fifth Chen–Chiang summit
* Sixth Chen–Chiang summit
* Seventh Chen–Chiang summit
* Tuan Tuan and Yuan Yuan
* Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement
* Cross-Strait CEO Summit
* Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement
* Jinjiang–Kinmen Pipeline
* 2014 Wang–Zhang meetings
* 2015 Xi–Chu meeting
* Ma–Xi meeting
* Straits Forum
* Shanghai-Taipei City Forum
* Second Ma–Xi meeting

Conflicts|

* Chinese Civil War
* Second Kuomintang-Communist Civil War
* Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan
* Guanbi policy
* First Taiwan Strait Crisis
* Project National Glory
* Battle of Dong-Yin
* Battle of Dongshan
* Battle of East Chongwu
* Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
* Third Taiwan Strait Crisis
* Senkaku Islands
* Dispute

Incidents|

* Capture of the Tuapse
* Kashmir Princess
* United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758
* Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations
* CAAC Flight 296
* China Airlines Flight 334
* 1987 Lieyu massacre
* Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident
* Min Ping Yu No. 5202
* 1990 Guangzhou Baiyun airport collisions
* Qiandao Lake incident
* China Airlines Flight 611
* Sunflower Student Movement
* Braga incident
* Anti-Black Box Curriculum Movement
* Wang Liqiang
* Freedom pineapples
* 2021 Solomon Islands unrest
* Chinese military exercises around Taiwan
* 2022
* 2023
* 2024
* 2024 Kinmen Chinese motorboat capsizing incident

Legislation|

* Cross-Strait Act
* Proposed National Unification Promotion Law
* Anti-Secession Law
* Anti-Infiltration Act

Organizations|

* All-China Federation of Taiwan Compatriots
* Alumni Association of Huangpu Military Academy
* Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits
* Association for Tourism Exchange Across the Taiwan Straits
* Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs
* China Council for the Promotion of Peaceful National Reunification
* Cross-Straits Common Market Foundation
* Cross-Strait Economic, Trade and Culture Forum
* Cross-Strait Peace Forum
* Grand Alliance for China's Reunification under the Three Principles of the People
* Lienchiang Cross-Strait Matters Forum
* Mainland Affairs Council
* National Unification Council
* Straits Exchange Foundation
* Taiwan Affairs Office
* Taiwan Competitiveness Forum
* Taiwan Strait Tourism Association

Concepts|

* 1992 Consensus
* China Circle
* Chinese unification
* Chinese nationalism
* Chinese irredentism
* Chinese Taipei
* Cross-Strait Economic Zone
* Dang Guo
* Four Noes and One Without
* Greater China
* Han chauvinism
* One China
* One-China policy
* One Country on Each Side
* One country, two systems
* Propaganda in China
* Cross-strait propaganda
* Republic of China on Taiwan
* Self-determination
* Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang
* Socialism with Chinese characteristics
* Special non-state-to-state relations
* Six Assurances
* Taiwan, China
* Two Chinas
* Three Noes
* Three Links
* Taiwan consensus
* Taiwan independence movement
* Theory of the Undetermined Status of Taiwan
* United front in Taiwan
* Under the Roof of One China
* Xi Jinping Thought
* Zhonghua minzu

Related|

* Fujian–Taiwan relationship
* Hong Kong–Taiwan relations
* Hong Kong–Taiwan Economic and Cultural Co-operation and Promotion Council
* Taiwan–Hong Kong Economic and Cultural Co-operation Council
* Hong Kong and Kowloon Trades Union Council
* Pro-ROC camp
* Chinese Travel Document
* Taiwan Entry Permit
* Mainland Travel Permit for Taiwan Resident
* Cross-strait language database
* ECFA Debate
* HMS Aurora (12)
* China and the United Nations
* China and the World Bank
* Chinese intelligence activity abroad
* Chinese information operations and information warfare
* Chinese Soviet Republic
* Freedom of religion in China
* Foreign relations of China
* Timeline of diplomatic relations with China
* Political status of Taiwan
* Foreign relations of Taiwan
* Opinion polling on Taiwanese identity
* Timeline of diplomatic relations with Taiwan
* Geostrategy in Taiwan
* Anti-Communist Hero
* Milk Tea Alliance
* Taishang
* G3 Beijing–Taipei Expressway
* G99 Taiwan Ring Expressway
* China National Highway 228 (Taiwan)
* Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission
* Tibet Religious Foundation of His Holiness the Dalai Lama
* The World Turned Upside Down
* Go and Reclaim the Mainland
* Pro-Republic of China

* Category:Cross-strait relations

* v
* t
* e

Politics of China

* Constitution
* Laws
* Ideology

Communist Party|

* Central Committee
* Politburo
* Standing Committee
* General Secretary
* Secretariat
* Military Commission
* Central Commission for Discipline Inspection
* Secretary
* Provincial standing committees
* Constitution

Central
government|

* Paramount leader
* National People's Congress
* Standing Committee
* Chairman
* President
* Vice President
* State Council
* Premier
* Vice Premiers
* State Councilors
* Ministries
* Central Military Commission
* Chairman
* People's Liberation Army
* People's Armed Police
* Militia
* National Supervisory Commission
* Supreme People's Court
* President
* Supreme People's Procuratorate
* Procurator-General

United front|

* Political Consultative Conference
* Chairperson
* Minor parties
* People's organization
* United Front Work Department

Politics of
province-level
divisions
(current leaders)|

| Municipalities|

* Beijing
* Chongqing
* Shanghai
* Tianjin

|

Provinces|

* Anhui
* Fujian
* Gansu
* Guangdong
* Guizhou
* Hainan
* Hebei
* Heilongjiang
* Henan
* Hubei
* Hunan
* Jiangsu
* Jiangxi
* Jilin
* Liaoning
* Qinghai
* Shaanxi
* Shandong
* Shanxi
* Sichuan
* Yunnan
* Zhejiang

Autonomous
regions|

* Guangxi
* Inner Mongolia
* Ningxia
* Xinjiang
* Tibet (leaders)

SARs|

* Hong Kong
* Macau

Claimed province|

* Taiwan

See also
Elections
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