Ujjain

This article is about the municipality in Madhya Pradesh, India. For its namesake district, see Ujjain District.

Metropolitan city in Madhya Pradesh, India

Ujjain

Ujjayini / Avantikā

Metropolitan city

Ram Ghat

Mahakaleshwar Temple

Tower Chowk

Shipra River

Deepmalika

Ujjain

Location in India

Show map of Madhya Pradesh

Ujjain

Ujjain (India)

Show map of India

Coordinates: 23°10′N 75°47′E﻿ / ﻿23.17°N 75.79°E﻿ / 23.17; 75.79
Country|  India
State|  Madhya Pradesh
Region| Malwa
District| Ujjain
Ward| 54 Wards[2]
Urbanised| c. 700 BCE
Government

• Type| Municipal corporation
• Body| Ujjain Municipal Corporation
• Mayor| Mukesh Tatwal (BJP)
• MP| Anil Firojiya, BJP
• Municipal Commissioner| Shri Ashish Singh, IAS
Area

[3][4]

• Metropolitan city

| 151.83 km2 (58.62 sq mi)
• Metro

| 745 km2 (288 sq mi)
• Rank| 5th in M.P.
Elevation

| 494 m (1,621 ft)
Population

(2011)

• Metropolitan city

| 515,215[1]
• Rank| 5th in M.P.
• Density| 3,400/km2 (8,800/sq mi)
• Metro

| 885,566
Languages

• Official| Hindi
• Other| Malvi
Time zone| UTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN|

456001, 456003, 456006, 456010, 456661, 456664.456668

Telephone code| 0734
Vehicle registration| MP-13
Climate| Cwa (Köppen)
Precipitation| 900 millimetres (35 in)
Avg. annual temperature| 24.0 °C (75.2 °F)
Avg. summer temperature| 31 °C (88 °F)
Avg. winter temperature| 17 °C (63 °F)
Website| ujjain.nic.in

Ujjain (/uːˈdʒeɪn/ ⓘ, Hindi: [ʊd͡ːʒɛːn̪], old name Avantika, [5] Hindi: [əʋən̪t̪ɪkaː]) or Ujjayinī is a city in Ujjain district of the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. It is the fifth-largest city in Madhya Pradesh by population and is the administrative as well as religious centre of Ujjain district and Ujjain division.[4] It is one of the Hindu pilgrimage centres of Sapta Puri famous for the Kumbh Mela (Simhastha) held there every 12 years.[6] The ancient and world famous temple of Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga is located in the center of the city. The city has been one of the most prominent trade and political centres of the Indian Subcontinent from the time of the ancient Mahājanapadas until the British colonisation of India.

An ancient city situated on the eastern bank of the Shipra River, Ujjain was the most prominent city on the Malwa plateau of central India for much of its history. It emerged as the political centre of central India around 600 BCE. It was the capital of the ancient Avanti kingdom, one of the sixteen Mahājanapadas. During the 18th century, the city briefly became the capital of the Scindia state of the Maratha Confederacy, when Ranoji Scindia established his capital at Ujjain in 1731. It remained an important political, commercial, and cultural centre of Central India until the early 19th century, when the British administrators decided to develop Indore as an alternative to it. Ujjain continues to be an important place of pilgrimage for Shaivites, Vaishnavites and Shaktas.[7][8] Bathing in the holy Shipra river of Ujjain liberates one from sins. Therefore, Ujjain is also called the 'Mokshadayini city'. The name of this river is taken among the holy rivers like Kaveri, Narmada, Godavari and Krishna.

According to Puranic legend, Ujjain, along with Haridwar, Nashik, and Prayag, is one of four sites where drops of amrita,[9] the elixir of immortality, accidentally spilled over from a kumbha (pitcher) while being carried by the celestial bird Garuda during the Samudra Manthana, or the churning of the ocean of milk.

Ujjain has been selected as one of the hundred Indian cities to be developed as a smart city under Prime Minister Narendra Modi's flagship Smart Cities Mission.[10]

## History

[edit]

### Prehistoric era

[edit]

Excavations at Kayatha (around 26 km from Ujjain) have revealed Chalcolithic agricultural settlements dating to around 2000 BCE.[11] Chalcolithic sites have also been discovered at other areas around Ujjain, including Nagda, but excavations at Ujjain itself have not revealed any Chalcolithic settlements. Archaeologist H. D. Sankalia theorised that the Chalcolithic settlements at Ujjain were probably destroyed by the Iron Age settlers.[12]

According to Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund, Avanti, whose capital was Ujjain, "was one of the earliest outposts in central India" and showed signs of early incipient urbanisation around 700 BCE.[13] Around 600 BCE, Ujjain emerged as the political, commercial, and cultural centre of Malwa plateau.[14]

The ancient walled city of Ujjain was located around the Garh Kalika hill on the bank of the river Kshipra, in the present-day suburban areas of the Ujjain city. This city covered an irregular pentagonal area of 0.875 km2. It was surrounded by a 12 m high mud rampart. The archaeological investigations have also indicated the presence of a 45 meter wide and 6.6 m deep moat around the city.[15] According to F. R. Allchin and George Erdosy, these city defences were constructed between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE.[16] Dieter Schlingloff believes that these were built before 600 BCE.[15] This period is characterised by structures made of stone and burnt-brick, tools and weapons made of iron, and black and red burnished ware.[16]

According to the Puranic texts, a branch of the legendary Haihaya dynasty ruled over Ujjain.[17]

### Ancient period

[edit]

The Mahavira Tapo Bhumi

In the 4th century BCE, the Mauryan emperor Chandragupta annexed Avanti to his empire.[18] Mauryan founded the City of Ujjain. The edicts of his grandson Ashoka mention four provinces of the Mauryan empire, of which Ujjain was the capital of the Western province.[19] During the reign of his father Bindusara, Ashoka served as the viceroy of Ujjain,[20] which highlights the importance of the town.[14] As the viceroy of Ujjain, Ashoka married Devi, the daughter of a merchant from Vedisagiri (Vidisha).[21] According to the Sinhalese Buddhist tradition, their children, Mahendra and Sanghamitra, who preached Buddhism in modern Sri Lanka, were born in Ujjain.[22]

From the Mauryan period, Northern Black Polished Ware, copper coins, terracotta ring wells, and ivory seals with Brahmi text have been excavated at Ujjain.[16] Ujjain emerged as an important commercial centre, partially because it lay on the trade route connecting north India to the Deccan, starting from Mathura. It also emerged as an important center for intellectual learning among Jain, Buddhist, and Hindu traditions.[14]

In the Post-Mauryan period, the Sungas and the Satavahanas ruled the city consecutively. The Satavahanas and the Ror Sakas, known as Western Satraps, contested for control of the city for a period. Following the end of the Satavahana dynasty, the Rors retained Ujjain from the second to the twelfth century C.E.[23] After the Mauryans, Ujjain was controlled by a number of empires and dynasties, including local dynasties, the Shungas, the Western Satraps, the Satavahanas, and the Guptas.[14]

Ujjain remained as an important city of the Guptas during the 4th and the 5th centuries. Kalidasa, the great Indian classical poet of the 5th century who lived in the times of the Gupta king Vikramaditya wrote his epic work Meghadūta in which he describes the richness of Ujjain and its people.[24] In the 6th century CE the Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang visited India. He describes the ruler of Avanti as a king who was generous to the poor and presented them with gifts.[25]

The famed historical Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga temple is in Ujjain

Bhartṛhari is said to have written his great epics, Virat Katha, Neeti Sataka, the love story of Pradyot Princess Vasavadatta and Udayan in Ujjayini, as the city was called during his times. The writings of Bhasa are set in Ujjain, and he probably lived in the city.[26] Kalidasa also refers to Ujjain multiple times, and it appears that he spent at least a part of his life in Ujjain.[27] Mrichchhakatika by Shudraka is also set in Ujjain.[28] Ujjain also appears in several stories as the capital of the legendary emperor Vikramaditya of the Parmar dynasty. Somadeva's Kathasaritsagara (11th century) mentions that the city was created by Vishwakarma, and describes it as invincible, prosperous and full of wonderful sights.[29] Ujjain was sacked several times by the Arabs of the Umayyad Caliphate in the 8th century CE. The Arabs called the city Uzayn.[30]

### Medieval period

[edit]

The Jantar Mantar at Ujjain was commissioned by Jai Singh II (1688-1743) of Jaipur.

The Paramaras (9th-14th century CE) built the City of Ujjain and shifted the region's capital from Ujjain to Dhar.[14] Mahmud of Ghazni sacked the city and forced it to pay tribute during his invasion in India. In 1235 CE, Iltutmish of the Delhi Sultanate plundered the city.[14] With the decline of the Paramara kingdom, Ujjain ultimately came under Islamic rule, like other parts of north-central India. The city continued to be an important city of central India. As late as the time of the Mughal vassal Jai Singh II (1688-1743), who constructed a Jantar Mantar in the city, Ujjain was the largest city and capital of the Malwa Subah. The city continued to be developed during Muslim rule, especially under the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire. It was used as an important military headquarters.[31]

### Modern period

[edit]

See also: Dewas Junior, Dewas Senior, Dhar State, Indore State, and Gwalior State

During the 18th century, the city briefly became the capital of Scindia state of the Maratha Empire, when Ranoji Scindia established his capital at Ujjain in 1731. Mahadji Scindia constructed a grand palace with a hundred rooms around which the Maratha sardars constructed their own mansions. Ruined and destroyed temples were restored and newer ones were built.[32] But his successors moved to Gwalior, where they ruled the Gwalior State in the latter half of the 18th century. The struggle of supremacy between the Holkars of Indore and Scindias (who ruled Ujjain) led to rivalry between the merchants of the two cities.[33][34][35][36] On 18 July 1801, the Holkars defeated the Scindias at the Battle of Ujjain. On 1 September, Yashwantrao Holkar entered the city, and demanded a sum of 15 lakh rupees from the city. He received only 1/8th of this amount; the rest was pocketed by his officers. A force sent by Daulatrao Scindia later regained control of Ujjain.[37] After both Holkar and Scindias accepted the British suzerainty, the British colonial administrators decided to develop Indore as an alternative to Ujjain, because the merchants of Ujjain had supported certain anti-British people. John Malcolm, the British administrator of Central India, decided to reduce the importance of Ujjain "by transferring a great part of that consequence it now enjoys to the Towns of Indore and Rutlam cities, which are and will continue more under our control."[33]

After Indian independence, Ujjain was placed in Madhya Bharat state, which in turn was fused into Madhya Pradesh in 1956.[38][39][40][41]

## Geography

[edit]

Ujjain is located in the west-central part of India, and is north of the upper limit of the Vindhya mountain ranges. Located on the Malwa plateau, it is higher than the north Indian plains and the land rises towards the Vindhya Range to the south. Ujjain's coordinates are 23°10′N 75°46′E﻿ / ﻿23.167°N 75.767°E﻿ / 23.167; 75.767 with an average elevation of 494 m (1620 ft).[42] The region is an extension of the Deccan Traps, formed between 60 and 68 million years ago[43][44] at the end of the Cretaceous period. The city is on the bank of the river Shipra which flows into the nearby Chambal.

### Climate

[edit]

Climate of the city features a typical version of the humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa). Summers usually starts by the middle of March which lasts up until late June. During which temperatures normally reaches up to 45 °C, with average maximum peaking in May with 41 °C.[45] Monsoon starts in late June and ends in late September. These months see about 36 inches (914 mm) of precipitation, frequent thunderstorms and flooding. This season usually features wet phase of comfortable with average temperatures around 24 °C (76 °F) but this is accompanied with frequent downpours. This wet phase is followed by dry phase which results in humid weather with high temperatures. Temperatures rise again up to early November when winter starts,[46][47][48] which lasts up to early March. Winters are cool, dry and sunny with occasional cold snaps during which temperature may drop to close to freezing (0° to 3 °C). Otherwise temperatures are very much comfortable, with average daily temperatures around 16 °C (61 °F).

Climate data for Ujjain (1991–2020, extremes 1954–2012)

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Record high °C (°F)  | 34.6
(94.3)  | 39.0
(102.2)  | 42.5
(108.5)  | 45.2
(113.4)  | 46.0
(114.8)  | 45.5
(113.9)  | 41.1
(106.0)  | 37.0
(98.6)  | 39.8
(103.6)  | 39.8
(103.6)  | 36.6
(97.9)  | 34.9
(94.8)  | 46.0
(114.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)  | 26.4
(79.5)  | 29.4
(84.9)  | 34.9
(94.8)  | 38.9
(102.0)  | 40.9
(105.6)  | 37.3
(99.1)  | 31.0
(87.8)  | 29.1
(84.4)  | 31.5
(88.7)  | 33.8
(92.8)  | 30.9
(87.6)  | 28.2
(82.8)  | 32.5
(90.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)  | 8.7
(47.7)  | 10.6
(51.1)  | 14.8
(58.6)  | 19.5
(67.1)  | 24.8
(76.6)  | 25.0
(77.0)  | 23.2
(73.8)  | 22.2
(72.0)  | 21.4
(70.5)  | 18.0
(64.4)  | 13.7
(56.7)  | 9.4
(48.9)  | 17.4
(63.3)
Record low °C (°F)  | 0.0
(32.0)  | 1.0
(33.8)  | 4.6
(40.3)  | 10.1
(50.2)  | 12.0
(53.6)  | 18.7
(65.7)  | 18.0
(64.4)  | 16.5
(61.7)  | 11.8
(53.2)  | 8.1
(46.6)  | 2.8
(37.0)  | 0.5
(32.9)  | 0.0
(32.0)
Average rainfall mm (inches)  | 6.6
(0.26)  | 2.9
(0.11)  | 6.7
(0.26)  | 2.4
(0.09)  | 7.3
(0.29)  | 113.5
(4.47)  | 331.1
(13.04)  | 249.7
(9.83)  | 163.2
(6.43)  | 26.8
(1.06)  | 14.1
(0.56)  | 4.6
(0.18)  | 928.9
(36.57)
Average rainy days  | 0.5  | 0.5  | 0.4  | 0.4  | 0.7  | 6.3  | 12.1  | 10.2  | 6.8  | 1.6  | 1.0  | 0.3  | 40.8
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) | 40  | 31  | 24  | 20  | 22  | 42  | 68  | 76  | 64  | 42  | 40  | 41  | 42
Source: India Meteorological Department[49][50]

Ujjain has been ranked the 26th best "National Clean Air City" under Category 2 3-10L population cities in India.[51]

## Demographics

[edit]

Harsiddhi Marg in Ujjain

According to the 2011 census, Ujjain had a population of 515,215, comprising 265,291 males and 249,924 females, giving a sex ratio of 942 per 1000. The overall literacy rate was 85.55%, with male literacy at 91.16% and female literacy at 79.62%.[1]

Religions in Ujjain City (2011)[52]

Religion |  | Percent
Hinduism |

| 77.51%
Islam |

| 18.88%
Jainism |

| 2.44%
Christianity |

| 0.51%
Other or not stated |

| 0.66%

Languages of Ujjain (2011)[53]

1. Hindi (84.2%)
2. Urdu (5.82%)
3. Malvi (3.59%)
4. Gujarati (1.98%)
5. Marathi (1.93%)
6. Sindhi (1.46%)
7. Others (1.05%)

Hindi is the most-spoken language. Being the heartland of the Malwa region, Malvi is also widely spoken.[53]

## Government and jurisdiction

[edit]

Most of the regions surrounding the city are administered by the Ujjain Municipal Corporation (UMC). The city is administered by a Divisional Commissioner and a Collectorate Office as well as the Mayor. They are responsible for the town and Country Planning Department, Forest Department, Public Health Engineering, Public Works Department and MP Electricity Board.[54][55]

Ujjain has been a metropolitan municipality with a mayor-council form of government. The Ujjain Municipal Corporation (UMC) was established in 1956 under the Madhya Pradesh Nagar Palika Nigam Adhiniyam. The UMC was established in 1886 as Nagar Palika, but the Municipal Corporation of Ujjain was declared on a par with the Gwalior Municipal Corporation. The UMC is responsible for public education, correctional institutions, libraries, public safety, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply, local planning and welfare services. The mayor and councillors are elected to five-year terms.[56][57]

The Ujjain Development Authority, also known as UDA, is the urban planning agency serving Ujjain. Its headquarters are located in the Bharatpuri area of Ujjain. It was established under the Madhya Pradesh Town and Country Planning Act, 1973.[58]

Ujjain Lok Sabha constituency is one of the 29 Lok Sabha constituencies in Madhya Pradesh state in central India. This constituency came into existence in 1951 as one of the 9 LokSabha constituencies in the erstwhile Madhya Bharat state. It is reserved for the candidates belonging to the Scheduled Castes since 1966. This constituency covers the entire Ujjain district and part of Ratlam district. Previously, Dr. Chintamani Malviya of the Bharatiya Janata Party was the member of parliament who won in the 2014 Indian general elections.[59]

The current Member of Parliament from Ujjain is Anil Firojiya (BJP) after the Lok Sabha Election of 2019.[60]

## Tourism

[edit]

* Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga
* Chintaman Ganesh Temple
* Harsiddhi Temple[61]
* Kal Bhairav Temple
* Sandipani Ashram
* Mangalnath Temple
* ISKCON Temple

## Education

[edit]

### University

[edit]

* Maharshi Panini Sanskrit University
* Vikram University
* Avantika University

### Medical colleges

[edit]

* Ruxmaniben Deepchand Gardi Medical College
* Govt. Medical College
* Amaltas Medical College

### Engineering colleges

[edit]

* Ujjain Engineering College (Govt.)
* School of Engineering Vikram University (Govt.)
* MIT Group of Institutes, Ujjain
* Shree Guru Sandipani Institute of Science and Technology
* Prashanti Institute of Technology
* Alpine Institute of Technology

### Schools

[edit]

* St. Paul's Convent H.S. School
* Christu Jyoti Convent School
* Ujjain Public School
* Lokmanya Tilak higher Secondary School, Ujjain
* St. Mary's Convent School
* Nirmala Convent School
* Takshshila Junior College
* Kalidas Montessori Sr. Sec. School
* Carmel Convent Sr. Sec. School[62]

## Industry

[edit]

Major industrial areas surrounding Ujjain are Dewas Road Industrial Area, Maxi Road Industrial Area Vikram Udhogpuri, and Tajpur Industrial Area.[63]

Indore and Dewas are the cities where majority of the industries are present. Both Indore and Dewas are in close proximity to Ujjain, providing employment to people in Ujjain and nearby areas.

The Government of Madhya Pradesh has allotted 1,200 acres for the development of an industrial area on the Dewas-Ujjain Road (MP State Highway 18) near Narwar village. Originally named "Vikramaditya Knowledge City", the area was envisaged as an educational hub. Due to diminished investment prospects, it was renamed to "Vikram Udyog Nagari" ("Vikram Industrial City"). As of 2014, the government has conceptualised it as a half-industrial, half-educational area. The stakeholders in the project include the state government and the Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor (DMIC) Trust.[64]

## Transportation

[edit]

### Airport

[edit]

Ujjain does not have any airport but has an airstrip on Dewas road which is used for air transport purposes. In 2013, the Government of Madhya Pradesh started a Ujjain-Bhopal air services as a joint venture with Ventura AirConnect. Due to very low booking, the ambitious project was scrapped. The main reason for the failure of the plan was due to improper timing of flights. The nearest airport is the Devi Ahilyabai Holkar International Airport at Indore (57 km).

### Railway

[edit]

Ujjain Junction

Ujjain Junction is the main railway station of Ujjain, and it is directly or indirectly well-connected to all the major railway stations in India.[65] It lies on the Indore–Dewas, Ratlam–Bhopal, Indore–Nagda and Guna–Khandwa route. To the west it is connected to Ratlam Junction, to the north it is connected with Nagda Junction, to the east it is connected with Maksi Junction, Bhopal Junction, and to the south it is connected to Indore Junction BG, Dewas Junction Harda BG.[66][67]

There are six railway stations in the Ujjain city and its suburbs:

Station name  | Station code  | Railway zone  | Total platforms

|
|
|

Ujjain Junction

| UJN  | Western Railway | 08

Chintaman Ganesh

| CNN  | Western Railway | 03

Matana Buzurg

| MABG  | Western Railway | 02

Pingleshwar

| PLW  | Western Railway | 02

Vikramnagar

| VRG  | Western Railway | 03

Tajpur

| TJP  | Western Railway | 02

### Road

[edit]

Ujjain-Indore Highway

Dewas Gate Stand and Nana Kheda Bus Stand are the two bus stands in the city that provide service to destinations located in the states. A large number of state run private buses are available for Ahmedabad, Jaipur, Ajmer, Khajuraho, Harda, Indore, Bhopal, Pune, Mumbai, Kota, Mandu, Jhalawar and various other locations. The city has a well connected road network including Indore Road, Badnagar Road, Dewas Road, Agar Road, Nagda Road and Maksi Road. There are three national highways; 47 connects to Ahmedabad, proposed 148NG connects to Garoth and 552G connects to Indore.[68][69][70][71]

Other regional highways passing through the city are:

* Indore – Ujjain Road via SH 27 part of NH 552G
* Kota / Agar – Ujjain Road via NH 552G
* Bhopal / Dewas – Ujjain Road via SH 18 now NH 148NG
* Ratlam / Barnagar – Ujjain Road via SH 18 now NH
* Jaora / Nimach – Ujjain Road via SH 17
* Maksi – Ujjain Road (Connects to NH 3)
* Harda \- Ujjain Road (Connects to Via National Highway 59A NH 47) and SH 18
* Ujjain - Garoth Proposed New Green Field Four Lane National Highway No NH 148NG

#### Local transport

[edit]

Ujjain depends on an extensive network of auto rickshaws, city busses, private taxis and Tata Magic, that operate throughout the city, connecting one part with another. UMC has recently introduced city buses with a public private partnership project as the city was identified urban agglomerations with less than 1 million population under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission.[72][73]

## Sports

[edit]

Cricket is one of the most popular sports in the city. Ujjain is also home to the Ujjain Divisional Cricket Association which is affiliated to BCCI. The city does not have any big stadium, but hosted Ranji Trophy matches at Pipe Factory Ground in 1977 and 1980.[74]

Kite flying is another popular activity in the city around Makar Sakranti.[75]

## Smart city

[edit]

Further information: Smart city

Ujjain city was shortlisted under the Government of India's flagship programme Smart Cities Mission. Under the mission, Ujjain Municipal Corporation (UMC)[76] shall participate in the smart cities challenge by Ministry of Urban Development. As part of this, UMC is preparing a Smart City Proposal (SCP). The SCP will include smart city solutions based on the consultations to be held with the key stakeholders of the city. UMC invited the suggestions from citizens of Ujjain to make ‘Ujjain as a smart city’. The citizens were able to post their views pertaining to basic services such as water supply, sewerage, urban transport, social infrastructure and e-governance.[77]

## Notable people

[edit]

Notable people who were born or lived in Ujjain include:

* Sage Sandipani
* Varāhamihira
* Bhāskara II
* Brahmagupta
* Chashtana
* Kālidāsa
* Devi (wife of Ashoka)
* Shivmangal Singh Suman
* Shreeram Shankar Abhyankar
* Bharthari
* Yashoda Devi
* Vivian Dsena
* Thawar Chand Gehlot
* Gundecha Brothers
* Satyanarayan Jatiya
* Hukam Chand Kachwai
* Sachida Nagdev
* Naman Ojha
* Paramartha
* Sartaj Singh
* Saumya Tandon
* Vikramaditya
* Viraj Mahajan[78]
* Juhi Parmar
* Goverdhan Lal Oza
* Sharma Bandhu
* V. S. Wakankar
* Sharad Joshi
* Mohan Yadav

## See also

[edit]

* Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga
* Omkareshwar Jyotirlinga
* Ujjainiya
* Ujjaini Mahakali Temple
* Maratha Empire
* Scindia
* Gwalior State
* Dewas Junior State
* Dewas Senior State
* Dhar State
* Indore State

## References

[edit]

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2. ^ "Ujjain Municipal Corporations". Archived from the original on 31 January 2025. Retrieved 10 December 2024.
3. ^ "Ujjain City". Archived from the original on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
4. ^ a b "District Census Handbook - Ujjain" (PDF). Census of India. p. 12,22. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 November 2015. Retrieved 6 December 2015.
5. ^ "Culture & Heritage | District Ujjain, Government of Madhya Pradesh | India". Retrieved 27 December 2022.
6. ^ "Ujjain: As Kumbh draws to a close, devotees throng Kshipra for 'shahi snan'". Indian Express. 21 May 2016.
7. ^ Jacobsen, Knut A. (2013). Pilgrimage in the Hindu Tradition: Salvific Space. Routledge. p. 128\. ISBN 978-0-41559-038-9.
8. ^ About Haridwar sahajaharidwar.
9. ^ "इस पौराणिक कथा से जानिए क्यों लगता है कुंभ का मेला? – mobile". punjabkesari. 4 February 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
10. ^ "Only 98 cities instead of 100 announced: All questions answered about the smart cities project". Firstpost. 28 August 2015.
11. ^ P. K. Basant (2012). The City and the Country in Early India: A Study of Malwa. Primus. pp. 78–81. ISBN 9789380607153.
12. ^ Pranab Kumar Bhattacharyya 1977, pp. 1–2.
13. ^ Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2004). A History of India. Psychology Press. pp. 50–51\. ISBN 978-0-41532-920-0.
14. ^ a b c d e f Trudy Ring; Noelle Watson; Paul Schellinger, eds. (2012). Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places. Routledge. pp. 835–837\. ISBN 9781136639791.
15. ^ a b Dieter Schlingloff (2014). Fortified Cities of Ancient India: A Comparative Study. Anthem. pp. 21–22\. ISBN 9781783083497.
16. ^ a b c F. R. Allchin and George Erdosy (1995). The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia: The Emergence of Cities and States. Cambridge University Press. pp. 134–136\. ISBN 9780521376952.
17. ^ Kailash Chand Jain (1972). "Malwa Through the Ages, from the Earliest Times to 1305 A.D". Motilal Banarsidass. p. 90\. ISBN 9788120808249.
18. ^ "Avanti | Gupta Dynasty, Ujjain & Malwa | Britannica". www.britannica.com.
19. ^ Abraham Eraly (23 January 2002). Gem In The Lotus. Penguin. p. 494\. ISBN 978-93-5118-014-2.
20. ^ William Woodthorpe Tarn (2010). The Greeks in Bactria and India. Cambridge University Press. p. 152\. ISBN 9781108009416.
21. ^ Mookerji Radhakumud (1962). Asoka. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 8\. ISBN 978-81-208-0582-8. `{{cite book}}`: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
22. ^ Klaus Schlichtmann (2016). A Peace History of India: From Ashoka Maurya to Mahatma Gandhi. Vij Books. p. 26\. ISBN 978-93-85563-52-2.
23. ^ "History of Ujjain". Ujjain District Court. 4 September 2024. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
24. ^ Subramani, Dr.Vijaya (September 2018). "Ujjain, a brilliant sliver of heaven on earth". Tattvaloka. XLI (6). Sringeri: Sri Abhinava Vidyatheertha Mahaswamigal Educational Trust: 40–3\. ISSN 0970-8901.
25. ^ Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999). Ancient Indian History and Civilization. New Age International. ISBN 9788122411980.
26. ^ Martin Banham (1995). The Cambridge Guide to Theatre. Cambridge University Press. p. 103. ISBN 9780521434379.
27. ^ Arthur W. Ryder (2014). Translations of Shakuntala: And Other Works. The Floating Press. ISBN 9781776535132.
28. ^ Farley P. Richmond (1993). Indian Theatre: Traditions of Performance. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 55–57\. ISBN 9788120809819.
29. ^ N. M. Penzer, ed. (1924). "Book XVIII: Vishamasila". The ocean of story. Vol. IX. Translated by C. H. Tawney. Chas J. Sawyer. p. 2.
30. ^ Jain, Kailash Chand (1972). Malwa through the Ages, from the Earliest Times to 1305 A.D. Motilal Banarsidas. p. 10\. ISBN 9788120808249.
31. ^ Virendra Nath Sharma (1995). Sawai Jai Singh and His Astronomy. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 212\. ISBN 9788120812567.
32. ^ Vijayaraje Scindia, Princess - The Autobiography of Dowager Maharani of Gwalior, P.73
33. ^ a b Amar Farooqui (1998). Smuggling as Subversion: Colonialism, Indian Merchants, and the Politics of Opium, 1790-1843. Lexington. pp. 62–63\. ISBN 9780739108864.
34. ^ "Ujjain: राम घाट पर सिंधिया ने किया महाकाल की पालकी का पूजन, उमा भारती भी पहुंचीं". Navbharat Times (in Hindi). Retrieved 18 August 2020.
35. ^ "उज्जैन पहुंचकर बोले सिंधिया- यह मेरा गृह नगर जैसा, कांग्रेस नेताओं ने दिखाए काले झंडे". Navbharat Times (in Hindi). Retrieved 18 August 2020.
36. ^ "उज्जैन में मिले 21 नए कोरोना पॉजिटीव – AV News". Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
37. ^ R.S. Chaurasia (2004). History of the Marathas. Atlantic. p. 61\. ISBN 9788126903948.
38. ^ "उज्जैन में महाकालेश्वर की धूमधाम से निकली शाही सवारी". Hindustan (in Hindi). Retrieved 18 August 2020.
39. ^ "उज्जैन में बाल-बाल बचे सिंधिया, समर्थकों की धक्का-मुक्की में गिरी रेलिंग". aajtak.intoday.in (in Hindi). 18 August 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
40. ^ "उज्जैन: महाकाल की शाही सवारी के दौरान बड़ा हादसा टला, बाल-बाल बचे Scindia". Zee News Hindi. 18 August 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
41. ^ "सिंधिया ने कहा: भले ही उज्जैन में उप चुनाव नहीं लेकिन उज्जैन आसपास होने वाले चुनाव का केंद्र बिंदु बना रहेगा". Dainik Bhaskar (in Hindi). 18 August 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
42. ^ "Geographic coordinates of Ujjain. Latitude, longitude, and elevation above sea level of Ujjain, India". dateandtime.info.
43. ^ "Geochronological Study of the Deccan Volcanism by the 40Ar-39Ar Method". Archived from the original on 25 February 2006.
44. ^ "Deccan Traps". www.mantleplumes.org.
45. ^ "Controversial UP MLA Vijay Mishra held near Ujjain for alleged extortion". The New Indian Express. 15 August 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
46. ^ "Ujjain: प्रेमिका की पुल से नीचे फेंक कर दी हत्या, सीसीटीवी फुटेज से पकड़ाया, देखिए वायरल वीडियो". Navbharat Times (in Hindi). Retrieved 18 August 2020.
47. ^ "Madhya Pradesh: Over 12 cows die in Mahakal Temple in Ujjain". ZEE5 News. 17 August 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
48. ^ "Murder at Ujjain Hotel: 2 बार प्रेमी से शादी कर चुकी थी, तीसरी बार परिवार की मर्जी से करना चाहती थी, इसलिए मार डाला". Navbharat Times (in Hindi). Retrieved 18 August 2020.
49. ^ "Station: Ujjain Climatological Table 1981–2010" (PDF). Climatological Normals 1981–2010. India Meteorological Department. January 2015. pp. 769–770\. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
50. ^ "Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. December 2016. p. M133. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
51. ^ "Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024" (PDF). Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024. 7 September 2024.
52. ^ "Table C-1 Population By Religious Community: Madhya Pradesh". censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
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60. ^ "Ujjain Election Results 2019 Live Updates: Anil Firojiya of BJPWins". News18. 23 May 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
61. ^ Harsiddhi Temple
62. ^ "KALIDAS MONTESSORI SR SEC SCHOOL BAMBAKHANA UJJAIN MADHYA PRADESH - the Learning Point".
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64. ^ "Ujjain's 'Knowledge City' renamed 'Vikram Udyog Nagari'".
65. ^ Agam Gupta (September 2013). Unfolding Faith: A Journey to the Kumbh. Partridge Publishing. pp. 31–. ISBN 978-1-4828-1213-8.
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## Bibliography

[edit]

* Rahman Ali; Ashok Trivedi; Dhirendra Solanki (2004). Buddhist remains of Ujjain region: excavations at Ṣodañga. Sharada Pub. House. ISBN 978-81-88934-15-7.
* Dipak Kumar Samanta (1996). Sacred Complex of Ujjain. D.K. Printworld. ISBN 978-81-246-0078-8.
* Hunter, Cotton, Burn, Meyer. "The Imperial Gazetteer of India", 2006. Oxford, Clarendon Press. 1909.
* Dongray, Keshav Rao Balwant (1935). Ujjain. Alijar Darbar Press, Gwalior.
* Pranab Kumar Bhattacharyya (1977). Historical Geography of Madhya Pradesh from Early Records. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 275\. ISBN 978-0-8426-9091-1.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ujjain.

Wikiquote has quotations related to Ujjain.

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Ujjain".

* Official website of Ujjain Municipal Corporation
* Official website of Ujjain district Archived 30 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine
* Official website of Ujjain Kumbh MelaArchived 5 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine
* Ujjain travel guide from Wikivoyage

* v
* t
* e

City of Ujjain

History|

* Avantika
* Avanti kingdom
* Harsha
* Empire of Harsha
* Malava Kingdom
* Malwa Subah
* Ardhanagari
* Malwa Sultanate
* Ashoka
* Chandragupta II
* Maurya Empire
* Līlāvatī
* Gupta Empire
* Yasodharman
* Kalidasa
* Aryabhata
* Scindia
* Ranoji Scindia
* Madhya Bharat
* 1996 Ujjain and Haridwar stampedes
* Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy
* Ujjain Simhastha

Geography|

* Malwa
* Vindhya Range
* Shipra River
* Gambhir River
* Kahn River

Administration|

* Ujjain Municipal Corporation
* Ujjain Development Authority
* Ujjain division
* Ujjain (Lok Sabha constituency)
* Ujjain Dakshin
* Ujjain Uttar
* Ghatiya

Landmarks|

* Ancient monuments in Ujjain
* Chintaman Ganesh
* Durgadas Ki Chhatri
* Harsidhhi Temple
* Jantar Mantar
* Kal Bhairav
* Kalidasa Akademi
* Kaliadeh Palace
* Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga
* Mangalnath Temple
* Sandipani Ashram
* Shri Dattatreya Akhara
* Siddha Ashram
* Vikramaditya Statue
* Vikram Udyog Nagari †

Transport|

* Ujjain Junction
* Ujjain Airstrip
* Vikramnagar
* Matana Buzurg
* Pingleshwar
* Chintaman Ganesh
* Nana Kheda Bus Stand
* Dewas Gate Bus Stand
* Ujjain City Transport Corporation Limited
* Rajputana–Malwa Railway

Education|

* Vikram University‎
* Maharishi Panini Sanskrit Evam Vedic Vishwavidyalaya
* Avantika University
* Government Girls PG College
* Government Kalidas Girls College
* Government Law College
* Institute of Pharmacy
* Institute of Computer Science
* Lokmany Tilak Education College
* Lokmanya Tilak Science And Commerce College
* Mahakal Institute of Technology
* Mahraja College
* Madhav Arts and Commerce College
* Madhav Science College
* Mahakal Institute of Technology
* Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Business Management
* Ruxmaniben Deepchand Gardi Medical College
* Sandipani Law College
* Ujjain Engineering College
* St Paul's Higher Secondary School
* St. Mary's Convent School
* Ujjain Public School
* Carmel Convent School
* Christ Jyoti Convent School
* Central School, Nagziri
* Kalidas Montessori School

Sports|

* Ujjain Divisional Cricket Association
* Ujjain Divisional cricket team
* Pipe Factory Ground
* Madhav College Ground
* Mahakal Institute of Technology Ground
* Dussehra Maidan
* Mahanada Sports Complex
* Ujjain Cricket Stadium *
* Vikram University Ground

Suburbs|

* Madhav Nagar
* Freeganj
* Sanwarkhedi
* Bhairavgarh
* Vikram Nagar
* Triveni
* Nagziri
* Nana Kheda
* Narsing Ghat

* * Planned
* † Under construction

* v
* t
* e

Hindu inscriptions and arts

* Hindu architecture and art glossary

Beginnings
(before
400 CE)|

| Arts, sculpture|

* Didarganj Yakshi
* Pompeii Lakshmi

|

Archaeological sites|

* Mathura
* Bet Dwarka
* Dihar
* Kumhrar
* Pandu Rajar Dhibi

Inscriptions|

* Ayodhya
* Hathibada Ghosundi
* Heliodorus pillar
* Lakulisa Mathura
* Mora Well
* Mountain Temple
* Naneghat
* Reh
* Yavanarajya
* Vasu Doorjamb

Maturity
(400-899 CE)|

| Arts, sculpture|

* Nataraja

|

Archaeological sites|

* Aihole
* Badami
* Besnagar
* Chandraketugarh
* Sirpur
* Ujjain

Inscriptions|

* Gadhwa Stone
* Gopika Cave
* Vadathika Cave
* Mandasor Stone
* Mandasor Pillar

Temples|

| 400-599 CE|

* Udayagiri Caves
* Bhumara Shiva
* Dashavatara
* Eran Vishnu
* Nachna Parvati
* Tigawa Devi
* Gop Surya
* Mandasor Shiva
* Aihole Group
* Badami Caves
* Elephanta Caves

|

600-899 CE|

* Pattadakal Group
* Bateshwar Madhya Pradesh
* Teli ka Mandir
* Chaturbhuj Gwalior
* Masrur Himachal
* Lakshana Devi
* Alampur Telangana
* Navabrahma
* Papanasi
* Ellora Caves
* Somnath Gujarat
* Dwarka Gujarat
* Mahabalipuram Group
* Sirpur Chhattisgarh
* Srirangam
* Meenakshi

Advanced
(900-1299 CE)|

| Archaeological sites|

* Belur
* Halebidu
* Madan Kamdev
* Somanathapura

|

Temples|

* Brihadisvara Thanjavur
* Brihadisvara Gangaikondacholapuram
* Airavatesvara Darasuram
* Chennakeshava Belur
* Chennakesava Somanathapura
* Hoysaleswara Halebidu
* Udupi Krishna
* Nataraja Chidambaram
* Tirupati
* Modhera Gujarat
* Dewark Sun Temple
* Khajuraho
* Jageshwar Uttarakhand
* Sasbahu Gwalior
* Konark Sun
* Jagannath Puri

Revival
(1400-1799 CE)|

| Archaeological sites|

* Hampi

|

Related|

* Hindu
* Denominations
* Iconography
* Pilgrimage sites
* Hinduism by country

Note:|

* The above list of archaeological sites, inscriptions and temples is grossly incomplete.

* Category
* Portal

* v
* t
* e

Hindu holy cities

India|

| Char Dham|

* Badrinath
* Badrinath Temple
* Dwarka
* Dwarkadhish Temple
* Puri
* Jagannath Temple
* Rameswaram
* Ramanathaswamy Temple

|

Chota Char Dham|

* Badrinath
* Badrinath Temple
* Gangotri
* Kedarnath
* Kedarnath Temple
* Yamunotri
* Yamunotri Temple

Panch Kedar|

* Kalpeshwar
* Kedarnath
* Madhyamaheshwar
* Rudranath
* Tungnath

Pancharama Kshetras|

* Amararama
* Draksharama
* Ksheerarama
* Kumararama
* Somarama

Six Abodes of Murugan|

* Palani
* Pazhamudircholai
* Swamimalai
* Thiruparankundram
* Thiruttani
* Tiruchendur

Trilinga Kshetras|

* Draksharama
* Kaleshwaram
* Srisailam

Ashtavinayaka|

* Lenyadri
* Girijatmaja
* Mahad
* Varadvinayaka
* Morgaon
* Mayureshwara
* Ozar
* Vighneswara
* Pali
* Ballaleshwara
* Ranjangaon
* Mahaganapati
* Siddhatek
* Siddhivinayaka
* Theur
* Chintamani

Jyotirlinga|

* Deoghar
* Vaidyanath
* Dwarka
* Nageshvara
* Ellora Caves
* Grishneshwar
* Kedarnath
* Kedarnath
* Khandwa
* Omkareshwar
* Veraval
* Somnath
* Rajgurunagar
* Bhimashankar
* Rameswaram
* Ramanathaswamy
* Srisailam
* Mallikājuna
* Trimbak
* Trimbakeshwar
* Ujjain
* Mahakaleshwar
* Varanasi
* Kasi Vishvanath

Panchabootha Lingas|

* Annamalai (Fire)
* Tiruvannamalai
* Chidambaram (Ether)
* Chidambaram
* Ekambareswarar (Earth)
* Kanchipuram
* Jambukeswarar (Water)
* Thiruvanaikaval
* Srikalahasti (Air)
* Srikalahasti

Pancha Sabhas|

* Art/Chithiram, Courtallam
* Copper/Thamiram, Nellai
* Emerald/Rathinam, Thiruvalangadu
* Gold/Pon, Thillai
* Silver/Velli, Madurai

Sapta Puris|

* Avantika
* Ayodhya
* Dwaravati
* Kanchi
* Kashi
* Mathura
* Maya

Shakti Peeths|

* Vimala Temple
* Taratarini Temple
* Kamakhya Temple
* Kalighat Kali Temple
* Kukkuteswara Temple
* Koneswaram Temple
* Kamakshi Amman Temple
* Chamundeshwari Temple
* Mahalakshmi Temple
* Biraja Temple
* Alopi Devi Mandir
* Mangla Gauri Temple
* Vishalakshi Temple
* Others

Kumbha Kshetras|

* Haridwar
* Haridwar Kumbha Mela
* Nashik-Trimbak
* Nashik-Trimbak Kumbha Mela
* Prayagraj (Prayaga)
* Prayaga Kumbha Mela
* Ujjain
* Ujjain kumbha Mela

Sun Temple for Chhath Puja|

* Deo Sun Temple
* Umga Sun Temple

Navagraha temples|

* Suryanar Kovil
* Kailasanathar Temple
* Vaitheeswaran Koil
* Swetharanyeswarar Temple
* Apatsahayesvarar Temple
* Agniswarar Temple
* Tirunallar Saniswaran Temple
* Rahu Stalam
* Nagannathaswamy Temple

Important|

* Amarnath
* Aundha
* Gokarna
* Khajuraho
* Kudalasangama
* Lingaraj
* Paadal Petra Sthalam
* Thanjavur
* Tirupati
* Thiruvarur
* Thrissur
* Vaikom

Samadhis|

* Alandi
* Belur Math
* Tulsi Ghat
* Meherabad
* Shirdi
* Gorakhpur
* Panchaganga Ghat
* Puri
* Nagpur
* Prasanthi Nilayam

Others|

* Ahobilam
* Ambaji
* Ambalappuzha
* Annavaram
* Arunachala
* Basar
* Bhadrachalam
* Chidambaram
* Chitrakoot
* Chottanikkara
* Dakor
* Dakshineswar Kali Temple
* Deo
* Dharmasthala
* Ettumanoor
* Gaya
* Gokul
* Guruvayur
* Indraprastha
* Jageshwar
* Jajpur
* Kalighat
* Kanyakumari
* Katra Vaishno Devi
* Khatu
* Kollur
* Kumbakonam
* Kurukshetra
* Madurai
* Mangalagiri
* Mayapur
* Nabadwip
* Nashik
* Nathdwara
* Pandharpur
* Prayag (Triveni Sangam)
* Pushkar
* Pushpagiri Temple Complex
* Rishikesh
* Ryali
* Sabarimala
* Shakti Pitha
* Simhachalam
* Somnath
* Sonamukhi
* Sri Kurmam
* Sringeri
* Srirangam
* Swaminarayan Akshardham (Gandhinagar)
* Swaminarayan Akshardham (New Delhi)
* Thrippunithura
* Tiruchanur
* Tirumala
* Tirunavaya
* Udupi
* Velliangiri
* Vemulawada
* Vijayawada
* Vrindavan
* Yadagirigutta

Out of India|

* Ateshgah of Baku (Azerbaijan)
* Bhadreshwaram (Vietnam)
* Ganga Talao (Mauritius)
* Iraivan temple (USA)
* Kadhalishwaram ruins (China)
* Mount Kailash (Tibet)
* Sivan temple (Singapore)
* Sthūlādri (Thailand)
* Temple in the Sea (Trinidad and Tobago)
* Thewasathan Bot Phram (Sao Chingcha, Bangkok)

| Cambodia|

* Angkor Wat
* Tribhuvanamāhesvaram

|

Indonesia|

* Balinese temple
* Besakih Temple
* Candi Surawana
* Cangkuang
* Ceto Temple
* Denpasar
* Dieng Plateau
* Gebang
* Gedong Songo
* Gianyar
* Gunung Kawi
* Jawi Temple
* Kidal Temple
* Marga
* Pejeng
* Penataran
* Prambanan
* Pura Luhur Ulu Watu
* Pura Penataran Sasih
* Pura Ulun Danu Batur
* Pura Ulun Danu Bratan
* Shivagraham
* Singhasari temple
* Sukuh
* Tanah Lot
* Tirta Empul

Nepal|

* Chataradham
* Janakpurdham
* Kathmandu
* Pashupatinath

Pakistan|

* Hinglaj
* Sharada Peeth
* Multan Sun Temple
* Katas Raj Temples
* Amb Temples
* Kalat Kali Temple
* Nagarparkar Temples
* Mansehra Shiva Temple
* Lava Mandir
* Jagannath Temple
* Churrio Jabal Durga Temple
* Sadh Belo Island Mandir
* Kafir Kot

Sri Lanka|

| Pancheshwarams|

* Ketheeshwaram
* Koneswaram
* Munneshwaram
* Naguleshwaram
* Thondeshwaram

|

Others|

* Ati Konanayakar
* Kataragama
* Kokkadicholai Thaanthonreeswarar
* Pathirakali Amman Temple
* Thambiluvil Kannaki Amman Temple
* Thambiluvil Sri Sivalinga Pillayar Temple
* Thirukkovil Temple

* v
* t
* e

Cities and towns in Ujjain division

Agar Malwa district|

* Agar
* Badod
* Nalkheda
* Susner
* Dongargaon
* Soyatkalan

Dewas district|

* Bagli
* Bhaurasa
* Chapda
* Dewas
* Hatpipliya
* Kannod
* Kantaphod
* Karnawad
* Khategaon
* Loharda
* Nemawar
* Satwas
* Sonkatch
* Tonk Khurd

Mandsaur district|

* Bhanpura
* Garoth
* Malhargarh
* Mandsaur
* Narayangarh
* Piplya Mandi
* Shamgarh
* Taxakeshwar
* Sitamau

Neemuch district|

* Diken
* Jawad
* Jiran
* Manasa
* Neemuch
* Rampura
* Ratangarh
* Singoli

Ratlam district|

* Alot
* Badawada
* Jaora
* Namli
* Piploda
* Raoti
* Ratlam
* Ratlam Railway Colony
* Sailana
* Tal

Shajapur district|

* Akodia
* Badagoan
* Gulana
* Kanad
* Kalapipal Mandi
* Maksi
* Polay Kalan
* Shajapur
* Shujalpur

Ujjain district|

* Badnagar
* Gogapur
* Khachrod
* Mahidpur
* Nagda
* Tarana
* Ujjain
* Unhel

Related topics|

* Madhya Bharat
* Malwa
* Panth-Piploda Province
* Dharmrajeshwar

Cities and towns
in other divisions|

* Bhopal
* Chambal
* Gwalior
* Indore
* Jabalpur
* Narmadapuram
* Rewa
* Sagar
* Shahdol

* v
* t
* e

Million-plus agglomerations in India

North|

* Chandigarh
* Delhi
* Haryana: Faridabad
* Jammu and Kashmir: Srinagar
* Punjab: Ludhiana
* Amritsar
* Rajasthan: Jaipur
* Jodhpur
* Kota

Central|

* Chhattisgarh: Raipur
* Bhilai
* Madhya Pradesh: Indore
* Bhopal
* Jabalpur
* Gwalior
* Uttar Pradesh:
* Agra
* Ghaziabad
* Kanpur
* Lucknow
* Meerut
* Prayagraj
* Varanasi

Eastern|

* Bihar: Patna
* Jharkhand: Jamshedpur
* Dhanbad
* Ranchi
* West Bengal: Kolkata
* Asansol

Western|

* Gujarat: Ahmedabad
* Surat
* Vadodara
* Rajkot
* Maharashtra: Mumbai
* Pune
* Nagpur
* Nashik
* Vasai-Virar
* Aurangabad

Southern|

* Andhra Pradesh: Visakhapatnam
* Vijayawada
* Karnataka: Bangalore
* Kerala: Kochi
* Kozhikode
* Thrissur
* Malappuram
* Thiruvananthapuram
* Kannur
* Kollam
* Tamil Nadu: Chennai
* Coimbatore
* Madurai
* Tiruchirappalli
* Telangana: Hyderabad

* v
* t
* e

Indian mathematics

Mathematicians|

| Ancient|

* Apastamba
* Baudhayana
* Katyayana
* Manava
* Pāṇini
* Pingala
* Yajnavalkya

|

Classical|

* Āryabhaṭa I
* Āryabhaṭa II
* Bhāskara I
* Bhāskara II
* Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri
* Brahmadeva
* Brahmagupta
* Govindasvāmi
* Halayudha
* Jyeṣṭhadeva
* Kamalakara
* Mādhava of Saṅgamagrāma
* Mahāvīra
* Mahendra Sūri
* Munishvara
* Narayana
* Parameshvara
* Achyuta Pisharati
* Jagannatha Samrat
* Nilakantha Somayaji
* Śrīpati
* Sridhara
* Gangesha Upadhyaya
* Varāhamihira
* Sankara Variar
* Virasena

Modern|

* Srinivasa Ramanujan
* Satyendra Nath Bose
* P.C. Mahalanobis
* Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
* C.R. Rao
* Veeravalli S. Varadarajan
* S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan
* K. R. Parthasarathy (probabilist)
* M. S. Narasimhan
* C. S. Seshadri
* Harish-Chandra
* Subbayya Sivasankaranarayana Pillai
* Tilak Raj Prabhakar
* Manjul Bhargava
* Akshay Venkatesh
* Ravi Vakil
* Kannan Soundararajan
* Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize recipients in Mathematical Science

Treatises|

* Aryabhatiya
* Bakhshali manuscript
* Bijaganita
* Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta
* Ganita Kaumudi
* Grahalaghava
* Kanakkusaram
* Karanapaddhati
* Līlāvatī
* Lokavibhaga
* Pātīgaṇita
* Paulisa Siddhanta
* Paitamaha Siddhanta
* Romaka Siddhanta
* Sadratnamala
* Siddhānta Shiromani
* Śulba Sūtras
* Surya Siddhanta
* Tantrasamgraha
* Vasishtha Siddhanta
* Veṇvāroha
* Yuktibhāṣā
* Yavanajataka

Pioneering
innovations|

* Brahmi numerals
* Hindu–Arabic numeral system
* Symbol for zero (0)
* Infinite series expansions for the trigonometric functions

Centres|

* Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics
* Jantar Mantar (Jaipur, New Delhi, Ujjain, Varanasi)

Historians of
mathematics|

* Bapudeva Sastri (1821–1900)
* Shankar Balakrishna Dikshit (1853–1898)
* Sudhakara Dvivedi (1855–1910)
* M. Rangacarya (1861–1916)
* P. C. Sengupta (1876–1962)
* B. B. Datta (1888–1958)
* T. Hayashi
* A. A. Krishnaswamy Ayyangar (1892– 1953)
* A. N. Singh (1901–1954)
* C. T. Rajagopal (1903–1978)
* T. A. Saraswati Amma (1918–2000)
* S. N. Sen (1918–1992)
* K. S. Shukla (1918–2007)
* K. V. Sarma (1919–2005)

Translators|

* Walter Eugene Clark
* Henry Thomas Colebrooke
* David Pingree

Other regions|

* Babylon
* China
* Greece
* Islamic mathematics
* Europe

Modern
institutions|

* Indian Statistical Institute
* Bhaskaracharya Pratishthana
* Chennai Mathematical Institute
* Institute of Mathematical Sciences
* Indian Institute of Science
* Harish-Chandra Research Institute
* Homi Bhabha Centre for Science Education
* Ramanujan Institute for Advanced Study in Mathematics
* TIFR

* v
* t
* e

State of Madhya Pradesh

Capital: Bhopal

State symbols|

* Animal: Barasingha
* Bird: Dudhraj
* Fish: Mahseer
* Flower: Lily
* River: Narmada
* Tree: Banyan
* Highest point: Dhupgarh

Topics|

* Tourism
* Culture
* Protected areas
* Sports

Governance|

* Governors
* Chief Ministers
* Legislative Assembly
* High Court
* Police

Divisions|

* Bhopal
* Chambal
* Gwalior
* Indore
* Jabalpur
* Narmadapuram
* Rewa
* Sagar
* Shahdol
* Ujjain

Districts|

* Agar Malwa
* Alirajpur
* Anuppur
* Ashoknagar
* Balaghat
* Barwani
* Betul
* Bhind
* Bhopal
* Burhanpur
* Chhatarpur
* Chhindwara
* Chambal
* Damoh
* Datia
* Dewas
* Dhar
* Dindori
* Guna
* Gwalior
* Harda
* Hoshangabad
* Indore
* Jabalpur
* Jhabua
* Katni
* Khandwa
* Khargone
* Maihar
* Mandla
* Mandsaur
* Mauganj
* Narsinghpur
* Neemuch
* Niwari
* Panna
* Raisen
* Rajgarh
* Ratlam
* Rewa
* Sagar
* Satna
* Sehore
* Seoni
* Shahdol
* Sidhi
* Singrauli
* Shajapur
* Sheopur
* Shivpuri
* Tikamgarh
* Ujjain
* Umaria
* Vidisha

Major cities|

* Bhopal
* Dewas
* Gwalior
* Indore
* Jabalpur
* Rewa
* Sagar
* Satna
* Ujjain

Authority control databases

International|

* VIAF
* FAST
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Israel

Geographic|

* Pleiades

Other|

* IdRef
* Yale LUX

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