Ulmus crassifolia

Species of tree

Ulmus crassifolia

Ulmus crassifolia
McKinney Falls State Park, Austin, Texas.

Conservation status

Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]

Scientific classification
Kingdom:  | Plantae
Clade:  | Tracheophytes
Clade:  | Angiosperms
Clade:  | Eudicots
Clade:  | Rosids
Order:  | Rosales
Family:  | Ulmaceae
Genus:  | Ulmus
Subgenus:  | U. subg. Oreoptelea
Section:  | U. sect. Chaetoptelea
Species:  |

U. crassifolia

Binomial name
Ulmus crassifolia

Nutt.

Natural range (Florida population excluded)
Synonyms

* Ulmus monterreyensis Mull.
* Ulmus opaca Nutt.

Ulmus crassifolia Nutt., the Texas cedar elm or simply cedar elm, is a deciduous tree native to south-central North America, mainly in southern and eastern Texas, southern Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Louisiana, with small populations in western Mississippi, southwest Tennessee, and north-central Florida;[2] it also occurs in northeastern Mexico.[3][4] It is the most common elm tree in Texas. The tree typically grows well in flat valley bottom areas referred to as cedar elm flats. Its Latin name refers to its comparatively thick (crassifoliate) leaves;[5] the common name cedar elm is derived from the trees' association with juniper trees, locally known as cedars.[6]

## Description

[edit]

The cedar elm is a medium to large deciduous tree growing to 24–27 m tall with a rounded crown. The leaves are small, 2.5–5 cm long by 1.3–2 cm broad, with an oblique base, and distinguish it from Ulmus serotina with which it readily hybridizes in the wild. Leaf fall is late, often in early winter. The wind-pollinated apetalous perfect flowers are produced in the late summer or early fall; they are small and inconspicuous, with a reddish-purple color, and hang on slender stalks a third to a half inch long. The fruit is a small winged samara 8–10 mm long, downy on both surfaces at first, maturing quickly after the flowering in late fall.[7][8][9]

* U. crassifolia bark

* U. crassifolia foliage, Botanischer Garten, Berlin-Dahlem

* U. crassifolia branchlet, Spring Creek, Garland, Texas

* U. crassifolia leaves and fruit, November

* Migrating monarch butterflies on a cedar elm in central Texas

## Pests and diseases

[edit]

Cedar elm is susceptible to Dutch elm disease (DED), though less so than American elm, and moderately damaged by the elm leaf beetle Xanthogaleruca luteola. The tree also suffers from a vascular wilt, the symptoms often confused with those of DED.[citation needed]

Cedar elms are very susceptible to mistletoe. Mistletoe is a parasite that roots itself into the vascular system of the tree, thus stealing valuable nutrients and water. In some cases, if not removed, the parasite can be devastating to large sections of trees and even fatal. They create club-like branches that die out at the ends. These "club" branches create openings for future pests such as the elm beetles and carpenter ants. No treatments are known to be safe enough to kill mistletoe without killing the tree. Removing the mistletoe manually is not a guarantee, but it is the best-known method for control.[citation needed]

Cedar elms are known to be highly immune to Texas root rot caused by the fungus Phymatotrichopsis omnivora. Because of this, it is usually planted in regions where P. omnivora is prevalent, since the closely related lacebark elm is highly susceptible and easily killed by the fungus.

## Cultivation

[edit]

U. crassifolia is extremely rare in cultivation in Europe[9] and Australasia.[10] Specimens were supplied by the Späth nursery of Berlin from the late 19th century.[11] Henry (1913) and Bean (1988) note that it does not thrive in northern Europe, where the branchlets often die back.[9][12] Three trees supplied by Späth to the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh in 1902 as U. crassifolia[13] may survive in Edinburgh, as it was the practice of the garden to distribute trees about the city (viz. the Wentworth elm).[14]

## Notable trees

[edit]

The US national champion, measuring 37 m high in 2001, grows in the Meeman-Shelby Forest State Park, Tennessee.[15][1]

## Cultivars

[edit]

* 'Brazos Rim'.

## Hybrids

[edit]

* Ulmus × arkansana [: U. crassifolia × U. serotina ]. Present in Arkansas and Oklahoma.[16][17][18][19][20][21][22]

## Accessions

[edit]

### North America

[edit]

* Arnold Arboretum, US. Acc. nos. 511–2002, 758–86, both wild collected
* Chicago Botanic Garden, US. No details available.
* Bartlett Tree Experts, US. Acc. no. 90–1243, unrecorded provenance.
* Morton Arboretum, US. Acc. no. 385–68,[5] 14-86
* New York Botanical Garden, US. Acc. no. 79617, unrecorded provenance.
* U S National Arboretum,[23] Washington, D.C., US. Acc. no. 37834

### Europe

[edit]

* Grange Farm Arboretum, Lincolnshire, UK. Acc. no. 509
* Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, UK. Acc. no. 20080090, from seed wild collected in US.
* Sir Harold Hillier Gardens, UK. Acc. no. 1980–0443, (Brentry Field).
* University of Copenhagen Botanic Garden, Denmark. No details available.

### Australasia

[edit]

* Manukau Cemetery & Crematorium, Auckland, New Zealand. No details available.

## Nurseries

[edit]

### North America

[edit]

Widely available

### Europe

[edit]

* Arboretum Waasland,[24] Nieuwkerken-Waas, Belgium.

### Australasia

[edit]

None known.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Barstow, M. (2017). "Ulmus crassifolia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T61966946A61966949. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T61966946A61966949.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
2. ^ "Map: Ulmus crassifolia". Efloras.org. Retrieved 2013-09-01.
3. ^ Todzia, C. A. & Panero, J. L. (2006). A new species of Ulmus (Ulmaceae) from southern Mexico and a synopsis of the species in Mexico. Brittonia, Vol 50, (3): 346
4. ^ Todzia, Carol A.; Panero, José L. (1998). "A New Species of Ulmus (Ulmaceae) from Southern Mexico and a Synopsis of the Species in Mexico". Brittonia. 50 (3): 343–347\. Bibcode:1998Britt..50..343T. doi:10.2307/2807778. JSTOR 2807778. S2CID 21320752.
5. ^ a b "Ulmus crassifolia at Morton Arboretum". Cirrusimage.com. 2010-05-06. Retrieved 2013-09-14.
6. ^ "The many beneficial traits of cedar elm". 22 February 2011.
7. ^ "Ulmus crassifolia in Flora of North America @". Efloras.org. Retrieved 2013-09-01.
8. ^ NRCS. "Ulmus crassifolia". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 2013-09-01.
9. ^ a b c Elwes, H. J. & Henry, A. (1913). The Trees of Great Britain & Ireland, Vol. VII, p.1929. Republished 2004 Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9781108069380
10. ^ Wilcox, Mike; Inglis, Chris (2003). "Auckland's elms" (PDF). Auckland Botanical Society Journal. 58 (1). Auckland Botanical Society: 38–45\. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-01-06. Retrieved 2017-02-22.
11. ^ Späth, L., Catalogue 104 (1899–1900; Berlin), p.133
12. ^ Bean, W. J. (1988) Trees and shrubs hardy in Great Britain, 8th edition, Murray, London
13. ^ "Herbarium specimen - E00824870". Herbarium Catalogue. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. Labelled U. crassifolia, 1902, from Späth nursery; "Herbarium specimen - E00824871". Herbarium Catalogue. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. Labelled U. crassifolia, 1902, from Späth nursery
14. ^ Accessions book. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. 1902. pp. 45, 47.
15. ^ American Forests. (2012). The 2012 National Register of Big Trees.
16. ^ U. × arkansana information in U. serotina article, efloras.org
17. ^ Herbarium specimen labelled U. crassifolia × U. serotina, St. Francis County, Arkansas, 1967; Duke University Herbarium no. 10074806
18. ^ Herbarium specimen labelled U. crassifolia × U. serotina, St. Francis County, Arkansas, 1967; Tulane University Herbarium no. 0048399
19. ^ Herbarium specimen labelled U. crassifolia × U. serotina, St. Francis County, Arkansas, 1967; Mississippi Museum of Natural Science Herbarium no. 002200
20. ^ Herbarium specimen labelled U. crassifolia × U. serotina, St. Francis County, Arkansas, 1967; Mississippi State University Herbarium no. 036765
21. ^ Herbarium specimen labelled U. × arkansana (?), Pulaski County, Arkansas, 2016; Arkansas Natural Heritage Commission Herbarium no. 009182
22. ^ Herbarium specimen labelled U. aff. crassifolia, probably U. × arkansana, Pulaski County, Arkansas, 2012; Austin Peay State University Herbarium no. 0053465
23. ^ Ramon Jordan. "US National Arboretum". Usna.usda.gov. Retrieved 2013-09-01.
24. ^ "English". Arboretum-waasland.be. Archived from the original on 2012-02-19. Retrieved 2013-09-01.

## External links

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ulmus crassifolia.

* Ulmus crassifolia, Image Archive of Central Texas Plants, University of Texas at Austin, sbs.utexas.edu
* U. crassifolia, Flora of North America, www.efloras.org

* v
* t
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Elm species, varieties, hybrids, hybrid cultivars and species cultivars

Species, varieties and subspecies|

* U. alata (Winged elm)
* U. americana (American elm)
* U. americana var. floridana (Florida elm)
* U. bergmanniana (Bergmann's elm)
* U. bergmanniana var. bergmanniana
* U. bergmanniana var. lasiophylla
* U. castaneifolia (Chestnut-leafed or multinerved elm)
* U. changii (Hangzhou elm)
* U. changii var. changii
* U. changii var. kunmingensis (Kunming elm)
* U. chenmoui (Chenmou or Langya Mountain elm)
* U. chumlia
* U. crassifolia (Cedar or Texas cedar elm)
* U. davidiana (David or Father David elm)
* U. davidiana var. davidiana
* U. davidiana var. japonica (Japanese elm)
* U. elongata (Long raceme elm)
* U. gaussenii (Anhui or hairy elm)
* U. glabra (Wych or scots elm)
* U. glaucescens (Gansu elm)
* U. glaucescens var. glaucescens
* U. glaucescens var. lasiocarpa (hairy-fruited glaucescent elm)
* U. harbinensis (Harbin elm)
* U. ismaelis
* U. laciniata (Manchurian cut-leaf or lobed elm)
* U. laciniata var. nikkoensis (Nikko elm)
* U. laevis (European white elm)
* U. laevis var. celtidea
* U. laevis var. parvifolia
* U. laevis var. simplicidens
* U. lamellosa (Hebei elm)
* U. lanceifolia (Vietnam elm)
* U. macrocarpa (Large-fruited elm)
* U. macrocarpa var. glabra
* U. macrocarpa var. macrocarpa
* U. mexicana (Mexican elm)
* U. microcarpa (Tibetan elm)
* U. minor (Field elm)
* U. minor subsp. minor
* U. minor var. italica
* U. parvifolia (Chinese or lacebark elm)
* U. parvifolia var. coreana (Korean elm)
* U. prunifolia (Cherry-leafed elm)
* U. pseudopropinqua (Harbin spring elm)
* U. pumila (Siberian elm)
* U. rubra (Slippery elm)
* U. serotina (September elm)
* U. szechuanica (Szechuan (Sichuan) or red-fruited elm)
* U. thomasii (Rock or cork elm)
* U. uyematsui (Alishan elm)
* U. villosa (Cherry-bark or marn elm)
* U. wallichiana (Himalayan or kashmir elm)
* U. wallichiana subsp. wallichiana
* U. wallichiana subsp. xanthoderma
* U. wallichiana var. tomentosa

Disputed species, varieties and subspecies|

* U. boissieri
* U. minor subsp. canescens (Grey, grey-leafed or hoary elm)
* U. elliptica

Hybrids|

* U. davidiana var. japonica × U. minor
* U. × arbuscula
* U. × arkansana
* U. × brandisiana
* U. × diversifolia
* U. × hollandica (Dutch elm)
* U. × hollandica var. insularum
* U. × intermedia
* U. × mesocarpa

Species cultivars|

| American elm|

* American Liberty
* Ascendens
* Augustine
* Aurea
* Beaverlodge
* Beebe's Weeping
* Brandon
* Burgoyne
* JFS Prince II
* College
* Columnaris
* Creole Queen
* Deadfree
* Delaware
* Exhibition
* Fiorei
* Flick's Spreader
* Folia Aurea Variegata
* Great Plains
* Hines
* Incisa
* Independence
* Iowa State
* Jackson
* Jefferson
* Kimley
* Klehmii
* L'Assomption
* Lake City
* Lewis & Clark
* Littleford
* Maine
* Markham
* Miller Park
* Minneapolis Park
* Moline
* Morden
* New Harmony
* Nigricans
* Patmore
* Pendula
* Penn Treaty
* Princeton
* Pyramidata
* Queen City
* Sheyenne
* Skinner Upright
* St. Croix
* Star
* Valley Forge
* Variegata
* Vase
* Washington

|

Cedar elm|

* Brazos Rim

Chinese elm|

* A-1
* A. Ross Central Park
* Blizzard
* BSNUPF
* Burgundy
* Burnley Select
* Catlin
* Chessins
* Churchyard
* Cork Bark
* D. B. Cole
* Drake
* Dynasty
* Ed Wood
* Elsmo
* Emer I
* Emer II
* Emerald Prairie
* Frosty
* Garden City Clone
* Geisha
* Glory
* Golden Rey
* Hallelujah
* Hokkaido
* Jade Empress
* King's Choice
* Littleleaf
* Lois Hole
* Matthew
* Milliken
* Nire-keyaki
* Ohio
* Orange Ribbon
* Pathfinder
* Pendens
* Prairie Shade
* Prince Richard
* Red Fall
* Sabamiki
* Sagei
* Seiju
* Select 380
* Sempervirens
* Small Frye
* State Fair
* Stone's Dwarf
* Taiwan
* The Thinker
* Todd
* True Green
* UPMTF
* Ware's
* Yarralumla
* Yatsubusa
* Zettler
* Ulmus parvifolia f. lanceolata

European white elm|

* Aureovariegata
* Colorans
* Helena
* Ornata
* Pendula
* Punctata
* Urticifolia

Field elm|

* Albo-Dentata
* Amplifolia
* Argenteo-Variegata
* Atinia
* Atinia Pyramidalis
* Atinia Variegata
* Bea Schwarz
* Betulaefolia
* Biltii
* Christine Buisman
* Concavaefolia
* Coritana
* Cretensis
* Cucullata
* Cucullata Variegata
* Dehesa de Amaniel
* Dehesa de la Villa
* Dicksonii
* Dijkwel
* Erecta
* Folia Alba-Punctata
* Glandulosa
* Goodyeri
* Hoersholmiensis
* Holmstruph
* Hunnybunii
* Hunnybunii pseudo-Stricta
* Laciniata
* Lanuginosa
* Majadahonda
* Microphylla Pendula
* Microphylla Purpurea
* Microphylla Rubra
* Monumentalis
* Pendula
* Picturata
* Plotii
* Propendens
* Punctata
* Purpurascens
* Purpurea
* Retiro
* Reverti
* Rugosa
* Rueppellii
* Sarniensis
* Schuurhoek
* Silvery Gem
* Sowerbyi
* Stricta
* Suberosa
* Umbraculifera Gracilis
* Umbraculifera
* Viminalis
* Viminalis Aurea
* Viminalis Gracilis
* Viminalis Incisa
* Viminalis Marginata
* Viminalis Pendula
* Viminalis Pulverulenta
* Viminalis Stricta
* Virgata
* Webbiana

Japanese elm|

* Discovery
* Freedom
* Jacan
* JFS-Bieberich
* Mitsui Centennial
* Prospector
* Reperta
* Reseda
* Thomson
* Validation

Siberian elm|

* Ansaloni
* Aurea
* Aurescens
* Chinkota
* Dropmore
* Dwarf Weeper
* Green King
* Hansen
* Harbin
* Manchu
* Mauro
* Mr. Buzz
* Park Royal
* Pendula
* Pinnato-ramosa
* Poort Bulten
* Puszta
* Pyramidalis Fiorei
* Zhonghua Jinye

Winged elm|

* Lace Parasol

Wych elm|

* Albo-Variegata
* Australis
* Camperdownii
* Cebennensis
* Concavaefolia
* Cornuta
* Corylifolia Purpurea
* Corylifolia
* Fastigiata Macrophylla
* Fastigiata Stricta
* Fastigiata Variegata
* Firma
* Flava
* Gigantea
* Gittisham
* Grandidentata
* Holgeri
* Horizontalis
* Insularis
* Latifolia
* Latifolia Aurea
* Latifolia Aureo-Variegata
* Latifolia Nigricans
* Luteo Variegata
* Lutescens
* Macrophylla
* Maculata
* Minor
* Nana
* Nigra
* Nitida
* Oblongata
* Pendula Macrophylla
* Pendula Variegata
* Pyrenaica
* Spectabilis
* Superba
* Tomentosa

Hybrid cultivars|

* Androssowii
* Amsterdam
* Arno
* Cathedral
* Clusius
* Columella
* Den Haag
* Dodoens
* Escaillard
* Fiorente
* Frontier
* Fuente Umbria
* Homestead
* Karagatch
* Lobel
* Morfeo
* Morton
* Morton Glossy
* Morton Plainsman
* Morton Red Tip
* Morton Stalwart
* Nanguen
* New Horizon
* Patriot
* Plantyn
* Plinio
* Rebella
* Rebona
* Recerta
* Regal
* Repura
* Revera
* San Zanobi
* Sapporo Autumn Gold
* Sapporo Gold 2
* Stavast
* Toledo
* Urban
* Wanoux
* Wingham

Dutch elm|

* Alba
* Angustifolia
* Balder
* Belgica
* Blandford
* Canadian Giant
* Cicestria
* Cinerea
* Commelin
* Dampieri
* Dauvessei
* Daveyi
* Dovaei
* Dumont
* Elegantissima
* Eleganto-Variegata
* Etrusca
* Fastigiata
* Fjerrestad
* Folia Rhomboidea
* Freja
* Fulva
* Gaujardii
* Groeneveld
* Haarlemensis
* Klemmer
* Loke
* Macrophylla Aurea
* Major
* Microphylla
* Modiolina
* Muscaviensis
* Odin
* Pioneer
* Pitteurs
* Serpentina
* Smithii
* Superba
* Tricolor
* Tyr
* Vegeta
* Viminalis
* Viscosa
* Wentworthii Pendula
* Wredei
* Ypreau

U. × intermedia|

* Coolshade
* Fremont
* Improved Coolshade
* Lincoln
* Rosehill
* Willis

Unconfirmed derivation cultivars|

* aff. Plotii
* Acutifolia
* Ademuz
* Alata
* Alksuth
* Argenteo-Marginata
* Aspera
* Atropurpurea
* Australis
* Berardii
* Betulaefolia Nigrescens
* Crispa
* Crispa Aurea
* Crispa Pendula
* Densa
* Exoniensis
* Fastigiata Glabra
* Folia Aurea
* Folia Rubra
* Folia Variegata Pendula
* Gallica
* Glabra
* Globosa
* Hamburg
* Hertfordensis Angustifolia
* Hertfordensis Latifolia
* Hillieri
* Jalaica
* Jacqueline Hillier
* Kansas Hybrid
* Klemmer Blanc
* Koopmannii
* Lombartsii
* Louis van Houtte
* Marmorata
* Monstrosa
* Myrtifolia
* Myrtifolia Purpurea
* Nemoralis
* Nigrescens
* Planeroides
* Planifolia
* Purpurea
* Pyramidalis Bertini
* Ramulosa
* Rotundifolia
* Rubra
* Rufa
* Rugosa
* Scampstoniensis
* Sericea
* Tiliaefolia
* Tortuosa
* Turkestanica
* Variegata Nova
* Virens

Fossil elms|

* U. okanaganensis

Taxon identifiers

Ulmus crassifolia|

* Wikidata: Q7879431
* Wikispecies: Ulmus crassifolia
* AoFP: 3853
* BOLD: 1111916
* CoL: 7DFLD
* EoL: 594895
* EPPO: ULMCR
* FNA: 233501326
* GBIF: 5361871
* GRIN: 40826
* iNaturalist: 128823
* IPNI: 302278-2
* IRMNG: 10590246
* ITIS: 19052
* IUCN: 61966946
* NatureServe: 2.128702
* NCBI: 102694
* Open Tree of Life: 316102
* Plant List: tro-33300068
* PLANTS: ULCR
* POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:302278-2
* Tropicos: 33300068
* WFO: wfo-0001143152

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