Undeciphered writing systems

Writing systems that are yet to be understood

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Seals showing Indus script, an ancient undeciphered writing system Page 32 of the Voynich manuscript, a medieval manuscript written with an undeciphered writing system

Many undeciphered writing systems exist today; most date back several thousand years, although some more modern examples do exist. The term "writing systems" is used here loosely to refer to groups of glyphs which appear to have representational symbolic meaning, but which may include "systems" that are largely artistic in nature and are thus not examples of actual writing.

The difficulty in deciphering these systems can arise from a lack of known language descendants or from the languages being entirely isolated, from insufficient examples of text having been found and even (such as in the case of Vinča) from the question of whether the symbols actually constitute a writing system at all. Some researchers have claimed to be able to decipher certain writing systems, such as those of Epi-Olmec, Phaistos and Indus texts; but to date, these claims have not been widely accepted within the scientific community, or confirmed by independent researchers, for the writing systems listed here (unless otherwise specified).

## Proto-writing

[edit]

Certain forms of proto-writing remain undeciphered and, because of a lack of evidence and linguistic descendants, it is quite likely that they will never be deciphered.

### Neolithic signs in China

[edit]

#### Yellow River civilization

[edit]

* Jiahu symbols – Peiligang culture, from China, c. 6600 – 6200 BC.
* Damaidi symbols – Damaidi, from China, earliest estimated dates range from the Paleolithic to approximately 3000 years ago.
* Dadiwan symbols – Dadiwan, from China, c. 5800 – 5400 BC.
* Banpo symbols – Yangshao culture, from China, 5th millennium BC.
* Jiangzhai symbols – Yangshao culture, from China, 4th millennium BC.
* Dawenkou symbols – Dawenkou culture, c. 2800 – 2500 BC.
* Longshan symbols – Longshan culture, from China, c. 2500 – 1900 BC.

#### Yangtze civilization

[edit]

* Wucheng symbols – Wucheng culture, from China, c. 1600 BC.

Other areas

* Sawveh – Guangxi, from China; possible proto-writing or writing.

* Jiahu symbols

* Banpo symbols

* Longshan symbols

* Sawveh

### Neolithic signs in Europe

[edit]

* Vinča symbols – Neolithic Europe, from Central Europe and Southeastern Europe, c. 4500 BC – 4000 BC.

* Vinča symbols

## Afro-Eurasian scripts

[edit]

### South Asia

[edit]

* Indus script, c. 2800 BC to 1900 BC.
* Vikramkhol inscription, c. 1500 BC.
* Megalithic graffiti symbols, c. 1000 BC – 300 AD, possible writing system and possible descendant of Indus script.
* Pushkarasari script – Gandhara, 3rd century BC to 8th century AD.
* Shankhalipi, c. 4th to 8th century.

* Indus script

* Vikramkhol inscription

* Pushkarasari script

* Shankhalipi

### West Asia

[edit]

* Proto-Elamite script, c. 3200 BC.
* Jiroft script, c. 2200 BC.
* Byblos syllabary – the city of Byblos, c. 1700 BC.
* Trojan script – the city of Troy, 2600 BC – 1850 BC

* Proto-Elamite script

* Byblos syllabary

### East Asia

[edit]

* Ba–Shu scripts, 5th to 4th century BC.
* Khitan large script and Khitan small script – Khitan, 10th century, not fully deciphered.
* Tujia script.

* Ba script

* Khitan large script

* Khitan small script

* Tujia script

### Southeast Asia

[edit]

* Singapore Stone, a fragment of a sandstone slab inscribed with an ancient Southeast Asian script, perhaps Old Javanese or Sanskrit. At least 13th century, and possibly as early as 10th to 11th century.

* Singapore Stone

### Central Asia

[edit]

* Oxus script, c. 2200 BC.
* Issyk inscription, Kazakhstan, c. 4th century BC.
* Kushan script, c. 2nd century BC – 7th century AD, partially deciphered.

* Issyk inscription

### Europe

[edit]

* Cretan hieroglyphs, c. 2100 BC.
* Linear A and Cretan hieroglyphs are scripts from an unknown language, one possibility being a yet to be deciphered Minoan language.[1] Several words have been decoded from the scripts, but no definite conclusions on the meanings of the words have been made.
* Phaistos Disc, c. 2000 BC.
* Linear A, c. 1800 BC – 1450 BC, partially deciphered. Phonetic transcriptions can be read with some approximation. Scholars can understand some of the words, and get a general idea of the document's contents.[2]
* Cypro-Minoan syllabary, c. 1550 BC.
* Grakliani Hill script – Grakliani Hill, c. 11th – 10th century BC.
* Paleohispanic scripts.
* Southwest Paleohispanic script, from c. 700 BC.
* Sitovo inscription, c. 300 – 100 BC.
* Alekanovo inscription, c. 10th – 11th century.
* Rohonc Codex, c. 1600s – 1800s.
* Voynich manuscript, carbon-dated to the 15th century.[3]
* An inscription in the Pisa Baptistery.[4]

* Cretan hieroglyphs

* Phaistos disc

* Linear A

* Cypro-Minoan syllabary

* Southwest Paleohispanic Script

* Sitovo inscription

### North Africa

[edit]

* The Starving of Saqqara – possibly dating to pre-dynastic Egypt.
* Wadi el-Hol inscriptions \- Found in Egypt, c. 1800 BCE - 1900 BCE, and resembles Proto-Sinaitic script.

### Sub-Saharan Africa

[edit]

* Eghap script – Cameroon, c. 1900, partially deciphered.
* Ancient inscriptions in Somalia – According to the Ministry of Information and National Guidance of Somalia, inscriptions can be found on various old Taalo Tiiriyaad structures. These are enormous stone mounds found especially in northeastern Somalia. Among the main sites where these Taalo are located are Xabaalo Ambiyad in Alula District, Baar Madhere in Beledweyne District, and Harti Yimid in Las Anod District.[5]

## American scripts

[edit]

### Andean Region

[edit]

* Quipu – Inca Empire and predecessor states, like the Huari Empire or the Caral–Supe civilization, c. 2600 BC – 20th century. It was used, among other peoples, by Quechua speakers (who called it "Khipu"), Aymara speakers ("Chinu") and Mapuche speakers ("Püron").[6] It could possibly be a writing system or a set of writing systems, since two Quechua words have been recently deciphered in 2017. These decipherments apparently show that linguistic usage of Quipus followed a logosyllabic pattern.[7]

* Quipu

### Mesoamerica

[edit]

* Olmec Hieroglyphs, c. 1000 BC – 400 BC, possibly the mother script of Mesoamerica.[8] Thought to be logosyllabic like all of its descendants.
* Zapotec Hieroglyphs, c. 500 BC – 800 AD, possibly logosyllabic.
* Ñuiñe Hieroglyphs, c. 400 AD – 800 AD. Similar to Zapotec and possibly an offshoot of it in the Mixteca Baja. Possibly logosyllabic.
* Epi-olmec Hieroglyphs, c. 400 BC – 500 AD, apparently logosyllabic.
* Izapan Hieroglyphs, Late Preclassic, probably an offshoot of Epi-olmec in the Pacific Coast and the direct ancestor to Lowland Maya Hieroglyphs. Probably logosyllabic.[9]
* Classic Gulf Coast Hieroglyphs, Early Classic to Early Postclassic. Possibly an offshoot of Epi-olmec in the Gulf of Mexico. Probably logosyllabic.[10]
* Teotihuacan Hieroglyphs, c. 100 BC – 700 AD, possibly a logosyllabary. Possibly inspired from the Zapotec script, and itself being the probable ancestor of the Postclassic Mixteca-Puebla Script.
* Cotzumalhuapa Hieroglyphs, 0 CE – 1000 CE. A script in the Lower Pacific Coast possibly derived from the writing system at Teotihuacan.[11] Probably a logosyllabary.
* Epiclassic/Early Postclassic Hieroglyphs of El Tajín, Xochicalco, Cacaxtla, Teotenango, Tula and Chichén Itzá. Probably logosyllabic. Descended from Teotihuacan Hieroglyphs and mother script of the Mixteca-Puebla Hieroglyphs.[12]

Virtually all Mesoamerican Glyphic Scripts remain undeciphered, with the only exceptions being Lowland Maya Hieroglyphs and Mixteca-Puebla Hieroglyphs (represented by several regional glyphic traditions used in the whole of Postclassic Mesoamerica outside the Maya Lowlands, the most well known of which are the Aztec Script and the Mixtec Script). All Mesoamerican writing systems are thought by linguist Alfonso Lacadena (Lacadena 2012) to descend from Olmec Glyphs, with it splitting in the Late Formative into three branches: Epi-olmec, Zapotec and Central Mexican (from this branch would eventually emerge the Teotihuacan Glyphic Script).

* La Venta Stele 19

* Olmec Colossal Head in La Venta. Probable name glyph sculpted in its forefront.

* Zapotec script

* Epi-olmec script

* Izapan script

* Cotzumalhuapa script

## Oceanian scripts

[edit]

* Kōhau Rongorongo – Rapa Nui. After 1200, before 1860. Probably logosyllabic.

* Kōhau Rongorongo

## Related concepts: texts that are not writing systems

[edit]

One very similar concept is that of false writing systems, which appear to be writing but are not. False writing cannot be deciphered because it has no semantic meaning. These particularly include asemic writing created for artistic purposes. One prominent example is the Codex Seraphinianus.

Another similar concept is that of undeciphered cryptograms, or cipher messages. These are not writing systems per se, but a disguised form of another text. Of course any cryptogram is intended to be undecipherable by anyone except the intended recipient so vast numbers of these exist, but a few examples have become famous and are listed in list of ciphertexts.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Salgarella, Ester (2022). "Linear A". In Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (eds.). Oxford Classical Dictionary. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.8927 (inactive 1 November 2024). ISBN 978-0-19-938113-5.`{{cite encyclopedia}}`: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
2. ^ [1] Meissner, T., & Steele, P., "Linear A and Linear B: Structural and contextual concerns", Edizioni Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 2017
3. ^ "Mysterious Voynich manuscript is genuine, scientists find". Archived from the original on 2009-12-07. Retrieved 2009-12-07.
4. ^ Cacciafoco, Francesco Perono (1 September 2021). "The Undeciphered Inscription of the Baptistery of Pisa". Academia.edu. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
5. ^ Ministry of Information and National Guidance, Somalia, The writing of the Somali language: A Great Landmark in Our Revolutionary History, (Ministry of Information and National Guidance: 1974)
6. ^ Arellano, Carmen. "Un khipu olvidado: el përon mapuche. Notas acerca de su función". Academia.edu.
7. ^ "Unraveling an Ancient Code Written in Strings". Sapiens. 2017-11-07. Retrieved 2024-06-29.
8. ^ Uriarte, María Teresa (2018). Olmecas (in Spanish). Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. ISBN 978-88-16-60514-5.
9. ^ Pool, Christopher (2007-02-26). Olmec Archaeology and Early Mesoamerica. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-78312-5.
10. ^ Peregrine, Peter N.; Ember, Melvin (2012-12-06). Encyclopedia of Prehistory: Volume 5: Middle America. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4615-0525-9.
11. ^ Lacadena 2012 "Orígenes de la escritura en Mesoamérica"
12. ^ Clemmensen, Mikkel Bøg; Helmke, Christophe (2023-06-08). Western Mesoamerican Calendars and Writing Systems: Proceedings of the Copenhagen Roundtable. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1-80327-486-7.

## External links

[edit]

* Proto-Elamite (CDLI link)
* Vinča signs (The Old European Script: Further evidence – Shan M. M. Winn)

* v
* t
* e

Writing systems

Index of language articles

Overview|

* Language
* History of writing
* History of the alphabet
* Graphemes
* Scripts in Unicode

Lists|

* Writing systems
* Languages by writing system / by first written account
* Ancient languages corpuses by size
* Undeciphered writing systems
* Creators of writing systems

Types|

* Abjads
* Abugidas
* Alphabets
* Featural
* Ideogrammic
* Logographic
* Numeral
* Phonogrammic
* Pictographic
* Semi-syllabaries
* Shorthand
* Syllabaries

Current examples|

* Arabic
* Canadian syllabics
* Chinese
* Devanagari
* Hangul
* Kana
* Latin
* Mongolian

Related topics|

* In Africa
* In Southeast Asia

* v
* t
* e

Types of writing systems

| Overview|

* History of writing
* Grapheme

|

Lists|

* Writing systems
* undeciphered
* inventors
* constructed
* Languages by writing system / by first written accounts

Types

Abjads

* Numerals

* Aramaic
* Hatran
* Arabic
* Elifba
* Egyptian hieroglyphs
* Elymaic
* Hebrew
* Ashuri
* Cursive
* Rashi
* Solitreo
* Tifinagh
* Mandaic
* Manichaean
* Nabataean
* Ancient North Arabian
* Pahlavi
* Book
* Inscriptional
* Inscriptional Parthian
* Psalter
* Pegon
* Phoenician
* Paleo-Hebrew
* Pitman shorthand
* Proto-Sinaitic
* Punic
* Samaritan
* South Arabian
* Zabur
* Musnad
* Sogdian
* Syriac
* ʾEsṭrangēlā
* Serṭā
* Maḏnḥāyā
* Teeline Shorthand
* Ugaritic

Abugidas

| Brahmic|

| Northern|

* Bengali–Assamese
* Bhaiksuki
* Brahmi script
* Devanagari
* Dogri
* Gujarati
* Gupta
* Gurmukhi
* Kaithi
* Kalinga
* Khema
* Khojki
* Khudabadi
* Laṇḍā
* Lepcha
* Mahajani
* Marchen
* Meitei
* Modi
* Multani
* Nagari
* Nandinagari
* Nepalese scripts
* Bhujimol
* Golmol
* Himmol
* Kummol
* Kvemmol
* Pachumol
* Pracalit
* Ranjana
* Tamyig
* Tirhuta
* Limbu
* Litumol
* Odia
* Karani
* ʼPhags-pa
* Sharada
* Siddhaṃ
* Soyombo
* Sylheti Nagri
* Takri
* Tibetan
* Uchen
* Umê
* Tocharian
* Zanabazar square

|

Southern|

* Ahom
* Balinese
* Batak
* Baybayin
* Bhattiprolu
* Buda
* Buhid
* Chakma
* Cham
* Fakkham
* Grantha
* Goykanadi
* Hanunoo
* Javanese
* Kadamba
* Kannada
* Karen
* Kawi
* Khmer
* Khom Thai
* Kulitan
* Lanna
* Langdi
* Lao
* Leke
* Lontara
* Bilang-bilang
* Makasar
* Malayalam
* Old Maldivian
* Dhives Akuru
* Eveyla Akuru
* Mon–Burmese
* Pallava
* Pyu
* Saurashtra
* Shan
* Sinhala
* Sukhothai
* Sundanese
* Old Sundanese
* Tagbanwa
* Tai Le
* New Tai Lue
* Tai Noi
* Tai Tham
* Tai Viet
* Lai Tay
* Tamil
* Tamil-Brahmi
* Tanchangya
* Telugu
* Thai
* Tigalari
* Ulu scripts
* Incung
* Lampung
* Lembak
* Ogan
* Pasemah
* Rejang
* Serawai
* Vatteluttu
* Kolezhuthu
* Malayanma

Others|

* Bharati
* Boyd's syllabic shorthand
* Canadian syllabics
* Blackfoot
* Déné syllabics
* Dham
* Fox I
* Geʽez
* Gunjala Gondi
* Japanese Braille
* Sarati
* Jenticha
* Kharosthi
* Mandombe
* Masaram Gondi
* Meroitic
* Miao
* Mwangwego
* Pahawh Hmong
* Sorang Sompeng
* Tengwar
* Thaana
* Thomas Natural Shorthand
* Warang Citi
* Mwangwego
* Rma

Alphabets

| Linear|

* Adlam
* Ariyaka
* Armenian
* Avestan
* Pazend
* Avoiuli
* Bassa Vah
* Carian
* Caucasian Albanian
* Cirth
* Coelbren
* Coorgi–Cox alphabet
* Coptic
* Cyrillic
* Serbian
* Early
* Deseret
* Duployan shorthand
* Chinook
* Eclectic shorthand
* Elbasan
* Enochian
* Etruscan
* Formosan
* Fox II
* Fraser
* Gabelsberger shorthand
* Gadabuursi
* Garay alphabet
* Georgian
* Asomtavruli
* Nuskhuri
* Mkhedruli
* Veso Bey
* Glagolitic
* Gothic
* Gregg shorthand
* Greek (Archaic)
* Greco-Iberian alphabet
* Hangul
* Hanifi
* Jenticha
* Kaddare
* Kayah Li
* Klingon
* Latin
* Beneventan
* Blackletter
* Carolingian minuscule
* Fraktur
* Gaelic
* Insular
* IPA
* Kurrent
* Merovingian
* Sigla
* Sütterlin
* Tironian notes
* Visigothic
* Luo
* Lycian
* Lydian
* Manchu
* Medefaidrin
* Molodtsov
* Mru
* Mundari Bani
* N'Ko
* Ogham
* Ol Chiki
* Old Hungarian
* Old Italic
* Old Permic
* Orkhon
* Old Uyghur
* Mongolian
* Evenki
* Galik alphabet
* Manchu
* Oirat
* Vagindra
* Ol Onal
* Osage
* Osmanya
* Pau Cin Hau
* Phrygian
* Pisidian
* Runic
* Anglo-Saxon
* Cipher
* Dalecarlian
* Elder Futhark
* Younger Futhark
* Gothic
* Marcomannic
* Medieval
* Staveless
* Shavian
* Sidetic
* Sorang Sompeng
* Sunuwar
* Tifinagh
* Todhri
* Tolong Siki
* Vellara
* Visible Speech
* Vithkuqi
* Wancho
* Warang Citi
* Yezidi
* Zaghawa

|

Non-linear|

* Braille
* Maritime flags
* Telegraph code
* New York Point
* Flag semaphore
* Moon type

Ideograms

* Adinkra
* Aztec
* Blissymbols
* Dongba
* Ersu Shaba
* Emoji
* Isotype
* Kaidā
* Miꞌkmaw
* Mixtec
* New Epoch Notation Painting
* Nsibidi
* Anishinaabewibii'iganan
* Olmec
* Siglas poveiras
* Testerian
* Yerkish
* Zapotec

Logograms

| Chinese family of scripts|

| Chinese characters|

* Simplified
* Traditional
* Oracle bone script
* Bronze scripts
* Seal script
* large
* small
* bird-worm
* Hanja
* Kanji
* Chữ Nôm
* Sawndip
* Bowen

|

Chinese-influenced|

* Jurchen
* Khitan large script
* Sui
* Tangut

Cuneiform|

* Akkadian
* Assyrian
* Elamite
* Hittite
* Luwian
* Sumerian

Other logosyllabic|

* Anatolian
* Bagam
* Cretan
* Isthmian
* Maya
* Proto-Elamite
* Tenevil
* Yi (Classical)

Logoconsonantal|

* Demotic
* Hieratic
* Hieroglyphs

Numerals|

* Hindu-Arabic
* Abjad
* Attic (Greek)
* Muisca
* Roman

Other|

* Sitelen Pona

Semi-syllabaries

| Full|

* Linear Elamite
* Celtiberian
* Iberian
* Northeastern
* Southeastern
* Khom
* Dunging

|

Redundant|

* Espanca script
* Pahawh Hmong
* Khitan small script
* Southwest Paleohispanic
* Bopomofo
* Quốc Âm Tân Tự

Sign languages

* ASLwrite
* SignWriting
* si5s
* Stokoe notation

Syllabaries

* Afaka
* Bamum
* Bété
* Byblos
* Canadian Aboriginal
* Cherokee
* Cypriot
* Cypro-Minoan
* Ditema tsa Dinoko
* Eskayan
* Geba
* Great Lakes Algonquian
* Iban
* Idu
* Kana
* Hiragana
* Katakana
* Man'yōgana
* Hentaigana
* Sōgana
* Jindai moji
* Kikakui
* Kpelle
* Linear B
* Linear Elamite
* Lisu
* Loma
* Nüshu
* Nwagu Aneke script
* Old Persian cuneiform
* Sumerian
* Vai
* Woleai
* Yi
* Yugtun

* v
* t
* e

Braille ⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑

Braille cell|

* 1829 braille
* International uniformity
* ASCII braille
* Unicode braille patterns

Braille scripts|

| French-ordered|

* Albanian
* Azerbaijani
* Cantonese
* Catalan
* Chinese (mainland Mandarin) (largely reassigned)
* Czech
* Dutch
* English (Unified English)
* Esperanto
* French
* German
* Ghanaian
* Guarani
* Hawaiian
* Hungarian
* Iñupiaq
* IPA
* Irish
* Italian
* Latvian
* Lithuanian
* Luxembourgish (extended to 8-dot)
* Maltese
* Māori
* Navajo
* Nigerian
* Philippine
* Polish
* Portuguese
* Romanian
* Samoan
* Slovak
* South African
* Spanish
* Taiwanese Mandarin (largely reassigned)
* Turkish
* Vietnamese
* Welsh
* Yugoslav
* Zambian

| Nordic family|

* Estonian
* Faroese
* Icelandic
* Scandinavian
* Danish
* Finnish
* Greenlandic
* Northern Sámi
* Norwegian
* Swedish

|

Russian lineage family
i.e. Cyrillic-mediated scripts|

* Belarusian
* Bulgarian
* Kazakh
* Kyrgyz
* Mongolian
* Russian
* Tatar
* Ukrainian

Egyptian lineage family
i.e. Arabic-mediated scripts|

* Arabic
* Persian
* Urdu (Pakistan)

Indian lineage family
i.e. Bharati Braille|

* Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)
* Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)
* Gujarati
* Kannada
* Malayalam
* Odia
* Punjabi
* Sinhala
* Tamil
* Telugu
* Urdu (India)

Other scripts|

* Amharic
* Armenian
* Burmese
* Dzongkha (Bhutanese)
* Georgian
* Greek
* Hebrew
* Inuktitut (reassigned vowels)
* Khmer
* Thai and Lao (Japanese vowels)
* Tibetan

Reordered|

* Algerian Braille (obsolete)

Frequency-based|

* American Braille (obsolete)

Independent|

* Chinese semi-syllabaries
* Cantonese
* Mainland Chinese Mandarin
* Taiwanese Mandarin
* Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)
* Japanese
* Korean

Eight-dot|

* Luxembourgish
* Kanji
* Gardner–Salinas braille codes (GS8)

Symbols in braille|

* Braille music
* Canadian currency marks
* Computer Braille Code
* Gardner–Salinas braille codes (science; GS8/GS6)
* International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
* Nemeth braille code

Braille technology|

* Braille e-book
* Braille embosser
* Braille translator
* Braille watch
* Mountbatten Brailler
* Optical braille recognition
* Perforation
* Perkins Brailler
* Refreshable braille display
* Slate and stylus
* Braigo

People|

* Louis Braille
* Charles Barbier
* Róża Czacka
* Valentin Haüy
* Harris Mowbray
* Thakur Vishva Narain Singh
* Sabriye Tenberken
* William Bell Wait

Organisations|

* Braille Institute of America
* Braille Without Borders
* Japan Braille Library
* National Braille Association
* Blindness organizations
* Schools for the blind
* American Printing House for the Blind

Other tactile alphabets|

* Decapoint
* Moon type
* New York Point
* Night writing
* Vibratese

Related topics|

* Accessible publishing
* Braille literacy
* RoboBraille

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