Union territory

Form of administrative division in India

This article is about the union territories of India. For other uses, see Federal territory and Union territory (disambiguation).

Union territory

National
Capital Territory

Jammu
and
Kashmir

Ladakh

Andaman
and
Nicobar Islands

Chandigarh

Dadra and Nagar Haveli and
Daman and Diu

Lakshadweep

Puducherry

Category| Federated states
Location| Republic of India
Number| 8 (as of 2022)
Populations| Lakshadweep – 64,473 (lowest)
National Capital Territory of Delhi – 31,181,376 (highest)
Areas| Lakshadweep – 32 km2 (12 sq mi) (smallest)
Ladakh – 59,146 km2 (22,836 sq mi) (largest)
Government|

* Central government

Subdivisions|

* Districts
Divisions

A union territory is a type of administrative division in the Republic of India. Unlike the states of India, which have their own governments, union territories are federal territories governed, in part or in whole, by the Union Government of India.[1][2][3] There are currently eight union territories in India: Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, Delhi (NCT), Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh, Lakshadweep and Puducherry.

## History

[edit]

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Comparison of the administrative divisions of India in 1951 and 1956

Districts of Jammu and Kashmir and List of districts of Ladakh as of November 2019.

When the Constitution of India was adopted in 1949, the Indian federal structure included:

* Part C states, which were chief commissioners' provinces and some princely states, each governed by a chief commissioner appointed by the President of India. The ten Part C states were Ajmer, Bhopal, Bilaspur, Coorg, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Cutch, Manipur, Tripura and Vindhya Pradesh.
* One Part D state (Andaman and Nicobar Islands) administered by a lieutenant governor appointed by the central government.[4]

After the States Reorganisation Act, 1956, Part C and Part D states were combined into a single category of "Union territory". Due to various other reorganisations, only 6 union territories remained:

* Andaman and Nicobar Islands
* Laccadive, Minicoy & Amindivi Islands (later renamed Lakshadweep)
* Delhi
* Manipur
* Tripura
* Himachal Pradesh

By the early 1970s, Manipur, Tripura, and Himachal Pradesh had become full-fledged states, and Chandigarh became a union territory. Another three (Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu and Puducherry) were formed from acquired territories that formerly belonged to non-British colonial powers (Portuguese India and French India, respectively).

In August 2019, the Parliament of India passed Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019. The act contains provisions to reconstitute the state of Jammu and Kashmir into two union territories, one to be eponymously called Jammu and Kashmir, and the other Ladakh on 31 October 2019.

In November 2019, the Government of India introduced legislation to merge the union territories of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu into a single union territory to be known as Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu.[5][6][7]

## Administration

[edit]

The Parliament of India can pass a law to amend the constitution and provide a Legislature with elected Members and a Chief Minister for a union territory, as it has done for Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir and Puducherry. Generally, the President of India appoints an administrator or lieutenant governor for each UT.[1]

Delhi, Puducherry, Jammu and Kashmir operate differently from the other five. They were given partial statehood and Delhi was redefined as the [National Capital Territory] (NCT) and incorporated into a larger area known as the National Capital Region (NCR). Delhi, Puducherry, Jammu and Kashmir have an elected legislative assembly and an executive council of ministers with a partially state-like function.[8]

Due to the existence of union territories, many critics have resolved India into a semi-federal nation, as the central and state governments each have their domains and territories of legislation. Union territories of India have special rights and status due to their constitutional formation and development. The status of "union territory" may be assigned to an Indian sub-jurisdiction for reasons such as safeguarding the rights of indigenous cultures, averting political turmoil related to matters of governance, and so on. These union territories could be changed to states in the future for more efficient administrative control.[9]

The Constitution does not stipulate how tax revenue is to be devolved to the union territories, unlike for the states. The fund's devolution to union territories by the union government has no criteria where all the revenue goes to the union government. Some union territories are provided more funds, while others are given less, arbitrarily by the union government.[10] As union territories are directly ruled by the union government, some union territories get more funds from the union government than entitled on per capita and backwardness basis when compared to states.

After the introduction of GST, UT-GST is applicable in union territories that do not have a legislative assembly. UT-GST is levied at par with the applicable state GST in the rest of the country which would eliminate the previous lower taxation in the union territories.[11]

## Constitutional status

[edit]

Article 1 (1) of the Indian constitution says that India shall be a "Union of States", which is elaborated under Parts V (The Union) and VI (The States) of the constitution. Article 1 (3) says the territory of India comprises the territories of the states, the union territories and other territories that may be acquired. The concept of union territories was not in the original version of the constitution, but was added by the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956.[12] Article 366(30) also defines Union territory as any union territory specified in the First Schedule and includes any other territory comprised within the territory of India but not specified in that Schedule. In the constitution wherever it refers to Territories of India, it is applicable to the whole country including union territories. Where it refers to only India, it applies to all states only but not to union territories. Thus, citizenship (part II), fundamental rights (part III), Directive Principles of State Policy (part IV), Judiciary role, the Union Territories (part VIII), Article 245, etc. apply to union territories as it refers specifically to Territories of India. The executive power of the Union (i.e. union of states only) rests with President of India. The President of India is also the chief administrator of union territories as per Article 239. The union public service commission's role does not apply to all territories of India as it refers to India only in Part XIV.

The constitutional status of a union territory is similar to a state under the perennial president's rule per Article 356 subject to specific exemptions to a few union territories with legislative assembly. As Per Article 240 (1), supreme power is accorded to the president in regulating the affairs of all the union territories except Chandigarh, NCT and Puducherry, including powers to override the laws made by Parliament and the constitution of India. Article 240 (2) allows implementing tax haven laws in these union territories to attract foreign capital and investments into India instead of depending on foreign tax haven countries.

The difference between states as listed in the First Schedule of the constitution and union territories with legislative assembly is that states were given autonomous powers as provided in the constitution without any possible interference by the parliament whereas UTs with legislative assembly (Part VIII) has similar powers but parliament is empowered to modify or repeal or suspend the laws made by a union territory (ultimate authority by the parliament unlike the independent nature of the states).

Three of the union territories have representation in the upper house of the Indian Parliament, the Rajya Sabha: Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir, and Puducherry. Puducherry, Jammu and Kashmir and NCT of Delhi are the only 3 Union Territories that are exceptional among union territories in that each has its own locally elected legislative assembly and have a Chief Minister.[citation needed]

## Current union territories

[edit]

State[13] | ISO[14] | Vehicle
code[15] | Zone[16] | Capital[13] | Largest city[17] | Established[18] | Population
(2011)[19] | Area
(km2)[20] | Official
languages[21] | Additional official
languages[21]

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Andaman and Nicobar Islands | IN-AN  | AN  | Eastern | Port Blair | 1 November 1956  | 380,581  | 8,249  | Hindi, English | —
Chandigarh | IN-CH  | CH  | Northern | Chandigarh | 1 November 1966  | 1,055,450  | 114  | English | —
Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu | IN-DH  | DD  | Western | Daman | Silvassa | 26 January 2020  | 587,106  | 603  | Hindi, English  | Gujarati
Delhi | IN-DL  | DL  | Northern | New Delhi | Delhi | 1 November 1956  | 16,787,941  | 1,484  | Hindi, English | Urdu, Punjabi[22]
Jammu and Kashmir | IN-JK  | JK  | Northern | Srinagar (Summer)
Jammu (Winter)[23] | Srinagar | 31 October 2019  | 12,258,433  | 42,241  | Dogri, English, Hindi, Kashmiri, Urdu | —
Ladakh | IN-LA  | LA  | Northern | Leh (Summer)
Kargil (Winter)[24] | Leh | 31 October 2019  | 290,492  | 59,146  | Hindi, English | —
Lakshadweep | IN-LD  | LD  | Southern | Kavaratti | Andrott | 1 November 1956  | 64,473  | 32  | Hindi, English | Malayalam
Puducherry | IN-PY  | PY  | Southern | Pondicherry | 16 August 1962  | 1,247,953  | 479  | Tamil, French, English | Telugu, Malayalam

## Former union territories

[edit]

Former union territories of India[18][25] Name  | Zone | Capital  | Area  | Begin  | End  | Successor(s)  | Map

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Arunachal Pradesh | North-Eastern | Itanagar | 83,743 km2 (32,333 sq mi)  | 21 January 1972 | 20 February 1987 | As an Indian state  |
Dadra and Nagar Haveli | Western | Silvassa | 491 km2 (190 sq mi)  | 11 August 1961 | 26 January 2020 | Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu (UT)  |
Daman and Diu | Western | Daman | 112 km2 (43 sq mi)  | 30 May 1987 | 26 January 2020 | Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu (UT)  |
Goa, Daman and Diu | Western | Panaji | 3,814 km2 (1,473 sq mi)  | 19 December 1961 | 30 May 1987 | Goa (state), Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu (UT)  |
Himachal | Northern | Shimla | 55,673 km2 (21,495 sq mi)  | 1 November 1956 | 25 January 1971 | As an Indian state  |
Manipur | North-Eastern | Imphal | 22,327 km2 (8,621 sq mi)  | 1 November 1956 | 21 January 1972 | As an Indian state  |
Mizoram | North-Eastern | Aizawl | 21,081 km2 (8,139 sq mi)  | 21 January 1972 | 20 February 1987 | As an Indian state  |
Nagaland | North-Eastern | Kohima | 16,579 km2 (6,401 sq mi)  | 29 November 1957 | 1 December 1963 | As an Indian state  |
Tripura | North-Eastern | Agartala | 10,491 km2 (4,051 sq mi)  | 1 November 1956 | 21 January 1972 | As an Indian state  |

## Proposed union territories

[edit]

Main article: Proposed states and union territories of India

There have been a number of movements and proposals to carve out additional states and union territories.

## See also

[edit]

* Federalism in India
* Lawmaking procedure in India
* List of acts of the Parliament of India
* List of amendments of the Constitution of India
* Staff Selection Commission

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b Union Territories. Know India: National Portal of India Archived 2012-11-26 at the Wayback Machine
2. ^ "States and Union Territories". KnowIndia.gov.in. Archived from the original on 24 October 2013. Retrieved 17 November 2013.
3. ^ "Union Territories of India". Archived from the original on 22 November 2016. Retrieved 21 September 2014.
4. ^ "The Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956". Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
5. ^ Dutta, Amrita Nayak (10 July 2019). "There will be one UT less as Modi govt plans to merge Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu". New Delhi. The Print. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
6. ^ "Govt plans to merge 2 UTs — Daman and Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli". Press Trust of India. 22 November 2019. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
7. ^ Bill No. 366 of 2019 [The Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu (Merger of Union Territories) Bill, 2019] (PDF) (Article 240 (2)). Lok Sabha. 21 November 2019. Archived 24 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine
8. ^ "Union territories with and without legislature: How will Ladakh be different from Jammu and free fire". India Today. 6 August 2019.
9. ^ "Supreme Court judgement, New Delhi Municipal Corporation ... vs State Of Punjab Etc.Etc on 19 December, 1996". Archived from the original on 5 December 2018. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
10. ^ "Puducherry CM N Rangasamy seeks 'clear formula' for devolution of Central funds". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 29 September 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
11. ^ "Why Union Territory GST law (UTGST) is important?". Archived from the original on 1 October 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
12. ^ "The Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956". Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
13. ^ a b "State/UTs and capitals". Government of India. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
14. ^ "ISO codes". International Organization for Standardization. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
15. ^ "Registration statecodes". Government of India. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
16. ^ "Zonal council". Government of India. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
17. ^ Towns and urban agglomerations classified by population size class in 2011 with variation between 1901 and 2011 – Class I (Report). Government of India. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
18. ^ a b States Reorganisation (PDF) (Report). Parliament of India. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
19. ^ State-wise population (Report). Government of India. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
20. ^ Socio-economic statistics (PDF) (Report). Government of India. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
21. ^ a b "Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 52nd report" (PDF). Government of India. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
22. ^ "Official Language Act 2000" (PDF). Government of Delhi. 2 July 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
23. ^ "Jammu and Kashmir capital". Jammu and Kashmir Legal Services Authority. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
24. ^ "LG, UT Hqrs, Head of Police to have Sectts at both Leh, Kargil: Mathur". Daily Excelsior. 12 November 2019. Archived from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
25. ^ "Article 1". Constitution of India (PDF) (Report). Government of India. Retrieved 31 December 2023.

## External links

[edit]

* Media related to Union territories of India at Wikimedia Commons

* v
* t
* e

State and Union Territory capitals of India

Administrative|

* Agartala
* Aizawl
* Amaravati
* Bangalore
* Bhopal
* Bhubaneswar
* Chandigarh
* Chennai
* Daman
* Dehradun
* Dispur
* Gandhinagar
* Gangtok
* Hyderabad
* Imphal
* Itanagar
* Jaipur
* Jammu (winter)
* Kargil (winter)
* Kavaratti
* Kohima
* Kolkata
* Leh (summer)
* Lucknow
* Mumbai
* New Delhi
* Panaji
* Patna
* Pondicherry
* Port Blair
* Ranchi
* Raipur
* Shillong
* Shimla
* Srinagar (summer)
* Thiruvananthapuram

Legislative|

* Agartala
* Aizawl
* Amaravati
* Bangalore (summer)
* Belgaum (winter)
* Bhararisain (summer)
* Bhopal
* Bhubaneswar
* Chandigarh
* Chennai
* Dharamshala (winter)
* Dehradun (winter)
* Gandhinagar
* Gangtok
* Guwahati
* Hyderabad
* Imphal
* Itanagar
* Jaipur
* Jammu (winter)
* Kohima
* Kolkata
* Lucknow
* Mumbai (summer)
* Nagpur (winter)
* New Delhi
* Patna
* Pondicherry
* Porvorim
* Raipur
* Ranchi
* Shillong
* Shimla (summer)
* Srinagar (summer)
* Thiruvananthapuram

Judicial|

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* Amaravati
* Bangalore
* Bilaspur
* Chandigarh
* Chennai
* Cuttack
* Gangtok
* Guwahati
* Hyderabad
* Imphal
* Jabalpur
* Jodhpur
* Jammu (winter)
* Kochi
* Kolkata
* Mumbai
* Nainital
* New Delhi
* Patna
* Prayagraj
* Ranchi
* Shillong
* Shimla
* Srinagar (summer)

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States and union territories of India

States|

* Andhra Pradesh
* Arunachal Pradesh
* Assam
* Bihar
* Chhattisgarh
* Goa
* Gujarat
* Haryana
* Himachal Pradesh
* Jharkhand
* Karnataka
* Kerala
* Madhya Pradesh
* Maharashtra
* Manipur
* Meghalaya
* Mizoram
* Nagaland
* Odisha
* Punjab
* Rajasthan
* Sikkim
* Tamil Nadu
* Telangana
* Tripura
* Uttar Pradesh
* Uttarakhand
* West Bengal

Union territories|

* Andaman and Nicobar Islands
* Chandigarh
* Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu
* Delhi
* Jammu and Kashmir
* Ladakh
* Lakshadweep
* Puducherry

* Capitals in India
* Autonomous administrative divisions of India
* Proposed states and union territories
* Historical Regions
* British Provinces

* v
* t
* e

Designations for types of administrative division

English terms

Common English terms

| Area|

* Insular area
* Local government area
* Special area
* Unincorporated area
* Unorganized area

|

Borough|

* County borough
* Metropolitan borough

Canton|

Half-canton

Capital|

* Federal capital
* Imperial capital

City|

* Autonomous city
* Charter city
* Independent city
* Incorporated city
* Imperial city
* Free imperial city
* Royal free city

Community|

* Autonomous community
* Residential community

County|

* Administrative county
* Autonomous county
* Consolidated city-county
* County seat
* County town
* Metropolitan county
* Non-metropolitan county
* Regional county municipality
* Viscounty

Country|

* Overseas country

Department|

* Overseas department

District|

* Capital district
* City district
* Congressional district
* Electoral district
* Federal district
* Indian government district
* Land district
* Local government district
* Metropolitan district
* Non-metropolitan district
* Military district
* Municipal district
* Police district
* Regional district
* Rural district
* Sanitary district
* Service district
* Educational service district
* Local service district
* School district
* Intermediate school district
* Special district
* in the US
* Urban district

Division|

* Census division
* Police division
* Subdivision of India

Indian reserve/reservation|

* Indian reservation (United States)
* Indian reserve (Canada)

Municipality|

* City municipality
* County municipality
* Direct-controlled municipality
* District municipality
* Neutral municipality
* Regional municipality
* Resort municipality
* Mountain resort municipality
* Rural municipality
* Specialized municipality

Prefecture|

* Autonomous prefecture
* Subprefecture
* Super-prefecture
* Praetorian prefecture

Province|

* Autonomous province
* Overseas province
* Roman province

Region|

* Administrative region
* Special administrative region
* Autonomous region
* Capital region
* National capital region
* Development region
* Mesoregion
* Microregion
* Overseas region
* Subregion

State|

* Proto-state
* City-state
* Federal state
* Free state
* Sovereign state

Territory|

* Capital territory
* Federal capital territory
* National capital territory
* Dependent territory
* Federal territory
* Incorporated territory
* Organized incorporated territory
* Overseas territory
* Union territory

Town|

* Census town
* Market town

Township|

* Charter township
* Civil township
* Paper township
* Survey township
* Urban township

Unit|

* Regional unit
* Territorial unit
* Autonomous territorial unit

Zone|

* Economic zone
* Exclusive economic zone
* Free economic zone
* Special economic zone
* Exclusion zone
* Military exclusion zone
* Free speech zone
* Neutral zone
* Self-administered zone
* Trade zone
* Free-trade zone

Other English terms

| Current|

* Alpine resort
* Bailiwick
* Banner
* Autonomous
* Block
* Cadastre
* Circle
* Circuit
* Colony
* Commune
* Condominium
* Constituency
* Duchy
* District
* Eldership
* Emirate
* Enclave and exclave
* Federal dependency
* Governorate
* Hamlet
* Manor
* Royal
* Muftiate
* Neighbourhood
* Parish
* Precinct
* Principality
* Protectorate
* Quarter
* Regency
* Autonomous republic
* Riding
* Sector
* Autonomous
* Shire
* Sultanate
* Suzerainty
* Townland
* Village
* Summer
* Ward

|

Historical|

* Agency
* Barony
* Burgh
* Exarchate
* Hide
* Hundred
* Imperial Circle
* March
* Monthon
* Presidency
* Residency
* Roman diocese
* Seat
* Tenth
* Tithing
* Viceroyalty

Non-English terms or loanwords

| Current|

* Amt
* Apskritis
* Bakhsh
* Barangay
* Bashki
* Bezirk
* Regierungsbezirk
* Comarca
* Comune
* Frazione
* Freguesia
* Fu
* Gemeinde
* Austria
* Germany
* South Tyrol
* Switzerland
* Gemeente
* Gmina
* Hromada
* Județ
* Kampong
* Kommun/Kunta
* Finland
* Sweden
* Län (Sweden)
* Landskap
* Finland
* Località
* Maakunta
* Megye
* Muban
* Mukim
* Njësi administrative
* Oblast
* Autonomous
* Okrug
* Ostān
* Poblacion
* Purok
* Qark
* Raion
* Savivaldybė
* Selsoviet
* Sitio
* Seniūnija
* Shahrestān
* Sum
* China
* Sýsla
* Tehsil
* Vingtaine

|

Historical|

* Commote
* Gau
* Heerlijkheid
* Komunë
* Köping
* Korale
* Län/Lääni
* Landskap
* Sweden
* Landskommun
* Maalaiskunta
* Nome
* Egypt
* Greece
* Pagus
* Pargana
* Plasă
* Rreth
* Satrapy
* Socken
* Subah
* Syssel
* Zhou

Used by ten or more countries or having derived terms. Historical derivations in italics.

See also
Autonomous administration
Census division
Electoral district
List of administrative divisions by country
Slavic administrative divisions

Authority control databases: National |

* United States
* Israel

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