United Front (China)

Political strategy of the Chinese Communist Party

For other uses, see United Front (disambiguation) § China.

United Front

统一战线

General Secretary| Xi Jinping
CPPCC Chairman| Wang Yang
First Vice Chairman| Zhang Qingli
Department Head| You Quan
Founder| Mao Zedong
Founded| 1946; 76 years ago (1946)
Headquarters| Beijing
Ideology| Socialism with Chinese characteristics
National People's Congress|

2,980 / 2,980

NPC Standing Committee|

175 / 175

* Politics of China
* Political parties
* Elections

United Front

Simplified Chinese| 统一战线
Traditional Chinese| 統一戰綫
| Transcriptions

Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin| TǒngYī ZhànXiàn
Socialist United Front
Simplified Chinese| 社会主义统一战线
Traditional Chinese| 社會主義統一戰綫
| Transcriptions

Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin| Shèhuìzhǔyì Tǒngyī Zhànxiàn
Patriotic United Front
Simplified Chinese| 爱国(主义)统一战线
Traditional Chinese| 愛國(主義)統一戰綫
| Transcriptions

Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin| Aiguó(zhǔyì) Tǒngyī Zhànxiàn
People's Democratic United Front
(1945–1966)
Simplified Chinese| 人民民主统一战线
Traditional Chinese| 人民民主統一戰綫
| Transcriptions

Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin| Rénmín Mínzhǔ Tǒngyī Zhànxiàn
Revolutionary United Front
(1966–1978)
Simplified Chinese| 革命统一战线
Traditional Chinese| 革命統一戰綫
| Transcriptions

Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin| Gémìng Tǒngyī Zhànxiàn

Politics of China

Leadership

Leadership generations
Succession of power

* Hu–Wen Administration (2002-2012)
* Xi–Li Administration (2012-2017)
* Xi Core Administration (since 2017)
* 4th Leadership Core: Xi Jinping
* 19th Party Politburo: Xi Jinping
* 13th State Council: Li Keqiang
* Current state leaders
* Current provincial leaders

National leaders
Orders of precedence

* Paramount leader: Xi Jinping
* Communist Party leader: Xi Jinping
* Head of state: Xi Jinping
* Head of government: Li Keqiang
* Congress Chairman: Li Zhanshu
* Conference Chairman: Wang Yang
* Commander-in-chief: Xi Jinping
* Politburo Standing Committee members

Related systems

* Democratic centralism
* Collective leadership
* Organization Department
* Elections
* Civil service

Communist Party

History

* Principal leaders

Constitution

* Admission Oath (Article 6)

Organization

* National Party Congress (19th)
* Central Committee (19th)

General Secretary (list)

Xi Jinping
* Central Politburo (19th)

Standing Committee (list)

* Central Secretariat

Top-ranked secretary: Wang Huning

* Central Military Commission

Chairman: Xi Jinping

Vice-Chairman:

Xu Qiliang, Zhang Youxia
* National Security Commission

Chairman: Xi Jinping

Vice-Chairman:

Li Keqiang, Li Zhanshu

Office Chief: Ding Xuexiang

* Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission

Director: Xi Jinping

Deputy Directors:

Li Keqiang, Wang Huning, Han Zheng

Secretary-General: Wang Huning

* Financial & Economic Affairs Commission

Director: Xi Jinping

Deputy Director: Li Keqiang

Office Chief: Liu He

* General Office

Director: Ding Xuexiang
* Office of the General Secretary

Chief: Ding Xuexiang
* Central Security Bureau
* Central Guard Unit
* Office of the Central Secrecy Commission
* Organization Department

Head: Chen Xi
* Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (19th)
* Standing Committee (19th)

Secretary: Zhao Leji

* * *

* Provincial committee
* Standing committee

Secretary
Deputy secretaries

United Front

* Political Consultative Conference
* National Committee

Chairman: Wang Yang

Vice-Chairpersons

Top-ranked: Zhang Qingli
Secretary-General: Xia Baolong
* Political parties:

CCP (ruling)

United Front Work Department

Head: You Quan

* RCCK
* CDL
* CDNCA
* CAPD
* CPWDP
* CZGP
* JS
* TDSGL

Historical parties:

* KMT
* CDSP
* CYP

* Federation of Industry and Commerce
* People's organizations

Ideology

* Marxism–Leninism
* Mao Zedong Thought
* Socialism with Chinese characteristics

* Deng Xiaoping Theory

Primary stage of socialism
Four Cardinal Principles
* Three Represents
* Scientific Outlook on Development

Harmonious Socialist Society

* Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era

Chinese Dream
Four Comprehensives

* Constitution
* Law

* Constitution

Previous constitutions

* 1954
* 1975
* 1978

* "People's democratic dictatorship" (Article 1)

* Democratic centralism (Article 3)
* Constitutional oath of office (Article 27)
* Protection of human rights (Article 33)
* Freedom of religion (Article 36)

* * *

* Chinese legal system
* Civil law tradition
* Socialist law tradition
* Laws
* Legislation Law
* List of statutes

* * *

* General Principles of the Civil Law (to 2020)
* Civil Code (From 2021)
* Marriage Law
* Labour law
* Labour Law
* Labour Contract Law
* Property law
* Property Law
* Intellectual property law
* Patent law

* * *

* Administrative law
* Administrative Procedure Law

* * *

* Criminal law
* Capital punishment
* Capital offences
* Death sentence with reprieve

Legislative

* National People's Congress (13th)

Members
* Plenary sessions

Voting results
* Presidium
* Standing Committee

Chairman: Li Zhanshu

Vice-Chairpersons

Top-ranked: Wang Chen
Secretary-General: Yang Zhenwu
Council of Chairpersons
Members
* Special committees
1. Ethnic Affairs
2. Constitution and Law
3. Supervisory and Judicial Affairs
4. Financial and Economic Affairs
5. Education, Science, Culture and Public Health
6. Foreign Affairs
7. Overseas Chinese Affairs
8. Environment Protection and Resources Conservation
9. Agriculture and Rural Affairs
10. Social Development Affairs
* Legislation Law
* Elections

Presidency

* President (list): Xi Jinping

Presidential spouse: Peng Liyuan

* Presidential Office

Chief: Ding Xuexiang
* Vice-President: Wang Qishan

Executive

* State Council (Central People's Government)
* Li Keqiang Cabinet II

Premier (list): Li Keqiang

Vice-Premiers (list)

* Han Zheng
* Sun Chunlan
* Hu Chunhua
* Liu He

State Councilors

* Wei Fenghe
* Wang Yong
* Wang Yi
* Xiao Jie
* Zhao Kezhi

Secretary-General: Xiao Jie

* Cabinet-level departments
* National Development & Reform Commission
* Central bank
* National Audit Office
* General Office

Secretary-General
Deputy Secretaries-General
* State-owned Assets Supervision & Administration Commission
* most Central Enterprises

Military

* Central Military Commission (CMC)

Chairman (supreme commander):

Xi Jinping
Vice-Chairman:

* Xu Qiliang
* Zhang Youxia

Members:

* Wei Fenghe
* Li Zuocheng
* Miao Hua
* Zhang Shengmin

Departments:
1. General Office

Director: Zhong Shaojun
2. Joint Staff Dept.

Chief: Li Zuocheng
3. Political Work Dept.

Director: Miao Hua
4. Logistic Support Dept.
5. Equipment Development Dept.
6. Training and Administration Dept.
7. National Defense Mobilization Dept.
8. Discipline Inspection Commission

Secretary: Zhang Shengmin
9. Politics and Legal Affairs Commission
10. Science and Technology Commission
11. Strategic Planning Office
12. Reform & Organizational Structure Office
13. Int'l Military Cooperation Office
14. Audit Office
15. Offices Administration Agency
National armed forces:

People's Liberation Army

Theater commands
People's Armed Police

China Coast Guard
Militia
* State Council

National Defense Mobilization Commission

Chairman: Li Keqiang

Ministry of National Defense

Minister: Wei Fenghe

Ministry of Veterans Affairs
State Administration for Sci., Tech. & Industry for National Defense

* * *

Military history

* Armed conflicts
* Military modernization
* Military reform since 2015
* CMC Leading Group for Military Reform

Leader: Xi Jinping

Supervision

* Corruption in China
* Anti-corruption campaign since 2012

* * *

* CCP Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (19th)

Secretary: Zhao Leji
Deputy Secretaries

* Yang Xiaodu
* Zhang Shengmin
* Liu Jinguo
* Yang Xiaochao
* Li Shulei
* Xu Lingyi
* Xiao Pei
* Chen Xiaojiang

Secretary-General: Yang Xiaochao
* National Supervisory Commission

Director: Yang Xiaodu
* Central Leading Group for Inspection Work

Leader: Zhao Leji

* * *

* Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission

Secretary: Zhang Shengmin

* * *

* Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)

* * *

* Commission Against Corruption (Macau)

* Judiciary
* Law enforcement

* CCP Central Politics and Law Commission

Secretary: Guo Shengkun

* Supreme People's Court

President: Zhou Qiang

People's Courts Judicial Police
* Supreme People's Procuratorate

Prosecutor General: Zhang Jun

People's Procuratorates Judicial Police
* State Council
* Ministry of Public Security

Minister: Zhao Kezhi (State Councilor)

Public Security Organs People's Police
* State Immigration Administration
* Local public security bureaus
* Ministry of State Security

Minister: Chen Wenqing

State Security Organs People's Police
* Ministry of Justice

Minister: Fu Zhenghua

Judicial Administrative Organs People's Police
* Bureau of Prison Administration [zh]
* Office for Safeguarding National Security of the CPG in the HKSAR

* * *

* Urban Management (chengguan)

* * *

* Judiciary of Hong Kong
* Court of Final Appeal
* Department of Justice
* Prosecutions Division
* Law enforcement in Hong Kong
* Security Bureau
* Regular Disciplined Services
* Hong Kong Police Force

* * *

* Judiciary of Macau
* Court of Final Appeal
* Public Prosecutions Office
* Secretariat for Security
* Macau Security Force
* Unitary Police Services [zh]
* Public Security Police
* Judiciary Police [zh]

Propaganda

* Central Leading Group for Propaganda and Ideology

Leader: Wang Huning

* Central Guidance Commission on Building Spiritual Civilization

Director: Wang Huning

Deputy Director: Huang Kunming

* Central Propaganda Department

Head: Huang Kunming

* National Press and Publication Administration
* China Film Administration [zh]
* State Council Information Office
* China Daily
* Ministry of Culture and Tourism
* National Radio and Television Administration
* China Media Group
* China Central Television
* China Global Television Network
* China National Radio
* China Radio International
* Xinhua News Agency
* Reference News
* China News Service
* People's Daily
* Global Times
* China Today

* * *

* Censorship in China
* Radio jamming
* Overseas censorship of Chinese issues
* Media of China
* Internal media
* Publishing industry in China

* * *

* Internet in China
* Internet censorship
* Great Firewall
* Great Cannon
* Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission

Director: Xi Jinping

Deputy director: Li Keqiang

* Cyberspace Administration of China

Director: Xu Lin

* Hong Kong
* Macau

* Central Leading Group on Hong Kong and Macau Affairs

Leader: Han Zheng
* HK & Macau Affairs Office

Director: Zhang Xiaoming
* Liaison Office in Hong Kong
* Liaison Office in Macau
* One country, two systems
* Special administrative regions

* * *

* Hong Kong Basic Law
* Chief Executive: Lam Cheng Yuet-ngor
* Hong Kong SAR Government
* Politics of Hong Kong
* Independence movement
* Mainland & HK CEPA

* * *

* Macao Basic Law
* Chief Executive: Chui Sai On
* Macau SAR Government
* Politics of Macau
* Mainland & Macau CEPA

Cross-Strait relations

* Cross-Strait relations
* Chinese Civil War
* One-China policy
* Political status of Taiwan
* Republic of China on Taiwan
* Taiwan Area
* "Taiwan Province", PRC
* Taiwan independence movement
* Anti-Secession Law
* Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement
* Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement
* Chinese unification

* * *

* Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs

Leader: Xi Jinping
Deputy Leader: Wang Yang
* Taiwan Affairs Office

Director: Zhang Zhijun
* Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits

Foreign relations

* Central Foreign Affairs Commission

Director: Xi Jinping
Deputy Director: Li Keqiang
Secretary-General: Yang Jiechi
* Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Minister: Wang Yi (State Councilor)
Spokespersons
Diplomatic missions

* * *

* Diplomatic missions of China / in China

* * *

* Foreign aid from China / to China
* International Development Cooperation Agency
* Ministry of Commerce
* Exim Bank of China
* China Development Bank
* Belt and Road Initiative
* Silk Road Fund
* Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
* BRICS
* New Development Bank

* * *

* Ministry of National Defense
* International Military Cooperation Office

* * *

* NPC Foreign Affairs Committee
* CCP International Liaison Department
* State Council Information Office
* State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs
* Overseas Chinese Affairs Office

* * *

* Chinese nationality law
* Chinese passports (Hong Kong; Macau)
* Visa requirements for Chinese citizens (Hong Kong, Macau)
* Visa policy of China (Hong Kong; Macau)
* National Immigration Administration

* * *

* Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence
* Panda diplomacy
* Beijing Consensus
* Sino-British Joint Declaration
* One country, two systems

* * *

* China and the United Nations
* China and the World Trade Organization
* Shanghai Cooperation Organisation

* * *

* China–Africa relations
* China–Caribbean relations
* China–European Union relations
* China–Latin America relations
* China–Pacific relations
* China–Russia relations
* China–United States relations

Related topics

* Administrative divisions
* Hukou system
* Family planning
* Ethnic minorities
* Communism

China portal

* Other countries

* v
* t
* e

The United Front[a] is a political strategy of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) involving networks of groups and key individuals that are influenced or controlled by the CCP and used to advance its interests. It has traditionally been a popular front that has included eight legally-permitted political parties, the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce, the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade, the All-China Federation of Returned Overseas Chinese, and other people's organizations.[3] Under CCP General Secretary Xi Jinping, the United Front and its targets of influence have expanded in size and scope.[4][5][6][7][8]

The United Front is managed primarily by the United Front Work Department (UFWD) but is not limited solely to the UFWD. It encompasses numerous subservient front organizations and affiliates outside of China, which tend to obfuscate or downplay any association with the CCP.[6][9][10][11][12]

## Contents

* 1 History
* 2 Organs
* 2.1 United Front Work Department
* 3 Activities
* 4 United Front members in the National People's Congress
* 4.1 National People's Congress elections
* 5 See also
* 6 Notes
* 7 References
* 8 Further reading
* 9 External links

## History[edit]

Further information: First United Front and Second United Front

The CCP organized the "National Revolution United Front" (simplified Chinese: 国民革命统一战线; traditional Chinese: 國民革命統一戰綫; pinyin: Guómín gémìng tǒngyī zhànxiàn) with the Kuomintang during the Northern Expedition of 1926–1928 and then the "Workers' and Peasants' Democratic United Front" (simplified Chinese: 工农民主统一战线; traditional Chinese: 工農民主統一戰綫; pinyin: Gōngnóng mínzhǔ tǒngyī zhànxiàn) in the Chinese Soviet Republic era of 1931–1937. Mao Zedong originally promoted the "Anti-Japanese National United Front" (simplified Chinese: 抗日民族统一战线; traditional Chinese: 抗日民族統一戰綫; pinyin: Kàngrì mínzú tǒngyī zhànxiàn), with the name indicating that the proletarian Chinese Communists had united with the bourgeoisie against Imperial Japan[13] in the 1930s.

The United Front "assumed its current form" in 1946,[14] three years before the CCP defeated the authoritarian governing party Kuomintang's Nationalist government of Chiang Kai-shek. Mao credited the United Front as one of his "Three Magic Weapons" against the Kuomintang—alongside the Leninist Chinese Communist Party and the Red Army—and credited the Front with playing a part in his victory.[14][15]

## Organs[edit]

The two organs traditionally affiliated with United Front are the United Front Work Department and the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC). According to Yi-Zheng Lian, the organs "are often poorly understood outside China because there are no equivalents for them in the West".[14] Scholar Jichang Lulu noted that United Front organizations abroad "re-purpose democratic governance structures to serve as tools of extraterritorial influence."[16]

### United Front Work Department[edit]

Main article: United Front Work Department

The United Front Work Department is headed by the chief of the secretariat of the CCP's Central Committee. It oversees front organizations and their affiliates in multiple countries such as the Chinese Students and Scholars Association,[9][17] which helps Chinese students and academics studying or residing in the West, enjoining them to conduct "people-to-people diplomacy" on behalf of the People's Republic of China.[14]

## Activities[edit]

See also: Influence operations, United Front in Taiwan, and United Front strategy in Hong Kong

The United Front is a political strategy that the CCP has used to influence beyond its immediate circles while downplaying direct associations with the CCP.[18] In theory, the United Front existed to give front organizations and non-Communist forces a platform in society.[19] However, scholars describe the contemporary United Front as a complex network of organizations that engage in various types of monitoring and political warfare for the CCP.[20][21][22] According to a 2018 report by the United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission, "United Front work serves to promote Beijing’s preferred global narrative, pressure individuals living in free and open societies to self-censor and avoid discussing issues unfavorable to the CCP, and harass or undermine groups critical of Beijing’s policies."[9]

Scholar Jeffrey Stoff also argues that the CPP's "influence apparatus intersects with or directly supports its global technology transfer apparatus."[23][24] In 2019, the United Front's budget was estimated at $2.6 billion which was larger than the Chinese Foreign Ministry's budget.[25]

Leaders of formal United Front organizations are mostly selected by the CCP, or are themselves CCP members.[26] This process is institutionalized in the CPPCC.[27] In practice, United Front member parties and allied organizations are subservient to the CCP, and must accept the CCP's "leading role" as a condition of their continued existence. Historically, the CCP co-opted and re-purposed non-Communist organizations to become part of the United Front through tactics of entryism.[28] According to the Taiwanese Mainland Affairs Council the United Front uses internet celebrities to carry out infiltration campaigns on social media.[29]

In September 2020, the CCP announced that it would strengthen United Front work in the private sector by establishing more party committees in regional federations of industry and commerce (FIC), and by arranging a special liaison between FICs and the CCP.[30]

## United Front members in the National People's Congress[edit]

The United Front parties have nominal representation in the National People's Congress.

> "In building socialism it is essential to rely on workers, peasants and intellectuals and to unite all forces that can be united. In the long years of revolution and construction, there has been formed under the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party a broad patriotic united front which is composed of the democratic parties and people's organizations and which embraces all socialist working people, all builders of socialism, all patriots who support socialism, and all patriots who stand for the reunification of the motherland. This united front will continue to be consolidated and developed. The Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, a broadly based representative organization of the united front which has played a significant historical role, will play a still more important role in the country's political and social life, in promoting friendship with other countries and in the struggle for socialist modernization and for the reunification and unity of the country. The system of the multi-party cooperation and political consultation led by the Communist Party of China will exist and develop for a long time to come."

— Preamble of the Constitution of the People's Republic of China[31]

Name
(abbreviation)  | Ideology  | National People's Congress | Government

|
|
|

| Chinese Communist Party (CCP)
中国共产党（中共）
中國共產黨（中共） | Socialism with Chinese characteristics |

2,119 / 2,980

| Supermajority government (sole governing party)
| Jiusan Society (JS)
九三学社
九三學社 | Socialism with Chinese characteristics |

64 / 2,980

| Government support
| China Democratic League (CDL)
中国民主同盟（民盟）
中國民主同盟（民盟） | Socialism with Chinese characteristics |

58 / 2,980

| Government support
| China National Democratic Construction Association (CNDCA)
中国民主建国会（民建）
中國民主建國會（民建） | Socialism with Chinese characteristics |

57 / 2,980

| Government support
| China Association for Promoting Democracy (CAPD)
中国民主促进会（民进）
中國民主促進會（民進） | Socialism with Chinese characteristics |

55 / 2,980

| Government support
| Chinese Peasants' and Workers' Democratic Party (CPWDP)
中国农工民主党（农工党）
中國工農民主黨（工農黨） | Socialism with Chinese characteristics |

54 / 2,980

| Government support
| Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang (RCCK)
中国国民党革命委员会（民革）
中國國民黨革命委員會（民革） |

* Socialism with Chinese characteristics
* Three Principles of the People
* Chinese unification

43 / 2,980

| Government support
| China Zhi Gong Party (CZGP)
中国致公党（致公党）
中國致公黨（致公黨） |

* Socialism with Chinese characteristics
* Overseas Chinese interests

38 / 2,980

| Government support
| Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League (TDSGL)
台湾民主自治同盟（台盟）
臺灣民主自治同盟（臺盟） |

* Socialism with Chinese characteristics
* Chinese unification
* One country, two systems

13 / 2,980

| Government support

The Chinese United Front also includes the following organisations:

* All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce
* People's organizations

### National People's Congress elections[edit]

Election  | Seats  | +/– | Position | Government

|
|
|
|

1982–83 |

2,978 / 2,978

|  |  1st  | Sole legal coalition
1987–88 |

2,979 / 2,979

|  1  |  1st  | Sole legal coalition
1993–94 |

2,979 / 2,979

|  |  1st  | Sole legal coalition
1997–98 |

2,979 / 2,979

|  |  1st  | Sole legal coalition
2002–03 |

2,984 / 2,984

|  5  |  1st  | Sole legal coalition
2007–08 |

2,987 / 2,987

|  3  |  1st  | Sole legal coalition
2012–13 |

2,987 / 2,987

|  |  1st  | Sole legal coalition
2017–18 |

2,980 / 2,980

|  7  |  1st  | Sole legal coalition

## See also[edit]

* China portal
* Politics portal

* People's organization
* Popular front
* Chinese People's Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries
* China Council for the Promotion of Peaceful National Reunification
* China Association for International Friendly Contact
* Chinese Association for International Understanding
* All-Russia People's Front

## Notes[edit]

1. ^ Formerly known as the People's Democratic United Front (1945–1966)[1] and the Revolutionary United Front (1966–1978).[2]

## References[edit]

1. ^ 1954 Constitution, http://www.npc.gov.cn/wxzl/wxzl/2000-12/26/content_4264.htm Archived 16 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine Archived 16 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine
2. ^ 1975 Constitution: http://www.npc.gov.cn/wxzl/wxzl/2000-12/06/content_4362.htm Archived 5 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine Archived 5 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine; 1978 Constitution: http://www.npc.gov.cn/wxzl/wxzl/2000-12/06/content_4365.htm Archived 29 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine Archived 29 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine
3. ^ "The United Front in Communist China" (PDF). Central Intelligence Agency. May 1957. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 January 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
4. ^ Brady, Anne-Marie (2017). "Magic Weapons: China's political influence activities under Xi Jinping" (PDF). Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. S2CID 197812164. `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)
5. ^ Groot, Gerry (19 September 2016), Davies, Gloria; Goldkorn, Jeremy; Tomba, Luigi (eds.), "The Expansion of the United Front Under Xi Jinping" (PDF), The China Story Yearbook 2015: Pollution (1st ed.), ANU Press, doi:10.22459/csy.09.2016.04a, ISBN 978-1-76046-068-6, retrieved 31 August 2020
6. ^ a b Joske, Alex (9 June 2020). "The party speaks for you: Foreign interference and the Chinese Communist Party's united front system". Australian Strategic Policy Institute. Archived from the original on 9 June 2020. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
7. ^ Groot, Gerry (24 September 2019). "The CCP's Grand United Front abroad". Sinopsis. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
8. ^ Tatlow, Didi Kirsten (12 July 2019). "The Chinese Influence Effort Hiding in Plain Sight". The Atlantic. ISSN 1072-7825. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
9. ^ a b c Bowe, Alexander (24 August 2018). "China's Overseas United Front Work: Background and Implications for the United States" (PDF). United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 September 2018. Retrieved 12 May 2019.
10. ^ Joske, Alex (22 July 2019). "The Central United Front Work Leading Small Group: Institutionalising united front work". Sinopsis. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
11. ^ Hamilton, Clive; Ohlberg, Mareike (2020). Hidden Hand: Exposing How the Chinese Communist Party Is Reshaping the World. New York: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1-78607-784-4. OCLC 1150166864.
12. ^ Yoshihara, Toshi; Bianchi, Jack (1 July 2020). "Uncovering China's Influence in Europe: How Friendship Groups Coopt European Elites". Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments. Archived from the original on 16 July 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
13. ^ Compare: "Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung. INTRODUCING THE COMMUNIST: October 4, 1939". Marxist.org. 4 October 1939. Archived from the original on 15 July 2018. Retrieved 21 May 2018. "Although the united front was formed and has been maintained for three years now, the bourgeoisie, and especially the big bourgeoisie, has constantly been trying to destroy our Party, the big bourgeois capitulators and die-hards have been instigating serious friction throughout the country, and the anti-Communist clamour is incessant. All this is being used by the big bourgeois capitulators and die-hards to prepare the way for capitulating to Japanese imperialism, breaking up the united front and dragging China backwards. Ideologically, the big bourgeoisie is trying to "corrode" communism, whilst politically and organizationally it is trying to liquidate the Communist Party, the Border Region and the Party's armed forces."
14. ^ a b c d Lian, Yi-Zheng (21 May 2018). "China Has a Vast Influence Machine, and You Don't Even Know It". New York Times. Archived from the original on 22 May 2018. Retrieved 21 May 2018.
15. ^ Compare: "Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung. INTRODUCING THE COMMUNIST: October 4, 1939". Marxist.org. 4 October 1939. Archived from the original on 15 July 2018. Retrieved 21 May 2018. "... our eighteen years of experience have taught us that the united front, armed struggle and Party building are the Chinese Communist Party's three 'magic weapons', its three principal magic weapons for defeating the enemy in the Chinese revolution."
16. ^ Lulu, Jichang (26 November 2019). "Repurposing democracy: The European Parliament China Friendship Cluster". Sinopsis. Archived from the original on 10 December 2019. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
17. ^ Thorley, Martin (5 July 2019). "Huawei, the CSSA and beyond: "Latent networks" and Party influence within Chinese institutions". Asia Dialogue. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
18. ^ Slyke, Lyman P. Van (1967). Enemies and Friends: The United Front in Chinese Communist History. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-0618-6. LCCN 67026531. OCLC 1148955311. OL 5547801M.
19. ^ Clarke, Donald C. (15 November 2009). "New Approaches to the Study of Political Order in China". Modern China. 36 (1): 87–99. doi:10.1177/0097700409347982. ISSN 0097-7004. S2CID 30237200.
20. ^ Fedasiuk, Ryan (13 April 2022). "How China's united front system works overseas". The Strategist. Australian Strategic Policy Institute. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
21. ^ deLisle, Jacques (2020). "Foreign Policy through Other Means: Hard Power, Soft Power, and China's Turn to Political Warfare to Influence the United States". Orbis. 64 (2): 174–206. doi:10.1016/j.orbis.2020.02.004. PMC 7102532. PMID 32292215.
22. ^ Yoshihara, Toshi (2020). "Evaluating the Logic and Methods of China's United Front Work". Orbis. Foreign Policy Research Institute. 64 (2): 230–248. doi:10.1016/j.orbis.2020.02.006. S2CID 240821080.
23. ^ Stoff, Jeffrey (3 August 2020), Hannas, William C.; Tatlow, Didi Kirsten (eds.), "China's Talent Programs", China’s Quest for Foreign Technology (1 ed.), Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, pp. 38–54, doi:10.4324/9781003035084-4, ISBN 978-1-003-03508-4, OCLC 1153338764, S2CID 225397660
24. ^ Joske, Alex; Stoff, Jeffrey (3 August 2020), Hannas, William C.; Tatlow, Didi Kirsten (eds.), "The United Front and Technology Transfer", China’s Quest for Foreign Technology (1 ed.), Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, pp. 258–274, doi:10.4324/9781003035084-20, ISBN 978-1-003-03508-4, OCLC 1153338764, S2CID 225395399, archived from the original on 22 November 2020, retrieved 26 November 2020
25. ^ Fedasiuk, Ryan (16 September 2020). "Putting Money in the Party's Mouth: How China Mobilizes Funding for United Front Work". China Brief. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
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28. ^ Leung, Edwin Pak-wah (16 October 2002). Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Civil War. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6609-6.
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## Further reading[edit]

* James D. Seymour (1987), China's Satellite Parties, Routledge, ISBN 978-0873324120

## External links[edit]

Library resources about
United Front (China)

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* Resources in your library
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* Official website of the United Front Work Department, Central Committee of CPC

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Concepts|

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Related|

* Fujian–Taiwan relationship
* Hong Kong–Taiwan relations
* Hong Kong–Taiwan Economic and Cultural Co-operation and Promotion Council
* Taiwan–Hong Kong Economic and Cultural Co-operation Council
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* Cross-strait language database
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* Taishang
* G3 Beijing–Taipei Expressway
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* Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission
* Tibet Religious Foundation of His Holiness the Dalai Lama
* The World Turned Upside Down
* Go and Reclaim the Mainland

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