United Front Work Department

Functional department of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party

United Front Work Department中共中央统一战线工作部

UFWD headquarters

Formation| 1942; 82 years ago (1942)
Type| Department directly reporting to the Central Committee
Ministerial level agency
Headquarters| 135 Fuyou Street, Xicheng District, Beijing

Head

| Shi Taifeng

Executive deputy head

| Chen Xiaojiang*

Deputy heads

| Pan Yue*, Xu Lejiang*, Shi Jun, Cui Maohu

Discipline Secretary

| Liu Junchuan

Parent organization

| Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
Subsidiaries| National Ethnic Affairs Commission

Budget

| $1.8 billion USD (estimated)[1]
Website| www.zytzb.gov.cn
*Minister-level rank
United Front Work Department

Simplified Chinese| 中共中央统一战线工作部
Traditional Chinese| 中共中央統一戰線工作部
| Transcriptions

Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin| Zhōnggòng Zhōngyāng Tǒngyī Zhànxiàn Gōngzuò Bù

Politics of China

Leadership

Leadership generations
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* Hu–Wen Administration (2002-2012)
* Xi–Li Administration (2012-2017)
* Xi Administration (since 2017)
* 4th Leadership Core: Xi Jinping
* 20th Party Politburo: Xi Jinping
* 14th State Council: Li Qiang
* Current state leaders
* Current provincial leaders

National leaders
Orders of precedence

* Paramount leader: Xi Jinping

First lady: Peng Liyuan

* Communist Party leader: Xi Jinping
* State representative: Xi Jinping
* Head of government: Li Qiang
* Congress Chairman: Zhao Leji
* Conference Chairman: Wang Huning
* Commander-in-chief: Xi Jinping
* Politburo Standing Committee longest-serving members

Related systems

* Unified power
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Previous constitutions

* 1954
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* * *

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Organization

*     * National Party Congress (20th)
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Xi Jinping
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Chairman: Xi Jinping

Vice Chairmen:

Zhang Youxia, He Weidong
* National Security Commission

Chairman: Xi Jinping

Vice-Chairman:

Li Qiang, Zhao Leji, Cai Qi

Office Chief: Cai Qi

* Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission

Director: Xi Jinping

Deputy Directors:

Li Qiang, Wang Huning, Cai Qi

Secretary-General: Wang Huning

* Financial & Economic Affairs Commission

Director: Xi Jinping

Deputy Director: Li Qiang

Office Chief: He Lifeng

* General Office

Director: Cai Qi
* Office of the General Secretary

Chief: Cai Qi
* Central Guard Bureau
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* Organization Department

Head: Li Ganjie
* Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (20th)
* Standing Committee (20th)

Secretary: Li Xi
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Secretary: Zhang Shengmin
* Central Leading Group for Inspection Work

Leader: Li Xi

* * *

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Chairman: Zhao Leji

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Top-ranked: Li Hongzhong
Secretary-General: Liu Qi
* Special Committees
1. Ethnic Affairs
2. Constitution and Law
3. Supervisory and Judicial Affairs
4. Financial and Economic Affairs
5. Education, Science, Culture and Public Health
6. Foreign Affairs
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10. Social Development Affairs
* Presidium

State representative

*     * President (list): Xi Jinping

* Presidential Office

Chief: Cai Qi
* Vice President: Han Zheng

Executive organ

*     * State Council (Central People's Government)
* Li Qiang Cabinet

Premier (list): Li Qiang

Vice-Premiers (list)

* Ding Xuexiang
* He Lifeng
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State Councilors

* Wang Xiaohong
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Secretary-General: Wu Zhenglong

* Cabinet-level departments
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Military organ

*     * Central Military Commission (CMC)

Chairman (supreme commander):

Xi Jinping
Vice Chairmen:

* Zhang Youxia
* He Weidong

Members:

* Liu Zhenli
* Miao Hua
* Zhang Shengmin

Departments:
1. General Office

Director: Zhong Shaojun
2. Joint Staff Dept.

Chief: Liu Zhenli
3. Political Work Dept.

Director: Miao Hua
4. Logistic Support Dept.

Director: Zhang Lin
5. Equipment Development Dept.

Director: Xu Xueqiang
6. Training and Administration Dept.

Director: Wang Peng
7. National Defense Mobilization Dept.

Director: Liu Faqing
8. Discipline Inspection Commission

Secretary: Zhang Shengmin
9. Politics and Legal Affairs Commission
10. Science and Technology Commission
11. Strategic Planning Office
12. Reform & Organizational Structure Office
13. Int'l Military Cooperation Office
14. Audit Office
15. Offices Administration Agency
National armed forces:

People's Liberation Army

Theater commands
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National Defense Mobilization Commission

Chairman: Li Qiang

Ministry of National Defense

Minister: Dong Jun

Ministry of Veterans Affairs
State Administration for Sci., Tech. & Industry for National Defense

Military history
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* Military reform since 2015
* CMC Leading Group for Military Reform

Leader: Xi Jinping

Supervisory organ

*     * National Supervisory Commission

Director: Liu Jinguo

* * *

* Corruption in China
* Anti-corruption campaign since 2012

* * *

* Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)

* * *

* Commission Against Corruption (Macau)

Judicial organs

*     * Supreme People's Court

President: Zhang Jun

People's Courts Judicial Police
* Supreme People's Procuratorate

Prosecutor General: Ying Yong

People's Procuratorates Judicial Police

* * *

* Judiciary of Hong Kong
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* * *

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* Unitary Police Services [zh]
* Public Security Police
* Judiciary Police [zh]

United front

* Political Consultative Conference
* National Committee

Chairman: Wang Huning

Vice-Chairpersons

Top-ranked: Shi Taifeng
Secretary-General: Wang Dongfeng
* Political parties:

CCP (ruling)

United Front Work Department

Head: Shi Taifeng

* RCCK
* CDL
* CNDCA
* CAPD
* CPWDP
* CZGP
* JS
* TDSL

Historical parties:

* KMT
* CDSP
* YCP

* Federation of Industry and Commerce
* People's organizations

* Law enforcement

* CCP Central Politics and Law Commission

Secretary: Chen Wenqing

* Ministry of Public Security

Minister: Wang Xiaohong

Public Security Organs People's Police
* State Immigration Administration
* Local public security bureaus
* Ministry of State Security

Minister: Chen Yixin

State Security Organs People's Police
* Ministry of Justice

Minister: He Rong

Judicial Administrative Organs People's Police
* Bureau of Prison Administration [zh]
* Office for Safeguarding National Security

* * *

* Urban Management (chengguan)

Propaganda

* Central Leading Group for Propaganda, Ideology and Culture

Leader: Cai Qi

Deputy Leaders: Li Shulei, Shen Yiqin

* Central Guidance Commission on Building Spiritual Civilization

Director: Cai Qi

Deputy Director: Li Shulei

* Central Propaganda Department

Head: Li Shulei

* National Press and Publication Administration
* China Film Administration
* State Council Information Office
* China Daily
* Ministry of Culture and Tourism
* National Radio and Television Administration
* China Media Group
* China Central Television
* China Global Television Network
* China National Radio
* China Radio International
* Xinhua News Agency
* Reference News
* China News Service
* People's Daily
* Global Times
* China Today

* * *

* Censorship in China
* Radio jamming
* Overseas censorship of Chinese issues
* Media of China
* Internal media
* Publishing industry in China

* * *

* Internet in China
* Internet censorship
* Great Firewall
* Great Cannon
* Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission

Director: Cai Qi

* Cyberspace Administration of China

Director: Zhuang Rongwen

* Hong Kong
* Macau

* Central Leading Group on Hong Kong and Macau Affairs

Leader: Ding Xuexiang
* HK & Macau Affairs Office

Director: Xia Baolong
* Hong Kong Liaison Office
* Macau Liaison Office
* One country, two systems
* Special administrative regions

* * *

* Hong Kong Basic Law
* Chief Executive: John Lee Ka-chiu
* Hong Kong SAR Government
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* * *

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Cross-Strait relations

* Cross-Strait relations
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* Political status of Taiwan
* Republic of China on Taiwan
* Taiwan Area
* "Taiwan Province", PRC
* Taiwan independence movement
* Anti-Secession Law
* Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement
* Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement
* Chinese unification

* * *

* Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs

Leader: Xi Jinping
Deputy Leader: Wang Huning
* Taiwan Affairs Office

Director: Song Tao
* Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits

Foreign relations

* Central Foreign Affairs Commission

Director: Xi Jinping
Deputy Director: Li Qiang
Secretary-General: Wang Yi
* Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Minister: Wang Yi
Spokespersons
Diplomatic missions

* * *

* Diplomatic missions of China / in China

* * *

* Foreign aid from China / to China
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* * *

* Ministry of National Defense
* International Military Cooperation Office

* * *

* NPC Foreign Affairs Committee
* CCP International Department
* State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs
* Overseas Chinese Affairs Office

* * *

* Chinese nationality law
* Chinese passports (Hong Kong; Macau)
* Visa requirements for Chinese citizens (Hong Kong, Macau)
* Visa policy of China (Hong Kong; Macau)
* National Immigration Administration

* * *

* Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence
* Panda diplomacy
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* Community of Common Destiny

* * *

* China and the United Nations
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* * *

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Related topics

* Administrative divisions
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China portal

* Other countries

* v
* t
* e

The United Front Work Department (UFWD) is a department of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) tasked with "united front work." It gathers intelligence on, manages relations with, and attempts to gain influence over elite individuals and organizations inside and outside mainland China, including in Hong Kong, Taiwan, and in other countries.[2][3]

The UFWD focuses its work on people or entities that are outside the CCP, especially in the overseas Chinese diaspora, who hold political, commercial, or academic influence, or who represent interest groups.[4][5] Through its efforts, the UFWD seeks to ensure that these individuals and groups are supportive of or useful to CCP interests and that potential critics remain divided.[6][7][8]

## History[edit]

The United Front Work Department was created during the Chinese Civil War, and was reestablished in 1979 under paramount leader Deng Xiaoping. Since 2012, the role and scope of the UFWD has expanded and intensified under CCP general secretary Xi Jinping.[9][10][11][12]

### Civil war and gaining power[edit]

See also: First United Front and Second United Front

United front policies were most used in two periods before the Chinese Communist Revolution, namely from 1924 to 1927, and from 1936 to 1945, when the CCP cooperated with the Nationalist Party ostensibly to defeat the Japanese.[13] The simplest formulation of united front work in the period was to "rally as many allies as possible in order to...defeat a common enemy."[13]

In the early years, the CCP also used united front policies to cooperate with "disaffected warlords, religious believers, ethnic minorities, overseas Chinese, and minor parties and groups," in order for the CCP to appear democratic and to persuade key groups that the Nationalists were "illegitimate and repressive while the CCP embodied progress, unity, and democracy."[13]

After seizing power, the CCP continued to deploy united front strategies to train intellectuals, "and, using thought reform based on criticism, began the transformation of the old society intellectuals." This involved violent elimination of what were termed "bourgeois and idealistic political beliefs," to instill faith in "class struggle and revolutionary change."[13]

### Cultural Revolution[edit]

During the Cultural Revolution, the UFWD was accused of being "capitulationist" and forced to shut down.[14]

### Reform-era[edit]

In the late 1970s the policy was used for the common cause of economic reform. From there the CCP expanded the scope of its work internationally during the reform era, and again following the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre. The department includes a bureau tasked with handling Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, and overseas affairs, and articulates the importance of using overseas Chinese populations to promote unification.[15]

In 1980, the CCP Central Committee approved a request by the UFWD to create a national conference for religious groups.[16]: 126–127 The participating religious groups were the Catholic Patriotic Association, the Islamic Association of China, the Chinese Taoist Association, the Three-Self Patriotic Movement, and the Buddhist Association of China.[16]: 127

It played an important role in building support for "One country, two systems" in Hong Kong during the 1980s and 1990s,[17] operating under the name of the "Coordination Department."[18] The UFWD has been critically described as serving to co-opt non-Communist community leaders outside China, and "using them to neutralize Party critics," sometimes coercively.[19]

Scholar of Chinese political history John P. Burns presents in his book The Chinese Communist Party's Nomenklatura System excerpts from internal party documents demonstrating the role of the UFWD. The UFWD is to "implement better the party's united front policy and to assess and understand patriotic personages in different fields... so that we can arrange for correct placements for them and fully mobilize and bring into play their positive role in the Four Modernizations and to accomplish the return of Taiwan to the motherland so as to fulfill the cause of uniting the whole country, and to carry forward and solidify the revolutionary, patriotic united front."[20]

The UFWD was used in the early years of PRC rule "to guarantee CCP oversight" over groups that were not directly associated with the Party and government. Those groups, including NGOs, were brought under the authority of the UFWD, whose job it was to “continuing to play its part in mobilizing and rallying the whole people in common struggle” after the Liberation in 1949. When the CCP "shifted its focus from the 'mass line' to 'class struggle', the real united front disappeared. While the United Front Department still existed, its duties of uniting with all forces for the 'common struggle' shifted mainly to serving the Party's leadership and 'consolidating the proletarian dictatorship'," according to Brookings Institution visiting fellow Zhang Ye.[21] According to Roger Faligot, the aftermath of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre led to the "growing use of party organizations, such as the United Front Work Department and friendship associations, as fronts for intelligence operations."[22]: 182 Based on their actions in Taiwan and elsewhere the United Front Work Department appears to be used as a cover to conduct intelligence operations against targets of interest to the CCP.[23]

### Xi administration[edit]

In 2018, the United Front Work Department went through a reorganization in which it absorbed the State Administration for Religious Affairs (SARA) and the Overseas Chinese Affairs Office (OCAO) to become two internal bureaus.[12][24][25] As part of the "one institution with two names" system, the UFWD retains OCAO and SARA (also called National Religious Affairs Administration) as external nameplates.[26] The UFWD also assumed direct control of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission.[27][28] With the reorganization, the UFWD effectively became China's main agency overseeing and managing ethnic, religious and overseas Chinese affairs.[29][27] The State Religious Affairs Commission and the State Council Overseas Chinese Office were also merged within the United Front Work Department.[30]: 77

## Structure[edit]

The UFWD is reported to have over 40,000 personnel and does not disclose its budget.[31][32] It oversees and directs eight minor and subordinate political parties and the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce.[33]

Between 2015 and 2018, the UFWD grew to 12 bureaus:[5][34]

* General Office (办公厅): Oversees the functioning of the department, including its finances, security, assets, and work with other government and Party bodies.
* Policy and Theory Research Office (政策理论研究室): Handles ideological and policy research, internal propaganda, and the drafting of important documents. Works with other government agencies to develop propaganda efforts abroad.
* First Bureau—Party Work Bureau (一局，党派工作局): Governs affairs related to the eight minor, non-Communist parties legally allowed to operate in China.
* Second Bureau—Minority and Religious Work Bureau (二局，民族工作局): Researches and recommends policy on minorities in the country, and liaises with other government agencies in their related work. Also supervises religious work.
* Third Bureau—Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan United Front Work Bureau (三局，港澳台统战工作局): Coordinates and communicates with friendly figures in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.
* Fourth Bureau—Non-public Economic Work Bureau (四局，非公有制经济工作局): Coordinates with figures from the private sector.
* Fifth Bureau—Independent and Non-Party Intellectuals Work Bureau (五局，无党派、党外知识分子工作局): Liaises with intellectuals not formally affiliated with the Communist Party.
* Sixth Bureau—New Social Class Representatives Work Bureau (六局，新的社会阶层人士工作局): Focuses on the "new social class", i.e., the rising Chinese middle class.
* Seventh Bureau (七局): Responsible for ethnic minority and religious work, particularly as it relates to Tibet.
* Eighth Bureau (八局): Responsible for ethnic minority and religious work, particularly as it relates to Xinjiang.
* Ninth Bureau—Overseas Chinese Affairs General Bureau (九局，侨务综合局): Coordinates and communicates with friendly figures in overseas Chinese affairs. The UFWD's Ninth Bureau runs the China Overseas Friendship Association (COFA).[35][36] COFA and the China Overseas Exchange Association (COEA) merged in 2019.[37]
* Tenth Bureau—Overseas Chinese Affairs Bureau (十局，侨务事务局): Coordinates and communicates with friendly figures in overseas Chinese affairs.
* Eleventh Bureau—Religious Work General Bureau (十一局，宗教综合局): Researches and recommends policy on religious affairs in the country, and liaises with other government agencies in their related work.
* Twelfth Bureau—Religious Work Bureau (十二局，宗教业务局): Researches and recommends policy on religious affairs in the country, and liaises with other government agencies in their related work.
* Department Party Committee (机关党委)
* Retired Cadre Office (离退休干部办公室): responsible for the welfare of retired employees of the department.

## Internal and overseas operations[edit]

See also: Chinese intelligence activity abroad, Chinese information operations and information warfare, and Political warfare

The UFWD uses several methods in pursuit of its goals to appeal to its targets. Its primary method involves outreach, including holding events, trainings, media tours and other similar activities. This includes examples such as inviting members of the "new social class" to attend the "large-scale celebration to commemorate the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone’s 40th anniversary" or inviting members of the private sector to attend a multi-week training course. Another method it uses is to providing good and services, including issuing tenders for infrastructure and development projects, from road improvements to increasing access to drinking water.[34]

The UFWD also plays an active role in the sinicization of non-Han ethnic and religious minorities, particularly in Tibet, Inner Mongolia and of the Uyghurs through the Xinjiang internment camps.[38][39][28] In 2020, shortly after the commencement of the 2020 Inner Mongolia protests, the UFWD issued a communique that stressed the need for all ethnic minorities in China to use Standard Chinese.[40] The UFWD has also taken a leading role in antireligious campaigns under the official pretense of "sinicizing religions."[26] Bureaus of the SARA, absorbed into the UFWD in 2018, in some areas of Gansu, Qinghai and Sichuan have brought PRC flags and flagpoles to install in mosques or temples.[34]

Alex Joske has noted that there is no clear distinction between domestic and overseas UFWD activity and often overlap between the two.[5] Scholar Martin Thorley has described the UFWD as being able to call upon a "latent network" of civic, educational, and non-governmental groups and affiliated individuals internally and abroad for its political purposes, especially in times of crisis.[41] For instance, the UFWD uses members of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference and other organizations to carry out influence-building activities, often covertly.[2][42] Researchers from Stanford University's Internet Observatory and the Hoover Institution describe the United Front as "cultivat[ing] pro-Beijing perspectives in the Chinese diaspora and the wider world by rewarding those it deems friendly with accolades and lucrative opportunities, while orchestrating social and economic pressure against critics. This pressure is often intense but indirect, and clear attribution is therefore difficult."[43]

The UFWD and its affiliated front organizations have also served as cover for intelligence agents of the Ministry of State Security.[5] Multiple national intelligence agencies have expressed concern that the mandate and operations of the UFWD can constitute undue interference in other nations' internal affairs.[44][19] In their book Nest of Spies, de Pierrebourg and Juneau-Katsuya allege that the United Front Work Department "manages important dossiers concerning foreign countries. These include propaganda, the control of Chinese students abroad, the recruiting of agents among the Chinese diaspora (and among sympathetic foreigners), and long-term clandestine operations."[45]

The Chinese People's Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries has been described as the "public face" of the UFWD.[46] Scholar Jichang Lulu noted that the UFWD and its proxy organizations "re-purpose democratic governance structures to serve as tools of extraterritorial influence."[47] An Atlantic writer stated China runs thousands of linked and subsidized pro-government groups across Europe, to "ensure that its overseas citizens, and others of ethnic Chinese descent, are loyal", to "shape the conversation about China in Europe", and to "bring back technology and expertise", and that the UFWD plays a "crucial" role in this project.[48] Scholar Jeffrey Stoff has argued that the CCP's United Front "influence apparatus intersects with or directly supports its global technology transfer apparatus."[49][50]

In March 2018, it was announced that the Overseas Chinese Affairs Office would be absorbed into the United Front Work Department.[25][51] With the absorption of the Overseas Chinese Affairs Office, the UFWD gained full control of the country's second largest state-run media apparatus, the China News Service.[25] In 2019, the UFWD partnered with the Cyberspace Administration of China to promote united front work with social media influencers.[5]

In January 2020, UFWD-linked organizations in Canada and other countries were activated to purchase, stockpile, and export personal protective equipment in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China.[52][53] UFWD-affiliated groups have also been linked to organized crime in several countries.[54][55]

### Foreign electoral interference allegations[edit]

Further information: Foreign electoral intervention and Transnational repression by China

The UFWD has also allegedly interfered in foreign elections, including the 2019 Canadian federal election.[56] Following the 2019 Canadian Parliament infiltration plot, the Privy Council Office warned that election interference by China was "likely to be more persistent and pervasive in future elections" and that "the UFWD’s extensive network of quasi-official and local community and interest groups, allow it to obfuscate communication and the flow of funds between Canadian targets and Chinese officials."[57]

## Reaction[edit]

A 2018 report by the United States–China Economic and Security Review Commission noted that the UFWD regularly attempts to suppress overseas protests and acts of expression critical of the CCP are a conspiracy against rights.[2] In May 2020, the White House released a report titled "U.S. Strategic Approach to the People's Republic of China".[58] That report stated that "CCP United Front organizations and agents target businesses, universities, think tanks, scholars, journalists, and local, state, and Federal officials in the United States and around the world, attempting to influence discourse and restrict external influence inside the PRC."[59][60] In June 2020, the Australian Strategic Policy Institute issued a report advocating a multi-dimensional response involving law enforcement as well as legislative reform for greater transparency of foreign influence operations.[5] The same month the Republican Study Committee in the United States called for sanctions on the UFWD and its top leadership.[61]

In January 2022, MI5 issued an "interference alert" for a solicitor in the UK named Christine Lee suspected of political interference on behalf of the UFWD.[62][63] In a February 2022 ruling, a Canadian court stated that the UFWD's Overseas Chinese Affairs Office "engages in covert and surreptitious intelligence gathering”.[64] In July 2023, a group of U.S. senators asked the United States Department of Justice to investigate "Overseas Chinese Service Centers" with alleged ties to the UFWD that are operating in seven U.S. cities.[65][66]

### U.S. sanctions and prosecution[edit]

Further information: United States sanctions against China

In December 2020, the United States Department of State imposed visa restrictions on "individuals active in United Front Work Department activities, who have engaged in the use or threat of physical violence, theft and release of private information, espionage, sabotage, or malicious interference in domestic political affairs, academic freedom, personal privacy, or business activity."[67][68] In January 2021, the head of the UFWD, You Quan, was sanctioned pursuant to Executive Order 13936 as a Specially Designated National by United States Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control.[69][70]

In May 2023, a U.S. man, Liang Litang, was indicted for acting as an illegal agent of the Chinese government and for surveilling and harassing Chinese dissidents. Liang allegedly passed information to officials of the UFWD and Ministry of Public Security.[71][72]

## Department heads[edit]

During two periods the United Front Work Department was without a leader, from 1966 to 1975 during the Cultural Revolution and from the end of 1989 until 22 November 1990 following the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre. The UFWD has had two female heads, Liu Yandong (2002–2007) and Sun Chunlan (2014–2017).[22]

Portrait  | English Name  | Chinese  | Start  | End

|
|
|
|

| Zhou Enlai | 周恩来 | 1938  | 1942
| Wang Ming | 王明 | 1942  | 1947
| Zhou Enlai | 周恩来 | 1947  | 1948
| Li Weihan | 李维汉 | October 1948  | December 1964
| Xu Bing | 徐冰 | December 1964  | 1966
Cultural Revolution Interregnum | 1966  | 1975
| Li Dazhang | 李大章 | November 1975  | May 1976
| Ulanhu | 鸟阑夫 | May 1976  | April 1982
| Yang Jingren | 杨静仁 | April 1982  | November 1985
| Yan Mingfu | 阎明复 | November 1985  | November 1990
Tiananmen Massacre Interregnum | Late 1989  | 22 November 1990
| Ding Guangen | 丁关根 | November 1990  | December 1992
| Wang Zhaoguo | 王兆国 | December 1992  | December 2002
| Liu Yandong | 刘延东 | December 2002  | December 2007
| Du Qinglin | 杜青林 | December 2007  | September 2012
| Ling Jihua | 令计划 | September 2012  | December 2014
| Sun Chunlan | 孙春兰 | December 2014  | November 2017
| You Quan | 尤权 | November 2017  | October 2022
| Shi Taifeng | 石泰峰  | October 2022  | Incumbent
Source: Chinese Spies: From Chairman Mao to Xi Jinping[22]

## See also[edit]

* China portal
* Communism portal
* Politics portal

* United Front (China)
* Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
* Chinese Students and Scholars Association
* Confucius Institute
* List of political parties in the People's Republic of China

## References[edit]

1. ^ Graham-Harrison, Emma (2023-08-02). "Beijing Rules by Bethany Allen review – a new world order". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2023-08-08.
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3. ^ "The United Front in Communist China" (PDF). Central Intelligence Agency. May 1957. pp. 1–5. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 23, 2017. Retrieved June 9, 2020.
4. ^ Brady, Annie-Marie (2017-09-18). "Magic Weapons: China's political influence activities under Xi Jinping". Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Archived from the original on 2019-08-25. Retrieved 2019-10-09.
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7. ^ Miller, William J (1988). The People's Republic of China's united front tactics in the United States, 1972-1988. Bakersfield, Calif. (9001 Stockdale Hgwy., Bakersfield 93311-1099): C. Schlacks, Jr. LCCN 88006695. OCLC 644142873. Archived from the original on 2023-07-19. Retrieved 2019-11-13.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location (link)
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## External links[edit]

Library resources about
United Front Work Department

* * *

* Resources in your library
* Resources in other libraries

* Official website

* v
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* e

Chinese Communist Party

Central Committee|

| Leader|

* Chen Duxiu (1921–1927)
* Xiang Zhongfa (1928–1931)
* Bo Gu (1931–1935)
* Zhang Wentian (1935–1943)
* Mao Zedong (1943–1976)
* Hua Guofeng (1976–1981)
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|

Decision-making bodies|

* General Secretary
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|

Politburo|

* 3rd: 1923–1925
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* 15th: 1997–2002
* 16th: 2002–2007
* 17th: 2007–2012
* 18th: 2012–2017
* 19th: 2017–2022
* 20th: 2022–2027

Military Commission|

* 7th: 1945–1949 & 1954–1956
* 8th: 1956–1969
* 9th: 1969–1973
* 10th: 1973–1977
* 11th: 1977–1982
* 12th: 1982–1987
* 13th: 1987–1992
* 14th: 1992–1997
* 15th: 1997–2002
* 16th: 2002–2007
* 17th: 2007–2012
* 18th: 2012–2017
* 19th: 2017–2022
* 20th: 2022–2027

Approved by the
Central Committee|

| Secretariat|

* 8th: 1956–1969
* 11th: 1980–1982
* 12th: 1982–1987
* 13th: 1987–1992
* 14th: 1992–1997
* 15th: 1997–2002
* 16th: 2002–2007
* 17th: 2007–2012
* 18th: 2012–2017
* 19th: 2017–2022
* 20th: 2022–2027

|

CCDI Standing Committee|

* 7th 1949–1956
* 8th: 1956–1969
* 11th: 1978–1982
* 12th: 1982–1987
* 13th: 1987–1992
* 14th: 1992–1997
* 15th: 1997–2002
* 16th: 2002–2007
* 17th: 2007–2012
* 18th: 2012–2017
* 19th: 2017–2022
* 20th: 2022–2027

CCDI Secretary|

* Zhu De (1949–55)
* Dong Biwu (1955–68)
* Chen Yun (1978–87)
* Qiao Shi (1987–92)
* Wei Jianxing (1992–2002)
* Wu Guanzheng (2002–07)
* He Guoqiang (2007–12)
* Wang Qishan (2012–17)
* Zhao Leji (2017–22)
* Li Xi (2022–)

Others|

* Deputy Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection
* Secretary General of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection

Elected by
National Congress|

| Central Committee|

* 1st: 1921–1922
* 2nd: 1922–1923
* 3rd: 1923–1925
* 4th: 1925–1927
* 5th: 1927–1928
* 6th: 1928–1945
* 7th: 1945–1956
* 8th: 1956–1969
* 9th: 1969–1973
* 10th: 1973–1977
* 11th: 1977–1982
* 12th: 1982–1987
* 13th: 1987–1992
* 14th: 1992–1997
* 15th: 1997–2002
* 16th: 2002–2007
* 17th: 2007–2012
* 18th: 2012–2017
* 19th: 2017–2022
* 20th: 2022–2027

|

Discipline Inspection|

* 5th: 1927–1928
* 6th: 1928–1933 & 1933–1945
* 7th: 1949–1955 & 1955–1956
* 8th: 1956–1969
* 11th: 1978–1982
* 12th: 1982–1987
* 13th: 1987–1992
* 14th: 1992–1997
* 15th: 1997–2022
* 16th: 2002–2007
* 17th: 2007–2012
* 18th: 2012–2017
* 19th: 2017–2022
* 20th: 2022–2027

Wider organisation|

* People's Liberation Army
* People's Armed Police
* Militia (China)
* Communist Youth League of China
* Young Pioneers of China
* United front (China)
* People's organization

Ideologies|

* Marxism–Leninism
* Socialism with Chinese characteristics
* Mao Zedong Thought
* Deng Xiaoping Theory
* Three Represents
* Scientific Outlook on Development
* Xi Jinping Thought

Groupings|

* Shanghai clique
* Tuanpai
* Tsinghua clique
* Eight Elders
* Crown Prince Party
* Fujian clique
* New Zhijiang Army
* Xishan Society
* Gang of Four

Related articles|

* Shuanggui
* List of campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party
* Longest-serving members of the Politburo Standing Committee
* Emblem of the Chinese Communist Party

Category

* v
* t
* e

State Council of the People's Republic of China

Incumbent (14th): Li Qiang Cabinet

State Council|

| Constituent Members
(Plenary Meeting [zh])|

| Executive Meeting [zh]|

* Premier
* Vice Premiers
* State Councilors
* Secretary-General

|

* Ministers in charge of ministries/commissions
* Auditor-General

Constituent Departments
(ministries, commissions,
central bank, audit office)|

* Foreign Aff.
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* Natural Res.
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* Agri. & Rural Aff.
* Commerce
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* Health
* Veterans Aff.
* Emergency
* People's Bank
* Audit Office

Agencies
directly under
the State Council|

| General Office|

* Secretary-General
* Deputy Secretaries-General

|

Special Administration|

State Assets

State Administrations|

* Customs
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* Cert. & Accred.
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* Statistics
* Intellectual Property
* Intl. Dev. Coop.
* Healthcare Security
* Counsellors
* Government Offices
* Press & Publication(☭ Publicity Dept.)
* Religious Aff.(☭ United Front Dept.)

Administrative Offices|

* Research
* HK & MO Aff.(☭ Leading Group)
* Overseas Chinese Aff.(☭ United Front Dept.)
* Taiwan Aff.(☭ Leading Group)
* Cyberspace Admin.(☭ Cyberspace Comm.)
* Information(☭ Publicity Dept.)

Institutions|

* Xinhua News Agency
* Academy of Sci.
* Academy of Eng.
* Academy of Soc. Sci.
* Development Research Center
* China Media Group
* Meteorology
* Academy of Governance (a.k.a. ☭ Central Party School)

State Administrations
administrated by
ministry-level agencies|

* Food & Strategic Reserves
* Energy
* Data
* Defense Industry
* Tobacco
* Immigration
* Forestry & Grassland
* Railway
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* Post
* Cultural Heritage
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* Disease Control
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* Foreign Exchange
* Medical Products
* State Secrets(☭ Secrecy Comm.)
* National Archives (a.k.a. ☭ Central Archives)
* Civil Service(☭ Org. Dept.)
* Cryptography(☭ Leading Group)

* State Council = Central People's Government (constitutionally since 1954)
* ☭ denotes name reserved by Communist Party agencies.

* v
* t
* e

National security and law enforcement in China

National organizations|

* Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
* National Security Commission
* Central Military Commission
* People's Liberation Army
* Militia
* Maritime Militia
* NDMC
* United Front Work Department
* State Council
* Ministry of State Security
* Ministry of Public Security
* National Defense Mobilization Commission
* Ministry of National Defense
* Taiwan Affairs Office

Mainland organizations|

* Supervisory Commissions
* People's Police
* Public Security PP
* provincial Public Security Departments
* city/county Public Security Bureaus
* Internet police
* Immigration
* Inspection
* State Security PP
* Judicial Administrative PP
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* People's Procuratorates Judicial Police
* People's Armed Police
* Coast Guard
* Customs
* State Secrets Protection
* Cyberspace Admin
* Urban Admin

Hong Kong organizations|

* Office for Safeguarding National Security of the CPG in the HKSAR
* Committee for Safeguarding National Security of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
* PLA Hong Kong Garrison
* Independent Commission Against Corruption
* Hong Kong Disciplined Services
* Police
* National Security Department
* Fire
* Correction
* Customs
* Immigration

Macau organizations|

* PLA Macau Garrison
* Commission Against Corruption
* Macau Security Force
* Unitary Police Service [zh]
* Public Security Police (including Migration Service)
* Judiciary Police [zh]
* Fire Services Bureau
* Correctional Services Bureau
* Macau Customs Service [zh]

Operations|

* Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries (1950-53)
* Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns (1951-52)
* Sufan movement (1955-57)
* Anti-Rightist Campaign (1957-59)
* Red August (1966)
* Shadian incident (1975)
* 1983 "Strike Hard" Anti-crime Campaign (1983-87)
* Persecution of Falun Gong (1999)
* 6521 Project (2009)
* Anti-corruption campaign (2012-)
* Strike Hard Campaign Against Violent Terrorism (2014-)
* Operation Fox Hunt (2014-)
* 709 crackdown (2015)
* Abroad
* Information operations and information warfare
* United States

Other topics|

* 2011 crackdown
* 610 Office
* Black jails
* Capital punishment
* Censorship
* Central Case Examination Group
* Civil Servant-Family Pair Up
* Death sentence with reprieve
* Great Cannon
* Grid-style social management
* Hong Kong national security law
* List of Hong Kong national security cases
* Human rights
* Tibet
* Macao
* Hong Kong
* Internet censorship
* Inciting subversion of state power
* Judicial system
* Judiciary of Hong Kong
* Judiciary of Macau
* Laogai
* Life imprisonment
* Penal system
* PLA Unit 61398
* Political offences
* Picking quarrels and provoking trouble
* Re-education through labor
* Residential Surveillance at a Designated Location
* Soft detention
* Shuanggui
* Two-faced person
* Persecution of Uyghurs in China
* Xinjiang internment camps
* Holistic security concept

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